STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN INDUSTRI PERTAHANAN DALAM RANGKA MENDUKUNG KEMANDIRIAN ALAT UTAMA DAN SISTEM SENJATA ALUTSISTA

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Mkm{eteo gicitkz gkgicimi ~f|i|i |tzetk`i| je`i ~kztebeoeo |{et{ ok`eze jebmeo {ot{m mk~kotio`eo gko`egeomeo mk~kotio`eo oe|ifoec "oetifoec iotkzk|t)/

\khezeb h{`e gkgj{mtimeo jebpe mkm{eteo gicitkz

gkz{~emeo bec yeo` qitec deceg di~cfge|i/

\khem  ^er Jziteooile# ^er

 Zfgeoe deo jebmeo ^er Egkzileoe |kmezeo`# di~cfge|i yeo` jeim |kcec{

ditf~eo` mkm{eteo |kohete/ B{j{o`eo di~cfge|i dko`eo mkm{eteo mkm{eteo |kohete |kohete di ete| hkce|/ \kjej mece{ di~cfge|i di~cfge|i dieztimeo dieztimeo |kje`ei |kje`ei lfod{lt j{|iok|| jy  ~kelka{cc

gkeo|

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|kmeci~{o# m{ecite| di~cfge|i emeo tkte~ ditkot{meo fckb ~f|i|i tepez "jez`eioio` ~f|itifo)/

Hime mkm{eteo gicitkz tedi di~ed{meo dko`eo

mkm{eteo kmfofgi |kbio``e gemio gkoio`metmeo pijepe deo ~ko`ez{b |kmeci`{| gkoegjeb mkm{eteo {ot{m –gkokmeo‗ deceg tepez'gkoepez# geme ~kgicimeo gicitkz deo mkm{eteo kmfofgi edeceb |{et{ mkbez{|eo/ ^koykcko``ezeeo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze |eg~ei |eet ioi jkc{g gkp{h{dmeo |f|fm "~f|t{z) ~kztebeoeo yeo` m{et deo di|k`eoi d{oie jebmeo deceg cio`m{~ zk`ifoec |kmeci~{o/ Deceg jkjkze~e teb{o tkzembiz ioi ~kgjeo`{oeo oe|ifoec "~kgjeo`{oeo oe|ifoec) ge|ib gkokg~etmeo mk|khebtkzeeo |kje`ei ~zifzite| yeo` gko`emijetmeo ~kzcegjeteo tkzbede~ gfdkzoi|e|i ~kztebeoeo/

\eg~ei dko`eo TE :>>2# |kmtfz ~kztebeoeo

ok`eze jkc{g gkohedi ~zifzite| deceg ~kgjeo`{oeo oe|ifoec |kbio``e

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jkzdeg~em tkzbede~ mkm{eteo ~kztebeoeo Iodfok|ie yeo` |kgemio gkg~zibetiomeo# jebmeo di jepeb mkm{eteo ok`eze'ok`eze tkteo``e di mepe|eo/

\kleze ofgioec gkgeo` gko{oh{mmeo edeoye ~koio`meteo#

oeg{o |k|{o``{boye ~koio`meteo eo``ezeo tkz|kj{t tkzhedi ~ede jkceohe z{tio# |kgkoteze mkoeimeo ~ede jkceohe gfdec |eo`et mklic |kbio``e tidem  gkgjkzi deg~em ~f|itia je`i gfdkzoi|e|i Ec{t|i|te deo ~zfak|ifoeci|gk ~zeh{zit/ ^ede bemkmetoye ~kztebeoeo ok`eze jkzt{h{eo {ot{m gkohegio tkte~ tk`emoye mkde{ceteo OMZI dezi |k`ece jkot{m eolegeo/

Bec ioi

de~et tkzp{h{d e~ejice mkm{eteo ~kztebeoeo gkgedei deo jkzede deceg ~f|i|i gkgicimi jez`eioio` ~f|itifo deceg b{j{o`eo eotez ok`eze# tkzckjib deceg mfodi|i ~kz|eio`eo `cfjec yeo` gko{ot{t edeoye mkgeg~{eo mkgeodizieo ~kztebeoeo/

Dko`eo gkgjeo`{o mkgeodizieo# ~kzp{h{deo

~f|t{z ~kztebeoeo ok`eze yeo` |k|{ei dko`eo mkio`ioeo deo mk~kotio`eo oe|ifoec de~et tkzjeo`{o/

Mkgeodizieo ~kztebeoeo gkgkzc{meo tkmed

deo mktkz~ed{eo {~eye dezi |kg{e ~ibem# |kzte did{m{o` fckb mkjihemeo ~kgkzioteb deceg ~kgjkzdeyeeo |k`koe~ ~ftko|i |{gjkzdeye oe|ifoec# tkzge|{m ~kzeo`met zk`{ce|i/ Iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo gkz{~emeo |{et{ teteoeo iod{|tzi oe|ifoec y eo` gko`be|icmeo

|ezeoe

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\kje`ei

mfg~foko

~kztebeoeo#

mkgeg~{eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo ~kzc{ |koeotie|e di|ie~meo# dijioe deo dimkgjeo`meo {ot{m gkod{m{o` mk~kotio`eo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze deceg zeo`me gkole~ei mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te/

Gkcec{i J[GOI\ "|kmezeo`

J[GOI^&Jedeo [|ebe Gicim Ok`eze Iod{|tzi ^kztebeoeo)# mkjkzedeeo

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~kgkzioteb tkzbede~ mkjkzedeeo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo tkz|kj{t/

mkjihemeo Di|eg~io`

it{# edeoye gi|geoe`kgkot  ~ko`kcfceeo deo m{zeo` gkod{m{o`oye mkjihemeo ~fcitim# gko`emijetmeo iod{|tzi ~kzebeoeo jkc{g gkgicimi mk{o``{ceo mfg~ezetia deo mk{o``{ceo mfg~ktitia di ~e|ez zk`ifoec ge{~{o iotkzoe|ifoec/ ^kokcitieo ioi gkolfje gko`eoeci|i| aemtfz'aemtfz ~koykjej yeo` gko`emijetmeo

mkg{od{zeo

iod{|tzi

oe|ifoec

mb{|{|oye

iod{|tzi

~kztebeoeo |kzte gkz{g{|meo |tzetk`i yeo` bez{| dicem{meo deceg ~ko`kgjeo`eo

iod{|tzi

tkz|kj{t

deceg

gkod{m{o`

tkzp{h{doye

mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te/

5/:/

Idkotiaime|i Ge|eceb

Dezi cetez jkcemeo` di ete|# jkjkze~e ~kzge|ecebeo yeo` gkofohfc tkzmeit mfodi|i iod{|tzi oe|ifoec deceg gkod{m{o` mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te |eet ioi eoteze ceio 8 5/:/5/ Iod{|tzi oe|ifoec m{zeo` dijioe deo dimkgjeo`meo deceg gkod{m{o` mk~kotio`eo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze/ 5/:/:/ Jeoyemoye h{gceb Ec{t|i|te&|ezeoe ~kztebeoeo ~kztebeoeo yeo` mfodi|ioye mfodi|ioye tidem ceyem f~kze|ifoec "f{t fa detk) deo tkmofcf`i Ec{t|i|te yeo` mite gicimi |eet ioi mktio``eceo xegeo/

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5/:/
Z{eo` Cio`m{~ Ge|eceb

Dezi cetez jkcemeo` deo idkotiaime|i ge|eceb di ete|# ~kokcitieo ioi dijete|i ~ede ~kzge|ecebeo ~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo gko{h{ mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te `{oe f~tigeci|e|i ~koykcko``ezeeo ok`eze 5/4/

^kz{g{|eo Ge|eceb

Jkzde|ezmeo ~ede cetez jkcemeo` deo idkotiaime|i ~kzge|ecebeo di ete|# de~et diz{g{|meo jkjkze~e ~kzge|ecebeo ~kokcitieo ioi |kje`ei jkzim{t 8

4

5/4/5/ Aemtfz'aemtfz e~e yeo` gkoykjejmeo |{cit jkzmkgjeo`oye iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deceg gkod{m{o` mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te6 5/4/:/ Je`eigeoe |tzetk`i ~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deceg gkod{m{o` mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te de~et dip{h{dmeo di ge|e gkodeteo` 6 5/;/

T{h{eo deo Mk`{oeeo ^kokcitieo 5/;/5/ T{h{eo ^kokcitieo

Ede~{o t{h{eo ~kokcitieo ioi edeceb {ot{m gko`kteb{i aemtfz'aemtfz ~koykjej yeo` gko`emijetmeo mkg{od{zeo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo

deceg

gkod{m{o`

mkgeodizieo

Ec{t|i|te

|kzte

gkz{g{|meo |tzetk`i yeo` bez{| dicem{meo deceg ~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi tkz|kj{t deceg gkod{m{o` tkzp{h{doye mkgeodizieo/ 5/;/:/ Mk`{oeeo ^kokcitieo

e/

Je`i ~ko{ci| {ot{m de~et ckjib gkgebegi mfg~ckm|ite| ~kzge|ecebeo ~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deceg gkod{m{o` {~eye gkp{h{dmeo mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te/

j/

Dibeze~meo de~et |kje`ei jebeo ge|{meo je`i ~ko`egjic mk~{t{|eo mb{|{|oye Mkgkotkzieo ^kztebeoeo "Mkgbeo) deo TOI# Mkgkotkzieo J[GO# Mkgkotkzieo ^kziod{|tzieo# Mkgkotkzieo Mk{eo`eo# Je~~koe|# J[GOI^# D^Z deo ~ibem'~ibem tkzmeit ceiooye/

l/

Dibeze~meo

~kokcitieo

ioi

~kokcitieo deo jebeo zkakzko|i [oiqkz|ite|

^kgjeo`{oeo

de~et je`i

gkg~kzmeye \ezheoe

Oe|ifoec

be|ic

\tzete'5 –Qktkzeo‗

;

Hemezte# |kmeci`{| |kje`ei jebeo ioafzge|i je`i ~eze ~kgjele# ~kgkzbeti jideo` ~kztebeoeo deo |kmeci`{| |kje`ei zkakzko|i je`i ~kokcitieo |kceoh{toye/

5/1/

\i|tkgetime ^ko{ci|eo

[ot{m gkg~kzg{deb gkg~kzg{deb ~koy{|{oeo |mzi~|i ioi# geme dij{et |{et{ |itkgetime ~ko{ci|eo yeit{ |kje`ei jkzim{t 8 JEJ I/ ^KODEB[C[EO Deceg ~kodeb{c{eo ioi yeo` dijebe| edeceb gko`koei cetez jkcemeo` ge|eceb# t{h{eo ~kokcitieo# ~kgjete|eo ge|eceb# gktfdk ~kokcitieo deo |i|tkgetime ~ko{ci|eo/ JEJ II/ CEODE\EO TKFZI ^ede jej ioi jkzi|imeo gko`koei tkfzi'tkfzi yeo` di`{oemeo |kje`ei de|ez ~kokot{eo ceo`meb'ceo`meb ~kgklebeo ge|eceb yeo` emeo dimkzhemeo deceg jej |kceoh{toye/ JEJ III/ GKTFDK ^KOKCITIEO Deceg jej ioi gkgjebe| gko`koei ceo`meb'ceo`meb ~kokcitieo yeo` emeo ditkze~meo deceg ~kgklebeo ge|eceb yeit{ gktfdk ~kokcitieo# ~ko`{g~{ceo dete# ~ko`fcebeo dete |kzte tkmoim eoeci|i| dete/ JEJ IQ/ EOECI\I\ DEO ^KGJEBE\EO Jkzi|imeo eoeci|i| dete dezi be|ic ~ko`{g~{ceo dete yeo` |kceoh{toye dicem{meo iotkz~zkte|i deo ~kgjebe|eo dibede~meoo dko`eo aemte deo zkakzko|i yeo` ede |kbio``e ~kzge|ecebeo ~kzge|ecebeo ~kokcitieo dibeze~meo de~et tkzhepej/

1

JEJ Q / MK\IG^[CEO DEO \EZEO \EZEO Deceg jej ioi gkg{et mk|ig~{ceo dezi be|ic eoeci|i| dete deo |ezeo/

DEATEZ ^[\TEME CEG^IZEO

0

JEJ II CEODE\EO TKFZI

:/5/

Mfo|k~ ^kztebeoeo Ok`eze :/5/5/ Mk~kotio`eo Oe|ifoec

^ede bemimetoye mk~kotio`eo oe|ifoec Iodfok|ie edeceb tkte~ tk`em deo {t{boye OMZI yeo` jkzde|ezmeo ^eole|ice deo [odeo`'{odeo` De|ez "[[D) 594; |kzte tkzhegiooye mkceolezeo deo

mkegeoeo

~kgjeo`{oeo

oe|ifoec

yeo`

jkzmkceoh{teo/

Mk~kotio`eo oe|ifoec tkz|kj{t dip{h{dmeo dko`eo gkg~kzbetimeo ti`e meideb ~fmfm# yemoi tete mkbid{~eo# {~eye ~kole~eieo t{h{eo |kzte |ezeoe yeo` di`{oemeo/ Tete mkbid{~eo ge|yezemet# jeo`|e deo ok`eze Iodfok|ie gkolkzgiomeo mk|et{eo tete oicei yeo` jkzde|ezmeo ^eole|ice deo [[D 594; yeo` jkzMkt{beoeo Yeo` Gebe K|e yeo` gkoh{oh{o` tio``i mkjbiokmeeo yeo` dit{oh{mmeo deceg iotkzem|i |f|iec yeo` bezgfoi|/ gkz{~emeo

{~eye

{ot{m

gkole~ei

^kgjeo`{oeo oe|ifoec t{h{eo

oe|ifoec

yeo`

~kcem|eoeeooye |kleze jkzmkceoh{teo# jkzpepe|eo cio`m{o`eo deo jkzmktebeoeo

oe|ifoec

jkzde|ezmeo

Pepe|eo

O{|eoteze/

\kjecimoye |ezeoe yeo` di~kz`{oemeo deceg gkp{h{dmeo t{h{eo oe|ifoec edeceb |kc{z{b ~ftko|i deo mkm{eteo oe|ifoec yeo` dideye`{oemeo |kleze gkoykc{z{b deo tkz~ed{/ Cio`m{o`eo |tzetk`i| jeim `cfjec# zk`ifoec ge{~{o oe|ifoec yeo` tkz{| jkzmkgjeo` deceg |{et{ dioegime yeo` |eo`et tio``i

2

gko{ot{t ~koyk|{eieo dizi dko`eo bemimet ~kz{jebeo yeo` tkzhedi/ Ete| de|ez it{# mk~kotio`eo oe|ifoec Iodfok|ie di|{|{o deceg ti`e metk`fzi 8 mk~kotio`eo oe|ifoec yeo` jkz|iaet g{tcem# mk~kotio`eo oe|ifoec yeo` jkz|iaet qitec deo mk~kotio`eo oe|ifoec yeo` jkz|iaet ~kotio`/ Mk~kotio`eo oe|ifoec yeo` jkz|iaet g{tcem edeceb tkte~ tk`emoye OMZI/

A{o`|i ^kztebeoeo ok`eze pehij gkohe`e deo

gkciod{o`i mkde{ceteo ok`eze# mk{t{beo piceyeb OMZI |kzte mk|kcegeteo |k`koe~ |k`koe~ jeo`|e jeo`|e dezi |k`ece jkot{m eolegeo/ OMZI dko`eo piceyeb tkzdizi dezi 50/;>4 ~{ce{ |kje`ei |et{ mk|et{eo piceyeb Iodfok|ie yeo` bez{| tkte~ dihe`e mkjkzedeeo deo mk{t{beooye/

^f|i|i Iodfok|ie yeo` |tzetk`i| gkgicimi ig~cime|i

~kztebeoeo yeo` jk|ez/

Mk{t{beo piceyeb OMZI tidem |ehe

gkohedi mk~kotio`eo oe|ifoec Iodfok|ie# tkte~i h{`e gkohedi je`ieo |tzetk`i| yeo` gkg~ko`ez{bi mk~kotio`eo oe|ifoec |kh{gceb ok`eze di d{oie/

Piceyeb OMZI yeo` {t{b

deo |tejic emeo

gkohedi |yezet g{tcem tkz|kcko``ezeoye ~kgjeo`{oeo oe|ifoec {ot{m gkoykhebtkzemeo zemyet# |kmeci`{| tkzp{h{doye |tejicite| mepe|eo yeo` gko`itezi Iodfok|ie/

Iodfok|ie tidem emeo

gkgjiezmeo |ktie~ {|ebe yeo` emeo gko``eo``{ km|i|tko|i deo iotk`zite| OMZI/

OMZI yeo` jkzde|ezmeo ^eole|ice deo [[D

594; yeo` piceyeboye dezi \ejeo` |eg~ei Gkze{mk gkz{~emeo mk~{t{|eo aioec yeo` bez{| dihe`e deo di~kztebeomeo/

9

Mk~kotio`eo oe|ifoec yeo` jkz|iaet qitec gkoyeo`m{t ~kgjeo`{oeo oe|ifoec {ot{m gkp{h{dmeo mk|khebtkzeeo yeo` Jbiokme T{o``ec Ime# |khebtkze# edic deo gemg{z |kzte dkgfmzeti|/ Mfodi|i fjykmtia Iodfok|ie |kje`ei ok`eze dko`eo ~kod{d{m  tkzjk|ez

mkkg~et

di

d{oie

gkz{~emeo

teoteo`eo

gko`kgjeo`meo ~kztebeoeo Iodfok|ie mk dk~eo/

{ot{m  Dko`eo

~kod{d{m yeo` |{deb gkole~ei ckjib dezi :<> h{te hipe |kzte mezemtkzi|tim yeo` |eo`et ~c{zeci|tim deceg |{m{# e`ege# ze| deo eotez `fcfo`eo "\EZE) di~kzc{meo {~eye |{o``{b'|{o``{b {ot{m  gkgjeo`{o mfbk|i deceg imeteo ~kz|et{eo deo mk|et{eo jeo`|e/ Iodimetfz tkzp{h{doye mfbk|i oe|ifoec |kzte ~kz|et{eo deo mk|et{eo jeo`|e dit{oh{mmeo deceg mkbid{~eo |f|iec deo iotkzem|i eotez pez`e ge|yezemet yeo` bezgfoi|/ Mk~kotio`eo oe|ifoec yeo` jkz|iaet {tege ete{ ~kotio` edeceb mk~kotio`eo yeo` tkzmeit dko`eo ~kzdegeieo d{oie deo |tejicite| zk`ifoec/

Cio`m{o`eo |tzetk`i| Iodfok|ie edeceb `cfjec

deo zk`ifoec dko`eo |k`ece dioegimeoye/

Iodfok|ie h{`e tidem 

tkzck~e| dezi cig~ebeo cig~ebeo |kh{gceb mfoacim di d{oie/

Fckb mezkoe it{#

Iodfok|ie emeo tkte~ gko`egjic ~kzeo emtia jkz|ege'|ege dko`eo jeo`|e

ceio

gkp{h{dmeo

gkcec{i

{|ebe'{|ebe

~kzdegeieo

d{oie

~kzdegeieo ejedi deo mkediceo |f|iec/

5

yeo`

jkzgeztejet

jkzde|ezmeo

{ot{m 

mkgkzdkmeeo#

5

Dk~beo ZI# J{m{ ^{tib ^kzteoeoeo Iodfok|ie# :>>2# bec <9'45

5>

:/5/:/ Mfodi|i [g{g ^kztebeoeo Ok`eze

\khezeb ~kzheceoeo jeo`|e Iodfok|ie gkgj{mtimeo jebpe \i|tkg ^kztebeoeo Zemyet \kgk|te eg~{b deo de~et dieodecmeo {ot{m tkz{| di~kztebeomeo deo dimkgjeo`meo deceg gkohe`e mk{t{beo piceyeb ok`eze deo gkohegio mk|kcegeteo jeo`|e/ Deceg

gkoykcko``ezemeo

~kgjeo`{oeo

oe|ifoec#

~kgkzioteb ge|ib gkokg~etmeo e|~km mk|khebtkzeeo |kje`ei ~zifzite|/

Dezi ecfme|i E^JO |eg~ei dko`eo Teb{o Eo``ezeo

"TE) :>>0# ~kztebeoeo ok`eze jkc{g gkohedi ~zifzite| deceg ~kgjeo`{oeo oe|ifoec/

Deceg E^JO :>>2# :>>2# |kmtfz |kmtfz ~kztebeoeo

ok`eze ge|ib jkzede ~ede {z{teo ~zifzite| mk'kg~et di jepeb a{o`|i ~kceyeoeo {g{g# ~kodidimeo deo kmfofgi/ \e|ezeo ~fmfm  yeo` io`io dile~ei deceg {~eye gkoio`metmeo mkgeg~{eo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze ~ede TE/ :>>2 diezebmeo ~ede me~ejicite| ~kztebeoeo# ~koio`meteo h{gceb deo mfodi|i mk|ie~eo f~kze|ifoec ~kztebeoeo# gfdkzoi|e|i ec{t|i|te |kzte tkmofcf`i deo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deceg ok`kzi/

\eg~ei ~ede TE/ :>5> ioi ecfme|i

eo``ezeo ~kztebeoeo |kdimit oeim deo gkod{d{mi ti`e jk|ez# oeg{o ge|ib he{b dezi ecfme|i eo``ezeo {ot{m gkod{m{o` mkgeg~{eo mkm{eteo

~kztebeoeo

Afzlk|&GKA)/

ok`eze

gioig{g

"Gioig{g

K||kotiec

Bio``e |eet ioi# |kceio h{gceb ge{~{o meod{o`eo

tkmofcf`i ec{t|i|te ge|ib di jepeb |teodez ~koeo`meceo# h{`e m{ecite| \DG deo tio`met mk|khebtkzeeooye ge|ib zkodeb/

Di

|eg~io` it{# mkj{t{beo ~kgko{beo# ~kgkcibezeeo ge{~{o |{m{

55

ledeo` ec{t|i|te

ge|ib jkz`eot{o` ~ede ok`eze'ok`eze ceio/

Teoteo`eo ~kgjeo`{oeo oe|ifoec# |k~kzti di`egjezmeo di ete| jkzig~cime|i tkzbede~ ~kcem|eoeeo ~kgjeo`{oeo |kmtfz ~kztebeoeo ok`eze yeo` bio``e |kmezeo` jkc{g geg~{ gkole~ei mkm{eteo ~kztebeoeo gioig{g/

Mfodi|i tkz|kj{t jkzdeg~em tkzbede~

mkgeg~{eo deo ~zfak|ifoeci|gk TOI deceg gkcem|eoemeo a{o`|ioye |kje`ei mfg~fko {tege |i|~kztebeoeo ok`eze/ ^kz{jebeo gko`{etoye

`kf~fcitim

~kodkmeteo

`cfjec#

yeo`

{oicetkzeci|gk

diteodei

jkzdeg~em

dko`eo tkzbede~

jkzmkgjeo`oye dfmtzio ~kztebeoeo |kzeo`eo  ~zk'kg~tiqk# yeo` de~et gkokgj{| jete|'jete| y{zi|dim|i |{et{ ok`eze di c{ez mkpehezeo

b{m{g

iotkzoe|ifoec/

\kceio

it{#

gko`{etoye

mkgeg~{eo gicitkz ok`eze tkteo``e yeo` |kleze |i`oiaimeo gkckjibi mkgeg~{eo ~kztebeoeo mite tkceb gkckgebmeo ~f|i|i tepez deceg di~cfge|i iotkzoe|ifoec/

Teoteo`eo {tege yeo`

bez{| dibede~i Iodfok|ie ~ede ge|e yeo` emeo deteo` edeceb gkgjeo`{o mkm{eteo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze di ete| mkm{eteo ~kztebeoeo gioigec |kbio``e gkgicimi oicei kakm ~koeo`meceo di mepe|eo zk`ifoec ge{~{o iotkzoe|ifoec/ Teoteo`eo jkzim{toye deceg ~kgjeo`{oeo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze yeit{ t{ot{teo mkj{t{beo {ot{m gkgjeo`{o TOI yeo` ~zfak|ifoec |kbio``e gkohedi mkm{eteo oe|ifoec yeo` geg~{ gko`kgjeo a{o`|ioye di kze `cfjeci|e|i dko`eo bemimet eolegeo yeo` |kgemio mfg~ckm|/

[|ebe ~kztebeoeo {ot{m gkohe`e

5:

mkde{ceteo ok`eze deo mk{t{beo piceyeb OMZI |kzte gkohegio mk|kcegeteo jeo`|e dezi |ktie~ eolegeo emeo |eo`et jkzet dicem{meo teo~e did{m{o` did{m{o` fckb ec{t|i|te yeo` gfdkzo/ Fckb mezkoe it{# teoteo`eo deceg gkgjeo`{o TOI yeo` ~zfak|ifoec ~ede bemimetoye edeceb gkgjeo`{o mkgeg~{eo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze dko`eo gkoio`metmeo h{gceb deo mfodi|i ec{t|i|te TOI {ot{m  gkole~ei mkm{eteo ~fmfm gioig{g |k|{ei dko`eo mkgeh{eo tkmofcf`i/ Mfodi|i ziic TOI |eet ioi bez{| diem{i ge|ib jkzede di jepeb |teodez ~zfak|ifoeci|gk/ Mkm{eteo TOI dezi |k`i ec{t|i|te ge|ib di~kzbede~meo dko`eo mfodi|i mktkzjete|eo deo mkm{zeo`eo dezi |k`i h{gceb deo mktidem|ie~eo |kje`ei emijet ec{t|i|te yeo` ede |eet ioi {g{goye gkz{~emeo e|kt yeo` |{deb mktio``eceo tkmofcf`i# |kgkoteze ~zf|k| zk`kokze|i jkzheceo |eo`et cegjet/ Deceg zeo`me it{# gkgjeo`{o TOI yeo` ~zfak|ifoec j{meo |ehe mkj{t{beo TOI |kgete# tkte~i h{`e gkohedi mkj{t{beo |kc{z{b jeo`|e Iodfok|ie deceg gko`eo`met ~f|i|i tepez Iodfok|ie :

gko`bede~i mktetoye ~kz|eio`eo di kze `cfjeci|e|i/

:/5/
^kztebeoeo ok`eze ~ede bemimetoye gkz{~emeo |k`ece {~eye ~kztebeoeo yeo` jkz|iaet |kgk|te# yeo` ~koykcko``ezeeooye :

Ijid# bec/ 99'5>5

5<

dide|ezmeo ~ede mk|edezeo emeo bem deo mkpehijeo |kc{z{b pez`e ok`eze

|kzte

mkyemioeo

~ede

mkm{eteo

|kodizi

{ot{m 

gkg~kztebeomeo mkceo`|{o`eo bid{~ jeo`|e deo ok`eze Iodfok|ie yeo` gkzdkme deo jkzde{cet/

Mk|kgk|teeo gko`eod{o` gemoe

~kcijeteo |kc{z{b piceyeb ok`eze |kje`ei |et{ mk|et{eo ~kztebeoeo yeo` {t{b deo gkoykc{z{b/ [~eye ~kztebeoeo yeo` jkz|iaet |kgk|te edeceb gfdkc yeo` dimkgjeo`meo jkzde|ezmeo ~kztigjeo`eo |tzetk`i| j{meo mezkoe ece|eo mktidemgeg~{eo gfdkzo/

deceg gkgjeo`{o ~kztebeoeo yeo`

Gk|mi~{o Iodfok|ie tkceb gkole~ei tio`met mkgeh{eo

yeo` l{m{~ tio``i# gfdkc tkz|kj{t tkte~ dimkgjeo`meo dko`eo gkokg~etmeo pez`e ok`eze |kje`ei |{jykm ~kztebeoeo ok`eze |k|{ei dko`eo ~kzeooye ge|io`'ge|io`/ ge|io`'ge|io`/ \i|tkg ~kztebeoeo ok`eze ok`eze yeo` jkz|iaet |kgk|te jkzlizimeo mkzemyeteo# mk|kgk|teeo deo mkpiceyebeo/ Lizi mkzemyeteo gko`eod{o` gemoe jebpe fzikote|i ~kztebeoeo diejedimeo fckb deo {ot{m mk~kotio`eo |kc{z{b zemyet/ Lizi mk|kgk|teeo gko`eod{o` gemoe jebpe |kc{z{b |{gjkz deye oe|ifoec dideye`{oemeo je`i {~eye ~kztebeoeo/

Lizi mkpiceyebeo

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54

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^kodizieo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo tkceb dig{cei |khem teb{o 592< dko`eo dimkcfg~fmmeooye iod{|tzi oe|ifoec mk deceg |{et{ mkcfg~fm  yeo` dimkoec dko`eo Iod{|tzi \tzetk`i| deo Iod{|tzi Beomeg yeo` tkzdizi dezi 5> "|k~{c{b) "|k~{c{b) iod{|tzi/ Mzfofcf`i| ~kodizieo tkz|kj{t de~et di{zeimeo |kje`ei jkzim{t 8 :/ "|k~{c{b) "|k~{c{b) iod{|tzi |tzetk`i| deo Beomeg# {ot{m ~kgjioeeooye dijkot{m Dkpeo ^kgjioe Iod{|tzi \tzetk`i| "D^I\)/ Deceg Mk~~zk| tkz|kj{t# yeo` digem|{d iod{|tzi |tzetk`i| gkolem{~ ^T Mzemete{ \tkkc# ^T Iod{|tzi Tkckmfg{oime|i Iodfok|ie "IOTI)# ^T O{zteoif# ^T ^EC Iodfok|ie# ^T Iodfok|ie Mkzkte E~i "IOME)# ^T/ ^ioded# ^kz{g Debeoe deo [oit ^zfd{m|i "[^) Ckgje`e Kckmtzftkmoime CI^I/ \kceoh{toye dko`eo Mk~~zk| Of/ 44 teb{o 5929# dijkot{m Jedeo ^ko`kcfce Iod{|tzi \tzetk`i| "J^I\)/ Gkcec{i Mk~~zk| ioi ~{ce  h{gceb iod{|tzi |tzetk`i| jkzmkgjeo` gkohedi 5> iod{|tzi# yeit{ tegjeb ^T Jfge Ji|ge Iodze "JJI) deo ^T Jezete Iodfok|ie# |kdeo`meo ^T O{zteoif gkohedi ^T Iod{|tzi ^k|epet Tkzjeo` O{|eoteze deo [^ Ckgje`e Kckmtzftkmoime CI^I gkohedi [^ Ckgje`e Kckmtzfoime Oe|ifoec "CKO) CI^I/ :/
:4

"^kzkoleoeeo#

Kmfofgi

deo

Mk{eo`eo#

Tkmofcf`i

|kzte

Edgioi|tze|i)/ Gkcec{i Mk~~zk| Of/ ;1 teb{o 5929# J^I\ ioi dimkt{ei ceo`|{o` fckb ^zk|idko# |kdeo`meo Gkozi|tkm&Mkt{e J^^T gkohedi Pemic Mkt{e/

Gkozi|tkm&Mkt{e J^^T yeo` h{`e

gkohedi Mkt{e J^I\# |eet dihejet fckb ^zfa/ Dz/ J/H/ Bejijik tkceb gkcktemmeo |{et{ mfo|k~ ~kgjeo`{oeo iod{|tzi di Iodfok|ie gkcec{i tzeo|afzge|i tkmofcf`i deceg 4 tebe~ e/

Tebe~ ~kztege# yeit{ tebe~  ~ko`ecibeo |kc{z{b tkmofcf`i

yeo` tkceb ede di d{oie {ot{m |kg{e ~zf|k| oicei tegjeb deceg zeo`me ~zfd{m|i jezeo`'jezeo` yeo` tkceb ede/ j/

Tebe~ mkd{e # yeit{ tebe~ iotk`ze|i |kc{z{b tkmofcf`i yeo`

tkceb ede mk deceg dk|eio deo ~zfd{m|i jezeo` yeo` jez{ |ege |kmeci deo jkc{g ede di ~e|ezeo/ l/

Tebe~ mkti`e# yeit{ tebe~  ~ko`kgjeo`eo tkmofcf`i it{

|kodizi# digeoe |kc{z{b tkmofcf`i yeo` tkceb ede ete{ jez{# dimkgjeo`meo ckjib ceoh{t/ \kg{e it{ dicem{meo deceg zeo`me gkzeoleo` ~zfd{m~zfd{m ge|e dk~eo/ d/

Tebe~ mkkg~et # yeit{ tebe~  ~kcem|eoeeo ~kokcitieo de|ez

|kleze jk|ez'jk|ezeo deo be|ic dezi ~kokcitieo de|ez yeo` dicem{meo fckb ok`eze geh{ de~et digeoaeetmeo fckb ok`eze jkzmkgjeo` gkcec{i ~kzheohieo'~kzheohieo mkzhe|ege di jideo` icg{ ~ko`kteb{eo deo tkmofcf`i "\{dezyeotf# 599< 8 <;'<1 |k~kzti yeo` dim{ti~ Jecitjeo` Dk~beo# :>>2)/

:;

:/ Jedeo [|ebe Gicim  Ok`eze Iod{|tzi \tzetk`i| "J[GOI\)# yeo` ge|io`'ge|io` gkgicimi mkgeg~{eo ~zfd{m|i |kje`ei ~{|et {o``{ceo |kje`ei jkzim{t 8 e/

^T I^TO |kje`ei ~{|et mk{o``{ceo iod{|tzi diz`eoteze gkg~zfd{m|i ~k|epet tkzjeo` jkzje`ei ti~k ~k|epet |eye~ tkte~ deo bkcimf~tkz# gkcem|eoemeo ~zf`zeg faa|kt  deo |{j' lfotzelt  dko`eo

~kz{|ebeeo'~kz{|ebeeo

c{ez

ok`kzi#

gkg~zfd{m|i |i|tkg |kohete "tfz~kdf deo zfmkt) |kzte ~kceyeoeo he|e ~{zoe h{ec {ot{m ~k|epet# gk|io'gk|io ~k|epet deo gk|io'gk|io iod{|tzi/ j/

^T ^ioded |kje`ei ~{|et mk{o``{ceo iod{|tzi ~kz|koheteeo deo ~zfd{m tkg~e# `kokzetfz ci|tzim# qel{{g lizl{it  jzkemkz #

gk|io

~kzmeme|

|kzte

mfg~foko

|ezeoe

tzeo|~fzte|i/ l/

^T ^EC |kje`ei ~{|et mk{o``{ceo iod{|tzi tkzmeit dko`eo mkj{t{beo

~kgkcibezeeo

me~ec

mfgjeteo

TOI

EC#

gkg~zfd{m|i ~kzeceteo ko`iokkzio`/ d/

^kz{g Debeoe |kje`ei ~{|et mk{o``{ceo iod{|tzi jebeo ~kckdem deo ~zf~kceo/

:1

k/

^T Mzemete{ \tkkc |kje`ei ~{|et mk{o``{ceo iod{|tzi jk|i jehe dko`eo geleg ~zfd{m|ioye jk|i |~fo|# |cej jehe# jicckt deo mepet jehe/

a/

^T IOME |kje`ei ~{|et mk{o``{ceo mkzkte e~i dko`eo ~zfd{m eodeceo mkzkte ~ko{g~eo`# `kzjfo` jezeo` deo MZC |kzte MZD/

`/

^T IOTI |kje`ei ~{|et mk{o``{ceo tkcmfg deo ioafzge|i# gkg~{oyei ~zfd{m|i eodeceo |kotzec tkck~fo di`itec# ~zfd{m  |pitlbio` deo tkzgioec ~k|epet tkck~fo kckmtzfoim# ~k|epet tkck~fo {g{g deo ~kzeo`met tzeo|gi|i/

b/

[^#

CKO

CI^I

|kje`ei

~{|et

mk{o``{ceo

iod{|tzi

kckmtzfoime deo mfg~foko dko`eo ~zfd{m eodeceo TQ deo zedif# |te|i{o j{gi mklic# ~kz|ioyeceo ME# tkzgioec tkck~fo# tkckr deo |pitlbio`/ i/

^T Jezete Iodfok|ie |kje`ei ~{|et mk{o``{ceo iod{|tzi ~ko`klfzeo# ecet jkzet deo ~kzeceteo iod{|tzi dko`eo ~zfd{m  eodeceo geo{aemt{z ecet jkzet# ~kmkzheeo mfo|tz{m|i# ~kzgk|ioeo# ~ko`klfzeo jk|i deo jehe |kzte he|e ~kge|ezeo deo zeoleo` jeo`{o/

 h/

^T JJI |kje`ei ~{|et mk{o``{ceo iod{|tzi gftfz "dik|kc) deo ~kzeceteo iod{|tzi dko`eo ~zfd{m eodeceo gftfz dik|kc# mfo|tz{m|i ~kcet# gk|io deo ~kzeceteo ~ejzim |kzte ~kzeceteo ~kzteoieo&jezeo` tkg~e deo zkmeye|e ~ejzim/

:0

:/
g{ol{coye mzi|i|

kmfofgi yeo`

gkceode

Iodfok|ie# jedeo {|ebe yeo` tkz`ej{o` deceg iod{|tzi |tzetk`i| deo Beomeg

tkzmkoe

deg~emoye/

Jk`it{

~{ce

~ko`kcfceeooye

gko`ecegi ~kz{jebeo# yeit{ ~ede teb{o 5999 J^I\ jkz{jeb gkohedi ^T ^zemezye Iod{|tzi "^kz|kzf) deo jkz{jeb ce`i gkohedi ^T Jebeoe ^zemezye Iod{|tzi \tzetk`i| "^kz|kzf)/ \kheceo dko`eo kze zkafzge|i ~ede teb{o :>>: ^T Jebeoe ^zemezye Iod{|tzi \tzetk`i| "^kz|kzf) dij{jezmeo# deo |khem |eet it{ iod{|tzi'iod{|tzi tkz|kj{t jkzecib |tet{| |kje`ei ^T "^kz|kzf) di jepeb ~kgjioeeo Mkgkotkzieo Jedeo [|ebe Gicim Ok`eze "J[GO)/ :/4/

^kgjeo`{oeo

Iod{|tzi

^kztebeoeo

deo

Meiteooye

dko`eo

Mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te :/4/5/ ^kgjeo`{oeo Iod{|tzi ^kztebeoeo Gko{h{ Mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te/

1

Iodfok|ie |kcege ioi gkgicimi mktkz`eot{o`eo yeo` l{m{~ tio``i tkzbede~ c{ez ok`kzi di jideo` tkmofcf`i ~kztebeoeo |kbio``e |eo`et |{cit {ot{m de~et gkoy{|{o zkoleoe ~kgjeo`{oeo ~kztebeoeo

heo`me

~eoheo`

yeo`

gkgicimi

mk~e|tieo/

Mktkz`eot{o`eo tkzbede~ ~zfd{m c{ez ok`kzi |eo`et zkoteo tkzbede~ aemtfz ~fcitim# |k~kzti zk|tzim|i deo kgjez`f/

^kzge|ecebeo ceio

yeo` g{ol{c dezi mktidemgeodizieo ~ko`edeeo Ec{t|i|te edeceb gkckgeboye mk|ie~eo deo mkgeg~{eo ~koeo`meceo yeo` digicimi 1

J{m{ ^{tib ^kztebeoeo Iodfok|ie :>>2 bec/ 5;1'5;9

:2

fckb jeo`|e jeo`|e Iodfok|ie/

\kleze ~fcitim# mfodi|i tkz|kj{t emeo

gko`emijetmeo Iodfok|ie zkoteo tkzbede~ tkmeoeo ~fcitim ok`eze ceio# yeo` de~et jkzemijet ~ede mkg{o`mioeo tkzmkoe kgjez`f ete{ ~kgjete|eo'~kgjete|eo

tkzbede~

~kzeceteo

tkztkot{

yeo`

gko`begjet ~kgjeo`{oeo deo ~kgkcibezeeo Ec{t|i|te/ Mkgeodizieo ~ko`kgjeo`eo deo ~ko`edeeo Ec{t|i|te |kleze g{tcem g{tcem di|edezi di|edezi tidem g{o`mio dicem|eoemeo/ Jebmeo tidem  ede

ok`eze

di

d{oie

yeo`

5>>

~kz|ko

jkz|eodez

~ede

mkgeg~{eooye |kodizi# |kcec{ ede mktkz`eot{o`eo dezi ok`eze ceio/ Oeg{o edeoye iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo |tzetk`i| {ot{m mk~kotio`eo ~kztebeoeo oe|ifoec tidem jkzezti jebpe Iodfok|ie egjic je`ieo deceg

~kzcfgjeeo

~kz|koheteeo#

tkte~i

{ot{m

gkole~ei

mkgeodizieo deceg ~ko`edeeo Ec{t|i|te oe|ifoec dkgi mk~kotio`eo ~koykcko``ezeeo deceg zeo`me gkohe`e mk{t{beo piceyeb deo iotk`zite| Iodfok|ie/ ^kgjeo`{oeo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo oe|ifoec gkz{~emeo bec qitec deceg {~eye ~kgko{beo mkj{t{beo Ec{t|i|te yeo` geg~{ dif~kze|ifoecmeo ~kztebeoeo/

|kleze

gem|igec

deceg

~koykcko``ezeeo

Mkj{t{beo Ec{t|i|te yeo` jkz`eot{o` dezi ~zfd{m|i

c{ez ok`kzi emeo gkoigj{cmeo ~kzge|ecebeo deo gkg~ko`ez{bi mkgeg~{eo deo mk|ie~eo TOI deceg gkoheceomeo t{`e|'t{`e| f~kze|ifoec di ge|e yeo` deteo`/ [ot{m mkedeeo ioi# |eo`et di~kzc{meo ~kgjkzdeyeeo iod{|tzi oe|ifoec {ot{m ~ko`kgjeo`eo deo ~koykdie Ec{t|i|te

:9

oe|ifoec/

Oeg{o ~kzp{h{deo |{et{ iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo yeo`

|k|{o``{boye tidem de~et dicem|eoemeo fckb |kmtfz ~kztebeoeo |kleze |k~ibem# teo~e mktkzcijeteo |kmtfz'|kmtfz yeo` ceio/ ^kgjkzdeyeeo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo {ot{m ~kgjeo`{oeo ~kztebeoeo gkgkzc{meo mkzhe|ege dieoteze ti`e ~icez iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo yeit{ Jedeo ^kokcitieo deo ^ko`kgjeo`eo |kzte ^kz`{z{eo Tio``i# Iod{|tzi deo ~ibem Mkgbeo&TOI# dko`eo dijkotko`i fckb mkjihemeo oe|ifoec yeo` hkce| {ot{m gko``{oemeo ~zfd{m'~zfd{m be|ic dezi ~{tze'~{tze tkzjeim jeo`|e/ \khe{b ioi iod{|tzi |tzetk`i| tkz|kj{t tkceb gkcebizmeo jkzje`ei

~zfd{m

ec{t|i|te

je`i

~kgjeo`{oeo

mkgeg~{eo

~kztebeoeo/ ^T/ ^IODED tkceb gkg~zfd{m|i |kohete zio`eo# |kohete jkzet# eg{oi|i mecijkz mklic# eg{oi|i mecijkz jk|ez# eg{oi|i mb{|{| jebmeo geg~{ gkg~zfd{m|i mkodezeeo tkg~{z/ ^T/ ^EC Iodfok|ie tkceb geg~{ gkg~zfd{m|i me~ec'me~ec hkoi| mfzqkt# me~ec ~etzfci# `eceo`eo ~kodezeteo# teomkz |kzte dfm ~kgkcibezeeo me~ec ~kzeo`/ ~kzeo`/

^T/ DI tkceb gkg~zfd{m|i gkg~zfd{m|i ~k|epet tzeo|~fz |eye~

tkte~# bkcimf~tkz# ~k|epet ~etzfci gezitig# ~k|epet ~ko`iotei# |ig{cetfz ~k|epet |kzte ~kgkcibezeeo deo ~kzjeimeo ~k|epet/ ^T/ CKO tkceb gkg~zfd{m|i |i|tkg mkodeci ~kzeceteo gicitkz# |i|tkg dktkm|i# zedez deo |foez |kzte jkzje`ei ~kzeceteo mfg{oime|i gicitkz/ Dkgimieo ~{ce#

^T/ DEBEOE tkceb gkg~zfd{m|i

jkzje`ei hkoi| jebeo ~kckdem/

<>

Mi~zeb iod{|tzi'iod{|tzi |tzetk`i| digem|{d gko`ecegi ~e|eo` |{z{t |kbio``e ~kzc{ ~kgjkoebeo |kleze mfg~zkbko|ia  gkoyeo`m{t mkjihemeo# mkjihemeo# mkgeg~{eo |{gjkz deye |kzte d{m{o`eo d{m{o`eo eo``ezeo yeo` gkgedei/

^kgjkoebeo di jkzje`ei jideo`

dibeze~meo emeo gkoio`metmeo mkgeg~{eo deye |eio` m{ecite| ~zfd{m yeo` dibe|icmeo |kzte gkodfzfo` ~kgko{beo mkj{t{beo Ec{t|i|te deceg ok`kzi |kbio``e tkzli~te mkgeodizieo deceg ~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo/ \eceb |et{ lizi mkgeodizieo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo edeceb edeoye ~fce b{j{o`eo mkzhe|ege iod{|tzi yeo` mfmfb deo m{et |kzte did{m{o` fckb hezio`eo mkgitzeeo yeo` c{e|/

\i|tkg

~ko`kcfg~fmeo iod{|tzi yeo` |ecio` jkzmeiteo |kleze iotko|ia deo |kizege# jeim |kje`ei iod{|tzi qkztimec ge{~{o bfzixfotec# |eo`et di~kzc{meo {ot{m gko{gj{bmeo deo tkte~ gkohe`e mkgeg~{eo jkzmfg~kti|i dko`eo iod{|tzi ceiooye/ 0

:/4/:/ Gkp{h{dmeo Iod{|tzi ^kztebeoeo Deceg Ok`kzi

[~eye ~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo gkz{~emeo je`ieo dezi ~koykcko``ezeeo ~kztebeoeo |kleze {t{b |kzte h{`e je`ieo dezi ~kgjeo`{oeo oe|ifoec |kleze gkoykc{z{b/ Mfo|k~ ~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo gkcijetmeo ~ibem ~ko``{oe "Mkgbeo deo TOI)# ~ibem yeo` gkg~zfd{m|i# ~kzeoleo`# ~ko`{hi# ~kokciti yeo` mfg~ktko# |kzte ~kzkoleoe yeo` tk~et deceg mkzeo`me

0

Ijid# bec 5;9„51>

<5

mfo|k~ Ti`e ^icez ^kcem{ Iod{|tzi ^kztebeoeo/ Mfo|k~ Ti`e ^icez ^kcem{ Iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo gkged{meo ~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo# yemoi eoteze ~kz`{z{eo tio``i deo mfg{oite| citjeo` yeo` gkgicimi mkgeg~{eo {ot{m gkcem{meo ~ko`mehieo deo ~ko`kgjeo`eo

i~tkm

~kztebeoeo#

iod{|tzi

|tzetk`i|

yeo`

gkodeye`{oemeo I~tkm# |kzte Mkgbeo deo TOI |kje`ei ~ko``{oe/ Mkgbeo deo TOI |kcem{ ~ko``{oe tidem beoye gkokzige deo gko``{oemeo be|ic ~zfd{m|i dezi iod{|tzi |tzetk`i|# tkte~i h{`e tkzcijet

deceg

~ko`kgjeo`eo

dk|eio

|eg~ei

gko`be|icmeo

~zftfti~k gko{z{t mkj{t{beo/ Mktkzcijeteo ~ko``{oe deceg bec ioi dikgjeo fckb jedeo'jedeo Citjeo` yeo` digicimi Mkgbeo deo TOI {ot{m gkokciti deo gko`kgjeo`meo Ec{t|i|te deo |ezeoe ~ze|ezeoe yeo` tk~et gko{z{t mkj{t{beo ~kztebeoeo/ ^kzeo Citjeo` |kje`ei  hkgjeteo eoteze ~ko``{oe deo Iod{|tzi |eo`et ~kotio` deceg gkp{h{dmeo mkgeodizieo iod{|tzi jideo` ~kztebeoeo/ Mkgbeo

jkztkmed

{ot{m

gko`kgjeo`meo

iod{|tzi

~kztebeoeo di jideo` deye `kzem# deye tkg~{z# ^kod{m{o` M4I"Mfgeodf# Mkodeci# Mfg{oime|i# Mfg~{tkz# deo Ioafzge|i) deo Jkmec/ Bec ioi tkzt{eo` deceg mkjihemeo ~kgjeo`{oeo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo |kje`ei de|ez b{m{g je`i ~kzp{h{deo mkgeodizieo ~kztebeoeo/ ^ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo ioi tidem jkzezti {~eye

~ko`kgjeo`eo

mkm{eteo

~kz|koheteeo

deceg

zeo`me

~kzcfgjeeo ~kz|koheteeo tkte~i {ot{m ckjib gkgjkzdeyemeo deo

<:

gko``ietmeo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deceg ~ko`edeeo |kohete |kleze geodizi/

:/4/
2

\kje`ei ~kohejezeo dezi {~eye ~ko`kgjeo`eo digem|{d# tkceb dihehemi jkjkze~e mkzhe |ege dko`eo jkzje`ei ~ibem# jeim di deceg ge{~{o c{ez ok`kzi/ Dko`eo c{ez ok`kzi# gi|ecoye dko`eo Hkzgeo |kdeo`meo jkjkze~e ok`eze ceio h{`e |{deb gkoyeg~eimeo mkio`ioeooye

{ot{m

gkgjeot{

Iodfok|ie/

Mkzhe

|ege

~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo dko`eo ~ibem c{ez ok`kzi emeo dicem|eoemeo deceg jideo` zi|kt deo ~ko`kgjeo`eo tkmofcf`i ~ko`eyeeo |{gjkz'|{gjkz kokz`i# jebeo gktec deo |kgi mfod{mtfz |kzte ~zf~kceo ge{~{o ~koio`meteo m{ecite| |{gjkz deye geo{|ie/ ^kgjebe|eo mkzhe |ege ioi diim{ti h{`e fckb iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deo jkjkze~e {oiqkz|ite| yeo` ckjib jeoyem dii|i fckb di|m{|i mkzhe |ege di jideo` zi|kt deo tkmofcf`i |kzte m{oh{o`eo mk cejfzetfzi{g deo ae|icite| iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo# mkg{o`mioeo ~kgjkzieo jke |i|pe ~kodidimeo yeo` di~zifzite|meo ~ede ~ko`kgjeo`eo |{gjkz kokz`i# |k~kzti jebeo ~kckdem yeo` zi|ktoye dizkoleoemeo g{cei dicem|eoemeo ~ede :>>2/ [ot{m ~ko`kgjeo`eo |{gjkz deye geo{|ie emeo diedemeo h{`e ~zf`zeg ge`eo`/ Gkzkme emeo dimizig mk jkjkze~e ae|icite| ~kgkzioteb e|io` deceg jideo` ~ko`eyeeo kokz`i deo Citjeo` |kgi mfod{mtfz/ 2

Ijid# bec 515'51:

<<

Mkzhe |ege dko`eo ~ibem di deceg ok`kzi h{`e tkz{| dimkgjeo`meo/ Mkzhe |ege dko`eo ~ibem deceg ok`kzi# |kceio {ot{m mk~kotio`eo ~kztebeoeo# h{`e |kje`ei jkot{m mfotzij{|i ~kztebeoeo deceg gko``eizebmeo mkgeg~{eo deceg ok`kzi# yemoi dezi |k`i ~ko`kgjeo`eo |eio| deo tkmofcf`i deceg ok`kzi# ~kzkmfofgieo# ~kzde`eo`eo# deo mktkoe`emkzheeo/ Deceg zeo`me ~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo# Mkgbeo emeo gkoy{|{o mkjihemeo ~kgjioeeo tkmofcf`i deo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo {ot{m gkgko{bi mkj{t{beo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze/ [ot{m  gkp{h{dmeo |e|ezeo tkz|kj{t# Mkgbeo emeo gkcijetmeo ~ibem di deceg ok`kzi# gkci~{ti ~kz`{z{eo tio``i# |kmtfz |pe|te# ge{~{o dko`eo J[GOI^# J^^T# TOI# ete{ ckgje`e ceio yeo` gkgicimi mkgeg~{eo deceg jideo` |eio| deo tkmofcf`i/

:/;/

Mkzeo`me ^kgimizeo

Jkzde|ezmeo cetez jkcemeo` deo ~kzge|ecebeo di ete| tkzmeit |tzetk`i ~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deceg zeo`me gkod{m{o` mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te# dko`eo gko``eci jkzje`ei ioafzge|i dezi |kh{gceb |temkbfcdkz| yeo` gkci~{ti

aemtfz'aemtfz ~koykjej tidem f~tigecoye

iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deceg gkod{m{o` mkj{t{beo Ec{t|i|te TOI |kcege ioi e`ez de~et diz{g{|meo |tzetk`i yeo` tk~et di ge|e gkodeteo` je`i f~tigeci|e|i ~kzeo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deceg gkod{m{o` mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te tkz|kj{t/ Aemtfz'aemtfz

yeo`

die|{g|imeo

gkohedi

~koykjej

m{zeo`

f~tigecoye ~kzeo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo |kcege ioi gkci~{ti aemtfz iotkzoec deo km|tkzoec |kbio``e tkz~ktemeo mkm{eteo deo mkckgebeo# ~kc{eo` deo

<4

mkodece# |kbio``e de~et diegjic |tzetk`i deo {~eye yeo` ~ecio` g{o`mio dicem{meo je`i f~tigeci|e|i ~kzeo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo tkz|kj{t/ :/1/

Io|tz{gko ^kokcitieo

Io|tz{gko yeo` di`{oemeo ~ede ~kokcitieo ioi edeceb pepeoleze "iotkzqikp) gkodeceg mk~ede |kh{gceb |temkbfcdkz| di cio`m{o`eo Mkgbeo deo TOI/

Jkjkze~e ~fio ~kotio` "|{j|teo|i) ~kzteoyeeo yeo`

emeo dieh{meo eoteze ceio ~ftko|i# mkgeg~{eo deo mk|ie~eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo |eet ioi# mkodece'mkodece e~e |kcege ioi yeo` |kzio` gko`begjet ~kzeo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deceg gkod{m{o` mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te

tkz|kj{t#

|kzte

~kc{eo`

deo

mkodece

yeo`

g{o`mio

gkg~ko`ez{bi ~kzeo tkz|kj{t/ Di|eg~io` gko``{oemeo dete ~zigkz gkcec{i pepeoleze# ~kokcitieo ioi  h{`e did{m{o` dete'dete |km{odkz mfodi|i# ~ftko|i# mkgeg~{eo deo mk|ie~eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo tkz|kj{t dezi jkzje`ei dfm{gko# be|ic'be|ic ~kokcitieo yeo` ~kzoeb dicem{meo fckb jkzje`ei ~ibem# mb{|{|oye Mkgbeo deo TOI/ :/0/

Gkokot{meo \eg~kc "Zk|~fodko)

Tkmoim |eg~cio` yeo` di`{oemeo ~ede ~kokcitieo ioi edeceb  ~{z~f||iqk zeodfg |eg~cio` dezi ~f~{ce|i |temkbfcdkz| di cio`m{o`eo

Mkgbeo deo TOI |kleze |kckmtia/

Tkmoim |eg~cio` diete| di~icib

dide|ezmeo ~ede e|{g|i jebpe zk|~fodko yeo` tkz~icib gkzkme'gkzkme yeo` gko`kteb{i dko`eo jeim ~kzge|ecebeo ~kokcitieo deo h{`e deceg me~e|ite|oye |kje`ei ~kokot{ deceg ~zf|k| ~ko`egjiceo mkjihemeo tkzmeit ~kgjioeeo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deo mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te TOI/ Gko`io`et mktkzjete|eo ~ede ~ko{ci|# ~kz|yezeteo h{gceb |eg~kc tidem gkohedi ~zifzite| {tege teo~e gko`ejeimeo mktkzpemiceo dete/

<;

Eztioye jebpe zk|~fodko tkz~icib oeotioye diyemioi de~et gkgjkzimeo ioafzge|i&dete yeo` de~et gkohedi mk|ig~{ceo {g{g "`kokzeci|e|i)/ :/2/

Eoeci|i| \PFT \kgkoteze it{ Eoeci|i| \PFT "\tzko`tb# Pkemok||# F~~fzt{oitik|

eod Tbzket) Eoecy|i| edeceb eoeci|i| yeo` dicem{meo {ot{m de~et

gkcem{meo idkotiaime|i tkzbede~ mkm{eteo# mkckgebeo yeo` di|kjejmeo fckb ~ko`ez{b iotkzoec# ~kc{eo` deo eolegeo yeo` jkze|ec dezi cio`m{o`eo km|tkzoec/ deo

Geoaeet eoeci|i| ioi |kje`ei jebeo el{eo {ot{m gkg~kzm{et

gkgeoaeetmeo

~kc{eo`

|kzte

gkgioigecmeo

mkckgebeo

deo

9

gkoktzecmeo eolegeo/ Eoeci|i| ioi gkolezi ge|io`'ge|io` mkm{eteo deo mkckgebeo {ot{m di|iceo`meo dko`eo ~kc{eo` deo eolegeo deceg zeo`me ~koio`meteo ~kzeo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deceg gkod{m{o` mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te TOI# mkg{dieo be|icoye diezebmeo gkohedi |tzetk`i ~kztebeoeo yeo` dibeze~meo/ dibeze~meo/ Be|ic \PFT di|ehimeo deceg je`eo jkzim{t 8 ^kc{eo` "F~~fzt{oitik|)

@{oemeo ~kc{eo` {ot{m  gkoeo``{ceo`i Mkckgebeo "Mfo|fcide|i )

II

@{oemeo mkm{eteo {ot{m   Gkzeib ~kc{eo` yeo` ede "Km|~eo|i)

I

IQ

I

Mkckgebeo "Pkemok||k|)

Mkm{eteo "\tzko`tb|)  Jkztebeo

@{oemeo mkm{eteo {ot{m   Gko`bede~i eolegeo yeo` ede "Diqkz|iaime|i)

III II

Eolegeo "Tbzket|) @egjez :/5/ 9

M{edzeo \PFT

\ie`ieo# \fodeo` ^/ :>>2#  Geoehkgko \tzetkhim# Kdi|i mk'2# J{gi Em|eze# Hemezte bec/ ;1

<1

JEJ III GKTFDFCF@I ^KOKCITIEO

Gktfdfcf`i ~kokcitieo gkz{~emeo |{et{ ~zf|k| digeoe zeo`meieo ceo`meb'ceo`meb dicem{meo |kleze tkzkoleoe deo |i|tkgeti| `{oe gko`kteb{i ~kzge|ecebeo |k|{o``{boye |k|{o``{boye |kje`ei ~ftzkt dete epec |kceoh{toye di eoeci|e {ot{m  gkode~etmeo ~kgklebeo dezi ge|eceb yeo` ditkciti gko`be|icmeo |{et{ mfodi|i yeo` dibeze~meo de~et tkzle~ei/ tkzle~ei/ Ceo`meb'ceo`meb yeo` dicem{meo dicem{meo bez{| jeim deo |ecio` gkod{m{o` |et{ |ege ceiooye# e`ez ~kokcitieo gkg~{oyei |{et{ oicei ckjib deo jfjft yeo` gkgedei |kzte gkgjkzimeo |{et{ mk|ig~{ceo {ot{m gkoeo`eoi deo gkohepej ge|eceb yeo` ditkciti/


^kz|ie~eo ^kokcitieo

^kz|ie~eo ~kokcitieo dicem{meo dko`eo gkolezi cetez jkcemeo` ge|eceb yeo` emeo ditkciti cec{ gko`idkotiaime|i ge|eceb tkz|kj{t deo gkokte~meo t{h{eo# ~kgjete|eo deo ~kz{g{|eo ge|eceb/
~kokcitieo

ioi

~kokciti

gkcem{meo

~kokte~eo

tf~im 

~kzge|ecebeo yeit{ dko`eo gkolezi cetez jkcemeo` ge|eceb ~kzeo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deceg gkod{m{o` mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te TOI/ Tf~im ge|eceb yeo` emeo ditkciti ~kzc{ ditkot{meo tkzckjib deb{c{ e`ez ~kokciti de~et gko`kteb{i cetez jkcemeo` dezi ge|eceb yeo` emeo ditkciti deo ~kokcitieo de~et dicem{meo ckjib tkzezeb/

<0



~ko`kgjeo`eo

~kzeo

iod{|tzi

~kztebeoeo

deceg

gkod{m{o` mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te TOI ^kgjete|eo ge|eceb Dko`eo edeoye ~kgjete|eo ge|eceb ioi dibeze~meo |ktie~ tebe~ ~kokcitieo yeo` dicem{meo fckb ~kokciti gkgicimi jete|eo deo ezeb yeo` hkce|/ Deceg ~kokcitieo ioi ~kokciti gkgjete|i gkgjete|i ge|eceb ge|eceb ~kzeo

iod{|tzi

~kztebeoeo

deceg

gkod{m{o`

mkgeodizieo

Ec{t|i|te TOI deo je`eigeoe |tzetk`i yeo` g{o`mio de~et dicem{meo ~ede ge|e gkodeteo`/


\t{di ^kodeb{c{eo

Deceg |t{di ~kodeb{c{eo ioi ~kokciti gkcem{meo |t{di ~{|teme deo |t{di ce~eo`eo |kzte gkcem{meo ~kgicibeo |eg~kc deo gkolezi ioafzge|i

<2

tkoteo` \tzetk`i ^ko`kgjeo`eo Iod{|tzi ^kztebeoeo Deceg Zeo`me Gkod{m{o` Mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te/
deceg

gkod{m{o`

mkgeodizieo

Ec{t|i|te

TOI/

Z{g{|eo'z{g{|eo deo mfo|k~'mfo|k~ tkfziti| dezi jkzje`ei citkzet{z di~kcehezi e`ez di~kzfckb ceode|eo tkfzi yeo` jeim deo tk~et {ot{m de~et di`{oemeo deceg gko`kgjeo`meo mfo|k~ ~kokcitieo/

Ceode|eo

tkfzi

ioi

gkg{debmeo

{ot{m 

gko`idkotiaime|i aemtfz'aemtfz yeo` gkg~ko`ez{bi ~kzeo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deceg gkod{m{o` mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te TOI/


Dezi |t{di ce~eo`eo ioi de~et di~kzfckb

`egjezeo yeo` hkce| dezi ~f~{ce|i ~kokcitieo ioi deo jkzje`ei ioafzge|i yeo` tkzmeit deceg gkod{m{o` ~kokcitieo/
^ko`{g~{ceo Dete

Ceo`meb |kceoh{toye edeceb ~ko`{g~{ceo dete# oeg{o |kjkc{g ~ko`{g~{ceo dete dicem{meo ~kokciti tkzckjib deb{c{ bez{| gko`kteb{i dete'dete e~e |ehe yeo` di~kzc{meo deo je`eigeoe dete tkz|kj{t di~kzfckb/ Deceg ~kokcitieo ioi ~kokciti tkzckjib deb{c{ gkokot{meo aemtfz yeo`

<9

gkg~ko`ez{bi ~kzeo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deceg gkod{m{o` mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te TOI# cec{ gkoy{|{o deatez ~kzteoyeeo mk~ede zk|~fodko "~eze |temkbfcdkz|


di cio`m{o`eo Mkgbeo deo TOI)/

^ko`fcebeo deo Eoeci|i| Dete

^kokcitieo ioi gko``{oemeo gktfdk ~kokcitieo dk|mzi~tia'eoeciti| dko`eo gkge~ezmeo aemte'aemte yeo` ditkg{meo dezi ce~eo`eo deo dezi |{gjkz yeo` dibede~meeo ~ede ~kzge|ecebeo ~kokcitieo deo jkz{~eye gko`{zei aemtfz'aemtfz yeo` zkckqeo dko`eo |{j|teo|i ~kokcitieo |kzte gkz{g{|meo |tzetk`i yeo` de~et dicem{meo/

Gktfdk dk|mzi~tia edeceb

gktfdk ~kokcitieo {ot{m gkokciti |tet{| |kmkcfg~fm geo{|ie# |{et{ fjykm# |{et{ |kt mfodi|i# |{et{ |i|tkg ~kgimizeo ete{ |{et{ mkce| ~kzi|tipe ~ede ge|e |kmezeo`/

T{h{eo ~kokcitieo dk|mzi~tia ioi edeceb gkgj{et

dk|mzi~|i# `egjezeo ete{ c{mi|eo |kleze |i|tkgeti|# aemt{ec deo em{zet gko`koei aemte'aemte# |iaet'|iaet |kzte b{j{o`eo eotez akofgkoe yeo` di|kcidimi dko`eo leze gko`{g~{cmeo dete'dete yeo` di~kzfckb mkg{dieo 5>

dieoeci|i| dko`eo gko``{oemeo ~kodkmeteo m{ecitetia/ 55

Gko{z{t Pbitoky

gktfdk dk|mzi~tia edeceb ~kolezieo aemte

dko`eo iotkz~zkte|i yeo` tk~et/

^kokcitieo dk|mzi~tia gkg~kcehezi

ge|eceb'ge|eceb deceg ge|yezemet |kzte tete leze yeo` jkzcem{ deceg ge|yezemet |kzte |it{e|i'|it{e|i tkztkot{ tkzge|{m tkoteo` b{j{o`eo mk`ieteo'mk`ieteo# |ime~'|ime~# ~eodeo`eo'~eodeo`eo |kzte ~zf|k|'~zf|k|

5>

Pebfof# ZI# Hkoi|'hkoi| ^kokcitieo# Jebeo'jebeo M{cieb Gktfdfcf`i ^kokcitieo/ ^zf`zeg ^e|le|ezheoe [I# ^ko`mehieo Mktebeoeo Oe|ifoec# :>>>/

55

A/C/ Pbitoky# Tbk Kckgkot| fa Zk|kezlb# ^zkotilk Becc Iol# Okp Yfzm# 591># bec/ :>4/

4>

yeo` |kdeo` jkzceo`|{o` deo ~ko`ez{b'~ko`ez{b dezi |{et{ akofgkoe' akofgkoe tkztkot{ |kbio``e gkz{~emeo |{et{ |t{di yeo` mfg~ezetia/ Edemeceoye ~kokciti gkgj{et mce|iaime|i |kzte ~kokcitieo tkzbede~ akofgkoe'akofgkoe tkztkot{ dko`eo gkokte~meo |teodez ete{ ofzge tkztkot{ |kbio``e gktfdk dk|mzi~tia ioi h{`e dioegemeo |{zqki ofzgetia/ ^kokcitieo

ioi

gko``{oemeo

tkmoim

eoeci|e

m{ecitetia/

^kzge|ecebeo ~kztege# dicem{meo eoeci|i| dk|mzi~tia tkzbede~ dete'dete ~zigkz deo |km{odkz "dete dezi dfm{gko# zkakzko|i deo |{gjkz'|{gjkz ceiooye)/ \kdeo`meo {ot{m de~et gko`be|icmeo ectkzoetia |tzetk`i ~ko`kgjeo`eo ec{t|i|te |kbio``e mkgeodizieo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo de~et dip{h{dmeo "~kzge|ecebeo mkd{e) deceg zeo`me gkod{m{o` ~kztebeoeo ok`eze dieoeci|i| dko`eo gko``{oemeo eoeci|i| \PFT/

Eoeci|i| ioi

gkolezi ge|io`'ge|io` mkm{eteo deo mkckgebeo {ot{m di|iceo`meo dko`eo ~kc{eo` deo eolegeo deceg zeo`me ~ko`kgjeo`eo ec{t|i|te deo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo# mkg{dieo be|icoye diezebmeo gkohedi |tzetk`i ~kztebeoeo yeo` dibeze~meo/


Mk|ig~{ceo

Dezi ~kokcitieo yeo` tkceb dicem{meo geme de~et ditezim mk|ig~{ceo jkzde|ezmeo be|ic eoeci|i| tkz|kj{t/ tkz|kj{t/ Mk|ig~{ceo yeo` dide~et dide~et jkzde|ezmeo be|ic |t{di ~kodeb{c{eo# ~ko`{g~{ceo dete# ~ko`fcebeo dete deo eoeci|i| dete |kbio``e de~et di~kzteo``{o`hepejmeo |kleze icgieb/

45


Die`zeg Eciz ^kokcitieo

^kz|ie~eo ^kokcitieo Idkotiaime|i Ge|eceb

T{h{eo ^kokcitieo

Ceode|eo Tkfzi

^kgjete|eo Ge|eceb

\t{di ^kodeb{c{eo \t{di Ce~eo`eo

Cetez Jkcemeo`

^ko`{g~{ceo Dete Ioafzge|i ^kzeo Iod{|tzi ^ktebeoeo

^kgicibeo \eg~kc ^kokcitieo

^kokot{eo Aemtfz' Aemtfz ^kzeo Iod{|tzi ^kztebeoeo deo Mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te

^koy{|{oeo Deatez ^kzteoyeeo Pepeoleze

^ko`{g~{ceo dete

^kcem|eoeeo Pepeoleze

^ko`fcebeo ! Eoeci|i| Dete Eoeci|i| Dk|mzi~tia  \tzetk`i ^ko`kgjeo`eo Iod{|tzi ^kztebeoeo Deceg Gkod{m{o` Mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te

Eoeci|i| \PFT

Mk|ig~{ceo deo \ezeo

Mk|ig~{ceo

@egjez
4:

JEJ IQ BE\IC DEO ^KGJEBE\EO

Dezi be|ic ~ko`{g~{ceo dete gkcec{i pepeoleze mk~ede zk|~fodko mb{|{|oye ~eze |temkbfcdkz| "~khejet di cio`m{o`eo Mkgbeo&TOI# eo``fte MMI^ deo iod{|tzi) tkzmeit dko`eo aemtfz'aemtfz {tege yeo` gko`begjet ~kzmkgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deo |tzetk`i yeo` g{o`mio de~et dicem{meo ~ede ge|e gkodeteo` deceg zeo`me gkp{h{dmeo mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te di~kzfckb be|ic |k~kzti yeo` di{zeimeo ~ede |{j'|{j jej jkzim{t ioi 8 4/5/

Eoeci|i|

Mkjihemeo Mkjihemeo

^ko`kgjeo`eo ^ko`kgjeo`eo

Ecet

[tege

deo

\i|tkg

^kz|koheteeo "Ec{t|i|te) deo ^kgjeo`{oeo ^kgjeo`{oeo Iod{|tzi ^kztebeoeo

^kgkzioteb |eet ioi dibede~meo ~ede ~kz|feceo yeo` l{m{~ jkzet# di tko`eb mktkzjete|eo mk{eo`eo ok`eze# t{ot{teo deo beze~eo ge|yezemet  je`i

~koio`meteo

mk|khebtkzeeo

deo

mfg~ckm|ite|

~kzge|ecebeo

 ~kztebeoeo ok`eze –gkgem|e‗ ~kgkzioteb {ot{m gkoeimmeo ecfme|i eo``ezeo je`i ~kztebeoeo ok`eze# mb{|{|oye {~eye gkgfdkzoi|e|i Ec{ti|te/

Jkjkze~e me|{| mktk`eo`eo Iodfok|ie dko`eo Gecey|ie tkzmeit

 ~kceo``ezeo ~kzjete|eo |k~kzti me|{| –Egjecet‗ deo ~kzcem{eo Gecey|ie tkzbede~ ~eze TMI |kzte mceig tkzbede~ |kh{gceb ~zfd{m |koi deo j{deye oe|ifoec dieo``e~ gkcklkbmeo oe|ifoeci|gk deo geztejet jeo`|e/  Oeg{o mite tidem ji|e jkz|ime~ tk`e| tkzbede~ ~kceo``ezeo ~kzjete|eo yeo` dicem{meo Gecey|ie ete{~{o ~ibem e|io`# di|kjejmeo mkgeg~{eo  ~kzeceteo ~kzeo` mite yeo` meceb –mkce|‗ yeo` jkzig~cime|i h{`e tkzbede~ mkgeg~{eo di~cfge|i yeo` ckgeb deo ~f|i|i tepez yeo` zkodeb dko`eo

4<

 ~ibem g{|{b/ ^ede TE/ :>55 ioi eo``ezeo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze gkod{d{mi  ~f|i|i mkti`e |ktkceb eo``ezeo ~kodidimeo oe|ifoec deo ~kgjeo`{oeo ioaze|tz{mt{z/ Dezi ~kz|~kmtia eoeci|i| mkjihemeo deceg {~eye gko`ete|i mfg~ckm|ite| ~kz|feceo ~kztebeoeo dibede~meo dko`eo mkio`ioeo m{et {ot{m gko`kgjeo`meo mkm{eteo ~kztebeoeo mb{|{|oye gfdkzoi|e|i Ec{t|i|te deo ~kgjeo`{oeo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo/

Me|{| ^T/ DI yeo`

gkz{~emeo |eceb |et{ iod{|tzi |tzetk`i| di jideo` mkdiz`eotezeeo ~et{t mite  hedimeo ~kcehezeo jkzbez`e e`ez mite de~et ckjib jihem deceg gkokte~meo mkjihemeo deo ~ko`kcfceeo iod{|tzi yeo` tkz`fcfo` |tzetk`i|/ \kleze {g{g de~et dihkce|meo jebpe mkjihemeo yeo` jeim  ditkot{meo fckb jeoyem aemtfz dieotezeoye cetez jkcemeo` ~kgimizeo mkjihemeo tkz|kj{t# t{h{eo deo cio`m{~ mkjihemeo# mkcko`me~eo ioafzge|i yeo` di~kzfckb# |ie~e emtfz'emtfz yeo` tkzcijet deceg ~kz{g{|eo mkjihemeo# je`eigeoe deg~em mkjihemeo tkz|kj{t/ Deceg mfotkm| mkjihemeo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze# deceg jeoyem bec  ~kzc{ edeoye mk|egeeo ~kz|k~|i eoteze  |tetk eltfz| deo ofo'|tetk eltfz|/ Ge|ib jeoyem eo``e~eo di ge|yezemet jebpe ~kz|feceo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze gkz{~emeo teo``{o` hepej gicitkz deo ~kz|feceo'~kz|feceo gicitkz/ Eo``e~eo tkz|kj{t hkce| |eceb# tkte~i eget |{cit gkokg{meo ~kz|egeeo  ~eodeo`eo deo ~kgimizeo ~kgimizeo yeo` |ege tkoteo` mfo|k~ ~kztebeoeo// Mfo|k~# |i|tkg deo |tzetk`i ~kztebeoeo ok`eze yeo` tkceb di|k~emeti yeit{ ~kztebeoeo |kgk|te bkodemoye ~kzc{ di|f|ieci|e|imeo |eg~ei mk tio`met emez z{g~{t/

^kzoyeteeo di ete| |kg~et gkohedi

44

 ~ko`ecegeo ~ko{ci| mktime gkcem{meo m{oh{o`eo mkzhe mk dekzeb# digeoe tkzhedi gi|~kz|k~|i deo gi|mfg{oime|i/

Mktime ~ko{ci| deo tig emeo

gkcem{meo mffzdioe|i dko`eo ~khejet |i~ic deo C\G di dekzeb {ot{m  gkode~etmeo ioafzge|i deo dete tkzmeit dko`eo |eceb |et{ i|{ ~kztebeoeo# tkzde~et jkjkze~e ~eodeo`eo yeo` jkz|kjkzeo`eo/ Gkzkme gkze|e jebpe teo``{o` hepej ~kgjeo`{oeo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze beoye dfgeiooye Mkgbeo&TOI deo ~kgkzioteb ~{|et/

Gkzkme lkodkz{o` gkcibet jebpe

tkzcijet deceg ~kgjeo`{oeo ~kztebeoeo beoye emeo gkoegjeb ~kz|feceo deo jkjeo ~kgde deo ge|yezemet dekzeb/

\eet it{# ~ko{ci|

 jkzmk|ig~{ceo jebpe tkzhedi ~kgebegeo yeo` |eceb deceg gkoyime~i mkjihemeo Ftfofgi Dekzeb deo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze gkz{~emeo |eceb |et{  jideo` yeo` tidem de~et de~et didk|kotzeci|e|imeo mk dekzeb/ ^ko{ci| gko`epeci eoeci|i| mkjihemeo ioi dezi je`eigeoe mite ji|e gkgjeo`{o ~kz|k~|i yeo` |ege deceg gkcibet deo gkoyime~i ~kz|feceo  ~kztebeoeo ok`eze/

Bec ioi gkz{~emeo kotzy ~fiot je`i je`eigeoe ~{jcim 

de~et jkz~kzeo |kzte deceg ~kgjeo`{oeo deo ~koykcko``ezeeo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze/ Mite bez{| mkgjeci mk~ede |kgeo`et |kjkc{g mkgkzdkmeeo mkgkzdkmeeo deo |kgeo`et gkg~kztebeomeo mkgkzdkmeeo "kze 594>'eo |/d/ 59;>'eo)/  Oicei'oicei oe|ifoeci|gk it{ bez{| tkte~ dit{gj{b'mkgjeo`meo# tkzckjib |eet |{cit |kmezeo` ioi/ mite |kg{e eoem jeo`|e/

^kz|feceo'~kz|feceo jeo`|e ioi edeceb ~kz|feceo Jeo`|e Iodfok|ie bez{| geg~{ jeo`mit dezi

mktkz~{z{meo# mite bez{| gkcibet jebpe ~kzjkdeeo e|ec {|{c deo mkze`egeo j{deye |kje`ei gfdec gfdec deo oicei ~c{| jeo`|e ioi/ ioi/ Lite'lite yeo`

4;

tkceb diz{g{|meo ~eze  af{odio` aetbkz| jeo`|e bez{| de~et dip{h{dmeo fckb `kokze|i |kmezeo` deo `kokze|i gkodeteo`/ Tkzmeit dko`eo mkjihemeo'mkjihemeo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze# mb{|{|oye {~eye gkgfdkzoi|e|i Ec{t|i|te deo gkgjeo`{o mkgeodizieo iod{|tzi  ~kztebeoeo ~kzc{ tkz{| dimehi {ceo` e`ez mite de~et gkz{g{|meo |{et{ mkjihemeo jez{ yeo` ckjib mfg~zkbko|ia iotk`zec deo gkgjkzimeo mkgeoaeeteo yeo` f~tigec/

^kgjeo`{oeo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze tidem ji|e

di~eodeo` dezi e|~km kmfofgi |kgete# mezkoe gkgeo` gkgfdkzoi|e|i Ec{t|i|te deo gkp{h{dmeo mkgeodizieo iod{|tzi |tzetk`i| tidem geg~{ gko`kgjecimeo oicei ioqk|te|i deo gkoio`metmeo ceh{ ~kzt{gj{beo kmfofgi deceg pemt{ |io`met/

^kgjeo`{oeo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze bez{|

dicibet dezi |kjkze~e jk|ez geoaeet yeo` de~et mite ~kzfckb hime mite gkgicimi mkm{eteo ~kztebeoeo yeo` m{et/

Ji|e dijeyeo`meo# hime mite

gkgicimi mkgeg~{eo Ec{t|i|te yeo` beodec# iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo yeo` geh{ deo ~zeh{zit yeo` ~zfak|ifoec g{o`mio |ehe ~kol{zieo mkmeyeeo eceg tkz{tege mkmeyeeo ce{t# ~kzkj{teo piceyeb# ~koykc{od{~eo# tkzfzi|gk deo  jeoyem ce`i ~kz|feceo ~kcim ceiooye de~et digioigecmeo/

Jkze~e jk|ez 

mkz{`ieo ok`eze yeo` ji|e dimkgjecimeo hime mite de~et gkohe`e piceyeb ce{t mite dezi ~kol{zieo deo ~koykc{od{~eo/

Jkc{g ce`i |ime~ ok`eze'

ok`eze tkteo``e deo ~ibem e|io` yeo` gkgicimi mk~kotio`eo di |kmitez  piceyeb mkde{ceteo mite emeo jkz{jeb gkohedi ckjib gko`bez`ei mite/ ^f|i|i tepez Iodfok|ie emeo |kgemio gkoio`met deo mkjkzedeeo mite |kgemio di~kzbit{o`meo deceg ~kz`e{ceo d{oie iotkzoe|ifoec/

41

Ceo`meb'ceo`meb yeo` de~et dicem{meo ok`eze "~kgkzioteb) eoteze ceio tkte~ jkz{~eye gkoegjeb ecfme|i eo``ezeo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze# tkz{tege je`i {~eye gkgfdkzoi|e|i Ec{t|i|te deo ~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi  ~kztebeoeo |ktie~ teb{ooye# |kbio``e ~ede ge|e gkodeteo` ~ecio` tidem  Iodfok|ie gkgicimi jk|ezeo ecfme|i eo``ezeo ~kztebeoeo ji|e gkole~ei d{e ~kz|ko dezi ^DJ/ Mkjihemeo Mkgbeo&TOI yeo` gkokmeomeo  ~kgjeo`{oeo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze yeo` jkzt{g~{ ~ede gioig{g k||kotiec 

 afzlk gko``egjezmeo ~ede zkecite| mfodi|i ok`eze |eet ioi/ Mktkzjete|eo eo``ezeo gkohedi ece|eo ~fmfm je`i ~kgjeo`{oeo jideo` ~kztebeoeo# mb{|{|oye gfdkzoi|e|i Ec{t|i|te deo ~kgjeo`{oeo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo/ Hime dimehi ckjib deceg jebpe mkjihemeo tkz|kj{t edeceb mkjihemeo yeo`  ~k|igi|ti| deo tidem m{zeo` jkzeoi gko`egjic zi|imf/

^kzteoyeeo

 jkzim{toye yeo` g{o`mio ji|e dimkdk~eomeo edeceb |eg~ei me~eo  jkztebeo ~ede mkjihemeo tkz|kj{t6

\eg~ei me~eo Ec{t|i|te yeo` digicimi

|eet ioi geg~{ gkod{m{o` t{`e|'t{`e| ~fmfm TOI6

E~emeb tidem 

g{o`mio ede mkjihemeo jez{ yeo` ckjib jihem deo jkzeoi gko`bede~i zi|imf6 ^kzteoyeeo'~kzteoyeeo di ete| ~et{t dimkg{memeo# gko`io`et |k|{o``{boye mite gkgicimi ~ftko|i {ot{m de~et ckjib jeim deo jeo`mit {ot{m ckjib geh{/

Iodfok|ie gkgicimi |kh{gceb iod{|tzi |tzetk`i| deo

iod{|tzi ~kod{m{o` ceiooye yeo` jkc{g dimkcfceb dko`eo jihem= gkgicimi tkoe`e'tkoe`e ebci yeo` beodec yeo` m{zeo` dibez`ei di ok`kzi |kodizi "ckjib dibez`ei di c{ez ok`kzi)= gkgicimi |{gjkz'|{gjkz mkmeyeeo eceg deceg h{gceb gkcig~eb yeo` de~et dimkgjeo`meo deceg gkod{m{o`

40

 jebeo jem{ iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deo |{m{ ledeo` Ec{t|i|te/

Tkmofcf`i

gkgeo` gkz{~emeo |eceb |et{ mete m{oli ~kz|feceo ioi# tkte~i tkmofcf`i de~et di~kcehezi deo tkzj{mti jebpe mite ~{oye mkgeg~{eo {ot{m  gko`{e|ei tkmofcf`i/ ^kz|feceo ~kotio` yeo` bez{| di~klebmeo edeceb je`eigeoe |kg{e  ~ibem de~et d{d{m jkzdeg~io`eo# gkoyegemeo ~kz|k~|i deo t{h{eo yeo` di|kztei dko`eo mfgitgko yeo` m{et# tidem gko`kdk~eomeo mk~kotio`eo |kmtfzec {ot{m gkgjeo`{oeo mkm{eteo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze yeo` beodec/ ^kzeo |kzte ~{jcim eget dij{t{bmeo# ~kgkzioteb beoye |kje`ei ae|icite|tfz  deo meteci|etfz/

^kokot{eo mkjihemeo tidem bez{| |kcec{ di|kzebmeo

mk~ede ~kgkzioteb |kgete |kje`ei |et{'|et{oye ~kokot{ |ktie~ mkjihemeo# e~ece`i yeo` jkz|iaet |tzetk`i|/ ^ede kze dkgfmze|i |eet ioi# ~ezti|i~e|i  ~{jcim h{`e |eo`et ~kotio` je`i mkjkzbe|iceo |kj{eb mkjihemeo/

\eceb

|et{ mkckgebeo yeo` g{o`mio bez{| di~kzjeimi deo ditio`metmeo dezi |ime~  jeo`|e ioi edeceb |{citoye gkokzige ~kzjkdeeo deo ckgeb deceg  jkzmffzdioe|i/ Geoehkgko ok`eze yeo` jeim gko{ot{t bec it{# e~ece`i deceg gkoykck|eimeo ~kz|feceo'~kz|feceo yeo` mfg~ckm|/ Mb{|{|

tkoteo`

gfdkzoi|e|i

Ec{t|i|te

deo

~kgjeo`{oeo

mkgeodizieo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo# ~kgkzioteb mb{|{|oye Mkgbeo&TOI  ~kzc{ |k`kze gkg~kzjeimi m{ecite| ~kokcitieo deo ~ko`kgjeo`eo "citjeo`)  ~kztebeoeo deo gkoio`metmeo mkzhe|ege |kleze iotko| mk~ede ~ibem  ^kz`{z{eo Tio``i "^T) deo Iod{|tzi "mkzhe|ege Tzi~eztit)/ [~eye tkz|kj{t  h{`e jkzezti jebpe ~kzc{ edeoye ~koio`meteo eo``ezeo je`i citjeo`  ~kztebeoeo/

Mkg{dieo gko`mehi {ceo` |kg{e

~zf|kd{z ~ko`edeeo

42

|ezeoe deo ~ze|ezeoe ~kztebeoeo# mb{|{|oye Ec{t|i|te TOI/

^ko`edeeo

Ec{t|i|te |k~et{toye bez{| gkcec{i ~zf|k| citjeo` deo gkgjkzdeyemeo iod{|tzi deceg ok`kzi/

Di|eg~io` it{ ~kzc{ |{et{ mkjkzeoieo {ot{m 

gko`{zeo`i mkio`ioeo gkgjkci Ec{t|i|te dezi c{ez ok`kzi= bez{| ede {~eye {ot{m gkg{cei deo gko`kgjeo`meo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo dkgi gko`{zeo`i mktkz`eot{o`eo dko`eo ~ibem c{ez/

Ceo`meb yeo` ji|e ditkg~{b dig{cei

dko`eo gkz{g{|meo |{et{ mkjihemeo jez{ tkoteo` mkgeodizieo iod{|tzi  ~kztebeoeo dko`eo jkz~k`eo`eo ~ede |et{ ~zio|i~ jebpe tidem ede ~ibem  yeo` diz{`imeo= jice ~kzc{ ~kgkzioteb gkoykdiemeo io|kotia je`i citjeo`  ~kztebeoeo ge{~{o iod{|tzi iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deo ~kod{m{o`oye/ ~kod{m{o`oye/

4/:/

Eoeci|i| Dk|mzi~|i Aemtfz'aemtfz ^koykjej \{cit Jkzmkgjeo`oye Jkzmkgjeo`oye Iod{|tzi ^kztebeoeo Deceg Gkod{m{o` Mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te

\kjkc{g

|eg~ei

mk~ede

~kgjebe|eo

aemtfz'aemtfz

{tege

 ~ko`begjet jkzmkgjeo`oye iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo# tkzckjib deb{c{ ~kzc{ di~ebegi jebpe {ot{m gkgjeo`{o iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo gkgj{t{bmeo ioqk|te|i yeo` |eo`et jk|ez deo ~ko`kgjecieo gfdec ioqk|te|i tkz|kj{t

"jzkem kqkot ~fiot) tidem emeo ~kzc{ de~et di~kzfckb deceg pemt{ |io`met/  Oeg{o gkgjeo`{o ~kztebeoeo ok`eze yeo` m{et gkgjkzimeo oicei geoaeet "jkokait qec{k|) yeo` |eo`et jk|ez je`i ~kgjeo`{oeo oe|ifoec  je`i tkz|kcko``ezeoye mk|ioegj{o`eo ~kgjeo`{oeo oe|ifoec/ lfotfb

geoaeet

tkz|kj{t

dieotezeoye

tkzhegiooye

Jkjkze~e

mk{t{beo

deo

mk|kcegeteo jeo`|e dezi jkzje`ei eolegeo# ~kok`emeo mkd{ceteo ok`eze mb{|{|oye tkzbede~ ~kceo``ezeo di ~kzjete|eo ok`eze# ~kok`emeo b{m{g

49

tkzbede~ mkmeyeeo eceg dezi jkzje`ei ~kol{zieo yeo` dicem{meo ~ibem  e|io` jeim # di dezeteo ge{~{o ~kzeizeo O{|eoteze# ~ko`egeoeo fjykm  qitec# ~kolk`ebeo jebeye tkzfzi|gk deo ceio |kje`eioye/ Jkjkze~e dkmedk ~kzheceoeo zfde ~kgkziotebeo tkceb tkzhedi gi|mkjihemeo dezi ~kgkziotebeo yeo` jkzm{e|e# digeoe |kcec{ gkcktemmeo titim jkzet ~kgjeo`{oeo oe|ifoec {ot{m gko`{tegemeo ~kzt{gj{beo kmfofgi gemzf# gkg~zifzite|meo mk|khebtkzeeo zemyet yeo` oyeteoye beoye tkzmfo|kotze|i di piceyeb'piceyeb tkztkot{ "tidem gkzete)# oeg{o gko`ejeimeo ~kgjeo`{oeo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze/

\kcege ioi ~kzeceteo

gicitkz "Ec{t|i|te deo |ezeoe ~kztebeoeo) beoye gkz{~emeo ~ko`edeeo dezi c{ez ok`kzi yeo` h{|tz{ ckjib gko`{ot{o`meo ok`eze ~zfd{|ko&~zioli~ec/ ^kzheohieo di epec'epec tzeo|em|i |k~kzti hegioeo tzeo|akz fa tklbofcf`y

"TFT) deo hegioeo ~{zoe h{ec tidem |k~kzti yeo` dibeze~meo/

Me|{|

kgjez`f tkzbede~ |kh{gceb mfg~foko |{m{ ledeo` Ec{ti|te yeo` ~kzoeb mite ecegi bez{| gkohedi ~kcehezeo yeo` jkzbez`e jebpe jkte~e  ~kotio`oye gkgjeo`{o mkgeodizieo mkgeodizieo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo/ ~kztebeoeo/ Dezi e|~km mkjihemeo ~kgkzioteb |kcege ioi# tkzde~et |kh{gceb mkjihemeo yeo` h{|tz{ mfotze~zfd{mtia tkzbede~ ~kgjeo`{oeo iod{|tzi  ~kztebeoeo eoteze ceio 8 4/:/5 ^kgjeo`{o ^kgjeo`{oeo eo iod{|tzi iod{|tzi oe|ifoec oe|ifoec tidem tidem dizeoleo dizeoleo` ` |kleze |kleze jkz|iokz` jkz|iokz`ii eoteze iod{|ti b{c{ |eg~ei dko`eo dko`eo iod{|tzi iod{|tzi biciz/ Iod{|tzi oe|ifoec |kcege ioi ckjib mk~ede fzikote|i |kmtfzec# |kbio``e mktime mzi|i| kmfofgi deo gfoktkz tkzhedi di Iodfok|ie 5990'5992 jeoyem  iod{|tzi jk|ez mfce~|# yeo` jkztebeo h{|tz{ iod{|tzi mklic deo

;>

iod{|tzi z{geb teo``e/ eoteze

Mkgkotkzieo

Mkgkotkzieo

Di|eg~io` it{ h{`e tkzhedi gi|mkjihemeo J[GO#

^kzde`eo`eo#

mkjihemeo'mkjihemeo

yeo`

Mkgkotkzieo

^kziod{|tzieo#

Mkgkotkzieo

Mk{eo`eo

dimkc{ezmeo

fckb

dko`eo

Mkgkotkzieo

^kztebeoeo tkzmeit dko`eo ~ko`edeeo deo gfdkzoi|e|i Ec{t|i|te# |kbio``e {~eye gkgjeo`{o mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te |{cit {ot{m  dicem|eoemeo/

^ko`edeeo Ec{t|i|te dezi c{ez ok`kzi |k~kzti

 ~kgjkcieo |et{ |m{edzfo ~k|epet tkg~{z \{mbfi dezi Z{|ie dko`eo ae|icite| mzkdit km|~fz "MK) h{|tz{ gkgjkjeoi mk{eo`eo ok`eze/ 4/:/:

\kcege \kcege ioi iod{|tzi iod{|tzi oe|ifoec oe|ifoec mb{|{|oye mb{|{|oye iod{|tzi iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo ~kztebeoeo |kzio` |kzio` dihedimeo –ecet ~fcitim‗ ~eze ~ko`{e|e# digeoe tkzhedi tezim'gkoezim  mk~kotio`eo |kbio``e iod{|tzi tkz|kj{t m{zeo` de~et jkzmkgjeo`/

4/:/<

Mkjihemeo Mkjihemeo ~ehem# ~ehem# gfoktkz gfoktkz deo deo ai|mec ai|mec yeo` ditkze~meo ditkze~meo ~kgkzioteb ~kgkzioteb tkzbede~ mkc{ez ge|{m jezeo` h{|tz{ gkoegjeb jkjeo jieye  ~zfd{m|i yeo` |kgemio tio``i/

^ede ge|e gkodeteo` dibeze~meo

ede io|kotia dezi ~kgkzioteb {ot{m gko`{zeo`i ete{ gko`biceo`meo  jkjeo ~ehem deo jke ai|mec je`i mfg~foko deo |{m{ ledeo` {ot{m  Ec{t|i|te |kbio``e iod{|tzi deceg ok`kzi de~et ckjib jkzmkgjeo` {ot{m gkod{m{o` ~zfd{m|i Ec{t|i|te/ Dezi e|~km mk|ie~eo gk|io&ae|icite| ~zfd{m|i# |kleze {g{g iod{|tzi  ~kztebeoeo yeo` ede |eet ioi jeoyem gkgicimi gk|io&ae|icite| ~zfd{m|i yeo` |{deb mktio``eceo xegeo# |kbio``e me~e|ite| ~zfd{m|i tidem f~tigec/ [ot{m gkcem{meo gfdkzoi|e|i tkzbede~ gk|io&ae|icite| ~zfd{m|i tkz|kj{t# iod{|tzi mk|{citeo gfdec mezkoe gkgj{t{bmeo ioqk|te|i yeo` |eo`et jk|ez/

;5

Mktkzjete|eo gfdec |kh{gceb iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo tkz|kj{t h{`e di~kz~ezeb dko`eo m{zeo`oye mkhkce|eo fzdkz ~zfd{m Ec{t|i|te dezi Mkgbeo&TOI/

\kcege ioi |ktie~ meci ~k|eoeo ~zfd{m Ec{t|i|te yeo`

dij{t{bmeo TOI tidem de~et hegioeo mk|ioegj{o`eo fzdkz&~zfykm  tkz|kj{t/ Iod{|tzi'iod{|tzi tkz|kj{t gko`beze~meo edeoye mkzhe|ege g{cti ykez|# |kbio``e ~kzkoleoeeo deo hegioeo ~zfd{m|i Ec{t|i|te tkz|kj{t de~et gkohegio mkjkzceo`|{o`eo iod{|tzi deo geg~{ gko{t{~i jieye  ~zfd{m|i deo f~kze|ifoec yeo` gkgeo` l{m{~ jk|ez/

Ditegjeb ce`i

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picc  ~kgkzioteb

gko``{oemeo ~zfd{m|i deceg ok`kzi/

deo

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TOI

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ok`kzi‗ tidem beoye |kje`ei |cf`eo ete{~{o zktfzime# tkte~i bez{| gkohedi |kj{eb mk|edezeo jkz|ege deo |kje`ei `kzemeo oe|ifoec/

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iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deceg gkod{m{o`

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gko`io`et

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\tzetk`i ^ko`kgjeo`eo ^ko`kgjeo`eo Iod{|tzi ^kztebeoeo Je`i Tkzp{h{doye Mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te

[ot{m gkz{g{|meo |tzetk`i yeo` tk~et

je`i ~ko`kgjeo`eo

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Geoaeet eoeci|i| ioi |kje`ei jebeo el{eo {ot{m 

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\tzetk`i'IAE\ )

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4)

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ckgeboye

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4/
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jkzde|ezmeo {z`ko|ioye edeceb

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J[GOI^ de~et dieodecmeo deceg ~zfd{m|i Ec{t|i|te  hime dimkcfce dko`eo jeim deo gkode~et d{m{o`eo  ~ko{b dezi ~kgkzioteb deo ^T |kzte |pe|te/

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Deg~em

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mkm{eteo

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mepe|eo de~et gkgil{ mfoacim eotez ok`eze/

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Aemtfz Iotkzoec Mkm{eteo "\tzko`tb|)

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Mktkzeo`eo

^kc{eo` "F~~fzt{oitik|)

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Gko`mehi

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Gkgeote~meo

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tkzp{h{doye

mkgeodizieo

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Gko``ietmeo mk`ieteo zi|kt ~zfd{m|i Ec{t|i|te {ot{m gkg~kzlk~et  ~zf|kd{z ~ko`{e|eeo tkmofcf`i deo |kmeci`{| |kje`ei ~kc{eo` gkzkj{t ~e|ez `cfjec ~zfd{m Ec{t|i|te yeo` ~ftko|iec {ot{m  gkgel{ ~kzt{gj{beo kmfofgi oe|ifoec deo gkg~kzc{e| ce~eo`eo  ~kmkzheeeo/

;)

Jkz{~eye {ot{m gkgfdkzoi|e|i gk|io'gk|io deo ae|icite| ~zfd{m|i yeo` digicimi fckb J[GOI^ e`ez me~e|ite| ~zfd{m|i de~et ditio`metmeo je`i {~eye ~kgko{beo mkj{t{beo Ec{t|i|te/

1)

Jkz{~eye {ot{m gkoio`metmeo ecfme|i eo``ezeo ~kztebeoeo# tkzge|{m eo``ezeo je`i mk`ieteo citjeo` ~kztebeoeo |kbio``e

1>

zkoleoe gfdkzoi|e|i Ec{t|i|te de~et dibe|icmeo dezi iod{|tzi deceg ok`kzi# e`ez mkjihemeo Gioig{g K||kotiec Afzlk "GKA) de~et |k`kze tkzp{h{d 0)

Gkgjkzimeo io|kotia "jigjio`eo tkmoi|# geoehkgko deo jeot{eo gfdec) mk~ede iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo# tkz{tege [MG yeo` ~ftko|iec gkod{m{o` ~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo

2)

Gkoio`metmeo mkgeg~{eo tkmoi| tkg~{z ~eze ~zeh{zit# dko`eo gko``ietmeo ~kcetibeo'~kcetibeo tkzbede~ Ec{t|i|te yeo` ~edet tkmofcf`i# |kbio``e ~zf|k| tzeo|akz tkmofcf`i de~et tkzp{h{d deo ckqkc ~zfak|ifoeci|gk ~zeh{zit gkgedei/

4/4/

^kgjebe|eo Be|ic ^kokcitieo

Dezi be|ic ~ko`{g~{ceo deo eoeci|i| dete gko{oh{mmeoo jebpe  ~kgko{beo mkj{t{beo Ec{t|i|te yeo` gfdkzo {ot{m di`{oemeo fckb TOI deceg gko`f~tigecmeo t{`e| deo a{o`|ioye gkohe`e mk{t{beo OMZI# gkohe`e mkde{ceteo ok`eze deo mk|kcegeteo jeo`|e dezi |k`ece eolegeo gkohedi |kj{eb mkbez{|eo/

[~eye ~kgko{beo tkz|kj{t bez{| diezebmeo

dko`eo gko`kgjeo`meo mkgeg~{eo iod{|tzi deceg ok`kzi# dko`eo ectkzoetia ~icibeo tkzembiz ~ko`edeeo Ec{t|i|te dezi c{ez ok`kzi beoye emeo di~kzmkoeo mece{ mite jkoez'jkoez j{t{b deo iod{|tzi deceg ok`kzi jkc{g geg~{ gkg~zfd{m|i/ ^kgjioeeo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo beoye g{o`mio dicem|eoemeo e~ejice did{m{o` fckb mkjihemeo ~kgkzioteb yeo` gkgedei/ \kceio {~eye |iokz`ite|

deo

iotk`zite|

dieoteze

iod{|tzioye#

h{`e

gkgkzc{meo

15

mktkz~ed{eo ~ko`kcfceeo dko`eo  |temkbfcdkz| Iod{|tzi ^kztebeoeo# yemoi  ~ko``{oe "TOI)# ^kgkzioteb# io|tit{|i Citjeo` deo ^kz`{z{eo Tio``i/ [~eye gkp{h{dmeo ~kgjioeeo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo ioi# gkgkzc{meo |{et{  ~koeteeo deo ~ko`et{zeo yeo` de~et ckjib gkohkgjeteoi mk|kze|ieo deceg gkg~zifzite|meo mk~kotio`eo ~kztebeoeo dko`eo mk~kotio`eo oe|ifoec ceiooye/ Dko`eo gko``{oemeo ~kzeo`met ~ko`et{zeo yeo` |kdkzbeoe# tk`e| deo mkoyec# |kzte p{h{d ~kgjeo`{oeo |i|tkg iod{|tzi yeo` |fcid# de~et gkoio`metmeo kakmtiaite| deo kai|iko|i ~kgjkzdeyeeo |k`koe~ mkgeg~{eo iod{|tzi oe|ifoec deceg gkod{m{o` ~kgko{beo mkj{t{beo |ezeoe ~kztebeoeo/ \eceb |et{ ~kzeo`met ~ko`kcfce iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo yeo` di~eodeo`  ~kzc{ {ot{m gkodfzfo` iod{|tzi oe|ifoec gkohedi ckjib ~zfak|ifoec# iofqetia# kakmtia deo kai|iko |kzte tkziotk`ze|i deceg gkgko{bi mkj{t{beo |ezeoe ~kztebeoeo |kleze geodizi# edeceb |{et{ ~kzeo`met c{oem "zk`{ce|i) yeit{ ~kzet{zeo tkoteo` ^kgjioeeo Tkmofcf`i deo Iod{|tzi ^kztebeoeo did{m{o` fckb Mfgitk Mkjihemeo Iod{|tzi ^kztebeoeo |kje`ei ~ko`egjic mkjihemeo'mkjihemeo deceg {~eye ~kgjioeeo/ Ceo`meb ~kzjeimeo yeo` bez{| |k`kze dicem{meo tkot{oye tidem  beoye dezi |i|i tkmoi| |ehe# oeg{o dezi jkzje`ei e|~km tkzmeit dko`eo zk`{ce|i# ~ko`kgjeo`eo \DG# |ezeoe ~ze|ezeoe |kzte ~kgjkzieo io|kotia  deceg ~ko`kgjeo`eo tkmofcf`i# gi|ecoye lf{otkz tzedk deo faa|kt zfed 

ge~~io`  tkmofcf`i "~kzde`eo`eo tigjec jecim deceg mkzeo`me tzeo|akz  tkmofcf`i yeo` hkce|) yeo` dij{t{bmeo fckb TOI deo mkjihemeo'mkjihemeo tkzmeit dko`eo ~ko``{oeeo ~zfd{m deceg ok`kzi/

1:

^zifzite| ~zf`zeg yeo` ~kzc{ |k`kze di{~eyemeo fckb ~kgkzioteb deceg gkgjeo`{o iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo edeceb gkoy{|{o |{et{ zk`{ce|i yeo` |{j|teo|ioye gko`et{z iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo yeo` dibeze~meo de~et gkgjkzimeo imcig yeo` mfod{|ia |kmeci`{| geg~{ gko`em|kckze|imeo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo yeo` m{et/ m{et/

Imcig yeo` yeo` bez{| bez{| dili~temeo eoteze ceio 8

gkged{meo# gko|iokz`imeo deo gko`biceo`meo mk~kotio`eo yeo` t{g~eo` tiodib# tkzge|{m ~kokte~eo |ie~e yeo` emeo gkohedi iod{|tzi  ~kztebeoeo deo je`eigeoe |tz{mt{z |tz{mt{z iood{|tzi ~kztebeoeo yeo` mfmfb mfmfb eoteze ceio dko`eo gkgjeo`{o |i|tkg mc{|tkz// Zkqiteci|e|i iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo gkz{~emeo {~eye ~kgkzioteb yeo` t{h{eo ~fmfmoye edeceb {ot{m gkgjeo`{o mkgeodizieo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze/

E`ez iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo de~et gkod{m{o` |k~ko{boye

mkgeodizieo tkz|kj{t tkot{oye ~kzc{ edeoye mfo|i|tko|i deo mfgitgko dezi  ~ko``{oe

"TOI)

{ot{m

|koeotie|e

 ~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tz{ deceg ok`kzi/

gko``{oemeo

~zfd{m

be|ic

Mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te gkz{~emeo

|kj{eb mfodi|i yeo` tidem ji|e ditepez ce`i/ Bec ioi dide|ezmeo ~ede  ~kztigjeo`eo jebpe hime iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo jkzmkgjeo` jeoyem deg~em   ~f|itia yeo` dibe|icmeooye eoteze ceio 8 tkzhedioye ~koio`meteo mkgeg~{eo mkgeg~{eo deye tfcem  "dktkzkot kaaklt)# ~koio`meteo ~f|i|i tepez# ~kok`emeo mkde{ce{teo deo b{m{g oe|ifoec# ~kzt{gj{beo kmfofgi deo ~kzc{e|eo ce~eo`eo ~kmkzheeo/ [ot{m heo`me ~kodkm deo gkoko`eb# ceo`meb yeo` ~kzc{ dicem{meo tkzmeit dko`eo mktkzjete|eo eo``ezeo eoteze ceio 8 ~kokte~eo ~zf`zeg {ot{m

gkod{m{o`

mkjihemeo

Gioig{g

K||kotiec

Afzlk

"GKA)#

1<

gkceoh{tmeo ~kzjeimeo zk`{ce|i iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deo gkoio`metmeo mkzhe|ege je`i ~ko`kgjeo`eo ~zfd{m|i/ ^ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo gkgkzc{meo ~kcijeteo |kg{e  ~kgeo`m{ mk~kotio`eo "|temkbfcdkz|)/ [o|{z ^T# iod{|tzi deo ~kgkzioteb

"EJ@'Eledkgil# J{|iok||# @fqkzogkot) gkz{~emeo ti`e ~icez ~kcem{  ~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo/

Mkti`e ~icez tkz|kj{t |eet ioi tkceb

tkzmffzdioe|ifmeo dko`eo tkzjkot{moye Mfgitk Mkjihemeo Iod{|tzi ^kztebeoeo "MMI^) yeo` jkza{o`|i |kje`ei jzid`io` "hkgjeteo) {ot{m  gkg~kztkg{meo mk~kotio`eo eoteze ~ko``{oe'~ko`egjic mk~{t{|eo' iod{|tzi/

^ko``{oe gkokte~meo f~kzetifoec zku{izkgkot| zku{izkgkot| deo tklboilec

zku{izkgkot|/  ~kzkoleoeeo

Iod{|tzi gkoyie~meo deo gko`kgjeo`meo tkmofcf`i |kzte ~zfd{m|i

|kzte

~kgkzioteb

gkokot{meo

zk`{ce|i

deo

gko`ecfme|imeo ~kodeoeeo je`i ~kgko{beo mkj{t{beo Ec{t|i|te TOI/ Mfodi|i ioi gkz{~emeo epec yeo` jeim deo mk dk~eo dibeze~meo de~et gkgjeo`{o mkgeodizieo |kmeci`{| gkgjkzdeyemeo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo# oeg{o bez{| tkte~ gkohe`e mfgitgko jkz|ege/ MMI^ gkz{~emeo pedeb yeo` jkzt{`e| {ot{m gkz{g{|meo mkjihemeo oe|ifoec di jideo` ~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deo tkot{oye emeo jkz~ibem mk~ede iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deceg ok`kzi/

Deceg

 ~zf`zegoye tkceb di|{|{o @zeod \tzetk`y MMI^ deo Ge|tkz ^ceo ^ko`kgjeo`eo

Iod{|tzi

mkgeodizieo jeo`|e/

^kztebeoeo

|kje`ei

{~eye

gkgjeo`{o

Gkcec{i mkd{e mfo|k~ tkz|kj{t# emeo tkzhedi

|iomzfoi|e|i ~kgko{beo mkj{t{beo Ec{t|i|te gkcec{i ~kgjkzdeyeeo |k`koe~ mkgeg~{eo mkgeg~{eo iod{|tzi deceg ok`kzi/ Mfo|k~ ioi emeo gkgjkzimeo gkgjkzimeo

14

em|kckze|i deceg ~zf|k| ecib tkmofcf`i {ot{m gkgjeo`{o ioaze|tz{mt{z deo gkoio`metmeo meod{o`eo cfmec |kzte mkzhe|ege ~zfd{m|i yeo` ~ede embizoye

emeo

gkodfzfo`

~kzt{gj{beo

kmfofgi

deceg

ok`kzi/

Mkjkzbe|iceo MMI^ deceg gkcem|eoemeo ~zf`zeg emeo |eo`et tkz`eot{o`  ~ede mfgitgko |k`koe~ |temkbfcdkz|# tkz{tege ~ibem ~kgkzioteb {ot{m  tkte~ gkokte~meo mkjihemeo ~ko``{oemeo ~zfd{m deceg ok`kzi/ Tkzmeit dko`eo mkzeo`me ~kodeoeeo je`i ~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi  ~kztebeoeo deceg gkod{m{o` mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te ~kzc{ dijeo`{o |mkge'|mkge ~kodeoeeo deceg ok`kzi# gi|ecoye dko`eo ~kcijeteo  ~kzjeeomeo oe|ifoec/

Dko`eo dkgimieo gkmeoi|gk Mzkdit Km|~fz yeo`

lkodkz{o` gkgj{et mktkz`eot{o`eo tkzbede~ ok`eze ~zioli~ec de~et digioigecmeo/ \et{ ~fio ~kotio` ceiooye {~eye {ot{m gkg~kzlk~et {~eye mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te edeceb gko`kdk~eomeo ~kzeo |kzte citjeo`  ~kztebeoeo/ Citjeo` ~kztebeoeo ioi bez{| dijeo`{o dko`eo gko|iokz`imeo mkgeg~{eo ti`e ~icez "^T# Iod{|tzi deo ~kgkzioteb# tkzge|{m TOI |kje`ei  ~ko``{oe) # gkgjeo`{o hezio`eo mkzhe|ege "oktpfzmio`) deo mfgitgko  jkz|ege/ ^ede Mfoakzko|i Tio`met Tio``i ~eze Gkotkzi ^kztebeoeo E\KEO "E\KEO Dkakolk :>55) ~kztko`ebeo Gki di|k~emeti ~kgjeo`{oeo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo jkz|ege eotez ok`eze E\KEO# |k~kzti yeo` dicem{meo ok`eze Kzf~e Jezet deceg OETF/

K|ko|i mk|k~emeteo mk|k~emeteo ioi edeceb |k|ege

ok`eze E\KEO emeo |ecio` gkcko`me~i mkgeg~{eo deceg gkg~zfd{m|i Ec{t|i|te deo tidem |ecio` gkohet{bmeo "Mfg~e|# 59 Gki :>55)/

1;

Mk|k~emeteo ioi h{`e di|egj{t jeim fckb J[GOI^ |k~kzti ~kzoyeteeo Diz{t ^T/ ^EC jebpe Iodfok|ie jkz~ftko|i |kje`ei ~kgeio jk|ez deceg  ~zfd{m|i Ec{t|i|te di mepe|eo ~ede ge|e gkodeteo`/

Bec ioi dij{mtimeo

dko`eo jkjkze~e ~zfd{m Ec{t|i|te mite tkceb dikm|~fz mk Gecey|ie deo Mfzke \kceteo |k~kzti ~k|epet LO':<;# mkodezeeo eo`m{t ~kz|foic "Ezgfzkd ^kz|fookc Lezzikz# Lezzikz# E^L) Eofe 1r1 1r1 deo |kohete \\5'Q: ~zfd{m  ^T/ ^ioded/

^T/ ^EC |kodizi |kdeo` gkgj{et dk|eio ~zftfti~k Me~ec

^etzfci Lk~et "Ae|t ^etzfc Jfet) jkmkzhe|ege dko`eo Jecitjeo` Mkgbeo deo mkgkotkzieo Zi|tkm "\IODF# :: Gki :>55)/ Dezi {zeieo di ete| deo be|ic eoeci|i| \PFT gko{oh{mmeo jebpe iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo Iodfok|ie gkgicimi ~kc{eo` deo ~ftko|i yeo` l{m{~  jk|ez

{ot{m

jkzmkgjeo`

e|ecmeo

|ig~{c'|ig~{c

~ko`begjet

 ~kzmkgjeo`eo iod{|tzi tkzt|kj{t de~et digioigecmeo |k~kzti dkzk`{ce|i tkzmeit zkqiteci|e|i ~kztebeoeo# edeoye io|kotia dezi ~kgkzioteb je`i iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo jkz{~e mkzio`eo ~ehem# ai|mec tkzbede~ mfg~foko |{m{ ledeo` Ec{t|i|te# jeot{eo gfdec dezi ~kzjeomeo deo mkzhe|ege zi|kt deo  ~zfd{m|i/

11

JEJ Q MK\IG^[CEO DEO \EZEO

;/5/

Mk|ig~{ceo

Dezi be|ic ~ko`fcebeo deo eoeci|i| dete

tkzbede~ ~kzge|ecebeo

 ~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo gko{h{ mkgeodizieo Ec{ti|i|te `{oe f~tigeci|e|i ~koykcko``ezeeo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze de~et diegjic jkjkze~e mk|ig~{ceo |kje`ei jkzim{t8 ;/5/5/ Ec{t|i|te yeo` digicimi TOI |eet |eet ioi jkzede deceg mfodi|i mfodi|i mziti| "mkgeg~{eo gioig{g# zete'zete beoye 1>+)# |eo`et zi|meo {ot{m  de~et

dibeze~meo

geg~{

gkod{m{o`

t{`e|'t{`e|

~fmfm 

 ~kztebeoeo ok`eze/ ;/5/:/ Mktkzjete|eo eo``ezeo ~kztebeoeo jkzdeg~em jkzdeg~em ~ede tkzbegjetoye tkzbegjetoye  ~zf|k| gfdkzoi|e|i Ec{t|i|te deo ~kgjeo`{oeo mkgeodizieo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo# oeg{o ~kgkzioteb gkgicimi ~ftko|i {ot{m  gkcem{meo {~eye ~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo dko`eo gkoio`metmeo mkzhe|ege dko`eo jkzje`ei ~ibem jeim deceg ge{~{o c{ez ok`kzi "^kz`{z{eo Tio``i# Iod{|tzi# ckgje`e'ckgje`e zi|kt) |kleze ckjib iotko|/ ;/5/
{tege

~ko`begjet

~kgjkzdeyeeo

iod{|tzi

 ~kztebeoeo deceg gkod{m{o` mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te |kcege ioi yeit{ 8 jkc{g edeoye ~kz|egeeo ~kz|k~|i eotez ~ibem gkgeodeo`  ~kgjeo`{oeo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze# jeoyemoye mkjihemeo yeo` tidem  tk~et deceg ~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deo gfdkzoi|e|i

10

JEJ Q MK\IG^[CEO DEO \EZEO

;/5/

Mk|ig~{ceo

Dezi be|ic ~ko`fcebeo deo eoeci|i| eoeci|i| dete tkzbede~ ~kzge|ecebeo  ~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo gko{h{ mkgeodizieo Ec{ti|i|te `{oe f~tigeci|e|i ~koykcko``ezeeo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze de~et diegjic jkjkze~e mk|ig~{ceo |kje`ei jkzim{t8 ;/5/5/ Ec{t|i|te yeo` digicimi TOI |eet ioi jkzede deceg mfodi|i mziti| "mkgeg~{eo gioig{g# zete'zete beoye 1>+)# |eo`et zi|meo {ot{m  de~et

dibeze~meo

geg~{

gkod{m{o`

t{`e|'t{`e|

~fmfm 

 ~kztebeoeo ok`eze/ ;/5/:/ Mktkzjete|eo eo``ezeo ~kztebeoeo ~kztebeoeo jkzdeg~em ~ede ~ede tkzbegjetoye  ~zf|k| gfdkzoi|e|i Ec{t|i|te deo ~kgjeo`{oeo mkgeodizieo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo# oeg{o ~kgkzioteb gkgicimi ~ftko|i {ot{m  gkcem{meo {~eye ~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo dko`eo gkoio`metmeo mkzhe|ege dko`eo jkzje`ei ~ibem jeim deceg ge{~{o c{ez ok`kzi "^kz`{z{eo Tio``i# Iod{|tzi# ckgje`e'ckgje`e zi|kt) |kleze ckjib iotko|/ ;/5/
{tege

~ko`begjet

~kgjkzdeyeeo

iod{|tzi

 ~kztebeoeo deceg gkod{m{o` mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te |kcege ioi yeit{ 8 jkc{g edeoye ~kz|egeeo ~kz|k~|i eotez ~ibem gkgeodeo`  ~kgjeo`{oeo ~kztebeoeo ok`eze# jeoyemoye mkjihemeo yeo` y eo` tidem  tk~et deceg ~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deo gfdkzoi|e|i

10

DEATEZ ^[\TEME

Jemzik Lfooik Zebem{odioi# :>>0# ^kztebeoeo Ok`eze deo ^f|t{z TOI Idkec# Yeye|eo Fjfz Iodfok|ie# Hemezte/ J{|iok|| Zkqikp Kdi|i 5> Teb{o >2 Heo{ezi :>5> Jecitjeo` Dk~beo## Oe|meb Emedkgim zk`{ce|i zk`{ce|i tkoteo` ^kgjioeeo ^kgjioeeo tkmofcf`i ! Iod{|tzi ^kztebeoeo# ppp/ck`ecite|/fz` ppp/ck`ecite|/fz`## Ellk||kd zd < H{cy :>5>/ Lkotzec Iotkci`kolk Iotkci`kolk E`koly# :>>1# [\E Dk~eztkgko ^kztebeoeo ZI#

Tbk Pfzcd Pfzcd Aeltjffm Aeltjffm :>>1# Pe|bio`tfo DL#

:>>0#  Dfmtzio ^kztebeoeo Ok`eze# Mkgbeo ZI# Hemezte/

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV# :>>0# ^f|t{z ^kztebeoeo Ok`eze# Mkgbeo ZI# Hemezte/ VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV# :>>0# \tzetk`i ^kztebeoeo Ok`eze# Mkgbeo ZI# Hemezte/ VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV# VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV# :>>2#  J{m{ ^{tib ^kztebeoeo Iodfok|ie# Mkgbeo ZI# Hemezte/ Bezzi|fo Ci|e# :>>0#  Gktfdfcf`i ^kokcitieo ^fcitim # Kdi|i 5 Lktemeo 5# Mkoleoe# Hemezte/ Oepepi Bedezi B/ :>>;#  Gktfdk ^kokcitieo Jideo` \f|iec# Lktemeo mk|kjkce| @edheb Gede ^zk||# Yf`yemezte/ ^zf~etzie Io|tit{tk# :>>1# T/ Bezi ^zibetfof "kditfz)# ^koeteeo Mkzeo`me Zk`{ce|i Mkegeoeo Oe|ifoec# Lktemeo ^kztege# ^ZF^ETZIE Io|tit{tk# Hemezte/ Pbitoky A/C/# Tbk Kckgkot| fa Zk|kezlb # ^zkotilk Becc Iol# Okp Yfzm# 591>#

Mfzeo

Mfg~e| kdi|i 59 Gki :>55 Mfzeo \IODF kdi|i :: Gki :>55

Ceg~izeo

Deatez ^kzteoyeeo Pepeoleze ^kokcitieo –\tzetk`i ^ko`kgjeo`eo Iod{ |tzi ^kztebeoeo Deceg Gkod{m{o` Mkgeodizieo Ecet [tege deo \i|tkg \kohete‗

5/

\k~kzti dimkteb{i jebpe Zkqiteci|e|i Iod{|tzi ^kztebeoeo deceg zeo`me gkod{m{o` {~eye mkgedizieo Ec{t|i|te gkz{~emeo |eceb |et{ ~zf`zeg ~zifzite| dezi mejiokt |kmezeo`/ Gko{z{t Je~em&Ij{ k|kotiec ~fiot "~fio ~kotio`) e~e yeo` bez{| di{~eyemeo {ot{m gkp{h{dmeo t{h{eo tkz|kj{t 6

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Gkolkzgeti mfodi|i tkzmioi iod{|tzi'iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo mite "^ioded# CKO# ^EC dcc) m{zeo` geg~{ gkod{m{o` mktkz|kdieeo ecet ~kzeceteo ~kztebeoeo yeo` |eo`et dij{t{bmeo TOI/ Gko{z{t ~ko`egeteo Je~em&Ij{# mkckgebeo ~fmfm e~e yeo` ~ecio` dfgioeot yeo` gko`begjet ~kzmkgjeo`eo iod{|tzi tkz|kj{t deo e~e ceo`meb'ceo`meb yeo` bez{| |k`kze dicem{meo e`ez iod{|tzi tkz|kj{t jie| jeo`mit 6


Dezi |i|i ~ko`edeeo Ec{t|i|te yeo` |kcege ioi dicem|eoemeo {g{goye mfotze~zfd{mtia dko`eo {~eye gkgjeo`{o iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo mite# mezkoe mkjeoyemeo Ec{t|i|te mite ge|ib ig~fz dezi c{ez ok`kzi# digeoe bec tkz|kj{t eget zepeo je`i mkm{eteo mkm{eteo ~kztebeoeo mite/ Dezi e|~km e|~km mkjihemeo tkoteo` ~ko`edeeo Ec{t|i|te TOI# je`eigeoe idkecoye mkjihemeo tkz|kj{t |kbio``e geg~{ gkodfzfo` t{gj{b mkgjeo`oye iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo mite 6

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Dko`eo mktkzjete|eo eo``ezeo ok`eze |eet ioi# bez{| di|{|{o |mece ~zifzite| mkj{t{beo Ec{t|i|te yeo` emeo di`{oemeo TOI deo ~zifzite| deceg gkzkqiteci|e|i iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo/ Gko{z{t Je~em&Ij{ ~fio'~fio ~zifzite| e~e yeo` gkodk|em {ot{m dijkoebi 6

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Deceg mfodi|i idkec dimkteb{i jebpe jeoyem |kmeci geoaeet yeo` de~et di~kzfckb hime iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo mite geh{# eoteze ceio mkgeodiezieo deceg Ec{t|i|te# gko`be|icmeo deo gko`bkget dkqi|e Ok`eze# gkoeimmeo ~f|i|i tepez Iodfok|ie di mepe|eo# gko``ietmeo zfde ~kzkmfofgieo mb{|{|oye dekzeb |kmitez iod{|tzi tkz|kj{t# gko`{zeo`i eo`me ~ko`eo``{zeo deo |kje`eioye/ Je`eigeoe teo``e~eo Je~em&Ij{ tkoteo` mfodi|i tkz|kj{t 6

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Gkgjeo`{o iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo gkcijetmeo ~kzeo |kzte dezi jeoyem  |temkbfcdkz|# mb{|{|oye io|tit{|i tkzmeit dko`eo gkgioigecmeo k`f |kmtfzec# mezkoe ~kgjeo`{oeo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo tkz|kj{t |eo`et mfg~ckm| deo gkgkzc{meo gkgkzc{meo |iokz`ite| |kg{e |kg{e ~ibem/ Je`eigeoe Je~em&Ij{ rii

gkcibet mfodi|i tkz|kj{t diete| deo je`eigeoe `egjezeo ~kzmkgjeo`eo ~ede ge|e yeo` emeo deteo` 6 0/

Mkgbeo |kdeo`&tkceb jkmkzhe|ege dko`eo ^kz`{z{eo Tio``i# |kmtfz \pe|te# J^^T# TOI ete{ ckgje`e ceio yeo` gkgicimi mkgeg~{eo deceg jideo` |eio| deo tkmofcf`i/ Gko{z{t Je~em&Ij{ |{deb |khe{b geoe b{j{o`eo mkzhe|ege tkz|kj{t 6

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J[GOI^ mite {g{goye gkgkzc{meo jeot{eo gfdec dezi ~kzjeomeo oe|ifoec {ot{m gkod{m{o` ~koio`meteo mkgeg~{eo ~zfd{m|ioye |kzte edeoye io|kotia deo mkg{debeo ~ehem dezi ~kgkzioteb/ Ceo`meb'ceo`meb |tzetk`i| e~e yeo` bez{| dicem{meo ~kgkzioteb deceg gkgjeot{ iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo deceg ~kzgfdeceo 6

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Mfgitk Mkjihemeo Iod{|tzi ^kztebeoeo |{deb dijkot{m {ot{m gkoete {ceo` deo gkgjkoebi |kg{e mkjihemeo'mkjihemeo yeo` |kcege ioi ede deo mfotze~zfd{mtia je`i ~kzmkgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo/ Je`eigeoe Je~em&Ij{ gkcibet mkjkzedeeo mfgitk ioi deo beze~eo e~e yeo` ji|e dizkmfgkode|imeo je`i mfgitk {ot{m gkgeote~meo ~zf`zeg'~zf`zeg mkzheoye/

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[~eye'{~eye ~kgjkoebeo jkzmeiteo dko`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo |kdeo` dicem{meo fckb ~kgkzioteb deceg bec ioi Mkgkotkzieo ^kztebeoeo "Mkgbeo)# e`ez tkzle~eioye mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te gkcec{i ~ko`kgjeo`eo iod{|tzi ~kztebeoeo/ Gko{z{t Je~em&Ij{ deceg m{z{o pemt{ jkze~e cege ji|e tkzle~ei mkgeodizieo Ec{t|i|te 6 Ceo`meb'ceo`meb e~e yeo` emeo diegjic e~ejice deceg m{z{o pemt{ tkz|kj{t jkc{g tkzle~ei 6