Urban Urba n and and spatial pl p lanning in Japan • M. Tominaga
Urbanism
URBAN AND SPATIAL PLANNING IN JAPAN Marin TOMINAGA A Master Master Course Student of Grad Graduate uate School of Tohoku Univ U niversity ersity !e" ! e"artm artment ent of of Architecture and #uilding Science orangesunny$ma orangesunny$mari% ri%yahoo.co.&" yahoo.co.&" Abstract . This "a"er aims to introduce the ur'an and s"atial "lanning in (a"an. According to the national "lann "la nning ing syst em of (a"an (a"an cha"ter 2 the "lanning system has ) administrative levels and each territorial region has its o*n regulation. This "a"er introduces es"ecially a'out "lanning and regulat regulation ion system in city cit y region region in (a"an.
"la nning ing (a"an (a "an land use Master ,lan ,la n Key words+ ur'an and s"atial "lann
! T"e #re$ect%ra& 'o(ernments 'o (ernments and m%nici#a&ities -irst of all (a"anese territory is divided into / units called "refectural governments 0-ig.1. 3ach of them has its o*n administrative organi4ation. The "refectural governments differ from the munici"alities *hich are locally 'ased "u'lic organi4ations in that they are concerned more com"rehensively *ith a *ider local area. Munici"alities are the collective term of city 0called shi shi to*n 0called machi machi village 0called mura mura and district 0called ku *hich e5ists only in Tokyo and each munici"ality also has its o*n administrative organi4ation. There are /67 cities /8) to*ns 16 villages and 2) districts in (a"an 01:6:211.
*! T"e #&annin' and re'%&ation system o$ Ja#an J a#an
2.1. The national planning system sys tem of Japan Japan ;ational
)i'! . ,refectural governments in (a"an
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Urbanism. Arhitectură. Construcţii • >ol. 2 • ;r. • 211 •
City ,lanning
investments more efficient and "romote the land use reasona'ly and soundly. ?t is effective to designate the City ,lanning Area for the follo*ing reason. At first it *ill 'e regarded as a target for Area !ivision 0terms descri'ed 2.. Second the develo"ments in the area are demanded the develo"ment "ermissions. Third it is a""lied to the grou" rule *hich is a sti"ulation of the relationshi" 'et*een 'uildings and cities in the #uilding Standards
2.2. The definition of c ity planning area ?n 1919 a general idea called City ,lanning Area *as 'rought in the City ,lanning
)i'! * . An e5am"le of the City ,lanning Area
2.!. The regulation of land use ?n the City ,lanning Area it 'ecomes to 'e "ossi'le to divide the area into t*o areas Ur'ani4ation ,romoting Area and Ur'ani4ationrestricted Area 0the City ,lanning
The City ,lanning Area covers only 28./@ of (a"anese territory 'ut 91.7@ of the "o"ulation live in the area. Bo*ever it has to 'e careful that the City ,lanning Area is not al*ays s"ecified to a *hole area of a munici"ality 'ut there are cases ho* to set it 0-ig.. Accoeding to figure enen e5tensive city "lanning area corres"onds to the case . Bo* to designate the city "lanning area is de"ends on the situation of the munici"alities. The "ur"ose of s"ecify the City ,lanning Area is to make "u'lic )
Urban and spatial planning in Japan • M. Tominaga
Urbanism National Land Use Planning Law
(Individual method) City Planning Law
National Land Use
City region
Planning
City Planning Areas
National Spatial Planning Act.
Act for Improvement of Agricultural Promotion Areas
National Spatial
National Planning
Agricultural region
Planning
Agricultural Promotion Areas
Forest Law National Forests Forest region Local Forests with Regional Forest Plan Prefectural Planning
Land use master
Natural Parks Law
plan
National Park Natural park region Prefectural Nature Park
Local Autonomy Act.
Municipal Basic
Municipal planning
Nature Conservation Act
Land transaction control
Nature conservation
Concept
region
Wilderness Natural Environment Conservation Areas Natural Environment Conservation Areas Prefectural Naturale Environment Conservation Areas
)i'! +. The national "lanning system in (a"an City Planning Area
City Planning Area
Town B
Administrative Area
City A
City C Town D
Border of Administrative Area Case 1: City Planning Area combined with Administrative Area
Case 2: A City Planning Area consists of a nmber of mnicipalities
City Planning Area
Town B
City A
Administrative Area
City Planning Area
City C Town D Border of Administrative Area
Case 3: City Planning Area is a part of Administrative Area
Case !: A City Planning Area consists of a nmber of mnicipalities and a part of it is otside of City Planning Area
)i'! ,. cases to s"ecify the city "lanning area A City Planning Area "divided# B City Planning Area "ndivided#
$rbani%ation Promoting Area $se district
$rbaniation'restricted area &tside of the se district in ndivided city planning area
$ndevelopable
Developable
&tside of City Planning Area
)i'! -. The conce"tual diagram of area division
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Urbanism. Arhitectură. Construcţii • >ol. 2 • ;r. • 211 •
2." The use districts and group rule of buildings There are 12 kinds of use districts / kinds of residential districts 2 kinds of commercial districts and ) kinds of industrial districts "re"ared in the City "lanning la* and these districts can 'e su"ecified in the Ur'ani4ation ,romoting Area and the Undivided City ,lanning Area selectively. 3ach district controls the land use 0-ig./. -or e5am"le hotels cannot 'e develo"ed in Category 1 e5clusive lo* 'uilding residential 4one. !e"ends on the o'&ective of each district it can 'e "ossi'le to decide the 'uilding coverage floor s"ace ratio height limitation floors"ace ratio limitation of road diagonal line limitation for road and ad&acent land and shado* area limitation.
)i'! /. The use district of a "art of Sendai city
(a"anese 'uil ding code 0rule is regulated 'y #uilding Standard Act and it sets out minimum standard 0'ut it e5tends to so minute of the site facilities infrastructure usage and so on of a 'uilding. hole codes can 'e divided into Single code and Grou" code. Single code sets out a'out safety and health of a 'uilding itself. -or e5am"le there is the strength code of structure to stand u" *hen the earthuake comes and all 'uildings are reuired to meet this code. Dn the other hand grou" code more concerns a'out relation 'et*een a 'uilding
The City Planning Area zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Urbanization Promoting Area zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz － which already f orms urban zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
area and should be urbanized
zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz preferentially and systematically zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz in about 10 y ears zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
Urbanization-restricted Area － which should be controlled urbanization
)i'! .. The Area !ivision
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Urbanism
Urban and spatial planning in Japan • M. Tominaga
and city surrounding environment not a 'uilding itself. ?t is dee"ly related *ith the City ,lanning
"refectural governments 0-ig.6. ?t descri'es the o'&ective of city "lanning and *hether to divide the City ,lanning Area into the Ur'ani4ation ,romoting Area and the Ur'ani4ationrestricted Area or not. ?t also descri'es the "rinci"le for conducting the land use and city facilities in City ,lanning Area. The City ,lanning Area Master ,lan is usually a larger scale "lan than the Munici"al Master ,lan and reflects it. Dn the other hand the Munici"al Master ,lan is made in each munici"ality as a te5t including dra*n "lans and its contents must corres"ond to the fundamental "lan and the City ,lanning Area Master ,lan 0-ig9. ?t descri'es the grand design of a city for e5am"le the ideal images of the road ahead and "ro'lems that should 'e overcame. ?t also descri'es the regional designs *hich are "lan and strategy of smaller "art of the city. #oth City ,lanning Area Master ,lan and Munici"al Master ,lan are not mandatory regulations 'ut &ust "lans *hich descri'e the direction of develo"ments in each area and munici"ality. Bo*ever these are as im"ortant as the 'asic "lans.
)i'! 0. The City ,lanning Area Master ,lan The layout "lan of ma&or facilities
,! T"e district #&annin'
?n 196 the district "lanning system *as set u" in the City ,lanning
)i'! 1. The Munici"al Master ,lan The 4oning "lan and location "lan of hu's in the city
+! T"e master #&ans ?n the
Urbanism. Arhitectură. Construcţii • >ol. 2 • ;r. • 211 •
ho* to ad&ust the district is "lanned *ith this system.
creates ne* culture and environment for communication in Sendai City. -! Prob&ems o$ Ja#anese cities
;o*adays many cities in (a"an are facing on "ro'lems such as e5istence of multi occu"ied 4one *ith tall 'uildings and decre"it *ooden houses *hile scattering of unused lands in the middle of ur'an area. ?n surrounding "art of the ur'an area many residential com"le5es have 'een develo"ed and there are many s"ra*ling develo"ments in Ur'ani4ation restricted area 'ecause of e5ce"tional rules for develo"ment 0-ig.1).
)i'! 2. An example of district planning of jozenji street district in Sendai City
)i'! .
The contents of regulation in district plan
)i'! *.
The contents of regulation in district plan
Additional e5"ansion of ur'an area might cause increase of the unused lands declination of city center and disa""earance of "rime agricultural lands under the situation of antici"ated "o"ulation decrease in (a"an. Dne of the methods of solution is ECom"act CityF. Some cities including Sendai City are as"iring to make the range of ur'an area more com"act. -or e5am"le in Sendai City Master ,lan the 'asic o'&ectives to develo" Sendai City are descri'ed as s*itching form to more intensive ur'an area 'uilding u" city function and locate it a""ro"riately and develo"ing the uality of ur'an s"ace from various as"ects. Sendai City aims to deliver these o'&ectives and change to 'e a more convenient and economic city 0-ig.1.
-or e5am"le in Sendai City there are 9) districts *hich have district "lans. Jo#en$i street district 0-ig.1 one of the 9) districts in Sendai City decides its o*n regulation for develo"ments of 'uildings. ?n "articular IAJ Use control is set u" in this "lan and the facility of entertainment dance hall love hotel gas stand and so on are not allo*ed to 'e 'uilt 0-ig.11. I#J groundfloor area is set u" more than 2 m2. ICJ #ack s"ace from edge of ground is also decided. I!J Beight of a 'uilding must 'e more than 1 m. I3J The sha"e and design of a 'uilding must consort *ooden street. I-J The fence of a 'uilding must 'e considered surrounding environment. This district is aiming to 'e a stronghold that
)i'! +. S"ra*ling situation
)
Urban and spatial planning in Japan • M. Tominaga
Urbanism
Present )%t%re )i'! ,! The image of 'ecoming com"act city
-! 3onc&%sion 4 T"e 'reat east Ja#an eart" 5%a6e 11. March 211 a massive 9.magnitude earthuake hit the Tohoku area in (a"an. Many lives *ere claimed and hundreds of thousands of houses *ere damaged or lost 'y the earthuake and tsunami *hich hit the coastal area of east (a"an. ?n addition lifelines such as the "u'lic trans"ortation system commencing *ith rail and road se*erage systems and electric *ater and gas su""ly *ere shredded. The damage is un"aralleled in (a"anese history of "revious disasters. The most damaged areas *ere ?*ate "refecture Miyagi "refecture and -ukushima "refecture.
"lan of earthuake disaster reconstruction has decided 1/ on August. The term of the "lan to recovery is 1 years 0until 221. ?n 1 years there are ) years of restorative stage years of regenerative stage and ) years of develo"ing stage. Dne of the main idea of recovery and "revention from tsunami is descri'ed the figure18. Miyagi "refecture has decided to relocate coastal residential area to more u"land and se"arate from industrial area. ?n industrial area the evacuation 'uildings *hich have high elevation *ill 'e 'uilt to evacuate from tsunami 0-ig.18. -igure17 descri'es the idea of multi"le "revention from tsunami. The coastal levee and green s"ace *ill 'e located in the sea shore. Hoads and rail*ays are "lanned to locate every 'order of agricultural area commercial and industrial area and residential area. Actually there *as a fact that the limited high*ay "revented tsunami from
Balf year has "assed since ).11 each "refecture and munici"ality has 'een dra*ing u" the 'asic "lans to*ard recovery. ?n Miyagi "refecture the final )8
Urbanism. Arhitectură. Construcţii • >ol. 2 • ;r. • 211 •
intruding in the ur'an area 0-ig.17. The most im"ressive "oints of this "lan is that it aims not only restoration of devastated area 'ut also drastic restructuring of the *hole "refecture and it is also trying to resolve the "ro'lem *ith the modern (a"an such as "o"ulation decline the aging "o"ulation "reservation of the environment sym'iosis *ith nature and creation of safe and conforta'le communities.
have to get "ast and various *ays of "lanning *ill 'e needed. R7)7R7N37S -ig. 1 Geos"atial ?nformation Authority on (a"an -ig. 2 enen e5tensive city "lanning area in Miyagi "refecture -ig. / !e"artment of city "lanning of Sendai city -ig. 6 enen e5tensive city "lanning area master "lan in Miyagi "refecture -ig. 9 Sendai City Master ,lan in Sendai city -ig. 1 11 12 The district "lan of $o#en$i street in Sendai city -ig. 1) Google ma" -ig. 1 Sendai City Master ,lan in Sendai city -ig. 18 17 The 'asic "lan of recovery in Sendai city
The recovery of east (a"an has &ust started. There must 'e a lot of 'arrier *hich *e
)i'! -. The "lan image of relocation of residential area
)i'! .! The "lan image of multi"le "rotections from tsunami
Recei(ed+ Dcto'er 1 211 • Acce#ted in $ina& $ormat + ;ovem'er 2 211
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