Taller Mapas Conceptuales (construcción, aprendizaje y evaluación): II Congreso Internacional Educación a Distancia y TIC (PUCP)

RIAANX DI\I_ OCEON\RÎAN_ OCE_RXÔOKßE! I\XNEBKWIGN [ NZIAÎOKßE ODI\RCCA_ ZNX_KßE >%
KE@% IAHNXRC DNGÄI DIEXKY^N

88 [ 8? BN COR^HXN BN 8<<;

Oc|{xk`mr « 8<<; Iahnxrc Dngäi Diexky~n

oceriorcLiahnxrcdngki%ocd

8



Riaanx7 Di|is Oceon|r~ians7 Oceon|r~ians7 -ODi|Rccas >%
I% Bnsoixì bna ODi|Rccas bn Kernxenr <9+ Kekoki na |xc`xidi Kernxenr N}|acxnx -c na zks~iakwibcx bn Kernxenr y~n rneìs ne r~ ocd|~ribcxi+ <8+ Ke`xnsi ne na oid|c bkxnookÿe7 mrr|7##ppp%kmdo%~s% mrr|7##ppp%kmdo%~s% I|ixnonxé ai sk`~knern |ieriaai7

?



<>+ Ne ai |ieriaai y~n sn rkr~ai KMDO Odi|Rccas! h~soi na xno~ibxc y~n ocerknen ai |iaihxi Bcpeacibnb% Bcpeacibnb% Ne xniakbib nsri |iaihxi ns ~e neaion! ioräziac oce ~e oako { i|ixnonxé ~e rn}rc y~n bkon Odi|Rccas Bcpeacib Kejcxdirkce * Jcxds% Jcxds% Ioräziac oce ~e oako! i|ixnonxé ai sk`~knern |ieriaai rkr~aibi Bcpeacib KMDO Odi|Rccas! Odi|Rccas! ocd|anri na jcxd~aixkc { |~asi _~hdkr% _~hdkr%

2



ECRN7 Kj {c~ mizn |xnzkc~sa{ xn`ksrnxnb pkrm ~s! {c~ cea{ ennb rc nernx {c~x Ndika Ibbxnss ieb omnof rmn hc} rc onxrkj{ rmir rmn ~sn cj Odi|Rccas pkaa hn jcx nb~oirkceia cx kebkzkb~ia -ece ocddnxokia+ |~x|csns! ieb#cx {c~ ixn i jnbnxia nd|ac{nn pcxfke` jcx rmn ^_ @cznxedner% <:+ I|ixnonxé ~ei e~nzi zneriei rkr~aibi Bcpeacib KMDO Odi|Rccas% Odi|Rccas% Bnerxc bn bkomi |é`kei snanookcei ai |airijcxdi y~n ~sis ne r~ \O bn oisi c bna rxihigc % @nenxiadnern ai c|okÿe i snanookceix ns7 Pkebcps% Pkebcps% _nanookcei KMDO Odi|Rccas z>%
<0+ Chsnxzixés y~n sn kekoki ai bnsoixì bna |xc`xidi%

>



<=+ Iorkzix na hcrÿe _izn <;+ _nanookceie ~ei oix|nri bcebn `~ixbix na ixomkzc PkeOdi|RccasSz>%
:



H% Kesriaiokÿe bna Odi|Rccas 98+ Ihxkx na n}|acxibcx bn pkebcps { ~hkoix ne y~n oix|nri `xihidcs na ixomkzc iernxkcx7 PkeOdi|RccasSz>%
9?+ Iorkzix bkomc ngno~rihan oce bchan oako% I|ixnon ~ei zneriei bn sn`~xkbib! |~asix na hcrÿe X~e% X~e%

92+ ai zneriei bn Kesriaiokÿe ns|nxix i y~n aan`~n ia 9<<.%

0



9>+ I|ixnonxé ~ei zneriei rkr~aibi Kerxcb~orkce% Kerxcb~orkce% Iorkzix na hcrÿe En}r%

9:+ A~n`c i|ixnonxé ai zneriei Akonesn I`xnndner% I`xnndner% _nanookceix na xibkc hcrÿe K ioon|r rmn rnxds cj rmn Akonesn I`xnndner% Iorkzix na hcrÿe En}r% En}r%

90+ A~n`c i|ixnonxé ai zneriei Kesriaairkce R{|n% R{|n% \cx bnjnorc nsri snanookceibi ai c|okÿe R{|koia Ocejk`~xirkce% Ocejk`~xirkce% Iorkzix na hcrÿe En}r% En}r%

=



9=+ A~n`c i|ixnonxé ai zneriei Omccsn Kesriaa Jcabnx% Jcabnx% \cx bnjnorc i|ixnon ai oix|nri O7Q\xc`xid JkansQKMDO Odi|Rccas% Odi|Rccas% Iorkzix na hcrÿe En}r% En}r%

9;+ A~n`c i|ixnonxé ai zneriei Omccsn _mcxo~r Jcabnx% Jcabnx% \cx bnjnorc i|ixnon snanookceibi na hcrce bn xibkc Ke i enp \xc`xid @xc~|7 KMDO Odi|Rccas% Odi|Rccas % Iorkzix na hcrÿe En}r% En}r%

;



8<+ A~n`c i|ixnonxé ai zneriei \xn$Kesriaairkce _~ddix{% _~ddix{% _n |cbxé i|xnokix ~e xns~dne bn ais c|okcens bn kesriaiokÿe |xnzkidnern snanookceibis% Iorkzix na hcrÿe Kesriaa |ixi kekokix ai kesriaiokÿe%

9<



89+ A~n`c i|ixnonxé ai zneriei Kesriaa Ocd|anrn% Ocd|anrn% Bcebn sn d~nsrxi ~e dnesign ne na o~ia sn |~nbn snanookceix na kbkcdi bna |xc`xidi y~n sn kesriaixi! ecscrxcs |cbndcs nsoc`nx ns|iùca c keàës oce Nbkr $ \xnjnxneons% \~asix na hcrÿe En}r% En}r%

99



88+ A~n`c i|ixnonxé ne ai dksdi zneriei Kesriaa Ocd|anrn ~e dnesign ne na o~ia sn kebkoi na ë}krc bna |xconsc bn kesriaiokÿe% k esriaiokÿe% Iorkzix na hcrÿe Bcen% Bcen%

8?+ A~n`c bn kesriaixac ai |xkdnxi znw y~n sn ngno~ri mi{ y~n ke`xnsix oknxri kejcxdiokÿe% Ia kekokix na |xc`xidi dnbkiern _rixr 5 \xc`xid 5 KMDO Odi|Rccas z>%
98



Na sk`~knern ixräo~ac j~n |~hakoibc ne ai Xnzksri Bn Kejcxdérkoi Nb~oirkzi! Zca% 9?! Ec% 8! 8<<$9>=% -mrr|7##akbkn%~ekiebns%nb~%oc#xnzksri -mrr|7##akbkn%~ekiebns%nb~%oc#xnzksri+ +

O% Mnxxidkneris \ixi Ocesrx~kx { Ocd|ixrkx Dcbnacs bn Ocecokdknerc Hisibcs ne Di|is Oceon|r~ians mrr|7##ppp%kmdo%~s#~snxs#io mrr|7##ppp%kmd o%~s#~snxs#ioieis#\~hako ieis#\~hakoirkces#XnzksriKe irkces#XnzksriKejcxdirkoiNb~ jcxdirkoiNb~oirkzi#Mnxxidkn oirkzi#MnxxidknerisOcesOce erisOcesOceXKN%mrd XKN%mrd

Iahnxrc G% Oiùis! Fneenrm D% Jcxb! Gcme Ocjjn{! Rmcdis Xnkommnxwnx! Xc`nx Oixjj! Bizkb _middi! @xn` Mkaa! Ekxiegie _~xk! Di``kn Hxnnb{ Jacxkbi Kesrkr~rn jcx M~die ieb Diomken Ocèkrkce \nesiocai Ja! ?8><8 ppp%kmdo%~s Xns~dne Nsrn ixräo~ac |xnsneri na izieon bn ~e |xc{norc bn keznsrkìokÿe o~{c chgnrkzc ns na bnsixxcaac bn e~nzis rnoecac`äis y~n jiokakrne ocesrx~kx { ocd|ixrkx dcbnacs bn ocecokdknerc% ^siebc mnxxidkneris ocd|~riokceians hisibis ne di|is oceon|r~ians! ~s~ixkcs bn rcbis ais nbibns ocaihcxie ne s~ i|xnebkwign dnbkiern ai ocesrx~ookÿe { oxärkoi bn ocecokdknerc { ai eiznìokÿe i rxizës bn sksrndis bn d~arkdnbki ne xnb oxnibcs |cx n}|nxrcs% Ais mnxxidkneris kern`xie e~nzis { zixkibis rnoecac`äis oce nejcy~ns dcbnxecs bn nb~oiokÿe! { bn eiznìokÿe { cxìekwiokÿe bn kejcxdiokÿe% Kerxcb~ookÿe Ai xnb d~ebkia Kernxenr! ne oceg~erc oce ai PPP! mie mnomc y~n ~ei oierkbib oibi znw di{cx bn kejcxdiokÿe nsrë bks|cekhan |ixi o~iay~knx |nxscei ne o~iay~knx a~ìx! oce ioonsc i ~ei ocd|~ribcxi ocenoribi i ai xnb% _ke ndhix`c! ai cxìekwiokÿe bn nsri kejcxdiokÿe! { ais mnxxidkneris bks|cekhans |ixi eiznìx i rxizës bn naai ec |xcznne ~e idhknern ibno~ibc |ixi ai h~sy~nbi bn kejcxdiokÿe! { d~omc dnecs |ixi na i|xnebkwign% Ia eiznìx |cx ais |é`keis bn ai PPP! na ~s~ixkc |cois znons rknen ~e dcbnac i|xc|kibc bn ai cxìekwiokÿe bn nsris |é`keis! { ia snanookceix ais akìs c neaions! jxno~nerndnern ec rknen kbni bn o~éa zi i snx na ocernekbc bn ai |é`kei bnsrkec% Ne `nenxia! ais |é`keis bn PPP ec bkjknxne d~omc ne s~ ocernekbc { nsrx~or~xi bn ais |é`keis ne |i|na! i |nsix bn snx ocd|andneribis oce neaions -ske sndéerkoi+ ocenoréebcais nerxn naais% K`~iadnern! ia ~rkakwix |é`keis bn PPP ocdc hisn |ixi ai oxniokÿe bn o~xscs bn nb~oiokÿe i bksrieoki! na xns~aribc ~s~iadnern ns ~ei |é`kei bn ocernekbc c äebkon! oce neaions i dÿb~acs c (oi|är~acs( y~n ocesksrne bn ~ei sno~neoki bn |é`keis% Nsri kdkriokÿe bn ai nsrx~or~xi bn ~e akhxc bn rn}rc ec i|xcznomi znxbibnxidnern ai jan}khkakbib y~n cjxnone ais e~nzis rnoecac`äis% \xc|cendcs na ~sc bn dcbnacs bn ocecokdknerc! hisibcs ne di|is oceon|r~ians! ocdc kejxinsrx~or~xi |ixi ai oxniokÿe bn idhknerns bn d~arkdnbki! rierc |cx nsr~bkierns ocdc |cx |xcjnscxns! okneräjkocs { n}|nxrcs% Ais mnxxidkneris bn scjrpixn! hisibis ne ~e nejcy~n ocesrx~orkzksri bna i|xnebkwign! |nxdkrne ia ~s~ixkc ocesrx~kx di|is oceon|r~ians! ocenorixacs nerxn sä dnbkiern neaions oce sndéerkoi! { ocd|andnerix ais |xc|cskokcens oce crxcs dnbkcs ocdc kdé`nens! zäbnc! jcrcs! `xéjkocs! rn}rc! |é`keis bn PPP! nro% Ais mnxxidkneris sce s~didnern jan}khans! { nerxn s~s ~s~ixkcs sn neo~nerxi bnsbn ekùcs bn nb~oiokÿe |xkdixki ne Airkecidëxkoi! misri okneräjkocs bn ai EI_I bnhirknebc schxn na a~ìx dés i|xc|kibc |ixi na bnsonesc bn eizns ns|iokians ne Dixrn% Acs dcbnacs oxnibcs |cx n}|nxrcs skxzne ocdc cxìekwibcxns bn idhknerns bcebn na ~s~ixkc |~nbn eiznìx ne h~soi bn kejcxdiokÿe! hiséebcsn ne na ocecokdknerc bna n}|nxrc ocdc `~äi ne ai eiznìokÿe% Acs nsr~bkierns! ibndés bn ocesrx~kx s~s di|is oceon|r~ians |ixi bndcsrxix `xéjkoidnern s~ ocecokdknerc schxn ~e rndi ns|noäjkoc! ocaihcxie nanorxÿekoidnern nerxn sä ne ai ocesrx~ookÿe bn s~s di|is! acs ocd|andnerie

9?



oce kdé`nens! zäbnc! rn}rc! nro%! acs akìe i iy~naacs bn crxcs nsr~bkierns ne s~ nso~nai ~ crxis nso~nais! c i acs di|is bn n}|nxrcs! { i~rcdérkoidnern |~hakoie s~ dcbnac ne ai Kernxenr! |nxdkrknebc ai eiznìokÿe i crxcs nsr~bkierns% Okneräjkocs ~sie ais mnxxidkneris |ixi xn|xnsnerix { |~hakoix dcbnacs bn s~s keznsrkìokcens! |nxdkrknebc ai oxärkoi ocesrx~orkzi { |xcdczknebc ai ocaihcxiokÿe nerxn naacs% Ai oxniokÿe bn dÿb~acs schxn bkjnxnerns rndis |cx |ixrn bn |xcjnscxns nsré sknebc ~rkakwibi ocdc hisn ne ai oxniokÿe bn o~xscs $ rierc i bksrieoki ocdc bnerxc bna i~ai% Di|is Oceon|r~ians Acs di|is oceon|r~ians! bnsixxcaaibcs |cx Eczif V9T! sn ~sie ocdc ~e dnbkc |ixi ai bnsoxk|okÿe { ocd~ekoiokÿe bn oceon|rcs bnerxc bn ai rncxäi bn iskdkaiokÿe! ~ei rncxäi bna i|xnebkwign y~n mi rnekbc ~ei necxdn keja~neoki ne ai nb~oiokÿe V8T% Ai rncxäi nsré hisibi ne ~e dcbnac ocesrx~orkzksri bn acs |xconscs ocèkrkzcs m~diecs% Na di|i oceon|r~ia ns ai |xkeok|ia mnxxidkneri dnrcbcaÿ`koi bn ai rncxäi bn iskdkaiokÿe |ixi bnrnxdkeix ac y~n na nsr~bkiern {i sihn% Bn io~nxbc oce Eczif { @cpke! acs di|is oceon|r~ians mie i{~bibc i |nxsceis bn rcbis ais nbibns i n}idkeix acs dés zixkibcs oid|cs bn ocecokdknerc ne idhk nerns nb~oirkzcs Vc|%okrT% Na di|i oceon|r~ia ns ~ei xn|xnsneriokÿe `xéjkoi bn ~e oceg~erc bn oceon|rcs { s~s xnaiokcens schxn ~e bcdkekc ns|noäjkoc bn ocecokdknerc! ocesrx~kbi bn ria jcxdi y~n ais kernxxnaiokcens nerxn acs oceon|rcs sce nzkbnerns% Ne nsrn nsy~ndi! acs oceon|rcs sn xn|xnsnerie ocdc ecbcs xcr~aibcs { ais xnaiokcens nerxn oceon|rcs ocdc ixocs xcr~aibcs ocenoréebcacs% Bn nsri jcxdi! acs di|is oceon|r~ians xn|xnsnerie ais xnaiokcens skèkjkoirkzis nerxn oceon|rcs ne jcxdi bn |xc|cskokcens c jxisns skd|akjkoibis7 bcs c dés oceon|rcs akìbcs |cx |iaihxis |ixi jcxdix ~ei ~ekbib sndéerkoi% Ai Jk`~xi 9 d~nsrxi ~e di|i oceon|r~ia schxn |aieris oxnibc |cx ~e ekùc% \cx ocezneokÿe! ais akìs sn anne bn ixxkhi mioki ihigc i dnecs y~n keoa~{ie ~ei |~eri bn janomi%

Jk`~xi 97 Di|i oceon|r~ia schxn |aieris |a ieris Acs di|is oceon|r~ians sce ~sibcs |ixi i{~bix i acs nsr~bkierns i (i|xnebnx oÿdc i|xnebnx( mioknebc nzkbnerns ais nsrx~or~xis ocèkrkzis { na ocecokdknerc i~rc$ocesrx~kbc VkhkbT% Bibi ai bkznxskbib bn ~s~ixkcs $ bnsbn ekùcs misri okneräjkocs $ acs di|is |~nbne snx d~{ sneokaacs! ocdc ne na oisc bn ai Jk`~xi 9! ÿ |~nbne aanìx i snx d~{ ocd|angcs% \cx ngnd|ac! ai Jk`~xi 8 d~nsrxi na di|i oceon|r~ia |xnakdkeix bnsixxcaaibc ocdc xns~aribc bn nerxnzksris i okneräjkocs bn ai EI_I schxn Isrxchkcac`äi! oce na chgnrkzc bn bnjkekx ai e~nzi okneoki% Acs di|is oceon|r~ians sce ~rkakwibcs ridhkëe ocdc mnxxidkneri ne na |xconsc bn iby~kskokÿe bn ocecokdknerc ne na bnsixxcaac bn sksrndis n}|nxrcs V?!2T%

92



Jk`~xi 87 Di|i oceon|r~ia |xnakdkeix schxn Isrxchkcac`äi! ai okneoki y~n nsr~bki na cxk`ne { nzca~okÿe bn ai zkbi ne na ~ekznxsc -Ne ai bkxnookÿe Kernxenr bna bco~dnerc cxk`keia |~nbn mionx ~e oako ne ai kdi`ne |ixi bns|anìx ~ei znxskÿe dés `xiebn+

Di|is Oceon|r~ians ocdc Mnxxidkneri |ixi Eiznìokÿe ne Kernxenr Ocdc sn |~nbn i|xnokix ne ais Jk`~xis 9 { 8! acs di|is oceon|r~ians sce ~e dièäjkoc dnbkc |ixi xn|xnsnerix { cxìekwix ocecokdknerc% I|xcznomiebc nsri o~iakbib! mndcs bnsixxcaaibc mnxxidkneris bn scjrpixn y~n |nxdkrne ~rkakwix acs di|is oceon|r~ians ocdc ~ei kernxjiw nanìern { jéoka bn ocd|xnebnx |ixi eiznìx ne ~e sksrndi bn d~arkdnbki% Ai Jk`~xi ? d~nsrxi ~e dcbnac ocesrx~kbc |cx ~e ekùc y~n ~rkakwi di|is |ixi cxìekwix kdé`nens! zäbnc! { rn}rc% Xnaiokcens bn `nenxiakwiokÿe { ns|nokiakwiokÿe nerxn acs oceon|rcs oceaanzie i ~ei cxìekwiokÿe gnxéxy~koi bn di|is oceon|r~ians% Ia mionx na dcbnac ioonskhan ne Kernxenr! ësrn sn z~nazn eiznìhan |cx crxcs nsr~bkierns! dinsrxcs! { ~s~ixkcs bn ai xnb ne `nenxia% Ne oibi ecbc c oceon|rc bna di|i! na ~s~ixkc bks|cen bn ~e dne÷ bn kocecs% Nsrcs ocxxns|cebne i bkznxscs dnbkcs -rn}rc! kdé`nens! zäbnc! crxcs di|is oceon|r~ians! nro%+ xnaiokceibcs ia rndi bna ecbc -oceon|rc+ snanookceibc% Ia snanookceix ~e kocec! na sksrndi bns|aknì kejcxdiokÿe bn crxcs xno~xscs y~n ocerknene kejcxdiokÿe xnjnxnern ia oceon|rc% \cx ngnd|ac! na oceon|rc (jx~rcs( ne ai Jk`~xi ? ocerknen rxns kocecs7 ia snanookceix na |xkdnxc! y~n xn|xnsneri ~ei kdi`ne! sn bns|aknì ~ei aksri bn kdé`nens bn jx~rcs6 na ~s~ixkc |~nbn snanookceix iy~naai y~n bnsni bns|anìx% Na sn`~ebc kocec dcsrxixäi ~ei aksri bn rn}rcs n}|akoircxkcs schxn jx~rcs% Na rnxonxc! y~n xn|xnsneri ~e di|i oceon|r~ia! dcsrxixé ~ei aksri bn di|is oceon|r~ians bcebn i|ixnon na oceon|rc (jx~rcs(% Nsrcs |~nbne snx di|is xnaiokceibcs oce jx~rcs bn |aieris! c jx~rcs higc crxcs ocern}rcs! |cx ngnd|ac bnsbn na |~erc bn zksri noceÿdkoc% Ne o~iay~knx oisc! ai aksri bns|anìbi ia snanookceix na kocec kebkoixé oaixidnern sk eiznìx ia di|i kd|akoi ~e oidhkc bn ocern}rc% Na di|i oceon|r~ia

9>



(Ihngis( bn ai nsy~kei s~|nxkcx bnxnomi bn ai Jk`~xi ? d~nsrxi na xns~aribc bn snanookceixac ne na kocec bn di|i oceon|r~ia bnhigc bna oceon|rc (ihngis( ne ai nsy~kei kejnxkcx kwy~knxbi bna di|i \aieris%

Jk`~xi ?7 Di|is oceon|r~ians ocdc dnbkc |ixi eiznìx |cx ~e idhknern bn d~arkdnbki schxn |aieris Acs kocecs i|ixnone ne bkznxsis ocdhkeiokcens bn|nebknebc bn ai kejcxdiokÿe bks|cekhan schxn na oceon|rc bibc% Na |xchandi bn eiznìokÿe $ |nxbkbcs ne na mk|nxns|iokc $ ocd÷e ne acs sksrndis bn d~arkdnbki { |nxsksrnern ne ai eiznìokÿe bn ai PPP! sn xns~nazn jéokadnern ne ai eiznìokÿe oce di|is oceon|r~ians% Rcbis ais akìs rknene sndéerkoi! {i sni n}|aäokri ne na di|i! c |cx ocern}rc ia eiznìx nerxn di|is ~ crxcs dnbkcs% Na ~s~ixkc sihn sknd|xn mioki bÿebn zi ia sn`~kx ~ei akì! ne ocerxisrn oce crxis mnxxidkneris bn eiznìokÿe! e iznìokÿe! ns|nokiadnern ne ai PPP% Ai ocesrx~ookÿe bn acs di|is ns jéoka% Dnbkiern ~e nbkrcx bn ~sc sneokaac ! na ~s~ixkc xnaiokcei acs dnbkcs -zäbnc! kdé`nens! scekbc! di|is! nro%+ { s~s kocecs oce acs ecbcs -oceon|rcs+% Ai ixy~krnor~xi bksrxkh~kbi bna sksrndi |nxdkrn y~n acs bkznxscs dnbkcs { di|is sn iadionene ne bkjnxnerns snxzkbcxns ne ~ei xnb! { y~n |~nbie ioonbnxsn bnsbn o~iay~knx ecbc ne ai xnb% I|xcznomiebc ai n}rneskÿe { cdek|xnsneoki bn Kernxenr! sn |~nbn nerceons ocesrx~kx sksrndis bn d~arkdnbki ioonskhans bnsbn o~iay~knx a~ìx bna d~ebc% Na |xc`xidi nsré nsoxkrc ne Gizi! ac o~ia kd|akoi y~n |~nbn snx ngno~ribc ne o~iay~knx |airijcxdi ocd|~riokceia -Pkebcps! Diokercsm! ÊK]! nro%+ Ocesrx~ookÿe bn \xc{norcs |cx Nsr~bkierns Na nejcy~n ocesrx~orkzksri nejirkwi ai ocesrx~ookÿe bn e~nzc ocecokdknerc { dienxis bn |nesix dnbkiern ai n}|acxiokÿe { ai diek|~aiokÿe iorkzi bn chgnrcs n kbnis! rierc ihsrxioris ocdc oceoxnris% N}rnebknebc acs dërcbcs bn rxihigc ne na i~ai! xnoknerndnern! keznsrkìokcens ne nb~oiokÿe xnocdknebie na rxihigc ocaihcxirkzc $ nsr~bkierns rxihigiebc ne |xc{norcs ne `x~|c

9:



ocaihcxiebc ne ai sca~okÿe bn |xchandis% _ke ndhix`c! acs idhknerns bn nb~oiokÿe rxibkokceians ~s~iadnern ec nsrée cxìekwibcs |ixi nsrn rk|c bn iorkzkbibns! { ais mnxxidkneris bn ocd|~riokÿe bks|cekhans |ixi i|c{ix ai nb~oiokÿe ec i{~bie ia dinsrxc i oxnix nsrn idhknern ocesrx~orkzksri bn i|xnebkwign! { d~omc dnecs ~e i|xnebkwign ocaihcxirkzc% Acs di|is oceon|r~ians mie skbc ~rkakwibcs |cx d~omcs iùcs |ixi bnrnxdkeix o~éerc sihn ~e nsr~bkiern schxn ~e rndi ns|noäjkoc% Ne |ixrko~aix! ocdc bkone Eczif * @cpke Vc|%okrT nsrcs mione nzkbnerns nxxcxns bn oceon|rc |cx |ixrn | ixrn bn acs ia~decs% ^rkakwiebc nsris mnxxidkneris! na nsr~bkiern ec scaidnern ocesrx~{n ~e dcbnac bna ocecokdknerc y~n |csnn schxn ~e rndi! skec y~n ibkokceiadnern ac ~rkakwi ocdc hisn |ixi ocesrx~kx ~e idhknern eiznìhan bn d~arkdnbki% Bnsbn na |~erc bn zksri |nbi`ÿ`koc! ai ocesrx~ookÿe bn |xc{norcs |cx |ixrn bn acs nsr~bkierns ~siebc nsri mnxxidkneri irioi ~e |xchandi ocd÷e |xczcoibc |cx na jéoka ioonsc i Kernxenr7 sce riercs acs xno~xscs bks|cekhans schxn o~iay~knx rndi! y~n |ixi na nsr~bkiern ns s~didnern sneokaac oc|kix { |nìx kdé`nens! rn}rc! nro% ne s~ |xc|kc bco~dnerc! ske znxbibnxidnern mihnxan bnbkoibc rknd|c i ocd|xnebnx na rndi% _ke ndhix`c! sk na nsr~bkiern bnhn cxìekwix acs xno~xscs dnbkiern di|is oceon|r~ians! ns s~didnern bkjäoka y~n ocesrx~{i ~e di|i ocxxnorc sk ec rknen ~e h~ne bcdkekc bna rndi% Ai dcb~aixkbib bn acs di|is |ixi cxìekwix kejcxdiokÿe! { ai |cskhkakbib bn bksrxkh~kx acs di|is ne bkjnxnerns acoiakbibns ne Kernxenr! jiokakri y~n `x~|cs bn nsr~bkierns! ne ai dksdi c ne bkjnxnerns nso~nais! ocaihcxne ne ai oxniokÿe bn dcbnacs ocd|angcs! i acs o~ians sn ans |~nbn kx i`xnìebc ocernekbc oce na rknd|c% Acs di|is sn akìe jéokadnern nerxn sä! jcxdiebc ~ei xn|xnsneriokÿe bna ocecokdknerc bna `x~|c% Nsri jiokakbib ocd|andneri na idhknern bn ocaihcxiokÿe ne ai ocesrx~ookÿe bn di|is oceon|r~ians hisibc ne (_c|is bn Ocecokdknerc( { na (@kìern( bnsoxkrc ne Oiùis nr ia% V>!:T { Xnkommnxwnx V0T% Nb~oiokÿe G~src$I$Rknd|c Ais mnxxidkneris |ixi ai ocesrx~ookÿe bn dcbnacs bn ocecokdknerc! g~erc oce ocd|cenerns bn sksrndis bn i|c{c ne na bnsnd|nùc bna rxihigc -|nxjcxdieon s~||cxr s{srnds+ { sksrndis n}|nxrcs! sce ai hisn bn ~ei e~nzi `nenxiokÿe bn idhknerns ocd|~riokceians |ixi nb~oiokÿe i bksrieoki oce nerxneidknerc g~src$i$rknd|c y~n nsridcs bnsixxcaaiebc ne ~e |xc{norc oceg~erc oce ai Dixkei bn acs Nsribcs êkbcs V=T% \cx ngnd|ac! ocdc |ixrn bn ~e dÿb~ac bn nerxneidknerc ne na bkièÿsrkoc { diernekdknerc bn ~e ny~k|c nanorxÿekoc ne |ixrko~aix! acs di|is oceon|r~ians |nxdkrne xn|xnsnerix n}|aäokridnern ~e dcbnac bna ocecokdknerc bn ~e n}|nxrc xnocecokbc ne na éxni% Nsrn keoa~{n ais |ixrko~aixkbibns bn ai jcxdi ne y~n nsrn n}|nxrc aanzi i oihc na bkièÿsrkoc! ais o~ians ~s~iadnern ec sn neo~nerxie ne na die~ia { |xnoksidnern ac oixiornxkwie ocdc n}|nxrc% Acs di|is oceon|r~ians! g~erc oce acs ocd|cenerns bn bkièÿsrkoc { i|c{c ne na rxihigc! { s~ j~eokceidknerc i rxizës bn ~ei xnb! |xcznne na i|c{c enonsixkc ne oiscs ne acs o~ians na rëoekoc enonskri ai oi|iokriokÿe ne na g~src dcdnerc ne y~n |xnoksn ixxnàix na ny~k|c V;T! c xny~knxn bn ~e o~xsc bn xn|isc% Ia dksdc rknd|c! na sksrndi ridhkëe |xnrnebn i~dnerix ai ocd|xneskÿe oceon|r~ia bna rëoekoc schxn na j~eokceidknerc bna ny~k|c% Cxìekwiokÿe bn Kejcxdiokÿe Ai xn|xnsneriokÿe oceoksi { `xéjkoi bna ocecokdknerc dnbkiern di|is oceon|r~ians! { ai |cskhkakbib bn neaions! {i snie gnxéxy~kocs ~ mcxkwcerians nerxn di|is! xns~arie ne ~e idhknern kbnia |ixi oxnix ~e nercxec eiznìhan ne na o~ia acs ~s~ixkcs |~nbne neocerxix ai kejcxdiokÿe y~n h~soie! c bnidh~aix |cx na idhknern keznsrkìebc bkznxscs rndis% _k ibndés hisidcs na dcbnac ne di|is oceon|r~ians ocesrx~kbcs |cx n}|nxrcs ne na rndi! acs ~s~ixkcs ia eiznìx sn nsrée (|ixiebc ne acs mcdhxcs bn ~e `kìern(% Ai Jk`~xi 2 d~nsrxi ~ei kdi`ne bn |ieriaai! xns~aribc bn eiznìx |cx ~e oceg~erc bn bconeis bn di|is schxn Dixrn y~n nsridcs ocesrx~{nebc ne ocaihcxiokÿe oce na Onerxc bn N}|acxiokÿe bn Dixrn bn ai EI_I ne Idns! Oiakjcxeki% Acs di|is jcxdie ~ei xn|xnsneriokÿe oceoksi bna ocecokdknerc ior~ia schxn Dixrn! i acs o~ians nsrée akìbcs oknercs bn xno~xscs -kdé`nens! zäbnc! rn}rcs! nro%+% Nsrcs j~nxce ocesrx~kbcs |cx n}|nxrcs bna Onerxc oce na |xc|ÿskrc bn oxnix ~e idhknern bks|cekhan i rxizës bn OB$XCDs { ai Kernxenr |ixi nsr~bkierns bn sno~ebixki { na |÷hakoc ne `nenxia% Acs di|is ec scaidnern skxzne ocdc ~e äebkon |ixi jiokakrix na ioonsc i ai kejcxdiokÿe!

90



skec y~n ne sä xn|xnsnerie na ocecokdknerc bn okneräjkocs ne na rndi7 ia eiznìx i rxizës bna idhknern! na ~s~ixkc nsré eiznìebc schxn na dcbnac bn ocecokdknerc bn nsrcs n}|nxrcs%

Jk`~xi 27 Idhknern d~arkdnbki schxn Dixrn hisibc ne di|is oceon|r~ians |ixi ai cxìekwiokÿe { eiznìokÿe bn acs ocernekbcs -Ne ai bkxnookÿe Kernxenr bna bco~dnerc cxk`keia |~nbn mionx ~e oako ne ai kdi`ne |ixi bns|anìx ~ei znxskÿe dés `xiebn+

Acs di|is oceon|r~ians! g~erc oce s~s akìs { xno~xscs -kdé`nens! zäbnc! rn}rcs! |é`keis bn PPP+! sce ridhkëe ioonskhans ocdc |é`keis bn MRDA% Ne crxis |iaihxis! ~rkakwiebc o~iay~knx scjrpixn |ixi eiznìx na PPP! |cbndcs ioonbnx ~e idhknern hisibc ne di|is oceon|r~ians ocdc dnbkc bn eiznìokÿe% Bn nsri dienxi! nsris mnxxidkneris |ixi ocesrx~ookÿe bn di|is oceon|r~ians nsrée sknebc ~sibis |ixi cxìekwix skrkcs bna Pnh! y~n sce ioonbkbcs i rxizës bn (äebkons( xn|xnsneribcs dnbkiern dcbnacs bn ocecokdknerc n}|xnsibcs |cx di|is oceon|r~ians% Nb~oiokÿe i Bksrieoki Ai nb~oiokÿe i bksrieoki nsré s~jxknebc ~ei rxiesjcxdiokÿe ocdc ocesno~neoki bn ai jiokakbib bn ocd~ekoiokÿe { xé|kbc ioonsc i `xiebns zca÷dnens bn kejcxdiokÿe y~n |xcznn ai xnb Kernxenr% Bnerxc bn s~s chgnrkzcs rxibkokceians -bix ioonsc i ai nb~oiokÿe i iy~naacs snorcxns bn ai |chaiokÿe y~n |cx xiwcens bn bksrieoki ~ mcxixkc ec |~nbie irnebnx ai nb~oiokÿe rxibkokceia+! ais xnbns ocd|~riokceians d~ebkians id|aäie necxdndnern ais |cskhkakbibns bn nerxnì { ioonsc% Ia dksdc rknd|c! ais kesrkr~okcens y~n rxibkokceiadnern sn mie bnbkoibc i ~ei nb~oiokÿe (|xnsneokia(! ia |nxoirixsn bna |crneokia -ne d~omcs oiscs noceÿdkoc+ bn znxskÿe i bksrieoki! mie nd|nwibc i rxiesjcxdix s~s o~xscs |xnsneokians ne o~xscs (i bksrieoki(% Ocdc xns~aribc! sn nsré biebc ~ei oceznx`neoki bn ai nb~oiokÿe |xnsneokia -y~n bngi bn snx |xnsneokia+ { ai nb~oiokÿe i bksrieoki -y~n bngi bn snx enonsixkidnern (bksriern(+ ne ~e idhknern bcebn ai rnoecac`äi |nxdkrn ia nsr~bkiern

9=



rcdix acs o~xscs bnsbn o~iay~knx acoiakbib { ne na dcdnerc ne y~n oceskbnxn ocezneknern! ske y~n na dcrkzc sni enonsixkidnern akdkriokcens bn cxbne jäskoc -|cx ngnd|ac! xnskbkx angcs bn ai êkznxskbib+% I÷e ne acs o~xscs |xnsneokians! ais e~nzis rnoecac`äis cjxnone ia kesrx~orcx na |crneokia bn rxiesjcxdix ai cxìekwiokÿe ior~ia bn s~s o~xscs! bn |nxdkrkx i acs nsr~bkierns keznsrkìx { iziewix i s~ xkrdc! { bn oxnix ocernekbcs y~n |~nbie snx ~rkakwibcs ne bkjnxnerns o~xscs% Ne Oiùis V9
Jk`~xi >7 Ocernekbcs bn ~ei znxskÿe |xnakdkeix bn ~e o~xsc bn Nsribäsrkoi I|akoibi -Ix`~ni * Oiùis! 9;;=+ -Ne ai bkxnookÿe Kernxenr bna bco~dnerc cxk`keia |~nbn mionx ~e oako ne ai kdi`ne |ixi bns|anìx ~ei znxskÿe dés `xiebn+

i+ Cxìekwiokÿe Akenia bn acs O~xscs Ai di{cxäi bn acs o~xscs y~n mie skbc rxiesjcxdibcs i znxskcens ne$aäeni sce skd|ans ibi|riokcens bn acs akhxcs bn rn}rc c acs i|~erns bna |xcjnscx! oce ia`~eis akìs i|xcznomiebc ai jiokakbib y~n cjxnon na sksrndi bn mk|nxrn}rc bna PPP% Ais |é`keis bna PPP! i÷e oce s~s neaions! sk`~ne ~ei nsrx~or~xi akenia% \cx ac `nenxia sn rknen ~ei |é`kei oce na äebkon c ocernekbc! { akìs i ais |é`keis bn acs bkjnxnerns rndis% Oibi rndi sn kd|andneri ocdc ~ei sno~neoki bn |é`keis%

9;



Ai rnoecac`äi ior~ia |xnsneri c|cxr~ekbibns |ixi oxnix idhknerns dés |cbnxcscs y~n ~ei sno~neoki bn |é`keis bn Pnh% Acs di|is oceon|r~ians! ocdc sn dcsrxÿ ne ai Jk`~xi 2! |nxdkrne ia nsr~bkiern eiznìx i rxizës bn acs di|is { acs dnbkcs sn`÷e s~ kernxës! na rndi y~n nsré keznsrkìebc! ai |xn`~eri y~n nsré rxiriebc bn ocernsrix! ÿ skd|andnern na cxbne ne y~n bnsni nsr~bkix na rndi% Ec n}ksrn ~ei sno~neoki |xnbks|~nsri |ixi ai eiznìokÿe! ocdc ne na oisc bn ~e rn}rc akenia% Na nsr~bkiern |~nbn eiznìx i rxizës bn ai gnxixy~äi bn di|is misri ~e ekzna rie |xcj~ebc ocdc bnsnn { ac |nxdkri ai s~hcxbkeiokÿe bn acs di|is% Nsrc ns kd|cskhan bn ac`xix dnbkiern ~e akhxc bn rn}rc% Ai rnoecac`äi ecs |nxdkrn akhnxixecs bn nsi nsrx~or~xi akenia% Ai Jk`~xi > d~nsrxi ~ei znxskÿe |xnakdkeix bna ocernekbc |ixi ~e o~xsc bn nsribäsrkoi i|akoibi! dnbkiern na o~ia na nsr~bkiern |~nbn eiznìx n keznsrkìx acs rndis sn`÷e s~ kernxës V99T% h+ êi Cxìekwiokÿe Dés Dcb~aix bn acs Rndis Ns|nokiadnern i ekzna bn hiomkaanxirc ~ekznxskrixkc { bn sno~ebixki! acs o~xscs `nenxiadnern sn neo~nerxie nedixoibcs bnerxc bn ai nsrx~or~xi bna akhxc bn rn}rc% Na |xcjnscx bkjäokadnern |~nbn bnszkixsn bn nsi sno~neoki bn oi|är~acs% Cxìekwix ~e o~xsc hisibc ne oi|är~acs bn bkjnxnerns akhxcs bn rn}rc ec ns sÿac ~e bcacx bn oihnwi ibdkeksrxirkzc! skec ~e |xchandi anìa bn bnxnomcs bn i~rcx% Na akhxc bn rn}rc sn z~nazn nerceons ~ei necxdn akdkriokÿe |ixi na |xcjnscx% Ai rnoecac`äi |~nbn i{~bix i s~|nxix nsri akdkriokÿe% _k ne a~ìx bn oxnix o~xscs! acs i~rcxns sn bnbkoixie i oxnix (dÿb~acs( $$ ~ekbibns kebn|nebknerns y~n rxirie ~e scac rndi! { nscs dÿb~acs j~nsne ioonskhans zäi Kernxenr! na |xcjnscx |cbxäi cxìekwix s~ o~xsc rcdiebc dÿb~acs bn bkznxsis j~nerns! nsoxkrcs |cx bkjnxnerns |xcjnscxns! bn ~ekznxskbibns bksrkeris% Acs di|is oceon|r~ians sce ~e dnoieksdc kbnia |ixi ai oxniokÿe bn dÿb~acs kebn|nebknerns% Oibi di|i! |cx bnjkekokÿe! n}|xnsi na ocecokdknerc schxn ~e ocern}rc ns|noäjkoc% ê oceg~erc bn di|is xnaiokceibcs |~nbn xn~ekx na ocernekbc bn ~e rndi% Nsrcs di|is! |cx s~|~nsrc! rnebxée akìs c neaions i di|is bn crxcs rndis% _ke ndhix`c! nsri xnaiokÿe ec sn bnhn i ai sno~neoki bna o~xsc! skec ia ocernekbc% Na dÿb~ac bna rndi sn ocezknxrn ne ~ei ~ekbib kebn|nebknern% Ne ai Jk`~xi >! na di|i oceon|r~ia schxn kejnxneoki nsribäsrkoi g~erc oce ia`~ecs di|is akìbcs i ësrn jcxdi ~e dÿb~ac misri oknxrc |~erc kebn|nebknern bn acs crxcs dÿb~acs bna o~xsc% o+ Xn$^rkakwiokÿe bn acs Dÿb~acs ne Bkjnxnerns O~xscs Mi{ rndis y~n sn xn|krne ~ei { crxi znw ne bkjnxnerns o~xscs% \cx ngnd|ac! (kejnxneoki nsribäsrkoi( |~nbn neocerxixsn ocdc |ixrn bn ~e o~xsc kerxcb~orcxkc bn nsribäsrkoi! ~e o~xsc bn bksnùc bn n}|nxkdnercs! c ~e o~xsc bn rcdi bn bnokskcens ocdc |ixrn bn ~e |xc`xidi bn dinsrxäi ne ibdkeksrxiokÿe bn nd|xnsis% Ior~iadnern! ac dés |xchihan ns y~n |ixi oibi ~ec bn nscs o~xscs! na akhxc bn rn}rc keoa~{i ~e oi|är~ac c snookÿe schxn kejnxneoki nsribäsrkoi% ê dÿb~ac kebn|nebknern schxn kejnxneoki nsribäsrkoi! ocdc na bn ai Jk`~xi 2! oce akìs i crxcs dÿb~acs xnaiokceibcs! oxnibc |cx ~e n}|nxrc ne na rndi! { xn|xnsneribc |cx dnbkc bn di|is oceon|r~ians! |cbxäi ~rkakwixsn ne oibi ~ec bn nsrcs o~xscs% \ixi oibi ~ec bn naacs! ~ei akì ia dÿb~ac |nxdkrkxäi i acs nsr~bkierns eiznìx |cx acs di|is! kebn|nebknerndnern bna o~xsc y~n nsrée rcdiebc% Ai nb~oiokÿe i bksrieoki bnhn i|xcznomix ia dé}kdc ais e~nzis rnoecac`äis! { ec rxirix r xirix bn kdkrix ais akdkriokcens |xnsneribis |cx acs akhxcs bn rn}rc { ai nb~oiokÿe |xnsneokia% Acs di|is oceon|r~ians! ~rkakwibcs ocdc mnxxidkneri |ixi eiznìx { cxìekwix kejcxdiokÿe! ecs |xcznne ~e nercxec schxn na o~ia |cbndcs ocesrx~kx idhknerns nb~oirkzcs hisibcs ne ~e nejcy~n ocesrx~orkzksri! { y~n |~nbie snx ~sibcs |cx nsr~bkierns ne o~iay~knx a~ìx oce ioonsc i Kernxenr% Oceoa~skcens Mndcs |xnsneribc ~ei zixknbib bn ~scs bn ~ei mnxxidkneri ocd|~riokceia hisibi ne ai diek|~aiokÿe bn di|is oceon|r~ians! y~n |nxdkrn ia ~s~ixkc ocesrx~kx s~s |xc|kcs di|is { eiznìx i rxizës bn sksrndis bn d~arkdnbki bksrxkh~kbcs ne ~ei xnb hiséebcsn ne acs di|is bn crxcs% Ai jan}khkakbib bn ai mnxxidkneri mi |nxdkrkbc s~ i|xcznomidknerc |cx ~s~ixkcs bn rcbis ais nbibns! bnsbn ekùcs |ny~nùcs misri |xcjnskceians! ne nb~oiokÿe ne na i~ai { nb~oiokÿe i bksrieoki! bnsbn ai nso~nai misri onerxcs bn keznsrkìokÿe% Ai mnxxidkneri nsré hisibi ne ai rncxäi bn i|xnebkwign bn I~s~hna { Eczif Vc|%okr! c|%okrT

8<



Nsrn |xc{norc j~n jkeieokibc ne |ixrn |cx ais i`neokis EI_I Idns Xnsnixom Onernx! ^%_% Eiz{ { Eirkceia Kdi`nx{ ieb Di||ke` I`neo{ -EKDI+ bna @chknxec bn NN%^^% Xnjnxneokis V9T Eczif! G% B% * B% H% @cpke% -9;=2+% Anixeke` Mcp rc Anixe% Enp [cxf7 Oidhxkb`n êkznxskr{ \xnss% V8T I~s~hna! B% \%! G% B% Eczif! * M% Mienskie% -9;0=+% Nb~oirkceia \s{omcac`{7 I Ocèkrkzn Zknp -8i nbkokÿe+% Enp [cxf7 Mcar! Xkenmixr * Pkesrce% Xnkd|xnsc! 9;=:% Enp [cxf7 Pixhna * \nof% V?T Jcxb! F% D%! I% G% Oiùis! G% Gcens! M% _rima! G% Eczif * G% Ibids$Pnhhnx% -9;;9+% KOCEFIR7 Ie Kern`xirnb Ocesrx~orkzksr Fecpanb`n Ioy~kskrkce Rcca! Fecpanb`n Ioy~kskrkce Gc~xeia! ?! ||% 89>$ 8?:% V2T Jcxb! F% D%! G% P% Ocjjn{! I% G% Oiùis! N% G% Iebxnps * O%P% R~xenx% -9;;:+% Bkiècsks ieb N}|aieirkce h{ i E~oanix Oixbkcac`{ N}|nxr _{srnd! Kernxeirkceia Gc~xeia cj N}|nxr _{srnds! ;! || 2;;$><:% V>T Oiùis! I% G%! F% D% Jcxb! G% Hxneeie! R% Xnkommnxwnx! * \% Mi{ns% -9;;>+% Fecpanb`n Ocesrx~orkce ieb _mixke` ke Y~cx~d! 0rm Pcxab Ocejnxneon ce Ixrkjkokia Kernaak`neon ke Nb~oirkce! Pismke`rce BO% V:T Oiùis I% G%! F% D% Jcxb! G% Hxneeie! H xneeie! R% Xnkommnxwnx! \% Mi{ns! * E% _~xk% -9;;:+% Ie Nezkxcedner jcx rmn Ocesrx~orkce ieb _mixke` cj Fecpanb`n! \xconnbke`s cj rmn Ekerm Jacxkbi Ixrkjkokia Kernaak`neon Xnsnixom _{d|csk~d! Fn{ Pnsr! JA% V0T Xnkommnxwnx! R%! I% G% Oiùis! F% D% Jcxb! * \% Mi{ns% -9;;=+% Rmn @kier7 Ie I`ner$hisnb I||xciom rc Fecpanb`n Ocesrx~orkce * _mixke`! \xconnbke`s cj rmn Nanznerm Jacxkbi Ixrkjkokia Kernaak`neon Xnsnixom _{d|csk~d! _iekhna Ksaieb! Jacxkbi% V=T Oiùis! I% G%! G% Ocjjn{! R% Xnkommnxwnx! E% _~xk! X% Oixjj! * @% Mkaa% -9;;0+% Na$Rnom7 I \nxjcxdieon _~||cxr _{srnd pkrm Ndhnbbnb Rxikeke` jxc Nanorxceko Rnekokoies! \xconnbke`s cj rmn Nanznerm Jacxkbi Ixrkjkokia Kernaak`neon Xnsnixom _{d|csk~d! _iekhna Ksaieb! Jacxkbi% V;T Hxibsmip! G% D%! B% Dibkìe! R% Xkomixbs! * @% Hc{% -9;;?+% Ndnx`ke` Rnomecac`{ ieb Oceon|rs jcx Ocd|~rnx$Hisnb Rxikeke`! \xconnbke`s cj rmn _k}rm Jacxkbi Ixrkjkokia Kernaak`neon Xnsnixom _{d|csk~d! Jr% Ai~bnxbian! JA% V9
Nsrn ixräo~ac j~n |~hakoibc ne ai Xnzksri Bn Kejcxdérkoi Nb~oirkzi! Zca% 9?! Ec% 8! 8<<$9>=% -mrr|7##akbkn%~ekiebns%nb~%oc#xnzksri -mrr|7##akbkn%~ekiebns%nb~%oc#xnzksri+ +

89



B% Iorkziokÿe bna Odi|Rccas 82+ A~n`c bn kesriaix na |xc`xidi Odi|Rccas ac |cbndcs iorkzix iorkziebc na hcrÿe Kekokc 5 \xc`xidis 5 KMDO Odi|Rccas z>%
8>+ A~n`c |~asix na hcrÿe Ion|rix% Ion|rix% I|ixnonxée nerceons ai |ieriaai kwy~knxbi dcsrxibi ne ai sk`~knern |é`kei% 8:+ Ai |ieriaai bn ai kwy~knxbi ns ai bn Zksris { |nxdkrn ocd|ixrkx { xnoc|kaix di|is oceon|r~ians bn crxcs ~s~ixkcs -ocenoribcs i crxcs snxzkbcxns+ y~n ridhkëe ~sie na Odi|Rccas%

88



N% Zneriei Zksris 80+ Ai zneriei Zksris rknen 2 c|okcens7 Odi|s ne Dk Ny~k|c! Odi|s Ocd|ixrkbcs ne _krkc! Jizcxkrcs n Mksrcxkia%

8?



J% Ocesrx~ookÿe bn ~e Di|i Oceon|r~ia 8=+ _k iorkzidcs ai c|okÿe Ixomkzc 5 E~nzc Odi| i|ixnonxé ai |ieriaai bn ai bnxnomi! ai o~ia |nxdkrn ocesrx~kx ~e di|i oceon|r~ia% Ne ia`~ecs oiscs ai |ieriaai bn ai bnxnomi i|ixnon bn dienxi i~rcdérkoi% 8;+ I dcbc bn ngnd|ac ocesrx~kxndcs na di|i oceon|r~ia y~n sn d~nsrxi ne ai sk`~knern |é`kei%

?<+ Dkekdkwix ai |ieriaai bn Zksris { di}kdkwix ai |ieriaai bn ai bnxnomi% ?9+ Mionx bchan oako oce na hcrÿe kwy~knxbc bna dc~sn ne na a~ìx ne na o~ia y~nxndcs y~n sn bkh~gn ~e oceon|rc% Ecrn y~n sn ihxn ai zneriei Nsrkacs% Nsrkacs% ?8+ A~n`c |ixi ke`xnsix na oceon|rc nsoxkhkx bkxnoridnern na ecdhxn oce na rnoaibc! ne nsri c|cxr~ekbib bk`krn ai |iaihxi |aieris% |aieris% Xn|nrkx ai c|nxiokÿe |ixi na oceon|rc iw÷oix% iw÷oix%

82



8>



??+ \ixi ke`xnsix ai |iaihxi neaion { ai aäeni y~n ocenori acs oceon|rcs bnhndcs xnocxbix y~n ai |iaihxi neaion sn ann sk`~knebc ~e snerkbc bnrnxdkeibc! ne nsrn oisc bn ixxkhi mioki ihigc |cx nsc ec i|ixnone janomis% Ne nsrn oisc snanookceix |xkdnxc na oceon|rc |aieri -y~n nsri dés ixxkhi sn`÷e na di|i cxk`keiadnern bksnùibc+ mioknebc ~e oako ne na xnorée`~ac xns|norkzc% I|ixnonxé nerceons ~ei ‑z keznxrkbi— schxn bkomc oceon|rc%

?2+ ^hkoix ai |~eri bna o~xscx schxn bkomi ‑z keznxrkbi—% keznxrkbi—% A~n`c |~asix na hcrÿe kwy~knxbc bna dc~sn { diernekëebcac |~asibc ixxisrxix na dc~sn mioki na oceon|rc iw÷oix y~n sn bnsni neaiwix% ?>+ \ixi y~n na neaion sn bkh~gn ocxxnoridnern na dc~sn bnhn ocacoixsn ‑schxn— na oceon|rc i neaiwix! chsnxzn y~n ne nsrn oisc na oceon|rc iw÷oix sn ‑|keri— oce ~e hcxbn iw~a { |~ercs bn ocerxca m~nocs% Nsi ns ai snùia bn y~n o~iebc scarndcs na hcrÿe kwy~knxbc bna dc~sn! na neaion sn bkh~gixé ocxxnoridnern% ?:+ A~n`c bn y~n i|ixnwoi ai aäeni neaion nerxn acs bcs oceon|rcs! bk`krn bkxnoridnern ne na rnoaibc ai |iaihxi neaion -ne na xno~ibxc oce skècs n kernxxcìokÿe+ y~n ne nsrn oisc ns |xcb~one% |xcb~one% Bn nsri dienxi sn |~nbn ocesrx~kx rcbc na di|i oceon|r~ia |xc|~nsrc xn|krknebc acs |iscs bna <0 ia 9?%

?0+ ê oisc |ixrko~aix sn |xnsneri o~iebc ~ei |iaihxi neaion neaiwi i dés bn ~e oceon|rc bksrkerc% Ne nsrn oisc bnhndcs snanookceix ai |iaihxi neaion% Ocdc ne na oisc iernxkcx i|ixnon ~ei ‑z keznxrkbi—% keznxrkbi—% ?=+ ^hkoix ai |~eri bna o~xscx schxn bkomi ‑z keznxrkbi—% keznxrkbi—% A~n`c |~asix na hcrÿe kwy~knxbc bna dc~sn { diernekëebcac |~asibc ixxisrxix na dc~sn mioki na rnxonx oceon|rc y~n sn bnsnn neaiwix% Ne e~nsrxc di|i oceon|r~ia ns na oisc bn ai |ixrn xnaiokceibi oce Xiäons ihscxhne I`~i! Xiäons ihscxhne Dkenxians

8:



80



8=



8;



@% Ocdc `xihix ~e Di|i Oceon|r~ia ?;+ \ixi |cbnx `xihix ~e Di|i Oceon|r~ia n}ksrne zixkis iarnxeirkzis! ais dis ~sibis sce ais sk`~knerns7 i% @xihixac ne jcxdirc Odi|Rccas -'%odi|+% Ne nsrn oisc |ixi zks~iakwixac ns chakìrcxkc rnenx na Odi|Rccas% Nsri jcxdi bn `xihiokÿe ns ocezneknern o~iebc bnsnidcs dcbkjkoix na di|i oceon|r~ia! nezkixac |cx ocxxnc |ixi y~n crxi |nxscei ac rxihign c iadioneixac |ixi j~r~xis dcbkjkoiokcens% h% N}|cxrixac ocdc kdi`ne -'%g|n` c '%`kj+% Ne nsrn oisc |ixi zks~iakwixac ec enonskridcs rnenx kesriaibc na Odi|Rccas% Nsri jcxdi ns ocezneknern o~iebc y~nxndcs kesnxrix na di|i oceon|r~ia ne ~e \cpnx\cker c ne ~e bco~dnerc bn Pcxb |ixi ~ei |xnsneriokÿe% Ne nsrn jcxdirc na di|i oceon|r~ia ec sn |~nbn dcbkjkoix% o% N}|cxrixac ocdc |é`kei pnh -'%mrda+% Ne nsrn oisc |ixi zks~iakwixac rid|coc enonskridcs rnenx kesriaibc na Odi|Rccas skec ~e hxcpsnx -zks~iakwibcx+% Nsri jcxdi ns ocezneknern o~iebc bnerxc bna di|i oceon|r~ia mndcs kesnxribc zäeo~acs i crxcs bco~dnercs rians ocdc rn}rcs! kdé`nens! zkbncs! crxcs di|is oceon|r~ians c neaions i |é`keis pnh% Ne `nenxia sk sn kesnxrie neaions i |é`keis pnh |ixi y~n na di|i j~eokcen ocxxnoridnern bnhnxäi rnenxsn ~ei ocen}kÿe i Kernxenr ia dcdnerc bn zkskceix na di|i oceon|r~ia% ³Oÿdc `xihix ~e Di|i Oceon|r~ia ne jcxdirc Odi|Rccas -'%odi|+3

2<+ Iorkzix ai zneriei bn rxihigc bna di|i oceon|r~ia% A~n`c iorkzix ai c|okÿe Ixomkzc 5 @~ixbix odi| ocdc %%% 29+ Ocd|anrix ai kejcxdiokÿe scakokribi ne ai sk`~knern |ieriaai% \ixi naac rcdix ne o~neri schxn rcbcs acs ärnds \xn`~eri bn Nejcy~n { \iaihxis Oaizns% 28+ A~n`c bn ocd|anrix bkomi kejcxdiokÿe |~asix na hcrÿe @~ixbix% @~ixbix% Chsnxzn y~n acs di|is ne nsrn jcxdirc sn iadioneie ne ai oix|nri Dks bco~dnercs 5 D{ Odi|s% Odi|s % -Zksri D{ Odi|s+ 2?+ Chsnxzn ridhkëe y~n ne ai hixxi bn rkr~ac bna di|i ~ei znw y~n mi skbc `xihibc ne jcxdirc odi| i|ixnon na ecdhxn bna di|i { ai |xn`~eri bn nejcy~n%

?<



?9



22+ \ixi ihxkx ~e di|i oceon|r~ia |xnzkidnern iadioneibc |cbndcs ~six ai |ieriaai Zksris! Zksris ! mioknebc bchan oako ne na di|i snanookceibc% Ne nsrn oisc n}ksrn ~e scac di|i aaidibc \aieris! \aieris! y~n {i nsri ihknxrc%

?8



³Oÿdc n}|cxrix ~e Di|i Oceon|r~ia ocdc kdi`ne -'%g|` c '%`kj +3 2>+ Iorkzix ai zneriei bn rxihigc bna di|i oceon|r~ia% A~n`c iorkzix ai c|okÿe Ixomkzc 5 N}|cxrix ocdc 5 Kdi`ne %%%

2:+ \ixi n}|cxrixac ocdc kdi`ne7 iorkzix ai zneriei bn rxihigc bna di|i oceon|r~ia% A~n`c iorkzix ai c|okÿe Ixomkzc 5 N}|cxrix ocdc 5 Kdi`ne %%% 20+ \ixi n}|cxrix acs di|is oceon|r~ians sn xnocdknebi n}|cxrixacs ne ~ei oix|nri e~nzi ~hkoibi ne na nsoxkrcxkc% Nsri oix|nri ai a i aaidixndcs di|iS<9 2=+ I ocerke~iokÿe sn kebkoi rcbc na |xconsc |ixi oxnix ~ei oix|nri e~nzi ne na nsoxkrcxkc aaidibi di|iS<9 { ai n}|cxriokÿe bn ai kdi`ne% _n`~kx ai sno~neoki bn |ieriaais%

??



?2



2;+ Iorkzix na hcrÿe @~ixbix% @~ixbix%

><+ \cbndcs n}|acxix ai oix|nri di|iS<9 |ixi znx acs ixomkzcs { zks~iakwix ai kdi`ne%

?>



>9+ \ixi zks~iakwix na di|i |cbndcs iorkzix ai kdi`ne |ixi zks~iakwix na di|i oceon|r~ia%

³Oÿdc n}|cxrix ~e Di|i Oceon|r~ia ocdc |é`kei pnh -'%mrda+3 >8+ Iorkzix ai zneriei bn rxihigc bna di|i oceon|r~ia% A~n`c iorkzix ai c|okÿe Ixomkzc 5 N}|cxrix ocdc 5 \i`kei Pnh %%% >?+ \ixi n}|cxrix acs di|is oceon|r~ians sn xnocdknebi n}|cxrixacs ne ~ei oix|nri e~nzi ~hkoibi ne na nsoxkrcxkc% Nsri oix|nri ai a i aaidixndcs di|iS<8

?:



>2+ I ocerke~iokÿe sn kebkoi rcbc na |xconsc |ixi oxnix ~ei oix|nri e~nzi ne na nsoxkrcxkc aaidibi di|iS<8 { ai n}|cxriokÿe bn ai kdi`ne% _n`~kx ai sno~neoki bn |ieriaais%

?0



?=



>>+ Iorkzix na hcrÿe @~ixbix% @~ixbix%

>:+ \cbndcs n}|acxix ai oix|nri di|iS<8 |ixi znx acs ixomkzcs { zks~iakwix ai kdi`ne% Xno~nxbn y~n nsri znw snxé ~ei |é`kei pnh% _n chsnxzi y~n mi{ ~e bco~dnerc '%mrda { bcs kdé`nens! ~ei y~n ocerknen ia di|i oceon|r~ia { ai crxi y~n ocerknen na ac`crk|c bna KMDO Kesrkr~rn -Oxëbkrcs+

>0+ Bn|nebknebc sk nsridcs ne e~nsrxi \O |nxsceia c ne ~e aihcxircxkc ns |cskhan y~n na ibdkeksrxibcx mi{i |~nsrc xnsrxkookcens% Ns |cskhan y~n o~iebc sn iorkzn na ixomkzc |aieris%mrda -|ixi zkskceix na di|i oceon|r~ia+ siaì ~e dnesign ocdc na kebkoibc ne ai |ieriaai bn ai |é`kei sk`~knern -ocecokbc - ocecokbc ocdc Pixeke`+% Pixeke`+% >=+ \ixi xnscaznx nsrn |xchandi ~hkoixsn oce na o~xscx schxn ai jxiegi idixkaai bn ai |ixrn s~|nxkcx bn ai |ieriaai! |~asix na hcrÿe bnxnomc bna dc~sn { snanookceix ai c|okÿe \nxdkrkx ocernekbc hacy~nibc %%%

?;



2<



>;+ A~n`c iorkzix na hcrÿe _k% _k%

:<+ I|ixnonxé nerceons na di|i oceon|r~ia ocdc ~ei |é`kei pnh%

29



M% Ia`~ecs ngnd|acs ibkokceians j~nern7 mrr|7##ppp%inmn mrr|7##ppp%inmnxdns%cx`#|mcxdkì xdns%cx`#|mcxdkì#~bkbio#iekzn #~bkbio#iekznxr#iekdia xr#iekdians.8
28



~nern7 mrr|7##ppp%kejczks mrr|7##ppp%kejczks%enr#|xkerDi %enr#|xkerDi`%|m|3e~d4929*ai `%|m|3e~d4929*aie`49 e`49 j ~nern7

2?



j~nern7 mrr|7##ppp%kmd mrr|7##ppp%kmdo%~s#~snxs#ioie o%~s#~snxs#ioieis#\~hakoirk is#\~hakoirkces#XnzksriK ces#XnzksriKejcxdirkoiNb~oir ejcxdirkoiNb~oirkzi#Mnxxidkn kzi#MnxxidknerisOcesOceXKN erisOcesOceXKN%mrd %mrd

22



K% Crxis xnjnxneokis schxn Di|is Oceon|r~ians

mrr|7##ocsisbndi|isoceon|r~ians%hac`s|cr%ocd# Bnsbn nsrn hac` sn |xnrnebn bix i oceconx kejcxdiokÿe `nenxia schxn di|is oceon|r~ians { schxn Odi|Rccas ne |ixrko~aix! { snxzkx ridhkëe ocdc mnxxidkneri bn sc|cxrn ia o~xsc (Naihcxiokÿ bn di|ns oceon|r~ias idh Odi|Rccas(% mrr|7##nb~oixnbpnh8%pkfks|ions%ocd#Di|is&Oceon|r~ians Ne nsrn Pkfk |cbxés neocerxix dirnxkians { xno~xscs xnaiokceibcs oce di|is oceon|r~ians ocesrx~kbcs oce Odi|Rccas% mrr|7##`x~|ccxkce%~en}%ns#odi|rccas#odi|rccas%mrd Ne nsrn |cxria `nsrkceibc |cx Kskbxc Zkbia |cbxée neocerxix d~omis crxis xnjnxneokis { dirnxkians schxn Odi|Rccas! ~ei bn acs xno~xscs dis ziacxibcs ne ~e oceg~erc bn zkbncs y~n n}|akoie ocdc xniakwix ia`~eis rixnis oce bkomc |xc`xidi%

2>

Taller Mapas Conceptuales (construcción, aprendizaje y evaluación): II Congreso Internacional Educación a Distancia y TIC (PUCP)

Recommend Documents