5th Indonesia Chem-E-Car Com Com etit etitio ion n 2016 2016
Lime Optimization as A Renewable Alternative Energy for Electrical Prototype Nadya Rimadanti 1, Indri Adriyana 2, Khoirin Najiyyah S. 3, Ahmad Nur Ali 4, Ipko Salim P.5 Chemical Department1,2,3, Mechanical Department Department4, Electronical Department 5, Politeknik Negeri Bandung Gegerkalong Hilir Street, Desa Ciwaruga, Kabupaten Bandung Barat, Jawa Barat 40012 Phone (022) 2013789. Fax. (022) 2013889. Email :
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Abstract
As time about the technological developments in the form of a prototype car has been widely studied as favorable in environmental aspects. Thermoelectric method is a method used in the process of start up the car, how it works by converting the heat (the temperature difference) directly into electrical energy, using a phenomenon called the Seebeck effect (thermoelectric effect form). In this research tool used to assist the conversion is TEC. The reaction used in thermoelectric method is the reaction between 1.25 mol of Ca(OH) 2 with 3.588 mol of H 2SO4 which can produce the entalphy total 3565,51 kJ/mol, the reaction is exothermic. The heat of reaction is converted by peltier into kinethic energy. On stopping mechanism method is used a corrosion method in which a solution of HCl used to corrode aluminum foil on the cable car connecting, so that the electric current will be disconnected. From the test results, respectively 6 data obtained clarification from the maximum temperature of the reaction between H 2SO4 and Ca(OH)2 is 138oC while the mechanism stopping corrosion on aluminum foil dipped in diluted HCl. Keywords:
I.
Thermoelectric, Ca(OH)2, H2SO4, aluminum foil, HCl
Introduction
Energy is one important component that can not be discharged in human survival. Almost all human life depends on the availability of energy. But the next few years with increasing number of people, excessive use of energy will lead to an energy crisis. One way to save energy is by creating alternative energy or renewable energy to anticipate the availability of
energy in the future. Alternative energy is energy that naturally can not be discharged or quickly restored, environmentally friendly and safe. One of them by utilizing heat energy generated from the reaction of CaO with the catalyst to be converted into electrical current that can drive a car prototype. This heat energy is one alternative energy that is expected to be utilized to replace the battery every car prototype.
Nadya Rimadanti, dkk / Paper Paper of 5 th Indonesia Cheme-E-Car Competition 2016
II. Methode Power Source The method used in the chemical -fueled car is thermo electric method. The car uses fuel from neutralization reactions that produce heat. The heat is the result of a reaction between 1.25 mol of calcium hydroxide with 3.12 mol of sulfuric acid. Calcium hydroxide used for the reaction is a result of the dissolution of 1.25 mol of calcium oxide by 1.94 mol of water. The reaction between Ca(OH)2 and H2SO4 produce entalphy reach -3565.51 kJ/mol. While for the cold side of using ice. Ice undergo a phase change when the environmental temperature is higher than the temperature of the ice. From the temperature difference between the two sides will be converted into electric current by a thermo- electric converters. Current flowing from the converter to the thermo electric motors, so that the motor will move and rotate the gears. The gear wheel will spin the wheel attached to the axle. Chemical, thermo-electric converters and ice were stored vertically where the ice is under thermo-electric converters and chemicals are above thermo- electric converters. This arrangement is placed at the center of the base car. Polypropylene is kept in the middle of the base with the aim of a given load evenly to the base. Reaction: Hot side: CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) o ΔH f = -65.10 kJ this reaction can generate temperatures until 95oF
H2SO4(l) + Ca(OH)2(aq) CaSO4(s) + H2O(l) + H2O(g) ΔHof = -518.39 kJ this reaction can generate temperatures until 280,4 oF Cold side: H2O(s) H2O(l) this reaction can generate temperatures until 39,2 oF
Layout and Connection of Peltier
Figure 1. Layout and connection of peltier
In Figure 1 shows the layout of the peltier on reactor consisting of 8 peltier. To be able to run the DC motor required voltage and current which enough. The preparation is done by preparing a series of peltier peltier ’s 1 ’s 1 with peltier ’s 2, ’s 2, peltier ’s 3 ’s 3 with peltier’s 4, peltier ’s 5 ’s 5 with peltier ’s 6, ’s 6, and peltier ’s ’s 7 with peltier ’s ’s 8. Preparation of the series is done to obtain the sum of the voltage. A large voltage which is obtained, is equal to with the sum of two peltier’s
Nadya Rimadanti, dkk dkk / Paper of 5 th Indonesia Cheme-E-Car Competition 2016 voltages. As in Figure 1, to get the current is able to drive the DC motor, preparation is done in parallel like li ke block 1, block 2, block 3, and a nd block 4 in which, each one block consists c onsists of two peltier are arranged in series. According to Ohm's law, preparation of parallel sources will add a large current with a fixed voltage. By contrast, the preparation of series will add the voltage with a fixed current.
Stopping Mechanism Whereas the mechanism for the dismissal of the car using the corrosion reaction between the aluminum foil with a dilute sulfuric acid solution. At a certain time, aluminum foil connected to the thermo electric converter and the motor cable dipped in a solution of Hydrochloric acid and will cause corrosion of the aluminum foil. When the corrosion reaction that happens, the current flowing from the thermo electric converter to the motor will be stopped so that the wheel will stop moving and the car was stopped. Reaction: Al(s) + 3HCl(l) AlCl3(s) + 3/2H2(g)
Stopping Mechanism Circuit
Figure 2. Stop Mechanism Circuit
In figure 2. Stop Mechanism Circuit In figure 2, Peltier is connected to the
circuit using the banana jack in socket banana. DC motor will light up when the switch S1 with condition “on” on” with with the source voltage of the peltier and relay K1 connecting Peltier with dc motors lit simultaneously. DC motor will work since the peltier have the different temperature certain. DC motor will stop when the P3 which consists of cable connections are encased by the Aluminium Foil corroded by HCL solution within a certain time. Cable connection is disconnected which wrapped by Cable Aluminium Foil will make the malfunction of the relay K1 so that a DC motor that gets the source voltage from the peltier will stop.
III. Result And Discussion Temperature 1.25 mol CaO is dissolved to 1.94 mol aquades is obtained Ca(OH) 2. Then, Ca(OH)2 is reactioned with 3.588 mol H2SO4. The reaction obtain heat. There is data of temperature for 6 minutes. Table 1. Temperature t (s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
T(oC) 138 138 131 128 126 121 118 115 112 110 106 103 102
Nadya Rimadanti, dkk dkk / Paper of 5 th Indonesia Cheme-E-Car Competition 2016 In the figure 4 shows, if the difference of the temperature is small between the hot side to a cool side, side , so the voltage that released by Peltier who has been arranged as in figure 1 is small too.
160 ) 140 C o 120 ( e r 100 u t a 80 r e 60 p m 40 e T 20 0 0
100
200
300
400
t (s)
Figure 3. Graph of Temperature to Time
Current Table 3. The current changes against temperature difference
Voltage Table 2. Output peltier ∆°C (Celcius)
Voltage (V)
110 100 90
2,4 2 1,75
80 70 60
1,45 1,05 0,9
50
0,7
In table 2 shows voltage’s voltage’s change which generated by the peltier ’s ’s output output that has been arranged series as in Figure 1. Voltage Voltage measurement using analog voltmeter on a scale of 0 V to 2.5 V. In figure 3 shows the graph of voltage’s voltage’s changes to temperature differences. 120 100 80 ) 60 s u i c40 l e C20 ( C ° 0 ∆
2,4
2
1,75 1,45 1,05 Voltage
0,9
0 ,7
Figure 4. Graph of voltage changes to temperature differences
In the Table 3, shows Changes in currents at each Peltier because of a temperature difference occurs. Measurement using analog scale’s scale’s ampermeter with scale from 0 to 0.25 Ampere. Changes in currents at each Peltier is not same because of the connection between the Peltier with other peltier there are remnants of glue which blocking the heatsink that attached to the hot side’s side’s peltier. The following graphs each peltier current changes due to the temperature difference. The following graph between changes in current each peltier because of the temperature difference.
Nadya Rimadanti, dkk dkk / Paper of 5 th Indonesia Cheme-E-Car Competition 2016 0,25
1. Base 0,2
) 0,15 A (
t n e r r u C 0,1
0,05
Figure 7. Base
0 110
100
90
Peltier 1
80 ∆°C
70
60
50
Peltier 2
Peltier 3
Peltier 4
Peltier 5
Peltier 6
Peltier 7
Peltier 8
Graph of Current Change with Figure 5. Graph Difference Temperature In figure 5 shows, if the difference of the temperature is small on the vertical axis (Xaxis), so the difference of teh current is small on the horizontal axis (Y-ordinat).
Base is one part is used as the foundation of a car that is designed to have dimensions of 385x160 mm , the material used is acrylic , the reason we use acrylic are: easily deformable, A light load, easy obtained and a nd affordable prices. Reason design the base as above is adapted to storage in use because it has a fairly large dimensions and weight 2. Home Bering
Car Design THE FOLLOWING IS A PICTURE OF DRAFT ISO METRIC
Figure 8. Home bering
Bering home or crutches As for the wheels used are made from nylon with dimensions of 20x20x40 mm size, reasons is: easily deformable, easy to get, and affordable prices 3. Axle
Figure 6. Car Design Here's an explanation and the materials used
Figure 9. Axle
Nadya Rimadanti, dkk dkk / Paper of 5 th Indonesia Cheme-E-Car Competition 2016 axles used is of aluminum because it has a light load and strong enough to support the weight of heavy car 4.Wheel
the thermoplastics. Special properties owned as follows: - Small molecular weight - Resistant to heat at temperatures < 150oC - Easy to be stretched. - Flexible . - The melting point is low. - Can be reshaped (recycled ) . - Easy to dissolve in a suitable solvent . - Has the molecular structure of linear / branched
Figure 10. Wheel
Wheels made of nylon material with a diameter of 67 mm.
7. Heatshink
5. Motor
Figure 13. Heatsink
Figure 11. Motor
Motor car serves as the primary mover of electricity obtained then converted into energy of motion is directly supplied to the gear and then move the wheels. With this type of motor:DC, Model : N20, voltage : DC 6 V, Motor speed output 1500-10000 Rpm, output gear; 45 Rpm, The motor size:24x12x10mm, Gear Gear by by comparison 1 : 8 (gear 8 : 64), and torque : 500gr-700gr 6. Storage
Figure 12. Storage
Storage is used of a type of plastic material PP ( polypropylene ) which is included in
Made of aluminum . it was kept in storage to withstand hot and cold temperatures in order to survive long enough.
Hazardous a) Sulfuric Acid Potential Acute Health Effects: Effects: Very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, irritant, permeator), of eye contact (irritant, corrosive), of ingestion, of inhalation. Liquid or spray mist may produce tissue damage particularly on mucous membranes of eyes, mouth and respiratory tract. Skin contact may produce burns. Inhalation of the spray mist may produce severe irritation of respiratory tract, characterized by coughing, choking, or shortness of breath. Severe overexposure can result in death. Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching. Skin inflammation is characterized by itching, scaling, reddening, occasionally, blistering.
Nadya Rimadanti, dkk dkk / Paper of 5 th Indonesia Cheme-E-Car Competition 2016 Handling And Storage Handling And Storage Precautions:
Keep locked up.. Keep container dry. Do not ingest. Do not breathe gas/fumes/ vapor/spray. Never add water to this product. In case of insufficient insufficie nt ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents, reducing agents, combustible materials, organic materials, metals, acids, alkalis, moisture. May corrode metallic surfaces. Store in a metallic or coated fiberboard drum using a strong polyethylene inner package. Storage: Hygroscopic. Reacts. violently with water. Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Do not store above 23°C (73.4°F).
b) CaO Potential Acute Health Effects: Effects: Very hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, permeator), of eye contact (corrosive). The amount of tissue damage depends on length of contact. Eye contact can result in corneal damage or blindness. Skin contact can produce inflammation and blistering. Inhalation of dust will produce irritation to gastrointestinal or respiratory tract, characterized by burning, sneezing and coughing. Severe over exposure can produce lung damage, choking, unconsciousness or death. Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching. Skin inflammation is characterized by itching, scaling, reddening, or, occasionally, blistering.
Precautions: Keep container dry. Do not breathe dust. Never add water wate r to this product. In case c ase of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment. If you feel unwell, seek medical attention and show the label when possible. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as organic materials, acids, moisture. Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Do not store above 24°C (75.2°F). c) Aluminum Foil Potential Acute Health Effects: Effects: Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant). Non-irritating to the eyes. Nonhazardous in case of ingestion. Handling And Storage Precautions: Do not ingest. Wear suitable protective clothing. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container or thelabel. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents, acids, alkalis. Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Moisture sensitive. d) Hydrochloric Hydrochloric Acid Potential Acute Health Effects: Effects: Very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, irritant, permeator), of eye contact (irritant, corrosive), of ingestion, . Slightly hazardous in case of inhalation (lung sensitizer). Non-corrosive for lungs. Liquid or spray mist may produce tissue damage particularly on mucous membranes of eyes, mouth and respiratory tract. Skin contact may produce burns. Inhalation of the spray mist may produce severe irritation irritati on of respiratory tract, characterized by
Nadya Rimadanti, dkk dkk / Paper of 5 th Indonesia Cheme-E-Car Competition 2016 coughing, choking, or shortness of breath. Severe over-exposure can result in death. Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching. Skin inflammation is characterized by itching, scaling, reddening, or, occasionally, blistering.
4. 5.
Handling And Storage Precautions: Keep locked up. Keep container dry. Do not ingest. Do not breathe gas/fumes/ vapor/spray. Never add water to this product. In case of insufficient insufficie nt ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents, organic materials, metals, alkalis, moisture. May corrode metallic surfaces. Store in a metallic or coated fiberboard drum using a strong polyethylene inner package. Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area.
Safety Measures 1. Doing trial and error to prepare reaction concept. 2. If it will work with sulfuric acid must wear Splash goggles. Full suit. Vapor respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this product. 3. If it will work with calcium hydroxide and calcium oxide must wear Splash goggles. Full suit. Vapor and dust respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be
6.
7. 8. 9.
sufficient; consult a specialist before handling this product. If it will work with water must wear Lab coat and Safety glasses. Pour sulfuric acid solution into a beaker first and then calcium hydroxide . Do not pour calcium hydroxide first and then the sulfuric acid because it can cause harm. Caused the water of calcium hydroxide would boil and produce harmful gases. Use the procedure that is safe and focused while working with chemicals , especially chemicals that are toxic. If it will connect or adjust the cable, the cable must first be isolated in order to avoid damage. chemicals placed in a plastic container that can not be corroded. spill from HCl can handle by spill trap. Hydrogen gas emissions will be adsorbed by gas trap. It is cloth rags.
Conclusion The reaction between H2SO4 with NaOH produce a total enthalpy of 3565.51 kJ / mol. Reaction that occurs is exothermic reaction. The heat released by the reaction is converted into current by peltier so the motor can work. if the difference of the temperature is small between the hot side to a cool side, so the voltage that released by Peltier who has been arranged is small too.
Reference AIR PRODUCTS. No date. MATERIAL SAFTEY DATA SHEET. http://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSD S/hydrogen.pdf
Nadya Rimadanti, dkk dkk / Paper of 5 th Indonesia Cheme-E-Car Competition 2016 Inc, The McGraw-Hill Companies (1999) Physical and Chemical Data. P. 187-189. http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~nsw/chbe301/ chap02.pdf Science Lab.com. 2013. Calcium Oxide MSDS. http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msd sId=9927480 Science Lab.com. 2013. Hydrochloric acid MSDS. http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msd sId=9924285 Science Lab.com. 2013. Sulfuric acid MSDS. http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msd sId=9925146 Science Lab.com. 2013. Aluminum. MSDS. http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msd sId=9922844 TEKNIK ELEKTRONIKA. 2016. Pengertian, Rumus dan Bunyi Hukum Ohm. http://teknikelektronika.com/pengertianrumus-bunyi-hukum-ohm/ Tupperware. No date. Keunggulan dan Kelemahan Plastik.
http://www.tupperware.co.id/Pages/ListB hanProduct.aspx?ID=XLLALTqi1TnyuGb BmvaIMw==&Page=1 Oliveira, Maria Claudia Costa de., Jose Rui Camargo. 2011. Principles of Direct Thermoelectric Conversion. http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfswm/20001.pdf Vinal, George W., Craig, D.Norman. (1940). THERMODYNAMC PROPERTIES OF SULFURIC-ACID SOLUTIONS AND THEIR RELATION TO THE ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE AND HEAT OF REACTION OF THE LEAD STORAGE BATTERY. Vol 24. http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/24/jre sv24n4p475_A1b.pdf Zaleznik, Frank J. 1991. Thermodynamic Properties of the Aqueous Sulfuric Acid System to 350 K. http://www.nist.gov/srd/upload/jpcrd426.p df
