URBAN TRANSFORMATION PHENOMENA IN BANDUNG, INDONESIA (Case Study: Jalan Jenderal Sudirman, Bandung)
PROPOSAL TESIS DESAIN Karya Tulis sebagai Salah Satu Syarat untuk Memperoleh Gelar Magister dari Institut Teknologi Bandung
Oleh HAFIZ AMIRROL
NIM : 25209022
PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER ARSITEKTUR SEKOLAH ARSITEKTUR, PERENCANAAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN KEBIJAKAN INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG 2010
URBAN TRANSFORMATION PHENOMENA IN BANDUNG, INDONESIA (Case Study: Jalan Jenderal Sudirman, Bandung) Abstract The phenomena of urban transformation that Bandung is experiencing are something that needs comprehensive analysis and understanding. This is due to the fact that these phenomena and conditions will be transformed into possibilities that would affect Bandung’s built environment and its whole future development. The topic is crucial in developing total understanding of the city with all of its conditions, since these conditions of the city will also condition the whole living environment, and also represent human’s achievement per excellence (Rossi, 1984). What Bandung is experiencing today is a representation and manifestation manifestation of the collective will of the people that inhabit it, and currently, the image is not a good one. This thesis is hoped to produce better analysis and understanding in helping to recognize conditions and transformations of the city into better practices. By conducting research and analysis on the phenomena of urban transformation, the objective of this thesis is to provide a visionary thinking through best practices approaches and methods on how to intervene the city (proposed area of study). The thesis will not try to describe urban transformation from the perspective of functions, land use zonings, or urban and architectural design policies, but will be focused on the process of finding strategic operations for design approaches, application of those strategic operations on several scales of operations (design simulations), and measuring the applicability and positive affect that those strategic operations will contribute contribute to the whole long transformation process of the city, from present to the future. Although the research will consider the generative functional system of architecture and the city, with analysis from various disciplines that directly give impact to the built environment, such as politics, economics, social and cultural systems, it will be more focused on the aspects of spatial structure and design. Thus, direct urbanism and direct architecture that are generated from a design-perspective design-perspective thinking will be the main generative component of the thesis. By considering that the city must achieve a balance between natural and artificial elements, as it is an object of nature and a subject of culture (Levi-Strauss, (Levi-Strauss, 1972), this thesis is interested in seeing articulation of designs being put in the context of a transforming city, in order the test the design approaches proposed and its impact towards the context itself. Keywords: urban transformation, strategic operations, direct urbanism, best practices, usermetric framework
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I.
BACKGROUND
The proposed thesis is concerned with the process of urban t ransformation that is happening in Bandung today. The research is interested in these transformations because of its importance in understanding the whole phenomena of the city, which might lead to the development of the city in the future. This thesis, which deals with the practice of architectural and urban modernism and its transformation opens against a background in which expectation tinged with equal measures of uncertainty. Public and professional attitudes towards modern architecture and planning systems, and its continuing potential for reshaping cities had changed dramatically since the 1
death of modernism was announced . Although some continued to believe in and practice modernism as if nothing had happened, as what happened in Indonesia, elsewhere the mood was critical, apologetic and sometime confused (Gold, 2007). Architects and urban planners, who previously enjoyed general endorsement as built environment’s experts now faced criticisms and are accused of authoritarianism, dogmatism, unaccountability, elitism, hegemony, lack of ethical concern, arrogance, and above all, being a whore for those with capital strength. These criticisms usually come from the grass-root level of society that primarily are users of the places and spaces designed by architects and planners. These places which society celebrated in the past now stood condemned as dysfunctional, socially sterile, without respect for history and the collective mnemonic memory and monotonous. This kind of transformation is the primary research topic of the thesis, which tries to investigate and understand the evolution of use and functions of the designed places and spaces over the transformative period that had happened. I.1
Why is the Topic Important to be Develop as a Thesis?
The phenomena of urban transformation that Bandung is experiencing (Figure 1) are something that needs comprehensive analysis and understanding. This is due to the fact that these phenomena and conditions will be transformed into possibilities that would affect Bandung’s built environment and its whole future development. The
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Architectural theorist and critic, Charles Jencks in his book on The Language of Post-Modern Architecture Architecture (1977) opens with the statement: 'Happily, we can date the death of Modern Architecture Architecture to a precise moment in time... It expired finally and completely in 1972'.
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topic is crucial in developing total understanding of the city with all of its conditions, since these conditions of the city will also condition the whole living environment, and also represent human’s achievement per excellence (Rossi, 1984). What Bandung is experiencing today is a representation and manifestation of the collective will of the people that inhabit it, and currently, the image is not a good one. This thesis is hoped to produce better analysis and understanding in helping to recognize conditions and transformations of the city into better practices.
Figure 1: Transformation of Bandung (Source: Voskuil, 1999) This thesis will be divided into thematic parts (will be discuss in Chapter 2), forming the whole argumentation and analysis of the phenomena. Apart from the thematic divisions of the research, the whole content of this thesis will be structured into six main chapters: 1.
Background
2.
Topic Interests
3.
Literature Reviews
4.
Methodology
5.
Classification of Research Variables
6.
Analysis and Design Simulation
7.
Conclusion The first four chapters will be used to unify and relate the many disparate
elements of the discussion into one comprehensive thesis structure. Chapter 6 and 7 will be developed during the final semester.
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I.2
What Research Has Been Done Before?
Not much detail research has been done on the aspects of urban transformation in the context of urban and architectural design of Bandung. Most previous researches focuses on historical analysis, conservation and heritage, planning policies and guidelines, good governance of the city, and most recently issues on Bandung as a creative city. However, in the context of modern architecture and the rapid development that is happening in the built environment of Bandung, this thesis try to find out what are the inner logic of the whole structure of the city’s part, and what could be develop to provide better living and built environment for the future. These are some of previous related researches that have been conducted, touching on the issues of urban transformations, transitions and possible developments, both on Bandung and other places. I.3
On Bandung and Indonesia
LIM, M. (2002) From Walking City to Telematic Metropolis: Changing Urban Form in Bandung, Indonesia, in BUNNEL, T., DRUMMOND, L. & HO, K.C. in Critical Reflections on Cities in Southeast Asia , pp. 75-100, Singapore: Brill Publisher and Times Academic Press.
This research analyzed the potential of Bandung and its future urban condition, with specific interest on telecommunication and the city. The author try to see Bandung’s directions of future trends, by creating a clear relationship analysis of telecommunication and its impact towards the city’s condition of decentralization and re-centralization. The research also studied patterns of goods productions, services productions, and social interaction that contribute to Bandung’s urban transformation process. LIM, M. & PADAWANGI, R. (2008) Contesting Alun-Alun: Power Relations, Identities, and the Production of Urban Spaces in Bandung, Indonesia, Liverpool: International Development and Planning Review, Vol. 30 (3), pp. 307-326, Liverpool University Press.
The research tries to disentangle the relationship between the production of space and the uses of space to show how social actors can project their identities and/ or ideologies by being dominantly involved in the production of public spaces, in this 5
case, the alun-alun of Bandung. The article also recognizes the importance of civil society and the market in place making, and legitimizes their authorities over the production of urban space. POERBO, H.W. (2008) Coping With the Commodification of Culture in Bandung: an Urban Design Control Approach, Bandung: Arte-Polis 2, Institut Teknologi Bandung.
Dr.-Ing. Ir. Heru Poerbo, MURP discusses the role of cultural economy in affecting the form of the city, particularly the streetscape of some notable areas in Bandung. The paper described the changes in urban culture in Bandung, explained how these culture affect the land use configuration and the externalities caused by them, and investigated the possible urban design measures in coping with the externalities of such urban developments. MIRZA, S. (2010) Strategic Urban Planning and Design Tools for Inner City Regeneration: Towards a Strategic Approach of Sustainable Urban Form Future – the Case of Bandung City, Netherlands: International Society of City and Regional Planners (ISOCARP).
The research focuses on the process of regeneration learnt from successful case studies from several European cities and try to promote these experiences into the context of Bandung, stressing on the needs to set up comprehensive concepts and strategies in order to achieve the development vision. The research also proposed the need for Bandung’s inner city to be clustery developed based on its human assets, natural and environmental assets, heritage of built environment and the distinctiveness and vibrancy of cultural life assets, and also the organized civil society assets. KUSNO, A. (2006) Back to the City: a Note on Urban Architecture in the New Indonesia, in Arts, Popular Culture and Social Change in the New Indonesia, Seminar Proceedings of Conference at the Centre for Southeast Asian Research, pp. 59-93, Institute of Asian Research, University of British Columbia.
Dr. Abidin Kusno focuses on the sensitivity of urban architecture towards the post-1998 social environment reform, and explained the ways in which the architectural world has tried to tailor its design culture into the urban fabric of the 6
city. In this article, he studied the works of Adi Purnomo (MAMO Studio) and Ridwan Kamil (URBANE Indonesia), in understanding the forces of urban architecture towards the shaping of the city in the search for norms of public life in the new Indonesia. I.4
On Others
BLAU, E. & RUPNIK, I. (2007) Project (2007) Project Zagreb: Transition as Condition, Strategy, Practice. Barcelona: Actar.
Project Zagreb is a research production based on the two-semester seminar at the Graduate School of Design of Harvard University in 2004-2005. The research reads the city of Zagreb, Croatia as an open work, dynamic but coherent, in which architecture plays an active role in the formation of both urban practices and the city itself. The research sees transition of the city as conditions, strategies and practices for its development process. HANSON, J. (1999) Urban Transformations: a History of Design Ideas, London: Space Syntax Second International Symposium, Brasilia, Space Syntax Laboratory, University College London.
The paper explained the ‘how’ and ‘why’ in urban transformations by unfolding the story that lies behind the design ideas of the architects and urban designers in understanding how social ideas about power and control influence the frameworks and assumptions in the development of the built environment. It stated social objectives as an important paradigm in creating a better built environment – not repeating the same mistakes made during the modernist’s urban genotype. READ, S. (2006) The Urban Image – Becoming Visible,
published in
HAUPTMANN, D. (ed.) The Body In Architecture, Rotterdam: 010 Publishers and TU Delft.
This research is part of TU Delft’s Research Laboratory for the Contemporary City (SPACELAB), concerning issues on urban spatial form, movement and process, social-spatial forms and transformations, and urban spatial evolution that are happening in most cities today. Dr. Stephen Read demonstrated in the context of the world, which is always provisional, human experience has always been one of being
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on the brink of an unspecified outcome for the urban environment and shifted the human paradigm into somewhat is coherent in the making of cities and its evolution process. ROSSI, A. (1984) Architecture (1984) Architecture of the City. Cambridge: MIT Press.
In this seminal work by Aldo Rossi, issues and critics concerning the failure of modern movement in the built environment were extensively discussed. The book provided important theories and critics based on structure of the city itself, seeing problems of description, classification and typological analysis, individuality of urban artifacts and the urban history, as well as the dynamics of the urban and the problem of politics as choice. KOOLHAAS, R. (1978) Delirious New York – A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan. London: Thames and Hudson.
The book is an engaging review of modern architecture and urbanism, setting a celebratory account of the surreal ‘culture of congestion’ in Manhattan. Written while Rem Koolhaas was a visiting professor at the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies in New York – during a period of financial crisis and the city government narrowly avoiding bankruptcy through a substantial federal loan, the book promotes Manhattan as a prototype of the modern metropolis, a collaboration of visionaries that strive to make life in the city a ‘deeply irrational experience’ and celebrating the architecture of the city as tools for reinventing city life. I.5
What Research will be Conducted on this Thesis?
By conducting research and analysis on the phenomena of urban transformation, the objective of this thesis is to provide a visionary thinking through best practices approaches and methods on how to intervene the city (proposed area of study). The thesis will not try to describe urban transformation from the perspective of functions, land use zonings, or urban and architectural design policies, but will be focused on the process of finding strategic operations for design approaches, application of those strategic operations on several scales of operations (design simulations), and measuring the applicability and positive affect that those strategic operations will contribute to the whole long transformation process of the city, from present to the future. 8
Although the research will consider the generative functional system of architecture and the city, with analysis from various disciplines that directly give impact to the built environment, such as politics, economics, social and cultural systems, it will be more focused on the aspects of spatial structure and design. Thus, direct urbanism and direct architecture that are generated from a design-perspective thinking will be the main generative component of the thesis. By considering that the city must achieve a balance between natural and artificial elements, as it is an object of nature and a subject of culture (Levi-Strauss, 1972), this thesis is interested in seeing articulation of designs being put in the context of a transforming city, in order the test the design approaches proposed and its impact towards the context itself.
II.
TOPIC INTERESTS
The main interest of the thesis development is within the perimeter of urban transformation that is happening today, with specific focus towards the context of Bandung, Indonesia and using Jalan Jenderal Sudirman as its case study. Bandung is in many ways the perfect location for examining the generative dynamic of transition that it is experiencing today (Anderson, 2008). The primary objective in conducting this research is to understand the physical and social repertoire of the city. The research would start from seeing urban transformation as a complex adaptive system of the city (Figure 2), and try to understand the need to develop techniques for representing and analyzing conditions that are unstable, multiple and contingent on a broad range of equally unstable factors. The research will initially be divided into three main frameworks, as described in Diagram 1. The research process will start by identifying the relationship between physical and social structures in selected central and peripheral urban perimeters of Bandung. The selected sites are those that are experiencing urban transformation, and are constantly acting and reacting to its surrounding conditions, be it social, economic or culturally at the architectural, urban or direct scales. By studying organizations and observing the relations and behavior of patterns emerging from their interactions, systematic approaches will be introduced in developing spatial and strategic designs that respond to, activate and enrich the complexity of these conditions. Diagram 2 described the systems approach in devising the perimeter of the research. 9
Figure 2: Land use and service sector distribution of Bandung as part of the regional and urban design guidelines (Source: Pemerintah Kota Bandung, 2009)
Diagram 1: Main frameworks (Source: Author, 2010) 10
Diagram 2: Systems approach in devising research perimeter (Source: Author, 2010) Apart from these systems approach in devising the research perimeter, the thesis will also focus on the studies on selected leading architects that play important role in the development and progression of architecture and urbanism in the context that is similar to the thesis’ subject of interests. Proposed architects that will be studied are: 1.
Prof. Em. Mohammad Danisworo, Ph.D. (Jakarta) on urban design development in Indonesia.
2.
Ir. Achmad Tardiyana, MUDD. (Bandung) on urbanism, economic development and social needs in Bandung.
3.
Ir. Adi Purnomo (Jakarta) on urban dwellings in Jakarta.
4.
Kevin Mark Low (Kuala Lumpur) on contextual approaches in tropical urbanism and architecture.
5.
Prof. Ir. Winy Maas/ MVRDV (Rotterdam) on urban density.
6.
Prof. Rem Koolhaas/ OMA (Rotterdam) on globalism’s impact on urban transformation.
7.
Caruso St. John (London) on character of buildings in urban context.
8.
Peter Zumthor (Haldenstein) on tactile and sensory qualities of spaces and buildings.
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III.
LITERATURE REVIEWS
III.1
Positioning the Topic Through Scientific Discourse
The topic of interest, which is concerned with urban transformation and its impact on the city’s urban and architectural design, will be discussed using scientific analysis of established existing theories. The reference theories for the scientific discourse were selected from various sources and branches of knowledge, but are all related with the main argument of the thesis. The proposed references of theories related to the study of the design of the built environment include: 1.
The Theory of Structural Anthropology, based on the idea of Claude Lévi-
Strauss, developed in 1972. 2.
The Theory of Permanence, as proposed by Pierre Lavedan in his thesis
Histoire de l’Urbanisme, written in 1926. 3.
The Society of Spectacle, by the Situationist and Marxist theorist, Guy Ernest
Debord, first published in 1967. 4.
Reconsidering Indonesian Indonesian Identity in Architecture Architecture at the Beginning of the New Millennium, by Achmad Tardiyana, in his foreword note in the book
The Long Road Towards Recognition, 2005.
III.2
The City as Evaluated by Aldo Rossi
This chapter will review and analyze the phenomenal book written by Aldo Rossi – The Architecture of the City (1966) and will delineate the relationship between his theoretical arguments about the city and my research topic. The city has been the focus of many literatures in urban theories, where scholars try to understand the city and try to determine how to design it. In the context of modern architecture, Rossi tried to seek for the inner logics of the whole structure of a city, and this chapter will elaborate Rossi’s theoretical assumptions and arguments in order to position the thesis’ topic within theories that are established and reliable. III.2.1 City as Work of Art
Aldo Rossi recognize the city as architecture and sees it as a discipline with self-determining autonomy, inseparable from life and society. He considers the city as a unified element – an overall synthesis of its disassociated parts, and is always
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undergoing changes, be it for natural or man-made ma n-made reasons. In his study, Rossi framed his area of studies on the city by looking at the city through two systems of study. The first one viewed the city as a product of the generative functional systems of its architecture and urban spaces, while the second one consider city as a spatial structure, which system belongs more to architecture and geography. The Architecture
of the City is divided into four main parts: 1.
Problems of description, classification and typology.
2.
Structure of the city.
3.
Individuality of urban artifacts and the locus.
4.
Urban dynamics and the problem of politics of choice. Rossi is primarily concerned with the form of a city, which is the summary of
its architecture, and emphasizes to explain the city as an object of art. Urban artifacts such as buildings, streets, urban furniture, etc. are considered as work of arts, which Rossi believe are the manifestations of social and daily life practice. Rossi also supports Claude Levi-Strauss’ theory of structural anthropology (1972) that considers the city as an object of nature and a subject of culture, and will be able to achieve a balance between natural and artificial elements. Beside recognizing the city as a work of art, Rossi also view the city as human’s achievement per excellence, and believe that the whole product of the city is more important that its single parts, thus making him examining the city in a broad measure of its many parts. III.2.2 Typology and Function
Many previous studies on urbanism and architecture addressed typologies in relation to function. But according to Rossi, existing classification on these matters failed to see the root of the problem in a holistic manner. This is supported through his argument that urban artifacts are changeable with time and needs, thus seeing functionalism as physiological in nature, which justifies the formation, development and alterations of forms. To Rossi, types on the basis of functions seem to be inadequate to understand the city. Since every function can be articulated through forms, and forms will contain the potential to exist as urban artifacts, forms are reflexive enough to allow themselves to be articulated as urban elements. While function alone cannot be indicated as a principal issue in studies on city, other elements such as individuality, locus, mnemonic meanings and design itself are
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priorities to urban analysis. Rossi believes that all urban forms are capable to incorporate functions with some alterations and transformations if required. III.2.3 Theory of Permanence and Monuments
The theory of permanence, as developed by Pierre Lavedan in his thesis
Histoire de l’Urbanisme (1926) was important to Rossi’s hypothesis of the city as a giant man-made object produced in the process of time. Here, the theory of permanence is useful in seeing the city as the product of individual and collective artifacts, and sees the persistence of the city is revealed through ‘monuments’ as well as through the city’s basic layout and plans. However, this concept of permanence can be propelling or pathological. Urban artifacts help to perceive the city in a holistic way, but may also appear as isolated elements of the urban system. Rossi explained that if a monument survived through times because of their form can accommodate different functions over time, it becomes a propelling element. But if the monument stands virtually isolated and contributes nothing to the city, then it is considered as a pathological artifact. The latter condition is what we usually experience in cities like Bandung or Jakarta, where buildings stands alone wit hout having positive interactions with its neighboring context. III.2.4 City as a Spatial System
The city is conceived as a spatial system composed of many different parts, and this spatial system is attached to nature and evolution of the city, and constitutes the city’s image. This concept of totality of the system challenges theories of the functionalists, i.e. zoning system. Rossi considers specialized zones are chara cteristics of a city and they may have their own autonomous parts within the whole system. Their distribution and positioning in the city’s spatial system was determined by the entire historical process, and not based on function alone. In the case of Bandung, we can witness how the area of Jalan Asia-Afrika, Jalan Otista, Jalan Braga or Jalan Jenderal Sudirman (Figure 3) evolved through time and history, and made them to be specially positioned and zoned as what they are today. These phenomena were caused by cultural demand, human preferences, and history, and function alone may not contribute to its condition in the city’s spatial system. These urban phenomena and elements are capable of accelerating the process of the city’s spatial transformations. These elements play important role in the evolution of the city overtime and constitute 14
the physical structure of the city. Over time, these urban artifacts become transformed and their functions or form altered. According to Rossi, such elements have metaeconomic character and become works of art.
Figure 3: Figure ground of Jalan Asia-Afrika, Jalan Otista and Jalan Braga (Source: Author, 2010) III.2.5 History, Collective Memory and Locus
History is the collective memory of the people of the city, and it has important influence on the city. History expresses itself through urban artifacts and monuments, thus city become the reflection of the collective will through out the time and its existence. Rossi believes that urban history is a useful tool to study urban structure. For example, urban aesthetics constitute mnemonic meanings inherent in the preexisting urban artifacts and buildings of the city, and through this collective memory, people engaged to discover their meanings and beauty. Rossi also viewed the city with emphasis on cultural stability that somehow will inspire further developments. The city itself became a locus of the collective memory. The value of history seen as collective memory is that it helps us to grasp the significance of the urban structure, its individuality, and its architecture, which is the form of individuality. Locus in the context of Rossi’s study on the city is conceived of singular place and event, which bridge the relationship of architecture to the city’s constitution, and the relationship between context and monuments. Locus is regarded as conditions and qualities of space. On the other hand, architecture shapes a context, which again constitutes changes in space, thus contributing to the city’s transformations.
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III.2.6 The Architecture of the City and Bandung
Rossi’s thesis on the city that regards all of the above arguments is useful tools in the process of analyzing and understanding the city of Bandung. As a city that has undergone a process of transformation from its early period until today, where it can be regarded as one of those city that resembles problems due to the modernist and capitalistic approaches in city planning, Bandung can be re-approached according to Rossi’s methods in devising ways to construct the city towards a more holistic and user-oriented perspectives. Moreover, Rossi conceived the city as an archaeological artifact and analyzed it as a whole construct, set within the domain of architecture. Some parts of Bandung are suitable to be approached this way since they resembles typologies that have survived through different periods and users’ demands, thus requiring typological and function analysis to understand them. The theory of permanence is also very relevant to understand Bandung as the fact that its past is partly being experienced now, and this may be the means to give permanency to the city – they are pasts that we are still experiencing. III.3
Performative Urbanism – Rem Koolhaas’ Delirious New York
This chapter will review and analyze Rem Koolhaas’ Delirious New York: A
Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan (1978) – a book with an engaging review of modern architecture and urbanism. In this book, Koolhaas presents the city as world of the ‘fantastic’, disguised as the pragmatic, and termed the city as the Rosetta Stone th
of the 20 century. Manhattan, the main subject of discussion of the book was viewed as a world of illusion that was brought to life and became a factory of man-made experience. This condition had caused the real and the natural condition of the city to ceased to exist, lacking a sense of the real. III.3.1 From Modernity to Performative Modernity
Throughout the 1970s, intense hostility toward the modernist approaches in architecture and urban planning provided motivation for a reengagement with architectural history, and stressed out upon an articulation of architecture as a system of communication. The parallel framing of architecture as a communicative system was influenced by methods from other disciplines, such as semiotics and structuralist linguistics. However, Delirious New York was written by depicting the architecture of Manhattan not in linguistic or representational terms, but as a kind of a performative 16
drive. In this context, Koolhaas’ processes of understanding the city were done through the analyzing of the block grid that is Manhattan. The block grid was conceived in 1807, breaking Coney Island into 2028 blocks, totally indifferent to topography. Manhattan was basically formed by the imposition of the mental over the real. The city form was a result of overlying the grids, shifted out of the real into the fantastic with the advent of the skyscrapers. This had made Manhattan became lobotomized, in the words of Koolhaas. The external image of the city representing the illusion of what a proper and monumental urban structure should be, while the internal being entirely divorced from the external, and being only what it was – be it fantasy or the mundane of everyday life. III.3.2 Performative Driven Urbanism – The Culture of Congestion
Americ an modernism – a Delirious New York was represented as the ‘popular’ American modernism of unselfconscious density, which in Koolhaas’ view, the culture of congestion. What keeps Manhattan running is congestion, a world constantly on the edge of total gridlock. This is the similar phenomenon that Bandung is also facing currently. The simultaneous explosion of human density and invasion of new technologies, together with unregulated forces of capitalism and politics surpasses established urban planning and architecture theories. In the case of Manhattan, Koolhaas coined the term ‘Manhattanism’ – which is the undeclared modern phenomena that exceeds both the rationality of Le Corbusier’s machine age modernism (Corbusier, 1927) and the irrationality of Salvador Dali’s paranoid-critical surrealism. The reason Le Corbusier could not conquer Manhattan is that his urban form removed the congestion phenomena of the city, replacing it with an ideal city form to live in. This congestion, similar to what Bandung is facing today, forces the city to be divorced from reality – into a more speculative world filled with people with unique human desires. These desires were also caused by the systemization of the efficient city, which lack inspiration and surrender individuality to the automatism of a synthetic routine of living in the city. III.3.3 Delirious III.3.3 Delirious New York as York as an Inductive Research
Koolhaas’ research on Manhattan operates predominantly in an inductive mode, involving the extraction of general principles (theories) from observation of specific phenomena (facts). His approach was in opposition to the deduction method, 17
which is the testing of general principles through the production of specific phenomena. If the modernist manifesto was intended to be read according to logic of rationalist deduction, Delirious New York is a reversal to it. The research attempt to recuperate an alternative to the rationalist’ modernism through a parallactic historiography, in which the object of study is being reframed by the point of view assumed by a repositioned subject. This method led to the blurring of roles, which plays out in the book structure and way of writing. This generative mode of polemical architectural research, directed toward theorizing urban phenomena outside of the architectural profession was, perhaps made famous by the work of Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown and Steven Izenour’s Learning From Las Vegas (1972). The research for the thesis follows the similar approach of both Delirious New York and Learning From Las Vegas, looking to contemporary explosive locations of urban growth and transformation that are driven by the global and local market economy and socio-political factors, rather that the dictates of architects and planners. III.4
Structural
Anthropology
as
a
Method
in
Researching
Urban
Transformation Transformation in Bandung
Structuralism is a mode of thinking and a method of analysis, mainly used in th
the 20
century field of social sciences and humanities. Methodologically,
structuralism analyzes large-scale systems by examining the rela tions and functions of the smallest related elements of such systems. Structuralism in this context was used ranging from human languages and cultural practices to works of literature. For the purpose of this research, structural approaches introduced by Claude Lévi-Strauss that are more related to the domain of anthropology and cultural phenomena studies will be used. Lévi-Strauss basic procedures to structuralism are: 1.
Structural
analysis
examines
unconscious
infrastructures
of
cultural
phenomena. 2.
Structural analysis regards the elements of infrastructure as relational, not as separated, independent entities.
3.
Structural analysis attends the system in a single-minded way.
4.
Structural analysis offers general laws accounting for the underlying organizing patterns of phenomena. 18
The views of Karl Marx (2007) and Sigmund Freud (2002), both of whom that thinking and approaches towards any subject of studies were concerned with underlying causes, unconscious motivations, and transpersonal forces, were paralleled to Lévi-Strauss’ methods that values deep structures over surface phenomena. Similar to Marxism and Freudianism, structuralism continues the ongoing diminishment of the individual, portraying the single element as a construct and consequence of impersonal systems. It regards collective controls and conventions over the subject of analysis. III.4.1 Structuralism in Architecture Architecture
In 1950s and 1960s, Structuralists’ thoughts that were already popular in the linguistics and anthropology fields began to influence works of architecture in the United States and Europe. The work of Lévi-Strauss in anthropology and Ferdinand de Saussure in linguistics led to the idea of the existence of ‘deep structures’ in their respective fields of studies. Generally, structuralism in this context was characterized by the attempt to study relationships linking phenomena, rather than studying the phenomena themselves in isolation. This led to the view that individual phenomena are part of the cause and effect of a larger matrix of phenomena, rather than as the outcome of a linear chain of cause and effect. Lévi-Strauss’s studies on traditional cultures drew attention to the built forms of these cultures, and as there seemed to be ‘deep structures’ shaping the social patterns of these cultures, there should also be ‘deep structures’ defining the organization of their built environment. It is in this context that structural analysis is believed to be appropriate to be used as a method in analyzing the ‘deep structures’ of the community in Bandung city in order to reveal the ‘deep structures’ of their cultural and daily life practices that have shaped and transformed their built environment. Another influence that structuralism had on architecture came from the interest of a number of architects, such as Aldo van Eyck, Peter and Allison Smithson, Herman Hertzberger and John Habraken, who grafted onto the traditional architectural approach with a set of formal gestures that symbolized the broader shifts in thoughts in which structuralism is represented. Generally, this approach organized architecture as arrangements that are less or more flexible and interchangeable, and
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can be defined as clear set of modules (Habraken, 1998). Space was categorized and divided to patterns of use and combined according to devised sets of rules. In this approach, components of architectural forms were generally articulated and were made clearer, and again are very appropriate to be used as an approach in devising methods in the design simulations of this thesis. t hesis.
IV.
METHODOLOGY
Since the interest of this thesis is to analyze the unstable and transforming qualities of Bandung, strategic research methods are selected in forming the structure of the studies. The research is not to produce a historical analysis of Bandung, but is designed to produce strategic design operations for the city. Multi variables conditions (spatial, programmatic, social, culture, politics, economic, as well as the historical particularities of the city) are the focuses of the study, and will be used to devised ways of developing an appropriate architectural language, design methods and methods for drawing and representing consequent strategic and spatial interventions incorporating all pertinent and direct elements, before producing the design simulation proposal to support the arguments (Diagram 3). The basic methodologies used in this thesis are as a s follows: 1.
Field research (source for primary data)
2.
Survey research (source for primary data)
3.
Literature studies (source for secondary data)
4.
Develop strategic operations (design methods)
5.
Develop spatial and strategic interventions (design approaches)
Design simulations studies will be developed during the final semester.
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Diagram 3: Design process cycle (Source: Author, 2010) IV.1
Strategic Operations
The design thesis will be operated within designed strategic operations. The first approach is to choose or identify and existing urban condition within the central or peripheral areas of Bandung that can be anything from a current development strategy to any form of current events that directly influence the city. 1.
Devise methods for immersing in the t he chosen urban condition.
2.
Devise ways of understanding the structure of the urban condition.
3.
Identify variables that make up and influence the urban condition.
4.
Investigate the relationship between the urban condition and the city’s fabric.
5.
Choose a moment within the urban condition and formulate an understanding of the relationship between physical and social structures.
6.
Develop strategies for creating interactive relationships between physical and social structures.
7.
Devise appropriate methods of representation and communication.
8.
Define the perimeter and analyze the structure of this urban territory.
9.
Investigate the variables that make up this urban territory.
10.
Investigate different ways of transforming it into a potential territory of action for an urban hub.
11.
Devise appropriate methods of representation and communication.
12.
Prepare preliminary proposals for a direct hub at the architectural scale and an urban hub at the urban scale.
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At the urban scale, the research will focus on a territory that relates to the chosen urban condition, defining its perimeter, analyze its structure and transform it into a potential urban hub by designing spatial and strategic interventions. 1.
Explore the potential of the designed direct hub as an urban component and explore its relationship to rule-based urban systems.
2.
Reassess the territory of action as a potential urban hub.
3.
Identify and make use of relevant agents and initiatives.
4.
Define and design the direct role of the urban hub by producing design simulations and other strategic representations of the idea.
5.
Define the relationship between the proposal for the urban hub and the city's infrastructure, fabric and rule-based systems.
6.
Speculate on the interrelationship between the three hubs: the situation, the direct hub and the urban hub.
7.
Finalize the strategy for the urban hub, model and represent its spatial configuration.
8.
Finalize the rule-based systems required to procure and support the urban hub and devise appropriate methods of representation and communication.
9.
Compile the whole process as a design thesis.
IV.2
Responding to the Issue
The current conception of the city has been dominated by the deterministic approach of city planning and its growth, which include rationalist, planned and functionally driven approaches. These ideas of scientific planning have ignored other elements that are similarly important; pleasure, delight and happiness, fun, memory and its mnemonic meanings (Zubir & Amirrol, 2007). It is through this thesis, qualitative and experiential natures of the city are to be addressed in seeking approaches in making a city pleasurable. Subjective notions of habitation and occupying the city can be best addressed through speculative research in order to understand the city from a more holistic, user-oriented perspective. This thesis will try to move away from the modernist and rationalist legislative planning and design methods in suggesting particular transformation and augmentation phenomena of the urban landscapes. It is within this concept that the
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research will suggest that the issue of the late-capitalist city is not simply to do with the material, the functional and the acqusitional aspects of the city, but contemporary urbanisms should also be concerned with the experiential and qualitative expectations of the city users. The research will approach the city by mapping out tactics to address urban territory that resists the functionalist concepts inherited from the Modern Movement. By introducing the concepts of the ‘irrational’, ephemeral and speculation through changes in design practices (Borden & Clear, 2009), it is hoped that the research will be able to propose valid new logics that underlies value systems that are not prescriptive and reductive, but is driven with the performance of the city. These ideas are seen as an alternative method in suggesting the urban condition in addressing and promote values and forms of social organization that are liberating and celebratory. By shifting the perspective in the research and design approaches, the thesis will focus on social practices rather than the conception of the formalist and functionalist urbanism. The practice of urbanism in the city of Bandung, which was the product of the 19th and 20th century urbanism were facilitated by forms of technological development, driven by industrial production and were designed heavily based on the zoning and land use distribution of the city use. With the declining quality and condition of Bandung’s city area, it is important to re-address the whole idea of needs in sustaining the transformation process of the city. While not ignoring the programmatic aspects of the city, what the thesis try to articulate is the effect of such transformations on inhabitation that project needs in creating a responsive urban discourse in creating a new conception of new forms of symbolic values, new ‘interface’ replacing the machinic capitalist city, and the requirements of a much greater levels of self-sufficiency and autonomy. IV.3
User Metric Framework
In attempting to achieve a more holistic approach to understand the process of the practice and transformation of urbanism in Bandung, a specific, user-oriented analysis framework is established. This user metric framework encapsulate these processes:
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1.
Review of existing data and literatures.
2.
Interviews with stakeholders on mapping assumptions and perspectives on transformations.
3.
User case studies, which include interviews and analysis of first hand reports of emerging lifestyle patterns.
4.
Parametric surveys. The process of quantifying the qualities of urban spaces and its architecture,
and acknowledging social needs is often a complicated and intangible process. The thesis is proposing new techniques to measure the parameter of the city, since current techniques (i.e. land use zoning and distributions, plot ratio regulations, measuring density by the numbers, etc.) in the practice of urbanism does not adequately reflects current social and demographic transformations of the city (Clarke, 2007). They also remain a one-dimensional and restrictive means of ‘measuring’ the city. Therefore, alternative measures that are more user-oriented and reflexive are needed. The proposed alternative measures are: 1.
Cultural Complexity
Measuring the complex cultural composition of the areas studied based on (i) numbers of language or dialects used per square meters, and (ii) numbers of cultural practices differences per square meters. 2.
Technological Density
Assessing usage of technology by dwellers based on (i) numbers of wireless hotspots per square meters, (ii) numbers of Facebook/ Twitter/ BlackBerry/ iPhone users per square meters, and (iii) parameters of areas covered with Wi-Fi and 3G networks. 3.
Metropolitan Index
Quantifying the index of globalization’s impact on the city and its lifestyle practices by measuring the (i) numbers of Starbucks/ McDonalds/ Indomaret/ Circle K/ Alpha Mart in the area of study, and (ii) numbers of ideas per square meters by mapping the distribution of creative industry practices, design consultants, distros, creative applications used, etc. 4.
Hyperactivity of the City
Understanding daily practices by measuring (i) frequency of travelling and commuting patterns of the area, and (ii) speed of movement and commuting per hour. 24
5.
Demographic Growth Patterns
Measuring demographic data to gain insights on varying socio-economic conditions by measuring (i) fertility rates or number of births per square meters, and (ii) health impacts and mapping of diseases on dwellers per square meters. It is hoped that by conducting these alternative methods in quantifying data on the areas to be studied, emerging issues of change, needs and use may anticipate how design practices can make more purposeful intervention, while creating opportunities for alternative approaches and innovations.
V.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH VARIABLES
Just as there are many narratives and information sources available to explain chains of events in the history and evolution of Bandung’s urban transformation phenomena, it is important to select and classify a variety of research variables for the thesis (Diagram 4 and 5). The selected variables are generally classify into three types of variables: 1.
Independent variables – variables which are presumed to affect or determine a dependent variable.
2.
Dependent variables – variables that are dependent on independent variables.
3.
Intervening variables – hypothetical conditions that are used to explain relationships between independent and dependent variables.
Independent Independent Variables 1. Typomorphological conditions
2. History and geographical factors
Dependent Variables 1. Socio-cultural structures and conditions
2. Demographic compositions
Intervening Variables 1. Political interventions, revolutions, policies, etc.
2. Society’s activism
3. Physical structures 4. Economical conditions 5. Programming, land use, planning and zoning classifications Direct Urbanism Analysis
3. Society’s characteristics, behaviors and preferences patterns
User Metric Frameworks
3. Design activism 4. Other intervening factors
Both
Diagram 4: Classification of research variables (Source: Author, 2010)
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Diagram 5: Relationships of research variables (Source: Author, 2010)
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REFERENCES*
ANDERSON, K. (et.al) (2008) Bandung: An Exploration of the Social and Spatial Implications of Policy Transfer , Bandung: Bandung Creative City Movement. ANGELIL, M. & HEBEL, D. (2008) Deviations, Designing Architecture Manual. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich. Germany: Birkhauser. BLAU, E. & RUPNIK, I. (2007) Project Zagreb: Transition as Condition, Strategy, Practice. Barcelona: Actar. BORDEN, I. & CLEAR, N. (2009) Urbanisms, in Bartlett Designs: Speculating with Architecture. London: John Wiley & Sons. BRANDT, C.V. (2008) Direct Urbanism vs. Direct Architecture (AA Diploma 10, Unit Brief). London: AA School of Architecture. CLARKE, P. (2008) Metricity: Exploring New Measures of Urban Density. London: Royal College of Art. CORBUSIER, L. (1927) Towards a New Architecture. (translated, with an introduction by Frederick Etchells). London: Architectural Press. FOUCAULT, M. (2002) The Archeology of Knowledge. (translated by Sheridan Smith). London: Routledge. FRAMPTON, K. (1990) Modern Architecture – A Critical History . London: Thames and Hudson. FRAMPTON, K. (et al.) (2001 ) Modernity and Community: Architecture in the Islamic World . Aga Khan Awards for Architecture, London: Thames & Hudson. FREUD, S. (2002) Civilization and Its Discontent , London: Penguin Books. GOLD, J.R. (2007) The Practice of Modernism: Modern Architects and Urban Transformation, 1954-1972. London: Routledge. GROAT, L. & WANG, D. (2002) Architectural Research Methods. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. HABRAKEN, N.J. (1998) The Structure of the Ordinary, Form and Control in the Built Environment, Cambridge & London: MIT Press. HEALY, P. & BRUYNS, G. (ed.) (2006) De-/signing the Urban. Techno-genesis and the Urban Image. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers. HILL, J. (1998) Occupying Architecture . London: Routledge. KHUDORI, D. (2002) Menuju Kampung Pemerdekaan , Jakarta: Yayasan Pondok Rakyat. KOOLHAAS, R. (1978) Delirious New York – A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan. London: Thames and Hudson. KOOLHAAS, R. (2004) Content. London: Taschen. 27
KOOLHAAS, R. & MAU, B. (1995) SMLXL. New York: Monacelli Press. LEE, C.M. & JACOBY, S. (2007) Typological Formations: Renewable Building Types and the City. London: AA Publications LIM, W. (2001) Alternatives in Transition – The Postmodern, Glocality and Social Justice. Singapore: Select Publishing. LOW, K.M. (2010) Small Projects. Singapore: Oro Editions. MARX, K. (2007) Dispatches for the New York Tribune, (eds. James Ledbetter), London: Penguin Books. MERLEU-PONTY, M. (1962) Phenomenology of Perception. (translated by Colin Smith). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. NAS, P.J. (2007) The Past in the Present: Architecture in Indonesia. Rotterdam: Netherlands Architecture Institute. PURNOMO, A. (2005) Relativitas – Arsitek di Ruang Angan dan Kenyataan. Jakarta: Borneo Publications. ROSSI, A. (1984) Architecture of the City. Cambridge: MIT Press. ROWE, P. (1987) Design Thinking . Cambridge: The MIT Press. SUGANDA, H. (2002) Jendela Bandung – Pengalaman Bersama KOMPAS. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas. SUNARYO, R.G. (2007) Mengikuti Langkah Pikir Romo Mangun: Sebuah Tinjauan Mengenai Metode Perancangan Arsitektur Yusuf Bilyarta Mangunwijaya , Surabaya: Dimensi Teknik Arsitektur, Vol. 35, No. 1 pp. 41 -45. TSCHUMI, B. (1990) Questions of Space: Lectures on Architecture. London: AA Publications. VENTURI, R. (1966) Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture. New York: The Museum of Modern Art. VENTURI, R., BROWN, D.S. & IZENOUR, S. (1972) Learning From Las Vegas. Cambridge: The MIT Press. ZUBIR, S.S. & AMIRROL, H (2007) The Ritual Art of Offering as Catalyst for Sustainable Urban Intervention , Southampton: WIT Press. ZUMTHOR, P. (1998) Thinking Architecture. Basel: Birkhäuser.
*Tentative reading list, and the list may expand as the thesis research progress.
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