The City of Bandung and Review of Bandung Spatial Planning Strategies in 2005

The City of Bandung and Review of Bandung Spatial Planning Strategies in 2005 Written by: Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan 1 MSc. Environmental Management (NUS), S.T. (ITB) 1

Urban Planner & Researcher,

Green Impact Impact Indon ndonesia esia Integrated Urban, Drainage and Environmental Planning and Design Email: [email protected] http://greenimpactindo.wordpress.com/about/ 

Introduction  Bandung or “Paris Van Java” faces tremendous development pressures. The city is congested because of urban sprawling, development of new shopping centres as and development of toll road Cipularang (CIkampek - PUrwakarta - PadaLARANG) in 2005. We actually wrote this for MSc. Environmental Management, National University of Singapore, for the Environmental Planning Planning Assignment Assignment in 2005. 20 05. But we feel that this paper is important important to be shared to its residents and foreigners for better understanding and sympathy for Bandung condition. We also included the Review of Bandung 2013 Spatial Planning Strategies. We understand that currently the the new Spatial Plan Plan (Master Plan) of Bandung is still in development process. We hope that this review will give o ther perspectives to the Municipality and Stakeholders Stakeholders of o f Bandung to produce more sustainable Spatial Plan or Master Plan.

The Physical Context Bandung is located in West Java, Indonesia. It is the capital City of West Java Province. Its geographical location is 1070 32’ 38.91” E and 60 55’ 19.94” S, while its altitude is between 675 m and 1’050 m above the sea level. Bandung topography condition can be categorised into two parts. The Northern part is a mountainous terrain with beautiful panoramas, while the Southern part of the City is relatively low with agriculture areas and swamps. Bandung atmospheric condition condit ion can be described desc ribed as wet and humid. The average avera ge temperature is 23.6° 23. 6°C, while the monthly rainfall reaches 156.4 mm (average of 15 rainy days in every month). Another Another distinguish dist inguish feature of Bandung is its surrounding mountains. Some experts explained that Bandung was a great basin in the prehistoric age. This apparently is a constraint in the development context because of limited area for expansion and higher development costs for developing steep slopes. And these could co uld be be observed obse rved in the following photos. 1

1

Figure 1. Beautiful Scenery of North of Bandung

With total area of 167.29 km2, Bandung City is divi ded into Six Development Development Distric ts which are: Bojonegara District Cibeunying District

• • •

Tegallega Tegallega District Dis trict

•

Karees District District Ujungberung District

•

Gedebage District. 2

•

The The division divi sion is further presented in following figure.

Figure 2. Bandung map, with six Development Districts Districts.. 3

2

Social, Political and Institutional Context Bandung was built in 1488 by Pajajaran Kingdom. But it was not fully developed till 1799, when the City was surrendered from VOC to Dutch Government. In 25 th May 1811, the City was declared as Bandung Regency capital. Further, the Gemeente Bandoeng was formed in the 21st February 1901. Later the Municipality form was changed to Burgemeester Van Bandoeng in 1st July 1917 a nd Staadgementee Staadgementee Bandoeng Ba ndoeng in 1st October 1928. 4

Figure 3. Bandung in 1930’s

Because of the Dutch defeat by the Japanese J apanese in Indonesia in World War II, Bandung Municipality was surrendered to the Japanese and named Bandung Si, in 9th March 1942. This Municipality apparently only sustained for 3 years. The independence of Indonesia brought the first National Municipality of Bandung City in 2 nd September 1945. Unfortunately during the second Dutch military invasion to Indonesia, the City was occupied by Dutch and became the Capital of Pasundan Country Country run by Dutch annexes in April 1946. 5 During the stabilization time of Republic of Indonesian the Municipality form was changed to Staadsgemeente Bandoeng in 1st July 1948, Haminte Bandung in 17th January 1949, and finally became Bandung Big City in 15th August 1950. Since that the Municipality was handled by the national government under the Bandung Municipality. The area of Bandung City was extended several times, because of the population and political needs. In 1906 the City was declared as autonomous region with 1’922 Ha areas. This is the first area extension of the City. The second area extensions occurred in in 12th October 1917 to 1’871 Ha. 6 In 1933, the planning planning process proces s of Bandung City was initiated by Prof, Ir. Thomas Karsten. His plan plan was prepared for the next next 25 years. Because of the plan, plan, Bandung Bandung area was extended from 2’871 Ha to 12’758 Ha in order to house 750’000 people in 1955. This plan was later known with “Karsten Plan” and can be seen se en in the following figu figure. re.7

3

Figure 4. Karsten Plan for Bandung, 1933. 1933. 8

The Dutch colonialism was implemented clearly in this plan. The strategy was done by dividing the City for European, Far-East Asian and Native Indonesian residents. Apparently the government was trying to promote segregation and conflicts between these people. Later this policy appears to create slums area and disintegration in the City systems. Because of Dutch defeat, the Karsten Plan was only partially implemented in the City, mostly in the Northern Bandung. Bandung City area was later expanded by the Japanese authority in 1942-1945 reaching to 5’413 Ha. Under the Pasundan Country in 1949 the City was expanded further to 8’098 Ha. Finally in 1987 under The Republic of Indonesia Government Statue number 16, 1987 the administrative area of Bandung City was extended to 16’ 729.65 Ha. 9 The The Municipality of Bandung City now is organized according sub-districts division and lower level of people associations. The Bandung City is divided by: 6 Development Development Districts Dist ricts (Wilayah Pengembangan) • • • •

•

26 Sub-Districts Sub-Districts (Kecamatan), led by a Sub-District Sub-District Head (Camat) 139 Villages Villages (Kelurahan), led by a Village Village Chief (Lurah) 1’500 Community Community Associations (Rukun Warga), led by a Leader of Community Community Association (Ketua RW) 9’277 Neighbourhood Neighbourhood Associations (Rukun Tetangga), Tetangga), led by a Leader Lea der of Neighbourhood Neighbourhood 10 Association (Ketua RT).

4

The The problems problems of lack of funding, lack lac k of human resources, resource s, lack of supporting tools are happening in the Bandung Municipality. According to the research which conducted in 2001, numbers of officers with good related backgrounds in the government agencies are very small. For example in the City Planning Agency (Dinas Tata Kota) number of officers with architect o r urban designer background is only 10% compared to officers with legal backgrounds. Apparently Apparently this has cause d disintegrations between the Master Plan, the development development control and infrastructure provisions.11 According to 2003 National Economic Census the population of Bandung has reached 2’228’268 people (with 1’113’267 women and 1’115’001 men). The average population density of Bandung is 13’367 people/ km2, with the highest population density in Bojongloa Kaler Sub-district 38’149 people/ km2.12 The population distribution of Bandung City by area is presented in following tables and figures. Apparently some over populated areas in the City possess social and environmental problems.

Table 1. Districts’ names, areas, and population numbers and densities in Bandung City 2003. 13

5

14

Figure 5. Population Population Densities Densi ties in Bandung, 2000.

Bandung people education level can be c onsidered normal. normal. Only 9.33% 9.33 % do not receive education, 82.09% has finished primary and secondary education. 8.30% population hold degrees from 1 Year-Diploma to Bachelor Degree, while 0.29% of the people hold Master and Doctoral Degrees.15 This is the highest education rate in the province, provi nce, but still there a re residents’ illiteracy illiteracy problems. The unemployment problem in Bandung also has been highlighted by some experts. For example it is reported 27’500 people are unemployed because of companies closing down and lack of job creations. This This is a te ndency of unsustainable unsustainable social and economic development development 16 in the city. In 2003 Economic Census the poor people number has reached 34.34% of total population. The poverty problems are very clear and have created a lot of social problems such as criminalities, slum areas, and illegal street-hawker as described in the following photos. While the family economic status distributions and criminalities figures in Bandung 2003 are described in the following table.

6

Figure 6. Aerial View of Over-populated Over-populated Area and a nd Substandard Housing.

17

Figure 7. Illegal Street-hawkers were Obstructing Pedestrians. 18

7

Table 2. Poor family distributions in Bandung City 2003. 19

8

Table 3. Criminalities figures in Bandung City, 2003. 20

The number of health facilities in Bandung actually is enough to cater the need of Bandung populations, although ideally it should be increased. The real problem is actually the need of affordable healthcares. Because of increase of healthcare service, more and more people actually need the affordable ones.

Economic Context The main economic activities of the City are trading and manufacturing industry especially textile and garment. The textile industry started emerging in the City in 1970, while the other economic activities are services industry especially in education and tourism started to emerge 1980. The agriculture activities in Bandung had been reduced since 1970, because a lot of land had been converted from agricultural use to industrial estate and housing. This situation tends to create unsustainable food production, although food supplies are still available in adjacent agricultural area (especially Lembang, North of Bandung). Ba ndung). 21

9

The The total tota l number of industries in Bandung, between 1998 and a nd 2003, seems not to increase i ncrease much. much. The data presented in Table …shows that between 1998 and 2000, number of industries was increasing. It reached the peak in 2000 with 581 industries, but after that it decreased. I believed this phenomenon is happening because of increase of oil cost, and greater competition with China and India emerging industries. All types of industries and their distribution in Bandung are presented in the following tables. And they showed that there is no differentiation of industrial pollution.

Table 4. Total number of large and medium industry establishments and absorbed manpower by them in Bandung, 1998 - 2003. 22

10

Table 5a.New Industrial Classification (Klasifikasi Lapangan Usaha Industri / KLUI). 23 Code

Industry Type

Existing Code in Bandung

15

Food products and beverages

151, 152, 153, 154

16

Tobacco

17

Textiles

171, 172, 173

18

Wearing Weari ng Apparel

181

19

Tanning and dressing of leather

191, 192

20

Wood and products of wood except furniture and plaiting materials

202

21

Paper and paper products

210

22

Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media media

221

23

Coal, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel

232

24

Chemical Chemicals s and chemical chemic al products

241, 242, 243

25

Rubber and plastics products

251, 252

26

Other non-metallic mineral products

261, 264

27

Basic metals metals

28

Fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment

281, 289

29

Machinery and equipment

291, 292, 293

30

Office, Offi ce, accounting, and computing machinery

300

31

Electrical machinery and apparatus i.e.

311, 313, 314

32

Radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus

321, 322

33

Medical, Medical, precisi on and optical instruments, watches and clocks

331

34

Motor vehicles, vehicles, trailers and semi -trailers

342, 343

35

Other transport equipment

359

36

Furniture and manufacturi manufacturi ng

361, 369

37

Recycling

11

Table 5b. Industry classifications and distribution in Bandung City 2003. 24

12

Table 5c. Industry classifications and distribution in Bandung City 2003. 25

13

Table 5d. Industry classifications and distribution in Bandung City 2003. 26

14

Table 5e. Industry classifications and distribution in Bandung City 2003. 27

We can found approximately 300 textile industries in Bandung. The industries were concentrated in 3 areas: Eastern area along Cileunyi - Cicalengka Road; Central area along Mohamad Toha Road, Dayeuhkolot Area and Majalaya; and Western area around Nanjung and Padalarang. Another industrial centre can be found in Leuwigajah, Cimahi. Some other textile industries can be found spreading in the southern part of Bandung.28 The recent development of textile industries showed that almost 70% of industries were closed down in 2005 because of reasons mentioned above. a bove. This seems to bring negative impact to economic development development in Bandung.29 Another important industry in Bandung is the PT Dirgantara Indonesia. It is a high-tech aircraft company with total employees of 15’801 people, and 2’900 engineers.30 After 18 years the company decided to reduce 30’000 of the employees because of decreasing of aircraft demand and mismanagement. This apparently affected the economic situation and created more unemployment.

15

Other economic sector that makes a lot of contribution is the education. Some nationally recognised university such as Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Padjajaran University (UNPAD) (UNPAD) and Parahyangan Parahya ngan Catholic University (UNPAR) (UNPAR) apparently had encouraged enco uraged numbers of private universities emerged in Bandung. All of education institutions later created demands for supporting economic activities such as: food centres, accommodation, stationery stores, book stores and markets, internet shops, etc. Actually these activities support most of City residents. It was recorded there are 5 government and 66 private tertiary education institutions presence in Bandung, 2005. The The factory fac tory outlets, o utlets, delicious delicious foods and beautiful sceneries a re three attracting factors for tourists coming to Bandung. This has generated great profits to these industries. On the other hand, negative impacts caused are severe weekend traffic jams. Because of new toll road built from Jakarta to Bandung, every weekend now more that 12’000 vehicles jam Bandung roads and create traffic congestions. The traffic jams sometimes sometimes can progress from 12 AM to 20 PM.

Figure 8. The Traffic Congestions in Bandung

31

Environmental Context The needs of 2’228’268 population in Bandung for good public sanitation are not easy to handle, because there are public services network disintegrations in existing urban structure. For example example until now there are slums areas without access to clean c lean water, solid waste collection and sewage collection. The phenomenon actually exists in most developing countries. The main reason is the illegal status of land ownerships, lack of funding and inefficiency in the Municipality and Agencies. In the case of solid waste collections only 70% of solid waste produced in Bandung can be transported to the final disposal dumping site.32 The rests res ts will pollute pollute the river, the gardens, empty empty lands and public spaces. It is reported that 41.7% of Citarum River, that crosses some areas of Bandung, has been polluted.33 Apparently this water pollution is also caused by direct sewage discharge from households. In 1997, the household percentage served by sewerage system was only 32.41 %. This is the example of unsustainable waste management practice in developing cities. The The lack of adequate final solid waste treatment treatment is the main problem for waste management. management. The solid waste collapse in Leuwigajah (the largest open dumping site) in the early 2001 that killed around 100 people actually caused the closing of the dumpsite. This occurred because the misman is management agement of Public P ublic Sanitation Company (PD Kebersihan). The co mpany did not follow the

16

correct landfill method; they just did an open dumping method. Other problems derived from this operation are heavy metal land contaminations, water contaminations, odour pollutions and infectious disease spreads. All of these phenomena show the need of a paradigm shift in Bandung solid waste management. management.

Figure 9. The The Solid Waste Was te that could could not be transported and The Garbage Landslide in

Leuwigajah Open Dumping Site, Bandung City.34

Another Bandung environment related problem is annual flooding. Because of the rapid developments in Bandung, especially in the Northern area which are groundwater recharge areas, the flooding flooding problems become annual annual event ev ent in the Southern parts of Bandung. Bandung. The The other cause of this is littering littering problem problem in the riv er. The solid waste accumulation in river apparently also caused many local flooding. Apparently to change people attitude we need more time and efforts to educate e ducate them. 35

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Figure 10. The Flood Prone Areas and River Improvement Program in Bandung.

Figure 11. The Flood Condition

36

37

The air pollution problems also are happening in Bandung, because of over-population of private cars and motorcy motorcy cles. This This is a very good example of unsustainable unsustainable transportation practices. It is reported that Pb, CO, NOx, SOx, and suspended solids pollutant level in Bandung has reached dangerous level for human.38 Other sources of air pollutant are factories, households and solid waste incinerations.

18

Existing Spatial Planning Strategies  Bandung Municipality actually has identified the some of the problems above in two government plans. These plans had stated new strategies for achieving sustainable development. These documents are: Strategic Plan of Bandung City 2004 - 2008, and Bandung Master Plan 2013.

Strategic Plan of Bandung City 2004-2008 Strategic Plan of Bandung City has identified some strategic issues to be prioritised prioritised in the 5-years 5-yea rs 39 development development program. The strategic development development iss ues are: 1. Human Resources Reso urces Development Improving in human human resources re sources (public and government agents) Improving of education institutions in the City 2. Economic Eco nomic Development Improving of community community economy e conomy based on o n local potent and equal opportunity opportunity • •

•

Creating interesting investment opportunity opportunity to promote job opportun o pportunities ities Reducing poverty 3. Social – Cultural Cultural Development Creating social cohesion co hesion in the community • •

• • •

Improving community community participation in every development development proces ses Utilising Utilising total tota l community potential

Controlling Controlling urbanisation ur banisation 4. Urban Planning •

•

Providing public services for all City residents Providing good infrastructures for new investments investments especially e specially transportation system

•

Developing Eastern part of the Bandung City

•

• •

Controlling flooding problems Maintaining the city infrastructures infrastructures

•

Reducing groundwater exploitation, with providing enough clean water supplies supplies Reducing pollution to land, water and air

•

Improving the life quality

•

Creating efficient and effective solid waste was te management management 5. Good Governance Improving stakeholders participation in all development processes •

• •

Promote professionalism, accountability, and responsive government government agents

Improve government infrastructure for public s ervices Improve coordination between municipalities in Greater Bandu Ba ndung ng area are a 6. Regional Budget Improving people participation in budgeting • •

• •

Creating accountable, effective, efficient regional budget system

These These issues are later translated into Vision, which is “Promoting Bandung to be a c lean, wealthy, good and friendly City, based on service industry.” Later every issue also is translated

19

into more detail development programs. My respond for this plan is the time limitation as well as the direct impact of e very program to the t he Urban Development. Development.

Bandung Master Plan 2013 The The purpose pur pose of o f this Master Plan was to create land use efficiency, e fficiency, integrate city development and improve urban services effectiveness. It also included some recommendations from 1992 Master Plan. Six Development Districts were proposed according to same geographic location inside the service line of Secondary Urban Centre. The district divisions are described below: below: Table 6.District, Sub-District and Secondary Urban Centres names. No

Name of Development Distric t

Name of Sub-Distri ct

Name of Secondary Urban Centres

1

Bojonagara

Andir, Cicendo, Sukasari, Sukajadi

Setrasari

2

Cibeunying

Cidadap, Coblong, Bandung Wetan, Cibeunying Kidul, Cibeunying Kaler, Sumur Bandung

Sadang Serang

3

Tegallega

Astana Anyar, Bojongloa Kidul, Bojongloa Kaler, Babakan Ciparay, Bandung Kulon

Kopo Kencana

4

Karees

Regol, Lengkong, Batununggal, Kiaracondong

Turangga

5

Ujungberung

Cicadas, Arcamanik, Ujungberung, Cibiru, part of Rancasari (Mekar Mulya Village)

Arcamanik

6

Gedebage

Bandung Kidul, Margacinta, the rest of Rancasari

Margasari

Further this division and Urban Centres are presented in following figure.

20

Figure 12. The Primary and Secondary Urban Centres and Districts served in Bandung.

40

Master Plan 2013 proposed eight Urban Centres to create better urban services. Two Primary Centres are Asia Afrika Area (existing City Centres) and Gedebage Area. These were proposed to create a duo-centric city and to reduce traffic congestion in City Centres. Six Secondary Centres had been descri described bed in previous table. Further some some facilities that would would be catered in the Urban Centres are presented in next table. ta ble. Table 7. Facilities proposed in Primary and Secondary Urban Centres No

Facilities

Primary Urban Centres in Gedebage Areas

Secondary Urban Centres

1

Education Facilitie s

Ter Ter tiary Educations and Library

Academy Institutions and Library

2

Healthcare Facilities

B Class Hospital with 11 health specialist heath treatments

Class C hospital

3

Religious Facilities

Mosque, etc

Mosque, etc

4

Social Facilities

Multi-Purposed Hall

Multi-Purposed Hall

5

Sport and Recreation Facilities

Sport Complex with Stadium, Cinema, Theatre, Public Open Spaces

Mini Stadium, Museum, Theatre and Cinema

6

Government Facilities

Munici Munici pality Offices, Post Office, Military District Office, Religion Office Telecommunication, Electricity, Water Companies, and Fire-fighter Centre

Sub-District Office, Public Service Offices, Post Office, Military SubDistrict Office, Religion Office, Sanitation Office, Electric Transformer Post

7

Retail Facilities

Wet Market, Retail Retail Shops, Shopping Centres, Bank, Offices

Wet Market, Retail Shops

8

Transportation Faci lities

Bus Terminal Terminal and Parking Lots

Transit Terminal Terminal and Parking Lots

21

Land use Plan is also presented in following figure. And this plan actually translated the all development development strategies in the Master Plan.

Figure 13. Bandung Land Land Use Plan 2013. 41

Because of Bandung role as the capital city of West Java Province, some strategic areas also were identified to serve the greater region, which will will be presented in the next table. Table 8. Provincial, Regional and Municipal Centres in Bandung Provincial and Regional Centres •

Government Office for West Java Province in Gedung Sate Area

•

Siliwangi Regional Military Centres (KODAM)

•

PT Dirgantara Indonesia and PT Pindad

•

Husein Sastranegara Airport

•

Kebon Kawung and Kiaracondong Train Station

•

Gedebage Terminal

•

Ir. H Juanda Recreation Park and Forest

•

Commercial Areas in Asia Afrika Road

•

Caringin Grocery Centre

Municipal Centres •

•

•

Government Office for Bandung Municipality in Merdeka Road Recreation Park in Gasibu, Tegallega and Punclut Area Tertiary Educations in Ganesha Road, Dipati Ukur Road and Surapati Road.

These These locations further are presented in following figure figure

22

Figure 14. Provincial, Regional and Municipal Centres in Bandung. Bandung.

42

In respond to accessibility issue of the City, a transportation system was proposed. It includes Primary Artery, Secondary Artery, Primary Collector and Secondary Collector and Local Roads. The The proposed plan consists co nsists of: Internal toll roads in Northern and Eastern area of o f Bandung Bandung Proposed railway road • • • •

•

Improvement of existing railway station to become a regional station Build an integrated terminal in Gedebage that will cater public transport, container and train station Build a new bus terminal in the City perimeter

Utilise Utilise Husein Husein Sastranegara Sa stranegara Airport until new airport a rea is build. This This transportation plans are presented in following figure. figure. . •

23

Figure 15. Road Structures Plan of Bandung.

43

Figure 16. Proposed Toll-Road Structures Plan of Bandung.

44

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The Master Plan 2013 proposed four land-use strategies, which prescribe conservation area, development development area, urban facilities, population population density and carrying capacity of the City. First, conservation areas are selected to preserve the aquifer recharge, biodiversity in forest and park area in the city and historical buildings. This is further translated in the Conservation Plan in table and figure below. Table 9. Detail Classif ication of Conservation Strategy Conservation Area Type

Detail

Location

Groundwater Recharge Area

Potential forest area for groundwater recharge

Northern of Bandung

Green Open Spaces

Riparian and lake areas

All over the City

Area surrounding to water springs Setback of the railway road Area underneath of high voltage grid Setback of toll road City Park and funeral Nature Reserve

Recreation park

Cidadap Sub-district

Biodiversity conservation area Heritage Heritage Conservation Areas

Building and areas that hold an important historical and cultural value of Bandung

Alun-alun, Asia Afrika, Braga, Cikapundung, Kelenteng, Pasar Baru, Oto Iskandardinata, ABC, Pecinan, Sumatra, Jawa, Aceh, Bali, Gudang Utara, etc

Hazardous Areas

Potential area for natural disasters, that is earthquake

Northern of Bandung

Figure 17. Conservation Plan for Bandung.

45

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Development areas and development strategies are divided in several land use types which are: Housing, Government Facility, Trade, Service Industry, Education, Healthcare, Industry and Warehouse, Tourism and Recreation, Military. For 2013, Bandung would prescribe housing in the 60% of the city area to cater 2’944’860 people. Two strategies were proposed are horizontal and vertical developments. Three housing densities are further suggested comprise high, medium and low density. High density proposed were the low cost and exclusive apartments in Tamansari, Andir, Braga, Cigondewah, Cicadas and Kiaracondong, on the Municipality-owned land. The medium density would be proposed in Tegallega, Karees, Gedebage. Lastly the low density would be proposed in Bojonegara, Cibeunying, and Ujungberung. Realising more limited land resources in Bandung, the Municipality found that horizontal developments were not possible anymore. Other programs proposed were the urban renewal of the slums area and the new housing developments in Gedebage. The new residential area would comprise 3000 empty parcels and 1000 utilised parcels. A lot of Government Agencies Centres that exists in Bandung, such as PT Dirgantara Indonesia, PT INTI, INTI, PT POS, etc e tc includ i ncluding ing Provincial Government were propose d to stay in the City. For trade, Master Plan proposed to develop traditional market and shopping mall in Secondary Urban Centres to reduce the congestion to the Primary Centres. Some detail development will include: Redevelopment Redevelopment of traditional markets markets areas such a s Andir, Kiaracondong Kiaracondong,, etc •

•

•

Relocation of land-use-inconsistent markets such as Suci, Kordon, Balubur, Simpang, Gegerkalong, Gegerkalong, Palasari, Palas ari, Sukajadi Sukajadi Redevelopment Redevelopment of wholesaler market in Caringin and Gedebage

The municipality realised the overcrowding of shopping centres and factory outlet in Bandung. These developments needed to be controlled and redirected to the Eastern of Bandung, Another mall-related problem is the traffic congestions along the artery and collector roads, while factory outlet developments also need corrections because of housing land use violations. Last problem to be control is the illegal street-hawker (PKL). This problem was proposed to be solved with proposing some designated areas for catering the street-hawker. Relating to the Service Industry, the Plan proposed to develop this industry in Primary and Secondary Urban Centres, especially in Eastern part of the City. On the other hand, it was realised the need to reduce its intensity intensity in i n Western Bandung. Bandung. For Education, the Master Plan suggested to control the development of education institutions and relocate them to Eastern Bandung, Jatinangor Area. Regarding Healthcare developments, the Master Plan proposed improvement of Hasan Sadikin Hospital to become an International-recognised Teaching Hospital. Other similar prescription because of too intensified healthcare developments in Western was to regulate healthcares in Western part and improve more healthcares in Eastern part. For Industries and Warehouses developments, it was realised realised that Bandung Bandung limited capacity capaci ty for is catering the polluting and water-demanding industries, so they were proposed to be phased out.

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Industries that are proposed later to replace them are small-scale environmental-friendly industries industries,, while the warehouses are suggested to be relocated to the Eastern area of the City. In order to develop tourism and recreation area, some strategies were prescribed in the plan, which are: •

Preserve existing cultural tourism and recreation a reas Develop new shopping mall and cultural tourism area in Eas tern Bandung Bandung

•

Control the development development of negative tourism such as bar, pub, pub, massage, karaoke, etc.

•

Lastly for land use, The Military areas in the city were only proposed to be preserved and secured. Building Densities also were also proposed in the Master Plan. These densities further are presented in table ta ble below. Table 10. The Building Density Strategies

No

Land Use Type

1

Conservation Area

2

Development Area

a

Housing

Max Built Buil t Area

Max Plot Ratio Ratio

Road Class

Road Class

  y   r   e    t   r    A

  r   o    t   c   e    l    l   o    C

   l   a   c   o    L

  y   r   e    t   r    A

  r   o    t   c   e    l    l   o    C

   l   a   c   o    L

Details

2%

2%

2%

0

0.02

0

Only for important utili ties

High Rise

25%

20%

15%

4

2.4

1.5

Building with more than 8 floors (apartment)

Midde Rise

25%

25%

25%

1.3

1.25

1.3

Building with 4 to 8 floors (low income flats) Building Height Limit is 45% from road axes a xes The construction legal status must be preceded by design review and impact assessments

Low Rise

Building with 3 floors maximum

Low Rise - High Density

1.6

Building density more than 40 unit/Ha and population density more than 200 people/Ha

1.2

Building density between 15 and 40 unit/Ha and population density below 200 people/Ha

1.2

Building density less than 15 unit/Ha and average population density 75 people/Ha

0.4

Building density less than 10 unit/Ha and average population density 50 people/Ha

1.5

The construction legal status must be preceded by design review and impact assessments

Low Rise - Middle Density

Low Rise - Low Density

Northern Bandung

b

Service

Area > 10'000 m2

60%

50%

40%

20%

25%

70%

60%

50%

20%

40%

80%

60%

60%

20%

50%

1.2

1.2

1.2

0.6

2

1.4

1.2

1.2

0.6

1.6

27

c

d

Area > 5'000 m2

25%

40%

50%

2

1.6

1.5

The facilities provided must follow technical standard especially parking lots

Area from 1'001 to 5'000 m2

50%

50%

50%

1.5

1.5

1.2

Building Height Limit is 45% from road axes a xes

Area from 200 (min) to 1'000 m2

60%

60%

60%

1.2

1.2

1.2

Primary Urban Centres

50%

50%

50%

4

3

2

Secondary Urban Centres

50%

50%

50%

3

2.5

2

40%

50%

50%

1.6

1.5

1.2

The facilities provided must follow technical standard especially parking lots

x

The construction legal status must be preceded by design review and impact assessments

Government Offices, Area < 5'000 m2

Trade

Wholesaler

30%

x

x

20

x

The facilities provided must follow technical standard especially parking lots

The facilities provided must follow technical standard especially parking lots Building Height Limit is 45% from road axes a xes

e

f

Industrial

Shopping Mall

50%

60%

x

1.5

0.9

x

Shopping Centre

50%

60%

x

1.5

0.9 0. 9

x

Single Shop

50%

60%

60%

1

0.9

0.6

Primary Urban Centres

70%

70%

70%

2.8

2.1

1.4

Secondary Urban Centres

70%

70%

70%

2.8

2.1

1.4

Large-scale Industry

40%

x

x

1.2

x

x

Middle-scale Industry

40%

40%

x

1.2

0.8

x

Small-scale Industry

60%

60%

1.2

1.2

House Industry

60%

60%

1.2

1.2

Education

50%

50%

x

2

1

x

The construction legal status must be preceded by design review and impact assessments

The construction legal status must be preceded by design review and impact assessments The facilities provided must follow technical standard especially parking lots Building Height Limit is 45% from road axes a xes

g

Public Facilities

50%

50%

60%

1

1

0.6

The construction legal status must be preceded by design review and impact assessments The facilities provided must follow technical standard especially parking lots Building Height Limit is 45% from road axes a xes

28

Other plans plans proposed propose d in Master Plan 2013 are: • •

Clean Water Supply Sewage Water System Syste m and Treatment Treatment

•

Solid Waste System and Treatment Fire-fighting Fire-fighting Station Statio n

•

Energy and Telecommunication

•

Public Facilities

•

Further the first-three plans plans are a re explained in following figures.

Figure 18. Clean Water Supply Plan for Bandung.

46

29

Figure 19. Sewage Water Treatment Plan for Bandung.

Figure 20. Solid WasteTreatment Plan for Bandung.

47

48

30

Analysis of Spatial Planning Strategies  The Municipality of Bandung had realised many sustainable urban development strategies in the Strategic Plan of Bandung City and Master Plan 2013. One of the strategies was to develop natural and historical conservation plan. Unfortunately, due to current legal, social, economic as well as technical problems, many of the strategies could co uld not not be implemented implemented entirely. For example, example, the Master Plan 2013 was failed to realise the carrying capacity of Bandung (natural (natural and social). Due to rapid urbanisation, the Master Plan 2013 had to increase the population capacity of Bandung from 750’000 persons (“Karsten Plan”) to 3 million persons. I am afraid that this will create further unsustainable problems in Bandung such as floods, landslides, groundwater deficiencies, etc. 49 The Master Plan 2013 also tried to implement some sustainable urban development strategies such as proposing Primary and Secondary Urban Centres. On the other hand, for the metropolitan city with approximately 3 million population (in 2005), the Master Plan did not prescribe a clear mass mass transportation system. Furthermore, the sustainable traffic co ntrol method method was not prescribed prescribed in the Master Plan also. I believe that this would worsen the traffic t raffic problems. problems. Further, the integrated land use and transportation planning approach in Master Plan 2013 were failed to be implemented due to land and developmen deve lopmentt speculation spec ulation by private sectors. The current commercials are mostly designated mostly in the city centres, while affordable housings are located in the suburban area. The separation actually will decrease accessibility, city vibrant life and livelihood issues. And this would worsen the city t raffic jams. jams. Observing the present condition of the City, I believe that 2013 Master Plan had failed to realise the legal social socia l and technical problems. problems. Major private priva te land ownership and limited space spac e in the city had prohibited prohibited the Master Maste r Plan Plan to be implemented. implemented. Some social issues like affordable affordable housing for low income people were not proposed to be solved with integrated participatory approach although high density living strategy was already considered. While job creations pan and slum areas redevelopments also were not clearly revealed in the plan. plan. The Conservation Plan actually had recognised the important historical and nature areas in Bandung. Unfortunately, the natural conservation area in the North of Bandung could not be implemented due to legal issues with landowner and Central Government. Because increasing land value and less stringent development control in the area. Furthermore, this has increased the run-off of the Northern Bandung Bandung area, are a, causing potential floods in the Southern Bandung. Integrated water management and solid waste management were not prescribed in the Master Plan. Although, the implementation and improvement of existing practice still need more time. Some problems also exists such as solid waste sorting, sewage treatment plant were not prioritised to be done. Regarding Regarding the industries industries,, the recognition recognition of the need of development development of environmental friendly industries was mentioned in the Plan. Although in the reality, the polluting industries industries were not effectively regulated yet. In conclusion, because of existing conditions of urban development in Bandung, the Municipality of Bandung had tried its best bes t effort in prescribing the sustainable urban development strategies in in the Master Plan 2013. Unfortunately it is very difficult to implement this because of low public acceptance, less stringent development control as well as legal and financial limitations. Still, I hope that this paper would give give some some insights inpu i nputt to the Municipality of Bandung,

31

The Writer’s Description  I. Personal Information  Full name

: Gunawan Tanuwidjaja

e-mail website Mobile Phone

: [email protected] [email protected] : http://gr http://greenimpactindo.wordpress.com/  eenimpactindo.wordpress.com/  : +62 812 212 208 42 (Indonesia)

Place of Birth Date of Birth

: Bandung Bandung : 08 of August 1978

Sex Nationality

: Male : Indonesian

Mother Language Language Skill

: Indonesian : Indonesian, English

II. Education Backgrounds 

Formal Education Name of Institution

City/Country

Study Time (Months/Years)

Graduated from (Month and Year)

Specialization

GPA

National University of Singapore

Singapore

1 year

October 2006

MSc Environment Management

from scale of 5

Bandung Institute of Technology (Institut Teknologi Bandung)

Bandung / Indonesia

July of 2001

Bachelor of Architecture

5 years

3.86

2.73 from scale of 4

III. Informal Education  Study Time (Years)

Name of Institution

Course Name & Specialization Special ization

2008

Singapore Institute of Planner

Spatial Planning for a Sustainable Singapore (1-day seminar)

2008

Lee Kuan Yew School Of Public Policy

"Lessons Not to Learn from American Cities" by Prof Alan Altshuler (Half-day seminar)

2007

National Uni Uni versity of Singapore, Faculty of Engineering, PAC (Professional Activities Centre)

Short Course On "A – Z Of Oil & Gas To Petrochemicals (3-days seminar)

2007

Singapore Institute of Planner

Destination Resorts, The Next Wave (1-day seminar)

2007

Singapore Institute of Planner, Malaysia Institute of Planner and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Seminar of Planning of Iskandar Development Region (1-day seminar)

2001

The British Institute

IELTS Preparation Course

2000

Language Center ITB

English Writing Course

1999

Gradasi Bulletin Student Union of Architecture Archi tecture Gunadharma ( IMA-Gunadharma)

Journalistic Training

1997

Architecture Archi tecture Department ITB

AutoCad R14 Training

1993-1995

Saint Angela’s English Course

English Course level C6 to C11

1990-1992

Saint Angela’s English Course

English Course level J2 to J5

IV. Working Experience  Name of Institute/Companies

Green Impact Indonesia Integrated Urban, Drainage and Environmental Planning Consultant

City/ Countries

Position

Job Description Descript ion

Contract Periods

Bandung

Manager

Team Leader and Urban Planner

March 2003 to now

32

Name of Institute/Companies

Contract Periods

City/ Countries

Position

Job Description Descript ion

Agency for Research Research and Development, Institute of Water Resources, Ministry of Public Works, Republic of Indone I ndonesia, sia,

Bandung

Urban Planning and Management Expert

Assistant

October 2008 to now

Jurong Consultants Pte Ltd., Planning Division

Singapore

Planner

Physical Physic al Planner Planner

November 2006 to October 2008

National Parks Board, Republic of Singapore

Singapore

Intern

Researcher

July 2006 to Aug 2006

Agency for Research Research and Development, Institute of Water Resources, Ministry of Public Works, Republic of Indone I ndonesia, sia,

Bandung/ Indonesia

Junior Researcher Researcher

GIS Expert Assistant (Arc View 3.2), in Polder Team

Jan 2005 - Aug 2005

Satyamitra Jasapuri Engineering

Bandung/ Indonesia

Junior Architect, Estimator

House, Factory and Café Design

Aug 2003 - Dec 2004

PT. Trinitas Buana Utama

Bandung/ Indonesia

Junior Architect

Apartment Design

Aug 2002 - Aug 2003

PT. Imesco Dito

Jakarta/ Indonesia

Junior Architect

Junior Architect

Jan 2002 – Aug 2002

COMBINE

Bandung/ Indonesia

Junior Researcher Researcher

Urban Development Research, especially on Urban Garbage Management

Aug 2001 - Jan 2002

CV. Cipta Bina Sarana

Bandung/ Indonesia

Work Trainee

Junior Architect

May - July 2001

ASPEK

Bandung/ Indonesia

Program Facilitator Community Recovery Program (CRP-HUI) in RW 11, Cibangkong District

Garbage Management , Mechanism Making and Controlling of Cooperative Credit Unit

Jan 2000 - Aug 2001

V. Research, Planning & Design Works  Name of Project

Position

Year

Assistance for Directorate of Spatial Planning, Public Works Department (2009), Sustainable Urban Improvement Program (SUSIP) Executive Presentation

Team Leader and Urban Planner

Dec 2009

Drainage Master Plan Revitalisation in Summarecon, Kelapa Gading, Gading, Jakarta, Indonesia

Team Leader and Urban Planner

Apr – Dec 2009

Hospital Preliminary Design and Study in Pangalengan, West Java, Indonesia (Proposal to KPBS, Milk Producer Cooperative in Pangalengan)

Team Leader and Senior Architect Archi tect

Apr – Aug 2009

Community Based Development Revitalisation in PT Newmont Nusa Tenggara, Sumba, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia (Proposal)

Team Leader and Environmentalist

Aug 2009

Traditional Market Mapping, GIS Database and Analysis in the framework of Implementing Presidential Decree No 112/2007 on Development of Traditional Market and Relocation of Modern Market in Indonesia (Proposal to Ministry of Trade of Republic of Indonesia)

Team Leader and Urban Planner

Aug 2009

Under Green Impact Indonesia

33

Name of Project

Position

Year

Integrated Water Resources Management Plan for Barangkal River, sub catchment of Brantas River Basin, in relation with Social Aspect and Institution Capacity Building (Proposal to JICA)

Team Leader and Environmentalist

Aug 2009

“9 Pearl” Elementary School in Bandung

Team Leader and Architect Archi tect

2003

Proposal 99’ers Radio School (Proposal)

Team Leader and Architect Archi tect

2003

Preliminary Study and Brief Development Concept of QEZ3, Petrochemical Complex, Qatar

Planner

2007 to 2008

Dera Bassi Detailed Master Plan, Greater Mohali Area, Punjab, India

Planner

2007 to 2008

Libya Africa Economic Economic City

Planner

2007 to 2008

Wonogiri Industrial Park, Indonesia (Guanxi State Farm - Biofuel Plant)

Planner

2007 to 2008

Master Plan An Tay Industrial Service Centre

Planner

2007

Master Plan Zhangzhou Waterfront City, China

Assistant Planner

2006-2007

Master Plan AMRL International Tech City, Tamil Nadu, India

Assistant Planner

2007

Planner & Environmentalist

2006

BTC Café

Junior Architect

2004

Kopomas Factory

Junior Architect

2004

Private Houses Houses Bandung

Junior Architect, Design Development

2003 – 2004

Rental Houses in Bandung

Studio Coordinator

2002 – 2003

Bukit Resik Resik Exclusi ve Aparment

Studio Coordinator

2002 – 2003

Site Plan “S. Parman” Elite Housing

Studio Coordinator

2002

Junior Architect

2002

Cibangkong Low Cost Housing, Bandung Indonesia

Final Year Student

2001

Design Development of KARANG SETRA Hotel, Spa and Cottages, Bandung Indonesia under Cipta Bina Sarana

Junior Architect, Design Development

2001

Master Plan of Cipulir Housing Site Plan, Jakarta under Prof Ir. Danisworo

Junior Architect

2001

Under Jurong Consultants Pte Ltd.

With MSc Environmental Management Program

“Neotiewpia” Eco Village Master Plan in Kranji Singapore Under SJP Engineering

Under PT. Trinitas Buana Utama

Under PT. Imesco Dito

Private Houses Houses in Jakarta Freelance Project

VI. Awards, Prestige, Activities, and Publication  Awards/ Prestige

Best Dissertation Prizes from Shell, MEM National University of Singapore, 2006-2007 Shell Grant Bursary Holder in MEM National University of Singapore, 2005-2006 Second Champion of Design Competition of Informal I nformal Traders Stand held by The Munici Munici pal\  Government of Kota Bandung, Praksis dan IMA-Gunadharma ITB Year 2001

34

Activities

Bandung Independent Living Center (BILIC) 2003 - 2004 2004 : Voluntary Attendant for Difable (Disable) (Disable) Person 2003 : Coordinator Research Research Team in Accessibility Accessibili ty Issue for Difable Difable (Disable) Person in Several Several Location in Bandung Forum Gelar Kota Bandung (City Development Discussion Forum) 2002 : Forum Gelar Kota Secretariat 2001 : Junior Researcher Ikatan Mahasiswa Arsitektur Gunadharma ITB (Gunadharma Student Union of Architecture Department of ITB) I TB) 2001 Member of Legislative Bodies of IMA - Gunadharma Gunadharma Member Member of Sustainable Human Settlement Discussion Group Coordinator of TOR Team Team of Sustainable Human Settlement Seminar 1999 – 2000 2000 Coordinator of of Gradasi (Architecture Bulletin of IMA-G) OSIS SMAK I BPK Penabur (Student Union of BPK Penabur Senior High School) OSIS SMP St Aloysius (Student Union of St Aloysius Junior High School)

Publications

Integration of Sustainable Planning Policy and Design of Low-Cost Apartment, in the Context of Sustainable Urban Development, National Seminar of Low-Cost Apartment, Maranatha University, Bandung, Indonesia, 2009. Bamboos as Sustainable and Affordable Material for Housing as one of alternatife material of LowCost Apartment, National Seminar of Low-Cost Apartment, Maranatha University, Bandung, Indonesia, 2009. Guidelines for Developing Polder System in Indonesia, Agency for Research and Development, Institute of Water Resources, Ministry of Public Works, Republic of Indonesia, 2008-2009. Developing a Landscape Evaluation Tool for Developing Countries, Case Studies Bintan Island, Indonesia, MSc Environment Management Program, National University of Singapore (Best Dissertation Award) Report of Research Research in Acc essibility Issue for Difable (Disable) Person in Several Several Location in Bandung Reports of Bandung Urban Discussion Forum on Urban Solid Waste Management, January 2002. Reports of Bandung Urban Discussion Forum in Housing Needs, August 2001. Thesis of Design Stud Studio, io, Case of Low Economy Flat for Cibangkong Village, Bandung, Indonesia (Kelurahan Cibangkong), Theme Pattern Language Architecture Seminar Report of Housing Development Based on Low Economy People.

1

http://www.bappeda-bandung.go.id/  Ibid. 3 Planning Agency Bandung Municipality, Bandung Master Plan 2013 4 Op.cit.1 5 Op.cit.1 6 Op.cit.1 7 Op.cit.1 8 http://www.geocities.com/bandungcity/  9 Op.cit.1 10 Op.cit.1 11 Report of Bandung City Forum on Housing Problem, 25 th August 2001, Architecture Department ITB and COMBINE 12 Op.cit.1 13 Statistics Agency Bandung City, Economic Census 2003 14 Op.cit.1 15 Op.cit.1 16 http://www.urbanpoor.or.id/content/view/176/48/  Kompas Jawa Barat 17/11/05 2

35

17

http://www.schatten.info/images/show/indonesia2004/show-bandung-01.html www.flickr.com 18 http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com 19 Family Planning Coordination Board, Bandung City, 2003 20 Bandung City Police Headquarters (Polwiltabes Bandung), Bandung City, 2003 21 Op.cit.1 22 Op.cit.13 23 Op.cit.13 24 Op.cit.13 25 Op.cit.13 26 Op.cit.13 27 Op.cit.13 28 www.tekmira.esdm.go.id/publikasi/ TriswanSuseno/TranportasiBatubara.doc 29 http://www.suarakarya-online.com/news.html?id=138470 30 http://www.dprin.go.id/links/pt_iptn/inbrief.htm 31 www.flickr.com 32 Report of Bandung City Forum on Solid Waste Problem, 1 st February 2002, ITB, PPLH and COMBINE 33 http://www.kompas.com/gayahidup/news/0404/28/210224.htm 34 Private Collection, Tanuwidjaja Gunawan http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com 35 http://www.adrc.or.jp/publications/Cooperative_projects/Indonesia/pdf/Apc%20Makalah%20Pak%20Arief%20Ilyas.pdf http://webdomino1.oecd.org/comnet/agr/landconserv.nsf/viewHtml/index/$FILE/Fahmuddin.PDF http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0502/24/ekonomi/1577753.htm 36 Op.cit.3 37 Op.cit.31 38 http://www.kompas.com/kesehatan/news/0506/18/111004.htm 39 Op.cit.1 40 Op.cit.3 41 Op.cit.3 42 Op.cit.3 43 Op.cit.3 44 Op.cit.3 45 Op.cit.3 46 Op.cit.3 47 Op.cit.3 48 Op.cit.3 49 Op.cit.1

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