VIGILAR Y CASTIGAR: EL NACIMIENTO DE LA PRISION MICHEL FOUCAULT FOUCAULT Vigilar y castigar hala s!r" la "#!l$ci%& '" l!s ()t!'!s '" castig! y #igila&cia '"s'" la s!ci"'a' ("'i"#al a la c!&t"(*!r+&"a: l!s s$*lici!s, la h$(illaci%& *-lica, la *risi%&, la "sc$"la "&tr" ($chas ".*r"si!&"s '" *!'"r /$" s" ha& $tili0a'! *ara c!&tr!lar '" $&a 1!r(a $ !tra "l c!(*!rta(i"&t! '" $&a s!ci"'a'2 D"s'" "sta *"rs*"cti#a Mich"l F!$ca$lt &!s 'irig" *!c! a *!c! a $& ca(i&! /$" &!s '"($"stra l!s *r!c"s!s /$" ha t"&i'! la s!ci"'a' *ara castigar y #igilar "(*"0a&'! '"s'" l! (at"rial, l! 13sic! 4t!rt$ras, s$*lici!, castig!s5 hasta ll"gar a alg! i&ta&gil"4*sic!l%gic!, al(a52 Palaras cla#": castig!, 'isci*li&a, s$*lici!, r"laci!&"s '" *!'"r y *risi%&2 SUPLICIO El s$*lici! 1!r(a, a'"(+s, *art" '" $& rit$al2 Es $& "l"("&t! "& la lit$rgia *$&iti#a, y /$" r"s*!&'" a '!s ".ig"&cias2 C!& r"laci%& a la #icti(a, '"" s"r s"6ala'!: "sta7 '"sti&a'!, ya s"a *!r la cicatri0 /$" '"8a "& "l c$"r*!, ya *!r la r"s!&a&cia /$" l! ac!(*a6a, a #!l#"r i&1a(" a a/$"l /$" "s s$ #icti(a: "l *r!*i! s$*lici!, si i"& ti"&" *!r 1$&ci!& la '" 9*$rgar9 "l '"lit!, &! r"c!&cilia tra0a "& t!r&! !2 ("8!r 'ich!, s!r" "l c$"r*! (is(! '"l c!&'"&a'! $&!s sig&!s /$" &! '""& !rrars" la ("(!ria '" l!s h!(r"s, "& t!'! cas!2 c!&s"r#ar+ "l r"c$"r'! '" la ".*!sici%&, '" la *ic!ta, '" la t!rt$ra y '"l s$1ri(i"&t! '"i'a("&t" c!(*r!a'!s2 Y *!r *art" '" la 8$sticia /$" l! i(*!&", "l s$*lici! '"" s"r r"s!&a&t", y '"" s"r c!(*r!a'! *!r t!'!s, "& ci"rt! (!'! c!(! s$ tri$&1!2 El (is(! ".c"s! '" las #i!l"&cias i&;igi'as "s $&a '" l!s "l"("&t!s '" s$ gl!ria: "l h"ch! '" /$" "l c$l*al" gi(a y grit" a8! l!s g!l*"s, &! "s $& acci'"&t" #"rg!&0!s!, "s "l c"r"(!&ial (is(! '" la 8$sticia (a&i1"sta&'!s" "& s$ 1$"r0a I2 EL CUERPO DE LOS CONDENADOS
Las t!rt$ras ha& si'! $& ("t!'! '" castig! a l! larg! '" la hist!ria, si"&'! *aral"l! c!& "l *r!gr"s! '" las 'i1"r"&t"s ci#ili0aci!&"s2 O#ia("&t", si"(*r" s" ha &"c"sita'! c!rr"gir las c!&'$ctas &! *"r(iti'as y "s *!r "ll! /$" a*licar l!s s$*lici!s al c$"r*! 1$" ($y "1"cti#!, a$&/$" ($y 'isc$til" *$"st! /$" si "& r"ali'a' s" *r"t"&'3a sa&"ar actit$'"s &! s" '""r3a *!&"r "& ri"sg! la #i'a2 V"rigracia, c!(! i"& s" sa", "& la "'a' ("'ia la a$t!ri'a' r"ligi!sa "ra la (is(a /$" "staa 1ac$lta'a *ara castigar "& "l r"gi("& *$&iti#!2 F$"ra '" las (alas acci!&"s2 l!s *"ca'!s ta(i)& "ra& s"#"ra("&t" 8$0ga'!s2 As3, las ($8"r"s /$" s" '"'icaa& a la *r!stit$ci%& ! /$" c!("t3a& a'$lt"ri! "ra& s!("ti'as a c!rr"cti#!s h!rril"s l"s i&tr!'$c3a& "& s$ %rga&! r"*r!'$ct!r $&a h"rra(i"&ta "& 1!r(a '" *"ra, "sta&'! all3 acti#aa& s$ ("ca&is(! haci"&'! /$" s" ".*a&'i"ra, *r!#!ca&'! $&a h"(!rragia a c!&s"c$"&cia '" la '"str$cci%& '" s$ -t"r!2 D" ig$al (a&"ra, la t"c&!l!g3a '" a/$"ll!s a6!s s" "&ca(i&aa a hac"r '" l!s castig!s alg! (+s a*a$lla&t"s y '!l!r!s!s, ("ca&i0a&'! "l t!r("&t! y "l t"rr!r2 S" cr"ar!& (a/$i&as c!(! la '!&c"lla '" hi"rr! /$" "& r"s$(i'as c$"&tas "ra $& sarc%i
("sa larga c!& "8"s *ara halar l!s ra0!s y *i"r&as '" l!s h!(r"s, "8"rci"&'! 1$"r0a "& s"&ti'! c!&trari! *ara l!grar 'isl!car las artic$laci!&"s *ri&ci*al"s '" las ".tr"(i'a'"s2 Otr! "8"(*l! '"stacal" '" 'ichas t!rt$ras, s$rgi% "& >?@? c!& "l cas! '" Da(i"&s /$" 1$" c!&'"&a'! *!r r"gici'i! y *arrici'i!2 E& *!cas *alaras, '" l" '"sc$arti0!2 D"s("(ra&'! ($sc$l! *!r ($sc$l! y t"&'%& *!r t"&'%&, l! c$al l" ca$s! la ($"rt" y *!st"ri!r("&t", s$s r"st!s 1$"r!& i&ci&"ra'!s2 A ra30 '" "st!s h"ch!s, s" hac" $&a r"1!r(a a l!s ("t!'!s '" castig!, '"sa*ar"ci"&'! l!s s$*lici!s2 T!'! T!'! "ll! c!&c"'i'! *!r $& *"&sa(i"&t! '" h$(a&i0aci%& '" las *"&as2 E& !tras *alaras, "l castig! '"8! '" s"r $& "s*"ctac$l! *$&iti#! /$" $scaa i&ti(i'ars"ria("&t" ala *!laci%&, atr+s 9'" /$"'! s$ *"rs*"cti#a casit"atral y 'i! *as! a /$" l! *"&it"&ciari! s" hici"ra (as !c$lt! y (as h$(a&!2 h$(a& !2 A ra0%& '" "st!, las *racticas *$&iti#as s" hac"& *-'icas, '"8a&'! a $& la'! "l castig! al c$"r*! y *r!c"'i"&'! a la r"stricci%& '" #!l$&ta'"s y '"r"ch!s2 E& alg$&!s cas!s, /$itar la ".ist"&cia si& *r!'$cir '!l!r2 E&t!&c"s, s" cr"a la g$ill!ti&a2 Ah!ra i"&, 8$&t! c!& la 1!r(a '" castigar, castigar, ta(i)& s" ha (!'i1ica'! (!'i1ica'! *r!1$&'a("&t" "l !8"t! a castigar2 Para tal "1"ct!, s" ha i(*l"("&ta'! t!'! $&a s"ri" '" "st$'i!s *ara 'ar l$0 a l! c!&c"r&i"&t" c!& la #"raci'a' '" la *"&a2 E& tal *$&t!, "l 8$"0 "sta 1ac$lta'! *ara sa&ci!&ar i&1racci!&"s $tili0a&'! t!'! $& c!&8$&t! '" 8$ici!s a*r"ciati#!s, 'iag&%stic!s, *r!&%stic!s, &!r(ati#!s, r"1"r"&t"s al i&'i#i'$! '"li&c$"&t" 4*+g2 > 52 P!r "&'", *!r *ri("ra #"0 "& la hist!ria la '"("&cia 1$" $& 1act!r i(*l3cit! "& la "8"c$ci%& '"l h"ch! i(*$tal"2 A&t"ri!r("&t" "sta c!&'ici%& ("&tal "ra $&a ca$sal '" ".cl$si%& '" la *"&a, si& si& "(arg!, *as% a c!&si'"rar (+s c!(! $& c!rr"cti#! "& #"0 '" $& s$*lici!2 L$"g!, s" 'i! $&a "#!l$ci%& "& "l sist"(a *"&it"&ciari!, gracias a &$"#!s *la&t"a(i"&t!s c!(! c!&si'"rar "l castig! c!(! $&a 1$&ci%& s!cial c!(*l"8a, a'!*tar "& c$a&t! a l!s castig!s la *"rs*"cti#a '" la t+ctica *!litica, sit$ar la t"c&!l!gia '"l *!'"r "& "l *ri&ci*i! ta&t! '" la h$(a&i0aci%& '" la *"&ali'a' c!(! '"l c!&!ci(i"&t! '"l h!(r" y ".a(i&ar si "sta "&tra'a '"l al(a "& la "sc"&a '" la 8$sticia *"&al, y c!& "lla la i&s"rci%& "& la *r+ctica 8$'icial '" t!'! $& sa"r ci"&t3=c!, &! s"r+ "l "1"ct! '" $&a tra&s1!r(aci%& "& la (a&"ra "& /$" "l c$"r*! (is(! "sta i&#"sti'! *!r las r"laci!&"s '" *!'"r2 Es '"cir, "l castig! aa&'!&! "l c$"r*! y s" 'ir"cci!&! hacia "l al(a y las c!&ci"&cias2 P!r !tr! la'!, las r"laci!&"s '" *!'"r !ri"&ta /$i"& castiga y "l castiga'!2 Es as3 /$" "l *!'"r si"(*r" "sta ac!(*a6a'! '"l sa"r, l! /$" 1ac$lta irr"*r!chal"("&t" a l!s 8$"c"s *ara 'iri(ir "& as$&t!s *"rti&"&t"s al sist"(a *"&it"&ciari!2 Ca" '"cir /$" /$i"& ti"&" ("&!s *!'"r s"ra (as 1+cil("&t" "&casilla'! "& la sit$aci%& '" c!&'"&a'!2 Est" -lti(! l!gra s"r c!arta'! '" s$s li"rta'"s y '"(as l$8!s '" la #i'a c!ti'ia&a "l al(a r"s$lta s"r /$i"& "& #"r'a' r"ci" la *"&a *$"st! /$" s" l" s!("t" a $&a r"stricci%& i&("&sa, *r!l!&ga&'! '" ("8!r (a&"ra "l s$1ri(i"&t!2
N! !sta&t", l!s r"!s c!(-&("&t" &! "staa& '" ac$"r'! c!& "l ()t!'! *$&iti#! y carc"lari!, "s *!r "ll! /$" s" g"star!& r""li!&"s, al &i#"l '" l!s c$"r*!s, c!&tra "l c$"r*! (is(! '" la *risi%&2 L! /$" "staa "& 8$"g! "ra s$ (at"riali'a' "& la ("'i'a "& /$" "s i&str$("&t! y #"ct!r '" *!'"r "ra t!'a "sa t"c&!l!g3a '"l *!'"r s!r" "l c$"r*!, /$" la t"c&!l!gia '"l al(a &! c!&sig$" &i "&(ascarar &i c!(*"&sar, *!r la ra0%& '" /$" &! "s si&! $&! '" s$s i&str$("&t!s2
II2 LA RESONANCIA DE LOS SUPLICIOS El s$*lici! *"&al &! c$r" c$al/$i"r castig! c!r*!ral: "s $&a *r!'$cci%& 'i1"r"&cia'a '" s$1ri(i"&t!s, $& rit$al !rga&i0a'! *ara la (arcaci%& '" las #3cti(as y la (a&i1"staci%& '"l *!'"r /$" castiga, y &! la ".as*"raci%& '" $&a 8$sticia /$", !l#i'+&'!s" '" s$s *ri&ci*i!s, *i"r'" t!'a (!'"raci%&2 E& l!s 9".c"s!s9 '" l!s s$*lici!s, s" (a&i1i"sta t!'a $&a "c!&!(3a '"l *!'"r2 A'"(as '" las *"&as ya ("&ci!&a'as, ".ist3a& ta(i)& !tras (as l"#"s c!(! la satis1acci%& a la *"rs!&a !1"&'i'a, a'(!&ici%&, c"&s$ra, *risi%& *!r $& ti"(*! '"t"r(i&a'!, ast"&ci%& '" ir a $& l$gar "& "s*"ci1ic! y ($ltas ! c!&=scaci!&"s '" i"&"s2 Si& "(arg!, s" c!&s"r#aa $& ci"rt! #"stigi! '"l '!l!r y la *"&a "& '!&'" "l s$*lic! t"r(i&a *!r s"r, s!r" t!'!, art" c$a&titati#! '"l s$1ri(i"&t!2 P!r !tr! la'!, l!s 8$"c"s (!'"r&!s "ra& a*t! *ara r"ciir y r"s!l#"r '"&$&cias *"&al"s, c!& "llas a&ali0aa& las *r$"as '"l cas!, si i"& *!'ria& s"r '!c$("&tal"s, ta(i)& s" c!&stit$3a c!(! !8"t! *r!at!ri! la c!&1"si%&2 Esta $lti(a, a 'i1"r"&cia '" ti"(*!s a&t"ri!r"s, &! "ra i(*$"sta *!r ("'i! '" la t!rt$ra *$"st! /$" "l '"r"ch! *"&al &! !"'"c" a $& sist"(a '$alista #"r'a'"r! ! 1als! si&! a $& *ri&ci*i! '" gra'aci%& c!&ti&$a as3 c!(! '" c$l*aili'a'2 Es '"cir, s!& las *r$"as las /$" "8"c$ta& t!'! "l *r!c"s! y si& "llas &! c!&ti&-a la i&t"r#"&ci%& 8$'icial2 E(*"r!, "& "l sigl! BVIII si ".ist3a $&a t!rt$ra 8$'icial, s$s castig!s hac3a&, "& *ri("rai&sta&cia, /$" "l c$l*al" 1$"ra /$i"& i&1!r(ara s$ *r!*ia c!&'"&a *!r ("'i! '" cart"l"s 1i8a'!s "& s$ c$"r*! y r"tractaci!&"s "& la igl"sia2E& s"g$&'! l$gar, "l h"ch! '" s!("t"rl! a la #"rg"&0a*$lica, $s$al("&t" *r!#!caa /$" "l s$8"t! '" *"&a s" si&ti"ra ac!rrala'! y c!&1"sara a (a&"ra '" s$*lica "& s$ s"&t"&cia2 E& t"rc"ra i&sta&cia, la "8"c$ci%& s" hacia "& "l l$gar "& '!&'" s" c!("ti% "l cri("&2 Y *!r $lti(!, s" *r!l!&gaa "l s$1ri(i"&t! '"l s$*lici! *$"s *ara "ll!s "l 8$"g! "t"r&! ya ha3a c!("&0a'! 4i&="r&!5, y "st" "ra la a&tici*aci%& '" las *"&as '"l (+s all+, *$"st! /$" la ($"rt" "ra s"g$ra2 Fi&al("&t" s" trataa '" sal#ar "l al(a2 E& s$(a, "l s$*lici! 8$'icial hay /$" c!(*r"&'"rl! ta(i)& c!(! $& rit$al *!l3tic! *!r/$" s" c!&#i"rt" "& $&a c"r"(!&ia ("'ia&t" la c$al s" *r!l!&ga "l *!'"r y la
h"g"(!&3a '"l r"y, haci"&'! #"r a s$s s-'it!s /$" s$ s$*r"(ac3a "staa i&("rsa i&cl$si#" "& la (a&"ra c!(! s" "8"c$taa& las *"&as2 A'"(as las "8"c$ci!&"s *$licas ta(i)& "ra& a*lica'as *ara satis1ac"r l!s '"s"!s '" #"&ga&0a '" la *!laci%&, ll"#a&'! a ca! $& c"r"(!&ial '" tri$&1!, *"r! i&cl$y" ta(i)& &-cl"! 'ra(+tic! '" s$ '"sarr!ll! (!&%t!&!, $&a "sc"&a "scal!1ria&t" "&tr" "l #"r'$g! s!r" "l c$"r*! '"l *aci"&t"2 P!r "&'", "l #"r'$g! &! "s si(*l"("&t" a/$"l /$" a*lica l"y, si&! "l /$" '"s*li"ga la 1$"r0a2 Est" "ra $& !1ici! ($y &"c"sari! y si& "(arg! c!&tra &at$ra2 P!st"ri!r("&t", la *ractica *$&iti#a '"l sigl! BIB trata'a '" hallar la (ay!r 'ista&cia *!sil" "&tr" la -s/$"'a s"r"&a '" la #"r'a' y la #i!l"&cia /$" &! s" *!'3a !rrar *!r c!(*l"t! '"l castig!2 Ci"rta("&t", s" *r!c$raa /$" "l *!'"r castiga'!r &! s" (a&chara c!& $& cri("& /$" 1$"s" (ay!r a la *"&a i(*$ta'a al c$l*al" /$" s" *r"t"&'3a castigar2 P!r s$ *art", c$a&'! s" #"3at"(lar a $& c!&'"&a'!, &! s" *"&saa ya "& la #"rg"&0a y ($ch! ("&!s si "ra arr!ga&t" *ara "l *$"l! /$" "sta alli2 E& ca(i!, ".istia si"(*r" la (as ".tr"(a'a #"&ga&0a '"l s!"ra&! *r"t".t! *ara $& '"s/$it"2 P!r c!&sig$i"&t", la 8$sticia &"c"sitaa /$" s$ #3cti(a a$t"&ti=cara '" ci"rt! (!'! "l s$*lici! /$" s$1r3a2 F$" "&t!&c"s /$" s" l" *"'3a al cri(i&al /$" s" c!&sagrara s$ *r!*i! castig!2 El !8"t! *ri&ci*al *ara "st!s cri("&"s /$" "ra& *r!cla(a'!s, c!&sist3a "& /$" s" a(*liaa "l arr"*"&ti(i"&t!, *i'i"&'! *"r'%& a Di!s y a l!s h!(r"s *!r s$s cr3("&"s s" l"s #"3a *$ri1ica'!s, *$"s s"g-& "ll!s (!r3a& c!(! sa&t!s2 Si i"&, $&! '" I( "&$&cia'!s (as i(*!rta&t"s '" la 8$sticia "s 'ar a ca'a c$al l! /$" l" c!rr"s*!&'", "& c!&s"c$"&cia, "l *$"l! s" '"" '"s*!8ar '"l #i"8! !rg$ll! '" s$s cr3("&"s *$"st! /$" l!s gra&'"s as"si&at!s s" ha& c!&#"rti'! "& "l 8$"g! sil"&ci(! '" l!s ca&t!s2
CASTIGO El castig! "s $&a t)c&ica '" c!"rci%& '" las i&'i#i'$!s: *!&" "& acci%& *r!c"'i(i"&t!s '" s!("ti(i"&t! '"l c$"r*!2 c!& l!s rastr!s /$" '"8a, "& 1!r(a '" h+it!s, "& "l c!(*!rta(i"&t! y s$*!&" la i&stalaci%& '" $& *!'"r "s*"cr13c! '" g"sti%& '"la *"&a l2 EL CASTIGO GENERAUADO
$" las *"&as s"a& (!'"ra'as y *r!*!rci!&a'as a l!s '"lit!s, /$" la ($"rt" &! s" *r!&$&ci" ya si &! c!&tra l!s c$l*al"s '" as"si&at! y /$" l!s s$*lici!s /$" i&'ig&a& a la h$(a&i'a' s"a& a!li'!s
Ah!ra, s"ria c!&#"&i"&t" a1ir(ar /$" la 8$sticia cri(i&al, "& l$gar '" #"&gars", castig$" al 1i&2 Esta &"c"si'a' '" $& castig! si& s$*lici! s" 1!r($la, "& *ri("r l$gar, c!(! $& grit! '"l c!ra0%& ! '" la &at$ral"0a i&'ig&a'a2 llasta al *"!r '" l!s as"si&!s, s" l" '"" r"s*"tar l! (+s "s"&cial '" s$ h$(a&i'a'2 E& r"s*$"sta a "ll!, 1$" i&"l$'il" $&a r"&!#aci%& al *!'"r 8$'icial '"l Esta'! *$"st! /$" la a'(i&istraci%& '" 8$sticia "staa #icia'a2 P!r "8"(*l!, ha3a $&a '"s&at$rali0aci%& '" las *"&as, a'"(+s, l!s !=ci!s '" 8$"0 y (agistra'! "ra& #"&'i'!s y c!("rciali0a'!s c!(! ("rca&c3a "& #"0 '" s"r "8"rci'!s 'ir"cta("&t" *!r i(*!sici%& '"l Esta'!, a tal *$&t! s" s"r tra&s(iti'!s a s$s h"r"'"r!s2 A s$ #"0, ".ist3a t!'a $&a s"ri" '" *ri#il"gi!s /$" hac3a& '"sig$al "l "8"rcici! '" la 8$sticia2 Ha3a& tri$&al"s, *r!c"'i(i"&t!s, a!ga'!s, '"lit!s i&cl$s!, /$" "ra& 1a#!r"ci'!s y /$" /$"'aa& 1$"ra '"l '"r"ch! c!(-&2 S" s$(a /$" la 8$ris'icci%& y l!s castig!s "ra& a*lica'!s c!& (ay!r rigi'"0 a las *"rs!&as (argi&a'as y #$l&"ral"s, a$sa&'! '"l *!'"r2 E& #"r'a', la ("ta '" 'icha r"1!r(a "ra l!grar $&a '"i'a 'istri$ci%& '"l *!'"r *$&iti#!, *$"st! /$" s" hi0!!ligat!ri! c!&tr!lar " i&cl$ir t!'as "stas *r+cticas il3citas a la l"gislaci%& y lit"rat$ra 8$r3'ica2 P!r "8"(*l!, $&! '" l!s *ri&ci*i!s '"l '"r"ch! *"&al "s /$" las i&1racci!&"s "st"& i"& '"1i&i'as y s"g$ra("&t" castiga'as, "s '"cir, "l '"lit! '"" s"r ti*i1ica'!, a&ti8$r3'ic! y c$l*al"2 T!'! "st! *ara '"t"r(i&ar /$" i&1racci!&"s s!& t!l"ral"s y hasta /$" *$&t! &!2 E& r"s$(i'as c$"&tas, s" $scaa /$" las *"&as &! "st$#i"ra& a la c!&si'"raci%& '" l!s 8$"c"s, "s '"cir, /$" la ti*i1icaci%& '" l!s '"lit!s s" haga $&i#"rsal, i(*!&i"&'! l"y"s 1i8as, c!&sta&t"s, '"t"r(i&a'as '" (a&"ra *r"cisa, '" (!'! /$" l!s ci$'a'a&!s s"*a& a /$" s" ".*!&"& y l!s (agistra'!s &! s"a& (+s /$" "l %rga&! '" la l"y, halla&'! $&a c!'i=caci%& (+s clara y $&a 'is(i&$ci%& &!tal" '" la aritrari"'a'2 P!r !tr! la'! s" *r"t"&'3a 'is(i&$ir "l c!st! "c!&%(ic! y *!l3tic! a$("&ta&'! s$ "1icacia y ($lti*lica&'! s$s circ$it!s, c!&stit$y"&'! $&a &$"#a "c!&!(3a y $&a &$"#a t"c&!l!g3a '"l *!'"r '" castigar2 E("rg" '" "sta s$"rt" $& 1!r(i'al" '"r"ch! '" castigar, ya /$" "l i&1ract!r s" c!&#i"rt" "& "l "&"(ig! c!(-&2 Ah!ra i"&, la *r!*!rci%& "&tr" la *"&a y la cali'a' '"l '"lit! "sta '"t"r(i&a'a *!r la i&1l$"&cia /$" ti"&", s!r" "l !r'"& s!cial2 E& !tras *alaras, s" *r"t"&'" c!&'"&ar (as la *!siili'a' '" la r"i&ci'"&cia /$" "l cri("& *!r "l c$al s" l" ac$sa "& "l *r"s"&t"2 P!r "&'", s" ".*r"sa& ci"rt!s *ara("tr!s2 P!r "8"(*l!, la r"gla '" la ca&ti'a' (3&i(a i&'ica /$" *ara /$" "l castig! *r!'$0ca "l "1"ct! /$" s" '"" "s*"rar '" "l asta /$" "l 'a6! /$" ca$sa ".c"'a "l "&"1ici! /$" "l c$l*al" ha !t"&i'! '"l cri("& 4*ag2 ?52 E& s"g$&'! l$gar s" *r!*!&" la r"gla '" la i'"ali'a' s$1ici"&t" "& '!&'" si "l (!ti#! '" $& '"lit! "s la #"&ta8a /$" '" "l s" r"*r"s"&ta, la "1icacia '" la *"&a "sta "& la '"s#"&ta8a /$" '" "l s" "s*"r2 E& t"rc"ra i&sta&cia, "& la r"gla '" l!s "1"ct!s lat"ral"s la *"&a '"" !t"&"r s$s "1"ct!s (+s i&t"&s!s '" a/$"ll!s /$" &! ha& c!("ti'! la 1alta, "& "l l3(it", si s" *$'i"ra "star s"g$r! '" /$" "l c$l*al"
"s i&ca*a0 '" r"i&ci'ir, astar3a c!& hac"r cr""r a l!s '"(as /$" ha si'! castiga'!2 P!st"ri!r("&t", la r"gla '" la c"rti'$(r" as!l$ta *!st$la /$" "s *r"cis! /$" a la i'"a '" ca'a '"lit! y '" las #"&ta8as /$" '" > s" "s*"ra&, #aya as!cia'a la i'"a '" $& castig! '"t"r(i&a'! c!& l!s i&c!&#"&i"&t"s *r"cis!s /$" '" "l r"s$lta& "s *r"cis! /$", "&tr" $&a y !tra, s" c!&si'"r" "l #3&c$l! c!(! &"c"sari! y /$" &a'a *$"'a r!(*"rl!2 Est" "l"("&t! g"&"ral '" la c"rti'$(r" /$" '"" c!($&icar s$ "1icacia al sist"(a *$&iti#! i(*lica ci"rt! &-("r! '" ("'i'as *r"cisas2 Fi&al("&t", la r"gla '" la #"r'a' c!(-& a$s*icia la #"ri1icaci%& '"l cri("& /$" '"" !"'"c"r a la #"r'a' '"l '"lit!, la c$al &! *!'ra s"r a'(iti'a si&! $&a #"0 /$" ha si'! "&t"ra("&t" *r!a'! hasta la '"(!straci%& 1i&al '" s$ '"lit! y s" '"" r"*$tar i&!c"&t" al i&c$l*a'!, a c!&s"c$"&cia, las *r$"as y l!s i&'ici!s '""& '"'$cirs" '" "sas circ$&sta&cias2 P!r $lti(!, la r"gla '" la "s*"ci=caci%& !*ti(a *r!($"#" la cr"aci%& '" $& c%'ig! /$" s"a l! s$1ici"&t"("&t" *r"cis! c!(! *ara /$" ca'a ti*! '" i&1racci%& *$"'a "star "& "l clara("&t" ti*i1ica'a2 C!& "st! s" "#ita& las lag$&as l"gal"s *ara /$" &! a*ar"0ca la i(*$&i'a'2
II2 LA ENIGNIDAD DE LAS PENAS E& "st" a*art" '"l lir! F!$ca$lt $tili0a l!s arg$("&t!s '" P"l"ti"r c$a&'! "st" a1$(a /$" s!& &"c"sarias $&as r"laci!&"s ".actas "&tr" la &at$ral"0a '"l '"lit! y la &at$ral"0a '"l castig! "l /$" ha si'! 1"r!0 "& s$ cri("& *a'"c"r+ '!l!r"s 13sic!s "l /$" haya si'! h!lga0+& s" #"ra 1!r0a'! a $& traa8! *"&!s! "l /$" ha si'! ay"ct! s$1rir+ c!(! *"&a la i&1a(ia2 C!& r"laci%& a l! a&t"ri!r "s i&'is*"&sal" &! s!l! c!(atir "l '"lit! '"s'" s$ (at"riali0aci%&, si&! /$" s" '"" "rra'icar '" ra302 V"rigracia, "l '"lit! '" #aga&cia s" c!&'"&ara *"r! a$& (as las c!&'ici!&"s /$" ll"#a& a l!s i&'i#i'$!s a "st!, "s '"cir, s" c!(atir+ c!& traa8!s2 Asi (is(!, "l la'r%& y "l as"si&! a *art" '" r"ciir "l castig! c!rr"s*!&'i"&t" '""& s"r r"!"'$ca'!s *ara /$" "&ti"&'a& '" &$"#! "l r"s*"t! '" l! a8"&!2 Ca" r"saltar /$" "s i(*"ra&t" la i(*!sici%& '" $& t)r(i&! 1i8! *ara las *"&as ya /$" si i"& l" 'a "s*"ra&0a a l!s r"!s, *$"'" /$" l! c!acci!&" a r"i#i&'icar s$ c!&'$cta2 A *r!*%sit! F!$ca$lt 'ic" /$" L! i'"al s"ria /$" "l c!&'"&a'! a*ar"ci"ra c!(! $&a "s*"ci" '" *r!*i"'a' r"&tal" $& "scla#! *$"st! al s"r#ici! '" t!'!s2 S"ria (as -til hac"rl! s"r#ir al Esta'! "& $&a "scla#it$' (+s ! ("&!s a(*lia s"g-& la 3&'!l" '" s$ '"lit!2 Hara /$" s"r $& i"& s!cial, !8"t! '" $&a a*r!*iaci%& c!l"cti#a y -til2 D" ah3 /$" l!s r"1!r(a'!r"s haya& *r!*$"st! casi si"(*r" l!s traa8!s *-lic!s c!(! $&a '" las
("8!r"s *"&as *!sil"s2La *$lici'a' '"l castig! &! '"" 'i1$&'ir $& "1"ct! 1isic! '" t"rr!r, '"" arir $& lir! '" l"ct$ra R"t!(a&'!, "l *ri&ci*i! 1!r($la'! al c!(i"&0! "s "l '" /$" "s *r"cis! /$" haya r"laci!&"s ".actas "&tr" la 3&'!l" '"l '"lit! y la 3&'!l" '"l castig!2 E&t!&c"s, s" 'ara 'i&"r! a /$i"&"s ha& si'! 1"r!c"s, traa8! *ara l!s h!lga0a&"s, ig&!(i&ia *ara a/$"ll!s c$ya al(a "sta '"gra'a'a2 P$&t$al("&t", s" ha '"(!stra'! /$" la 1alta '" $& !=ci! "s $& '"t!&a&t" '" la cri(i&ali'a', "s *!r "ll! /$" la *"'ag!g3a *r!*!rci!&a la #"&ta8a '" r"c!&str$ir al i&'i#i'$! *"r"0!s! "& gra& traa8a'!r, l! !ligara a c!l!cars" "& $& sist"(a '" i&t"r"s"s "& "l /$" "l traa8! s"r+ (as *r!#"ch!s! /$" la *"r"0a y 1!r(ara "& t!r&! '" si $&a *"/$"6a s!ci"'a' r"'$ci'a, si(*li1ica'a y c!"rciti#a "& la /$" a*ar"c"ra clara("&t" la (+.i(a2 Es *r"cis! '"cir /$" /$i"& /$i"ra #i#ir '"" traa8ar2 P!r "8"(*l!, "s t" (!'"l! 1$" $tili0a'! "& la C!rr"cci!&al '" Ga&t" y "& Gl!$c"st"r, alli s" 'aa "l traa8! !ligat!ri! "& tall"r"s, !c$*aci%& c!&sta&t" '" I( *r"s!s, =&a&ciaci%& '" la *risi%& ("'ia&t" "st" traa8!, *"r! ta(i)& r"tri$ci%& i&'i#i'$al '" l!s *r"s!s *ara gara&ti0ar s$ r"i&s"rci%& (!ral y (at"rial "& "l ($&'! "strict! '" la "c!&!(ia, l!s c!&'"&a'!s s!& *$"s, "(*l"a'!s c!&sta&t"("&t" "& traa8!s *r!'$cti#!s *ara a ca"r /$" s!*!rt"& l!s gast!s '" la *risi%&, *ara &! '"8arl!s i&acti#!s y *ara /$" t"&ga& *r"*ara'!s alg$&!s r"c$rs!s "& "l (!("&t! "& /$" s$ ca$ti#"ri! aya '" c"sar2 E& t!'! cas! '"" '"cirs", /$" al =&al '"l sigl! BVIII &!s "&c!&tra(!s a&t" tr"s (a&"ras '" !rga&i0ar "l *!'"r '" castigar: la *ri("ra "s la /$" 1$&ci!&a t!'a#ia y s" a*!yaa "& "l #i"8! '"r"ch! (!&+r/$ic!2 Las !tras c!rr"s*!&'"&, a(as, a $&a c!&c"*ci%& *r"#"&ti#a, $tilitaria, c!rr"cti#a, a $& '"r"ch! '" castigar /$" *"rt"&"c3a a la s!ci"'a' "&t"ra *$"'" '"cirs" /$", "& "l '"r"ch! (!&ar/$ic!, "l castig! c"r"(!&ial '" s!"ra&3a $tili0a las (arcas rit$al"s '" la #"&ga&0a, /$" a*lica s!r" "l c$"r*! '"l c!&'"&a'!2 E& "l *r!y"ct! '" l!s 8$ristas r"1!r(a'!r"s, "l castig! "s $& *r!c"'i(i"&t! *ara r"cali1icar a l!s i&'i#i'$!s c!(! s$8"t!s '" '"r"ch!2 JP"r! c!(! l! hac"K S"&cilla("&t", $tili0a i&str$("&t!s c!(! l!s "8"rcici!s, (arcaci%& '" h!rari!s, "(*l"! '" ti"(*!, (!#i(i"&t!s !ligat!ri!s, acti#i'a'"s r"g$lar"s, ("'itaci%& s!litaria, traa8! "& c!(-&, sil"&ci!, a*licaci%&, r"s*"t! y $"&as c!st$(r"s2 E& c!&cl$si%&, la #i'a '"&tr! '"l *"&al s" 'i#i'" '" ac$"r'! c!& $& "(*l"! '"l ti"(*! as!l$ta("&t" "strict!, a8! $&a #igila&cia i&i&t"rr$(*i'a "& '!&'" ca'a i&sta&t" '"l '3a ti"&" (arca'a $&a !c$*aci%&, '"t"r(i&a'! $& ti*! '" acti#i'a', l! c$al c!&ll"#a !ligaci!&"s y *r!hiici!&"s2 DISCIPLINA La 'isci*li&a I1arica 9 i&'i#i'$!s "s la t)c&ica "s*"a=ca '" $& *!'"r /$" s" 'a l!s i&'i#i'$!s a la #"0 c!(! !8"t!s y c!(! i&str$("&t!s '" s$ "8"rcici!2 N! "s $&
*!'"r tri$&1a&t" /$" a *artir '" s$ *r!*i! ".c"s! *$"'a =ars" "& s$ s$*"r*!t"&cia "s $& *!'"r (!'"st!2 s$s*ica0, /$"=i&ci!&a s"g-& "l (!'"la '" $&a "c!&!(3a calc$la'a *"r! *"r(a&"&t"2 La 'isci*li&a a$("&ta las 1a"&as '"l c$"r*! 4"& t)r(i&!s "c!&%(ic!s '" $tili'a'5 y 'is(i&$y" "sas (is(as 1$"r0as 4 "& t"7r(i&!s *!liticas '" !"'i"&cia52 I2 LOS CUERPOS DOCILES Es '%cil $& c$"r*! /$" *$"'" s"r s!("ti'!, /$" *$"'" s"r $tili0a'!, /$" *$"'" s"r tras1!r(a'! y *"r1"cci!&a'! 2 E& "l sigl! BVII l!s s!l'a'!s "ra& h!(r"s c!& $&a *"rs!&ali'a' #ig!r!sa, #ali"&t", haili'!sa y 13sica("&t" ca*ac"s '" s"r r"c!&!ci'!s a l"8!s c!(! h)r!"s y g$"rr"r!s2 E& c!&tra'icci%&, l!s s!l'a'!s '"l sigl! BVIII "ra& (ilitar"s 1arica'!s, a l!s c$al"s s" l"s "&s"6! h+it!s, (!#i(i"&t!s, *!st$ras y r$ti&as /$" 1$"r!& *$"stas a *r$"a al (!("&t! '" 'ar %r'"&"s '" s$*"ri!r"s2 Tal as3, /$" a l! larg! '" la hist!ria clasica s" r"c!&!c" al c$"r*! c!(! !8"t! '"l *!'"r, haci)&'!l! (a&i*$lal" c!(! $&a (a/$i&a2 A&t"ri!r a "ll!, "& la hist!ria clasica s" 'a '"sc$ri(i"&t! al c$"r*! c!(! !8"t! y la&c! '" *!'"r, haci"&'! '"l c$"r*! $& s"r (a&i*$lal", /$" !"'"c" y r"s*!&'" casi c!(! $&a (+/$i&a2 Para tal "1"ct!, l! a&t"ri!r s" '"sarr!lla s"g-& $&a "scala '" c!&tr!l '!&'" s" *r"t"&'" i&s*"cci!&ar a las *"rs!&as c!(! *art"s 1$&ci!&al"s2 As3 (is(!, la ("ca&ici'a' c!(*r"&'" l!s (!#i(i"&t!s, g"st!s actit$'"s y la ra*i'"02 P!r !tr! la'!, la (!'ali'a' ti"&" la (isi%& '" #"lar *!r l!s *r!c"s!s '" acti#i'a' "& r"laci%& al ti"(*! "s*aci! y l!s (!#i(i"&t!s2 Ci"rta("&t", t!'!s "st!s &$"#!s ()t!'!s '" c!&tr!l "& '!&'" la '!cili'a' y $tili'a' s" i(*r"g&a& al c$"r*! s" l"s *$"'" '"&!(i&ar 'isci*li&a "sta &! s!l! s" "&carga '" hac"r '" l!s c$"r*!s (as !"'i"&t"s si&! ta(i)& (+s -til"s $&a (a&i*$laci%& *!l3tica y ("c+&ica '" l!s (!#i(i"&t!s2 Esta *!litica, la 'isci*li&a y "8"rcici! '"l *!'"r s" "&c$"&tra "& i&stit$ci!&"s '" (a&"ra t"(*ra&a "& c!l"gi!s, i&str$cci!&"s (ilitar"s, h!s*ital"s, c+rc"l"s, tall"r"s i&'$strias, "tc2
>2>2 El Art" D" Las Distri$ci!&"s Est" a*art" '"l ca*it$l! s" ".*!&"& las t"c&icas '" 'i#isi%& '" l!s i&'i#i'$!s "& "l "s*aci!2 La *ri("ra '" "stas "s la cla$s$ra /$" "s "l "&ci"rr! !ligat!ri! 2*ara c!&tr!lar y (a&t"&"r "l !r'"& '" las *"rs!&as "& s$ i&t"ri!r, c!& "s*aci!s '"li(ita'!s *ara la "&s"6a&0a y la !"'i"&cia2 E& s"g$&'! t"r(i&!, la l!cali0aci%& ! 'i#isi%& "& 0!&as *r!#!ca /$" ca'a i&'i#i'$! s" (a&"8" "& s$ l$gar, "st! *ara "#itar las 'istri$ci!&"s *!r gr$*!s, '"sc!(*!&i"&'! las c!l"cti#i'a'"s " i&'i#i'$ali0ar a l!s s$8"t!s2 E& t"rc"ra i&sta&cia, l!s "(*la0a(i"&t!s 1$&ci!&al"s s!& l$gar"s /$" sir#"& *ara r"s*!&'"r a la &"c"si'a' '" #igilar, a la #"0 /$" r!(*" las c!($&icaci!&"s *"ligr!sas "&tr" l!s i&'i#i'$!s y cr"a "s*aci!s
*r!'$cti#!s2 Y "& c$art! l$gar, "l ra&g! i&'i#i'$ali0a l!s c$"r*!s *!r $&a l!cali0aci%& 'istri$y"&'! y circ$la&'! "& $& sist"(a '" r"laci!&"s2 S" 'istri$y"a l!s i&'i#i'$!s s"g-& s$s #al!r"s ! ()rit!s "s*"ciali'a'"s, 8"rar/$i0a&'! "l sa"r ! la ca*aci'a'2 S" l" s$(a la !rga&i0aci%& '" las c"l'as y l!s l$gar"s, ar/$it"ct$ras 1$&ci!&al"s y 8"r+r/$icas "s*aci!s /$" 1i8a& y *"r(it"& a la #"0 la circ$laci%&, r"c!rta& s"g("&t!s i&'i#i'$al"s " i&sta$ra& r"laci!&"s !*"rat!rias, (arca& l$gar"s i&'ica& #al!r"s gara&ti0a&'! la !"'i"&cia ta(i)& $&a "c!&!(3a '"l ti"(*! y '" l!s g"st!s2
LH2 El C!(r!l D" La Acti#i'a' Dicha #igila&cia s" hac" ("'ia&t" 'i1"r"&t"s ("t!'!s2 P!r "8"(*l!, "l "(*l"! '"l ti"(*! "stal"c" rit(!s *ara !ligar a r"ali0ar !c$*aci!&"s '"t"r(i&a'as, r"g$la l!s cicl!s '" r"*"tici%& y "stal"c" $&a r$ti&a !r'"&a'a *!r "l ti"(*!2 Ta(i"& la "la!raci%& t"(*!ral '"l act!: ac!st$(rar y '"sc!(*!&"r "l a*r"&'i0a8" l" l!s g"st!s ! (!#i(i"&t!s al ti"(*! s" r"="r" al rit(! c!l"cti#! y !ligat!ri! i(*$"st! '"s'" "l ".t"ri!r $& *r!gra(a, "la!ra "l act!, c!&tr!la "l i&t"ri!r s$ '"sarr!ll! y s$s 1as"s2 P!r s$ *art" hay $&a c!rr"laci%& '"l c$"r*! y "l g"st!, "s '"cir, ".ist" $&a ("8!r r"laci%& "&tr" $& g"st! y la actit$' gl!al '"l c$"r*!, /$" "s s$ c!&'ici%& '" "=cacia y ra*i'"0, "l $"& "(*l"! '"l c$"r*! *"r(it" "l ".c"l"&t" (i&ist"ri! '"l ti"(*! '"8a&'! asi "l !ci! '" la'!2 Ah!ra, s" "&c$"&tra la artic$laci%& c$"r*!O8"t!, i(*lica ca'a $&a '" las r"laci!&"s /$" "l c$"r*! '"" (a&t"&"r c!& "l !8"t! /$" (a&i*$la2 P!r $lti(! s" 'a la $tili0aci%& ".ha$sti#a, la /$" *r!c$ra $&a "c!&!(3a *!siti#a, $&a $tili0aci%& *r!#"ch!sa '"l ti"(*!, s" trata i&t"&si1icar "l $s! '"l i&sta&t" *ara &! '"rr!char "l ti"(*!, as3 (is(! i&t"&si1ica&'! la #"l!ci'a' '" la acci%& *ara $&a (a.i(a "1icacia2 El !8"ti#! '" "st! "s ait$ar a "8"c$tar acci!&"s r"*"titi#a y #"l!0("&t" *ara 'is(i&$ir "& l! *!sil" la *"r'i'a '" ti"(*! *r!'$ci'a '" $&a !*"raci%& a !tra2
I2 La Orga&i0aci%& D" La G)&"sis Las 'isci*li&as /$" a&ali0a& "l "s*aci! /$" c!&tr!la& las acti#i'a'"s, '""& s"r "&t"&'i'as c!(! a*arat!s *ara ca*itali0ar "l ti"(*!2 La *ri("ra '" "stas "s 'i#i'ir la '$raci%& "& s"g("&t!s, s$c"si#!s ! *aral"l!s2 La s"g$&'a "s la !rga&i0aci%& '" s"g("&t!s '" ac$"r'! a $& "s/$"(a a&al3tic!2 La t"rc"ra, $sca 1i&ali0ar 'ich!s s"g("&t!s t"(*!ral"s =8a&'! $& t"r(i&! ! $&a *r$"a ca*a0 '" i&'icar si "l s$8"t! ha alca&0a'! "l &i#"l "s*"ra'!, gara&ti0ar la c!&1!r(i'a' '"l a*r"&'i0a8" y 'i1"r"&ciar las '!t"s '" ca'a i&'i#i'$!2 La c$arta c!&sist" "& 'is*!&"r s"ri"s '" s"ri"s, l! /$" sig&i1ica "&tr"gar a ca'a s"ri" s"g-& s$ &i#"l, s$ a&tig"'a' ! gra'!
g"&"ra&'! asi $&a ra(i1icaci%& '" s"ri"s /$" s" "&tr"ga& ca'a #"0 /$" $& i&'i#i'$! t"r(i&"2 Ca" aclarar /$" "st" ti*! '" 'isci*li&ari! s" i(*!&" *!c! a *!c! "& la *"'ag!g3a cali=ca&'! a l!s i&'i#i'$!s s"g-& la (a&"ra "& /$" ha& r"c!rri'! "stas s"ri"s2 P"r(iti"&'! as3 la =scali0aci%& '" la '$raci%& *!r "l *!'"r, *!siili'a' '" $& c!&tr!l '"talla'! y $&a i&t"r#"&ci%&, '"*$raci%& i&cl$s! "li(i&aci%&2 C!& "st" ()t!'! s" ca*t$ra la acti#i'a' '"l i&'i#i'$! "& "l ti"(*!, "l *!'"r artic$la as"g$ra "l c!&tr!l y gara&ti0a "l $s! '"l ti"(*! '" l!s i&'i#i'$!s, la '!(i&aci%& '" la "#!l$ci%& y "l *r!gr"s! *!r ("'i! '" l!s ac!&t"ci(i"&t!s2 V2 La C!(*!sici%& D" F$"r0as La 'isci*li&a l!gra c!(*!&"r 1$"r0as *ara hac"rs" "1ica02 D" (a&"ra /$" "l c$"r*! si&g$lar s" c!&#i"rt" "& $& "l"("&t! /$" s" *$"'" c!l!car, (!#"r, artic$lar s!r" !tr!s2 As3, a*ar"c"& las 'i#"rsas s"ri"s cr!&!l%gicas /$" la 'isci*li&a '"" c!(i&ar *ara 1!r(ar $& ti"(*! c!(*$"st!, "l c$al s" a8$sta al '" l!s '" !tr!s *ara /$" "l la*s! s"a !*ti(! -til lir" '" !ci!si'a' y (is"ria2 Y =&al("&t", ".*!&" $& sist"(a *r"cis! '" (a&'! *ara las c!(i&aci!&"s "& '!&'" la acti#i'a' '"l c$"r*! "sta calc$la'a *!r !r'"&"s r"#"s y claras, c!& "l 1i& '" *r!#!car2 E& r"s$("&, *$"'" '"cirs" /$" la 'isci*li&a 1arica a *artir '" l!s c$"r*!s /$" c!&tr!la c$atr! ti*!s '" i&'i#i'$ali'a', ! (+s i"& $&a i&'i#i'$ali'a' /$" "sta '!ta'a '" c$atr! caract"r3sticas: "s c"l$lar 4*!r "l 8$"g! '" la 'istri$ci%& "s*acial5, "s !rga&ica 4*!r "l ci1ra'! '" las acti#i'a'"s5, "s g"&)tica 4*!r la ac$($laci%& '"l ti"(*!5, "s c!(i&at!ria 4*!r la c!(*!sici%& '" 1$"r0as52
II2 LOS MEDIOS DEL UEN ENCA UAMIENTO La #igila&cia 8"rar/$i0a'a, c!&ti&$a y =(ci!&ai &! "s, si& '$'a2 $&a '" las gra&'"s 9i&#"&ci!&"s9 t)c&icas '"l sigl! B VIII2 *"r! s$ i&si'iasa ".t"&si%& '"" s$ i(*!rta&cia a las &$"#as ("c+&icas '" *!'"r /$" 9"#a c!&sig!2 El *!'"r 'isci*li&ari!, gracias a "lla2 s" c!&#i"rt" "& $& sist"(a 9i&t"gra'!9 #i&c$la'! '"l i&t"ri!r a la "c!&!(ia y a l!s =&"s '"l 'is*!siti#! "& /$" s" "8"rc"2 S" !rga&i0a ta(i)& c!(! $& *!'"r (-lti*l", a$t!(+tic! y a&%&i(! *!r/$" si "s ci"rt! /$" la #igila&cia r"*asa s!r" i&'i#i'$!s, s$ 1$&ci!&a(i"&t! "s "l '" i( sist"(a '" r"laci!&"s '" arria aa8!2 P"r! ta(i)& hasta ci"rt! *$&t! '" aa8! arria y lat"ral("&t"2 D" l!s ("t!'!s "1"cti#!s *ara !ri"&tar, "&'"r"0ar y 'irigir las ("&t"s s" "&c$"&tra la $tili0aci%& '" la i&s*"cci%& 8"r+r/$ica /$" 1$&g" c!(! r"g$la'!r '" la c!&'$cta, a tal *$&t! '" c!&#"rtirs" "& 1$&ci!&"s "s*"ci1icas /$" ha '" gara&ti0ar "l Esta'!2 Es ci"rt!, la !rga&i0aci%& '" &$"str!s c!&t".t!s i&t"rs$8"ti#!s &! "sta 'a'a *!r a#a&c"s aisla'!s '" las ci"&cias y la t"c&!l!gia, "& ca(i!, ha& si'! *r!'$ci'as *!r $&a s"ri" '" ac!&t"ci(i"&t!s /$" '"&!ta& la (a&"8aili'a' h$(a&a2 Es as3 /$" la ar/$it"ct$ra s" (!'i1ica s"g-& "l (!'"l!
(ilitar, i&cl$y"&'! 1!r(aci!&"s ar/$it"ct%&icas /$" *"r(it"& la !s"r#aci%& c!&ti&$a '" l!s '"(+s, *!r "8"(*l!, l!s a6!s /$" ti"&"& ("'ia *$"rta 1$"r!& i'"a'!s "& $&a "sc$"la (ilitar *ara *!'"r !s"r#ar las ca"0as y l!s *i"s '" /$i"& "sta all3 '"&tr!2 Ta(i)& $& cas! si(ilar ac!&t"c" c!& l!s h!s*ital"s "& '!&'" s$ !rga&i0aci%& *!siilita la as"*sia "&tr" l!s *aci"&t"s *ara /$" s$s "&1"r("'a'"s &! s" tras1i"ra& a l!s !tr!s2 D" ig$al (!'!, "st" r"gi("& "s ca*a0 '" i&tr!'$cirs" "& t!'! as*"ct! '" la #i'a c!ti'ia&a, ali&"a&'! a ca'a $&! '" l!s i&t"gra&t"s '" la s!ci"'a' '"s'" s$ (as ti"r&a "'a' y ac!(*a6a&'!l!s a l! larg! '" s$ #i'a la!ral2 As3, s" cr"a $&a "s$7$ct$ra *ira(i'al 8"rar/$i0a'a, "& '!&'" "l s$*"ri!r ti"&" la 1ac$lta' '" !s"r#ar a t!'!s c!& 1acili'a'2 V"rigracia, l!s !r"r!s "& la 1+rica y la *r!'$cci%& "& ca'"&a r"/$i"r"& $& c!&tr!l "s*"c31ic! '" ca'a $&a '" las "s1"ras "& /$" s" '"s"&#$"l#"& l!s traa8a'!r"s '"&tr! '" la "(*r"sa2 P!r !tr! la'!, la sa&ci%& &!r(ali0a'!ra i&1ri&g" castig!s 'isci*li&ari!s a /$i"& &! "&ca8" "& l!s *r"s$*$"st!s '" c!&'$cta *"r(iti'!s *!r la s!ci"'a' y '"*"&'i"&'! '"l a(i"&t" "& /$" s" '"s"&#$"l#a "l castig! *$"'" s"r c!rr"cti#! ! *$&iti#!2 Ca" '"stacar /$" s" i(*l"("&ta ta(i)& $& sist"(a '" r"c!(*"&sa castig!, si& "(arg!, "l car+ct"r *"&al '" 'icha 1ig$ra *"rsist", tras1!r(a&'! a las *"rs!&as "& r"!s "& acti#i'a'2 P!st"ri!r("&t", "l ".a("& s" "8"c$ta c!(! ("ca&is(! '" i&s*"cci%& '" l!s sa"r"s, a*tit$'"s y #irt$'"s '" l!s h!(r" l!gra&'! c!'i1icarl! t"&i"&'! "& c$a&ta las 1ac$lta'"s a'/$iri'as c!& "l 1i& '" i&'i#i'$ali0arl! y c!&#"rtirl! "& $& s$8"t! c$a&ti1ical" y c$ali1ical"2 Es '"cir, ".a("& *"r(it" #"r c!&ta&t"("&t" a l!s i&'i#i'$!s si& &"c"si'a' '" r"c$rrir a la 1$"r0a, *!r "8"(*l! "l ".a("& "& las "sc$"as ti"&" $& car+ct"r *"'ag%gic!2 N! !sta&t", "& la #i'a a'$lta "l r"gistr! '" acti#i'a'"s y c!(*!rta(i"&t!s s" hac" (as rig$r!s! *$"s s$ *!'"r '" c!"rciili'a' a$("&ta al '"8ar '" la'! ".c$sas *r!*ias '" la i&1a&cia y la a'!l"sc"&cia2 Ell! &! sig&i1ica /$" l!s 8%#"&"s &! "st"& s!("ti'!s a "st" r)gi("&, t!'!s l! c!&trari!, s!& /$i"&"s "sta& (as ".*$"st!s a la i&'i#i'$ali0aci%&, ta& s!l! /$" 'icha i&t"r#"&ci%& '" 'irig" '" (a&"ra 'i1"r"&t"2
III2 EL PANOPTISMO Est" *!st$la'! '" F!$ca$lt hac" r"1"r"&cia a $&a c!&str$cci%& ar/$it"ct%&ica i'"a'a *!r "&tha(, la c$al c!&sist" "& $&a "s*"ci" '" '!(! c!& c-*$la '" 1!r(a circ$lar2 A l! larg! '"l *"r3("tr! '" la circ$&1"r"&cia s" "&c$"&tra #arias c+(aras /$" al"rga& a&i(al"s ! *"rs!&as2 Dichas c"la' !1r"c"& $&a #isiili'a' c!&si'"ral", c!& #"&ta&al"s a(*li!s " il$(i&a'!s2 Otr! *$&t! '"l Pa&%*tic! "s la t!rr" c"&tral '"s'" la /$" s" *$"'"
c!&tr!lar l! /$" s$c"'" al i&t"ri!r '" t!'! "l l$gar, si"&'! acc"sil" la #igila&cia '" /$i"&"s s" "&c$"&tra& "& las c+(aras2 A '"s*"ch! '" s"r ta& s!l! $& "'i1ici!, s$ "str$ct$ra *!siilita s$ a*licaci%& "& la s!ci"'a' '" (a&"ra ta&gil" c!*ia&'! s$ (!'"l! ! i&ta&gil" i(*la&ta&'!l! c!(! "s/$"(a '" i&s*"cci%&2 E& *ri("r l$gar, s$ a*licaci%& (at"rial s" #" "& #ari!s "stal"ci(i"&t!s *"&it"&ciari!s c!(! la c+rc"l '" la isla $#"&t$' "& C$a2 E& s"g$&'! ligar, i&tr!'$cir "st" (!'"l! a la s!ci"'a', s" *$"'" c!(*r"&'"r *"r1"cta("&t" c!(! 1$&ci!&a& las r"laci%& '" *!'"r "& '!&'" "l i'"al "s #igilar si& s"r '"t"cta'!, i&(isc$y"&'!s" "& as*"ct! ($y 3&ti(!s '" la #i'a *"rs!&al hasta la ".t"ri!ri0aci%& '" actit$'"s si(*l"s ! c!(*l"8as *r!#"&i"&t"s '" la g"&t" '"l c!(-&2 D"s'" "s" a&g$l!, las "&1"r("'a'"s "*i')(icas (as '"sastr!sas '" la hist!ria c!(! la *"st" y la l"*ra ri&'aa& a l!s g!i"r&!s la ca*aci'a' '" c!&tr!lar casa $&a '" las acti#i'a'"s '" l!s ci$'a'a&!s si& t"(!r a r"*r"saria alg$&a2 Si i"&, la l"*ra ca$saa "l "sc!0!r y al"8a(i"&t! '" la s!ci"'a', la *"st" hacia "l (is(! c!&tr!l *"r! h"ch! *!r "l Esta'!2 A/$"lla sit$aci%& 1$" y s"ra $&a $t!*ia '" l! /$" si"(*r" s" /$"rra al #igilar, t"&"r "l c"&tr! casi (ili("tric! '"l *"&sa(i"&t!, actit$'"s y c!(*!rta(i"&t!s2 N! 'isc$tir" l!s ("rit! /$" s" l" 'a& a la i(*!sici%& '" "sta =g$ra "& las r"'"s h!s*italarias " i&cl$si#" "& la "sc$"la2 9E& "l 1!&'! '" l!s "s/$"(as 'isci*li&ari!s la i(ag"& '" la *"st" #al" *!r t!'as las c!&1$si!&"s y l!s '"s%r'"&"s '"l (is(! (!'! /$" la i(ag"& '" la l"*ra, '"l c!&tact! /$" c!rtar, s" halla "& "l 1!&'! '" l!s "s/$"(as '" ".cl$si%& 2 R"t!(a&'!, "l *a&%*tic! l"8!s '" s"r $&a si(*l" !rga&i0aci%& '" la'rill!s y igas, "s t!'a $&a (a/$i&aria *r!#ista '" $& "&gra&a8", l! /$" la (a&ti"&" s"lla'a, la *!siili'a' '" salir '" alli "s r"c%&'ita y la r"sig&aci%& '" *"r(a&"c"r all3 '"sa*ar"c" $&a #"0 la c!st$(r" hac" '" las s$yas2P"r! hay !tra '"=&ici%&, ti"&" $& car+ct"r *!l3tic! i&"l$'il" *$"st! /$" la 'isci*li&a ta(i)& "s 1$&ci%& '" l!s Esta'!s, a'(i&istrar la 8$sticia y l!s ("'i!s '" castig!2 Para l! c$al cr"a t!'! $& sist"(a '" 8$'icial /$" cali1ica la a&ti8$rici'a', la i(*$taili'a' y "l &".! ca$sal "&tr" "l 'a6! y la c!&'$cta2 E(*"r!, 'ich! !r'"& a'"(as "sta *r"s"&t" "& i&stit$ci!&"s c!(! la "'$caci%&, la 1a(ilia, l!s h!s*ital"s, "&tr" !tras2 PRISIONES La *risi%& &! ha si'! al *ri&ci*i! $&a *ri#aci%& '" li"rta' a la c$al s" l" ca&1iri"ra a c!&ti&$aci%& $&a 1$&ci%& t)c&ica '" c!rr"cci%& ha si'a '"s'" "lc!(i"&0! $&a 9'"t"&ci%& l"gal9 "&carga'a '" $& s$*l"("&( c!rr"cti#!, a ta(i)&, $&a "(*r"sa '" (!'i=caci%& '" l!s i&'i#i'$!s /$" la *ri#aci%& '" li"rta' *"r(it" hac"r 1$&ci!&ar "& "l sist"(a l"gal2 I2 UNAS INSTITUCIONES COMPLETAS Y AUSTERAS
La 1!r(a y c!&stit$ci%& '" las *risi!&"s ha& #aria'! a tra#)s '" la hist!ria /$" c!(! i"& a1ir(aa Mich"lF!$ca$lt, s" "&cargaa (as '" $&a "strat"gia c!rr"cti#a !ri"&ta'a al '!(i&i! s!r" l!s r"cl$s!s2 P!r c!&sig$i"&t", s" 'isci"r&" "&tr" la gra#"'a' '" l!s '"lit!s *ara 'arl" a ca'a /$i"& $& castig! ig$alitari! "& *r!*!rci%& a s$s cr3("&"s2 Es *!r "ll! /$" al i&;igir la l"y $&as *"&as (+s gra#"s las $&as /$" las !tras, &! s" *$"'" *"r(itir /$" "l i&'i#i'$! c!&'"&a'! a $&as *"&as lig"ras s" "&c$"&tr" "&c"rra'! "& "l (is(! siti! /$" "l cri(i&al c!&'"&a'! a *"&as (+s gra#"s 2si la *"&a i&1ligi'a *!r la l"y ti"&" *!r 1( *ri&ci*al la r"*araci%& '"l cri("&, *"rsig$" asi(is(! la "&(i"&'a '"l c$l*al"2 V"rigracia, "& l!s c"&tr!s *"&it"&ciari!s "s c!(-& #"r c!(! s" s"*ara& *!r ("'i! '" c$a'ra&t"s ! l!/$"s 'isti&t!s a l!s i&'i#i'$!s '"*"&'i"&'! '" s$ *"ligr!si'a', al ig$al, ta(i)& s" 'i1"r"&cia& r"cl$s!ri!s '" la (is(a 3&'!l", "(*"r!, "st!s $sca& "s*"cial("&t" la c!rr"cci%& '" *"rs!&as ("&!r"s '" "'a'2 Est!s siti!s s!& lla(a'!s c!rr"cci!&al"s2Ca" r"saltar "&t!&c"s /$", la *risi%& '"" s"r $& a*arat! 'isci*li&ari! ".ha$sti#!2 E& #ari!s s"&ti'!s: '"" !c$*ars" '" t!'!s l!s as*"ct!s '"l i&'i#i'$!, '" s$ "'$caci%& 13sica, '" s$ a*tit$' *ara "l traa8!, '" s$ c!&'$cta c!ti'ia&a, '" s$ actit$' (!ral, '" s$s 'is*!sici!&"s la *risi%&, ($ch! (+s /$" la "sc$"la, "l tall"r ! "l "8)rcit!, /$" i(*lica& si"(*r" ci"rta "s*"ciali0aci%& *$"st! /$" "s !(&i'isci*li&aria2 P!r !tr! la'!, $& "l"("&t! 'isti&ti#! '" las *risi!&"s "s "l aisla(i"&t!, "l c$al 'a la !*!rt$&i'a' '" r";".i!&ar ac"rca '" l! c!("ti'! *ar l!grar $& arr"*"&ti(i"&t! al t"&"r la *r"si%& '" $&a i&1i&ita s!l"'a'2 Esta $lti(a, s" "&carga a'"(as '" r"1!r(ar las c!&ci"&cias '" l!s r"!s y *r"*ararl!s *ara las t"c&icas '" c!rr"cci%& /$" s" $tili0ara& "& "l cla$str!2 E& !tras *alaras, la *risi%& '"" s"r c!&c"i'a '" (a&"ra /$" !rr" *!r s3 (is(a las c!&s"c$"&cias &"1astas /$" *r!#!ca al r"$&ir "& $& (is(! l$gar a c!&'"&a'!s ($y 'i1"r"&t"s 4as"si&!s, #i!la'!r"s, "sta1a'!r"s5, '"" a&i/$ilar l!s r"cla(!s y l!s (!ti&"s /$" *$"'a& 1!r(ars", '"l (is(! (!'! i(*"'ir /$" s" 1!r8"& c!(*lici'a'"s 1$t$ras ! /$" &a0ca& *!siili'a'"s '" cha&ta8" y *!r $lti(! ha '" !stac$li0ar la i&(!rali'a' '" ta&tas a(ista'"s *"ligr!sas2 C!&c"'i'! t!'! "st!, la s!l"'a' '"" s"r $& i&str$("&t! *!siti#! *ara la r"1!r(a '" l!s r"!s, as3, "l aisla(i"&t! '" l!s c!&'"&a'!s gara&ti0ara /$" s" *$"'a "8"rc"r s!r" "ll!s, c!& "l (a.i(! '" i&t"&si'a', $& *!'"r /$" &! s"ra c!&trarr"sta'! *!r &i&g$&a !tra i&1l$"&cia si"&'! la s!l"'a' la c!&'ici%& *ri("ra '" la s$(isi%& t!tal2 P!st"ri!r("&t", "& #"0 '" "&c"rrarl!s c!(! ="ra "& $&a 8a$la, hay /$" r"$&irl!s c!& l!s '"(as, hac"rl!s *artici*ar "& c!(-& "& "8"rcici!s -til"s, !ligarl!s "& c!(-& a $"&!s hait!s, *r"#i&i"&'! "l c!&tagi! (!ral *!r ("'i! '" $&a #igila&cia acti#a, (a&t"&i"&'! "l r"c!gi(i"&t! *!r la r"gla '"l sil"&ci!2 A6a'as" a "st! /$" 'icha s$(isi%& *r!1$&'a i(*lica $&a "'$caci%& s$*"r=cial, $& ca(i! '" (!rali'a' y &! '" actit$'2 Ah!ra i"&: "l
c!&tr!l s!r" las acti#i'a'"s '" l!s r"cl$s!s "s "s"&cial *ara (!'i=car s$s *"&sa(i"&t!s, '"s'" asig&arl"s ti"(*! *ara '!r(ir, c!("r y a6ars", hasta c!&tar l!s (i&$t!s /$" gasta& "& ca'a *l"garia2 Est! g"&"ra $& "1"ct! '" '!(i&i! y 8"rar/$i0aci%& /$" *!st"ri!r("&t" l"s s"r#ir+ *ara r"a'a*tars" a la s!ci"'a'2 D" h"ch!, l!s c"&tr!s *"&it"&ciari!s ll"ga& a s"r $&a *"/$"6a s!ci"'a' *"r1"cta2 Al =&al, arr!8a& a l!s *r"s!s a c!&si'"rar /$" l!s ($r!s s!& "l castig! '"l cri("& y '"&tr! '" la c"l'a "sta *!&" al '"t"&i'! "& *r"s"&cia '" s3 (is(!, "l c$al s" #" !liga'! a "sc$char s$ c!&ci"&cia2 Ac"*ta&'! t!'! l! a&t"ri!r, "l traa8! "& la *risi%& "s (as i"& $& c!&s$"l! /$" $&a !ligaci%&, *!r c!&sig$i"&t" *r!#!ca /$" l!s #igila&t"s &! t"&ga& /$" "8"rc"r $&a c!acci%& /$" "sta as"g$ra'a *!r la (at"riali'a' '" las c!sas, y /$" s$ a$t!ri'a', *!r c!&sig$i"&t", *$"'a s"r acata'a2A *r!*%sit! Mich"l F!$ca$lt 'ic": Esta c"l'a c"rra'a, "s $& s"*$lcr! *r!#isi!&al "& '!&'" l!s (it!s '" la r"s$rr"cci%& t!(a& c$"r*! 1+cil("&t"2 P"r!222 J$) sig&i=ca "st!K Es si(*l", "sta i&stit$ci%&"(*l"a "l r"c$rs! r"ligi!s! '" (a&"ra *r$'"&t" *ara /$" "l r"!ara s$ al(a al arr"*"&ti(i"&t!, y "st" $tili0a&'! las (is(as arti(a6as *!'r+ ".*!&"rs" c!& (as c!&=a&0a a las t"&taci!&"s, /$" la r"c$*"raci%& '" la li"rta' l" *r"s"&tara '" &$"#!, haci)&'!l! (as 1$"rt" a&t" la !*!rt$&i'a' '" c!("t"r alg-& '"lit!2 Tra'$ci"&'! "st!,"l traa8! s" i&tr!'$c" la r"gla "& $&a *risi%&, '!&'" r"i&a si& "s1$"r0!, si& "l "(*l"! '" &i&g-& ("'i! r"*r"si#! y #i!l"&t!2 Al t"&"r !c$*a'! al r"cl$s!, s" l" 'a& h+it!s '" !r'"& y '" !"'i"&cia, s" l" hac" 'ilig"&t" y acti#!, '" *"r"0!s! /$" "ra y c!& "l ti"(*!, "&c$"&tra "& l!s traa8!s (a&$al"s a l!s /$" s" l" ha s!("ti'! $& r"("'i! s"g$r! c!&tra l!s '"s#3!s '" s$ i(agi&aci%&2 El traa8! *asa a s"r la r"ligi%& '"&tr! '" la *"&it"&ciaria2 D"s'" $& *$&t! '" #ista *aral"l!, la *risi%& &! "s $& tall"r, (as i"&, "s $&a (a/$i&a '" la /$" l!s '"t"&i'!s 4!r"r!s5 s!& a la #"0 l!s "&gra&a8"s y l!s *r!'$ct!s, la (a/$i&a l!s !c$*a c!&ti&$a("&t" c!& "l =& '" ll"&ar s$ ti"(*!2 C$a&'! "l a&i(! s" a*lica a $& !8"t! '"t"r(i&a'!, las i'"as i(*!rt$&as s" al"8a&, "l s!si"g! r"&ac" "& "l al(a2 La 1" '" l!s *r"si'iari!s "s s$ traa8! ya /$" s" c!&#i"rt" "& s$ "s*"ra&0a '" r"hailitaci%&2 Si& "(arg!, *ara a/$"ll!s /$" s!& l! !s"r#a'!r"s '" "sta sit$aci%&, l! /$" s" $sca "s *r!'$cir $&!s i&'i#i'$!s ("ca&i0a'!s s"g-& las &!r(as g"&"ral"s '" $&a s!ci"'a' i&'$strial2 P!r s$ *$"st!, al ig$al /$" "l at"! y la r"ligi%&, "sta t"c&ica *"&it"&ciaria c!&#i"rt" al la'r%& "& !r"r! '%cil E& c!&s"c$"&cia, "l salari! hac" a'/$irir "l a(!r y "l h+it! '"ltraa8!, 'a a "s!s (alh"ch!r"s /$" ig&!ra& la 'i1"r"&cia '" l! (i! y '" l! t$y!, "l s"&ti'! '" la *r!*i"'a', *$"st! /$" s" l! ha ga&a'! c!& "l s$'!r '" la 1r"&t", si"&'! "l cas! ($y si(ilar a l!s *r"c"*t!s 'icta'!s *!r $& s"r s$*"ri!r2 A'"(as, $&a r"*r"s"&taci%& ".acta s"ria la '"scri*ci%& /$" hac" F!$ca$lt '" $&a carc"l '" ($8"r"s: As3 l! '"c3a F!$ca$lt2 *"r! c!&si'"ra&'! la sit$aci%& act$al '" "st!s
l$gar"s2 s$c"'" t!'! l! c!&trari!2 ya /$" ll"ga& a ac!&t"c"r s$c"s!s (as c!(*l"8! '"&tr! '" a/$"ll!s ($r!s /$" 1$"ra '" "ll!s, "l c!&t(l /$" '"3a s"r i(*arti'! *!r l!s g$ar'ias, ah!ra l& *!s""& l!s r"cl$s!s (as '"staca'!s2 $"&!, clar! "sta /$" "st! s$c"'" "& $& sist"(a *"&it"&ciari! "!rr!3'! *arla c!rr$*ci!& 4c!(! "l &$"str!5, si& "(arg!2 "& !tr!s *a3s"s la '"scri*ci%& '" F!$ca$lt *!'r3a a8$stars" a la *"r1"cci!&2 E& $& *$l*it!, s!r" "l c$al hay $& cr$ci=8!, "sta s"&ta'a $&a r"ligi!sa2 A&t" "lla, y ali&"a'as "& '!s 1ilas, las *r"sas r"ali0a& la tar"a /$" s" l"s ha i(*$"st!, y c!(! "l traa8! '" ag$8a '!(i&a casi ".cl$si#a("&t", r"s$lta '" "ll! /$" s" (a&ti"&" c!&sta&t"("&t" "l sil"&ci! (+s rig$r!s!2 P"r! la *risi%& ".c"'" la si(*l" *ri#aci%& '" li"rta' '" $&a (a&"ra (as i(*!rta&t"2 Ti"&'" a c!&#"rtirs" "& $& i&str$("&t! '" (!'$laci%& '" la *"&a: $& a*arat! /$" a tra#)s '" la "8"c$ci%& '" la s"&t"&cia '" /$" s" halla "&carga'!, "star3a "& "l '"r"ch! '" r"c$*"rar, al ("&!s "& *art", s$ *ri&ci*i!2 A/$"lla *"&a 1$" i&'i#i'$ali0a'a a *artir '"l s$8"t! castiga'!2 P!r "sa ra0%&, si alg! *$"'" '"s*"rtar "& "l +&i(! '" l!s r"cl$s!s las &!ci!&"s '" i"& y '" (al y c!&'$cirl!s a r";".i!&"s (!ral"s "s la *!siili'a' '" alca&0ar alg$&as r"c!(*"&sas2 N! !sta&t", a$&/$" "l sist"(a *"&it"&ciari! r"/$i"r" $& gra'! '" ".ig"&cia "l"#a'! *ara *!'"r sa&ar las c!&'$ctas, s$ (isi%& "& !casi!&"s &! *$"'" ll"#ars" a ca! *!r '!s (!ti#!s2 El *ri("r !st+c$l! "s la *"rs!&ali'a' y gra'! '" (a'$r"s '" l!s c!&=&a'!s, '" tal (!'! /$" ll"ga a s"r (as s"&cill! '!(ar la c!&'$cta '" l!s cri(i&al"s a'$lt!s /$" la '" l!s '"li&c$"&t"s 8$#"&il"s l!s *ri("r!s s!& (as s$(is!s, (as traa8a'!r"s /$" l!s -lti(!s, rat"r!s, li"rti&!s, *"r"0!s!s2 E& s"g$&'a i&sta&cia, s" "&1r"&ta a las 1al"&cias *r!*ias '" la i&'iscri(i&a'a $tili0aci%& '"l *!'"r, c!&c"'i"&'! li"rta'"s *!r 1a#!r"s ! a=&i'a'"s2 A '"s*"ch! '" "ll!, ta(i)& s" *$"'" halar '" $& ".c"s! ! '" $&a s"ri" '" ".c"s!s '"l "&carc"la(i"&t! "& r"laci%& c!& la '"t"&ci%& l"gal2 S" '"'$c" /$", la gra& (a/$i&aria carc"laria s" halla #i&c$la'a al 1$&ci!&a(i"&t! (is(! '" la *risi%&2 S" *$"'" #"r i"& "l sig&! '" "sta a$t!&!(3a "& las #i!l"&cias i&-til"s '" l!s g$ar'ia&"s ! "& "l '"s*!tis(! '" $&a a'(i&istraci%& /$" ti"&" l!s *ri#il"gi!s '"l l$gar c"rra'!2 P!st"ri!r("&t", s$rg" la t"c&ica *"&it"&ciaria la c$al $tili0a *ar s$ !8"ti#! 'i#"rs!s ("'i!s c!(! la ar/$it"ct$ra2 R"t!("(!s la "str$ct$ra '"l *a&%*tic!, /$" c!&stit$y" t!'a $&a (a/$i&aria c!& $&a c"l'a '" #isiili'a' '!&'" "l '"t"&i'! s" "&c!&trar+ ("ti'! y $& *$&t! c"&tral '"s'" '!&'" $&a (ira'a *"r(a&"&t" *$"'a c!&tr!lar a la #"0 a l!s *r"s!s y al *"rs!&al"r! "l Pa&%*tic! *"&it"&ciari! "s ta(i)& $& sist"(a '" '!c$("&taci%& i&'i#i'$ali0a&t" y *"r(a&"&t"2 Es '"cir, hac" !ligat!ri! "l sist"(a '" la c$"&ta (!ral /$" c!&sist" "& $& !l"t3& i&'i#i'$al "& "l c$al "l 'ir"ct!r ! "l g$ar'i+&8"1", "l ca*"ll+& y "l (a"str! ha& '" i&scriir s$s !s"r#aci!&"s a *r!*%sit! '" ca'a '"t"&i'!2 A$& (+s c!(*l"8! "s la i&s"rci%& '" la ci"&cia 8$r3'ica 8$&t! c!& la cri(i&alistica y la *sic!l!gia al ($&'! '" l!s c"&tr!s *"&it"&ciari!s2 As3 c!&#"rg" la !s"r#aci%& '"l '"li&c$"&t", /$" s" 'isti&g$" ta(i)& '"l i&1ract!r "& /$" &! "s -&ica("&t" "l a$t!r '" s$ act! /$" "sta liga'! a s$ '"lit! *!r t!'!
$& ha0 '" hil!s c!(*l"8!s: s"'"" r"(!&tar &! s%l! a las circ$&sta&cias si&! las ca$sas '" s$ '"lit!, $scarlas "& la hist!ria '" s$ #i'a, a8! "l tri*l" *$&t! '" #ista '" la !rga&i0aci%&, '" la *!sici%& s!cial y '" la "'$caci%&, *ara c!&!c"r y c!(*r!ar las *"ligr!sas i&cli&aci!&"s '" la *ri("ra, las t"rril"s *r"'is*!sici!&"s '" la s"g$&'a y l!s (al!s a&t"c"'"&t"s '" la t"rc"ra2 S" c!&c"'" la i'"a '" /$" la '"li&c$"&cia, '"s#iaci%& *at!l%gica '" la "s*"ci" h$(a&a, *$"'" a&ali0ars" c!(! s3&'r!("s (%ri'!s ! c!(! gra&'"s 1!r(as t"rat!l%gicas2 E& "st" *$&t! s" a(alga(a& la t"c&ica *"&it"&ciaria y "l h!(r" '"li&c$"&t" /$" s!&, "& ci"rt! (!'!, h"r(a&!s g"("l!s2
II2 ILEGALISMOS Y DELINCUENCIA A '"(as '"l aisla(i"&t! s$1ri'! *!r l!s r"cl$s!s, s" s$(aa la *"&a '" s"r ata'!s a ca'"&as '" gra&'"s y *"sa'!s "sla!&"s2 N! !sta&t", la i&1a(ia &! c$l(i&aa all3 *$"st! /$" "ra& *as"a'!s ll"&a&'! 'ichas ca'"&as2 J$" ti"&" '" (al! $& *as"! "& ("'i! '"l "&ci"rr!K Es! *!'r3a *"&sars" *"r! "& #"r'a' "ra !tra t+ctica *ara (!l'"ar s$s ("&t"s ya /$" s" l!s s!("t3a& a las !*i&i!&"s '" l!s '"(as ci$'a'a&!s2 Si i"& $&!s "ra& a$ch"a'!s y '"s*r"cia'!s, $ !tr!s ".tra6a("&t" "ra& !#aci!&a'!s *!r la ($ltit$' '"i'! a s$s ha0a6as2 D" ig$al (a&"ra, "st" ti*! '"sali'as *"r(it3a& /$" la *!laci%& clasi1icara s"g-& "l 1"&!ti*! /$" ti*! '" cri(i&al"s haia alli2 Ta(i)& l!s c!&'"&a'!s r"s*!&'3a& *!r si (is(!s a "st" 8$"g!, ".hii"&'! s$ cri("& y !1r"ci"&'! la r"*r"s"&taci%& '" s$s 1"ch!r3as: tal "s $&a '" las 1$&ci!&"s '"l tat$a8", #i6"ta '" s$s *r!"0as ! '" s$ '"sti&!: Ll"#a& s$s i&sig&ias, ya s"a $&a g$ill!ti&a tat$a'a s!r" "l ra0! i0/$i"r'!, ya s"a "& "l *"ch! $& *$6al cla#a'! "& $& c!ra0%& ch!rr"a&'! sa&gr"2 E& s$(a, c!& "sta acti#i'a' s" *r"t"&'3a c!&cr"tar la la!r '" c!rr"cci%& '" l!s r"!s al "(*$8arl!s '" &$"#! a *"&sar "& s$ r"'"&ci%&2 C!&8$&ta("&t", s" a'!*t! "l carr! c"l$lar *ara r"(*la0ar la ca'"&a &! 1$" "l si(*l" carr! c$i"rt! '" /$" s" haia hala'! *!r $& ti"(*!, si&! $& art"1act! /$" ha3a si'! "la!ra'! ($y c$i'a'!sa("&t"2 S" trataa '" $& c!ch" c!&c"i'! c!(! $&a *risi%& c!& r$"'as, "s '"cir, $& "/$i#al"&t" (%#il '"l Pa&%*tic!2 A/$"l #"h3c$l! *r!*!rci!&aa "1"ct!s ".t"ri!r"s l!s c$al"s t"&3a& $&a *"r1"cci%& c!(*l"ta("&t" "&tha(ia&a 4c!(! s" a&ali0! a&t"ri!r("&t"52 E& s"g$&'! l$gar, !1r"c3a "1"ct!s i&t"ri!r"s "& '!&'" a *"sar '" /$" "l #ia8" &! '$raa (+s '" s"t"&ta y '!s h!ras, "s $& t!r("&t! "s*a&t!s! c$y! "1"ct! act-a '$ra&t" larg! ti"(*!, s"g-& *ar"c", s!r" "l *r"s!, a tal *$&t! /$" al salir '" all3 s" #!l#3a& s$(is!s2 E& r"s$("&, "l c!ch" c"l$lar "s $& a*arat! '" r"1!r(a2 L! /$" ha r"(*la0a'! "l s$*lici! &! "s $& "&ci"rr! (asi#!, "s $& 'is*!siti#! 'isci*li&ari! c$i'a'!sa("&t" artic$la'!2 E& *ri&ci*i! al ("&!s2 E(*"r!, "l s$*lici! "& l$gar '" i&citar al r"(!r'i(i"&t!, ag$'i0a "l !rg$ll! s" r"c$sa la 8$sticia /$" ha c!&'"&a'!, y s" c"&s$ra la ($ltit$' /$" ac$'" a
c!&t"(*lar l! /$" "lla cr"" arr"*"&ti(i"&t!s ! h$(illaci!&"s2 P!r "8"(*l!, l!s 1!r0a'!s ca&taa& ca&ci!&"s '" (archa, c$ya c"l"ri'a' "ra r+*i'a y /$" '$ra&t" ($ch! ti"(*! s" r"*iti"r!& *!r '!/$i"r2 E& "llas s" "&c$"&tra si& '$'a "l "c! '" las &arraci!&"s /$" las h!8as s$"ltas atri$3a& a l!s cri(i&al"s: a1ir(aci%& '"l cri("&, h"r!i1tcaci%& &"gra, "#!caci%& '" l!s castig!s t"rril"s y '"l !'i! g"&"ral /$" l!s r!'"a2 Asi, las *risi!&"s &! 'is(i&$y"& la tasa '" la cri(i&ali'a'2 E& #"r'a' *$"'" ($y i"& ".t"&'"rla, Q La '"li&c$"&cia "s la #"&ga&0a '" la *risi%& c!&tra la 8$sticia92 Mich"l F!$ca$lt ($lti*licarla ! tras 1!r(arla, y la ca&ti'a' '" cr3("&"s y '" cri(i&al"s s" (a&ti"&" "stal" !, l! /$" "s *"!r, a$("&ta2 Es *!r "ll! /$" la '"t"&ci%& *r!#!ca la r"i&ci'"&cia2 D"s*$"s '" ha"r sali'! '" *risi%&, s" ti"&"& (as *r!aili'a'"s '" #!l#"r a "lla, *!r c!&sig$i"&t", "& l$gar '" '"#!l#"r la li"rta' a $&!s i&'i#i'$!s c!rr"gi'!s, "&8a(ra "& la *!laci%& $&!s '"li&c$"&t"s *"ligr!s!s2 A c!&s"c$"&cia, la *risi%& &! *$"'" '"8ar '" 1aricar '"li&c$"&t"s2 Al r"s*"ct! Mich"l F!$ca$lt a1ir(a: La *risi%& 1arica ta(i)& '"li&c$"&t"s al i(*!&"r a l!s '"t"&i'!s c!acci!&"s #i!l"&tas "sta '"sti&a'a a a*licar las l"y"s y a "&s"6ar a r"s*"tarlas ah!ra i"&, t!'! s$ 1$&ci!&a(i"&t! s" '"sarr!lla s!r" "l (!'! '" a$s! '" *!'"r2 Aritrari"'a' '" la a'(i&istraci%&: 9El s"&ti(i"&t! '" la i&8$sticia /$" $& *r"s! ".*"ri("&ta "s $&a '" las ca$sas /$" (as *$"'"& hac"r i&'!(al" s$ car+ct"r2 C$a&'! s" #" as3 ".*$"st! a s$1ri(i"&t!s /$" la l"y &! ha !r'"&a'! &i a$& *r"#ist!, ca" "& $& "sta'! hait$al '" c%l"ra c!&tra t!'! l! /$" l! r!'"a &! #" si&! #"r'$g!s "& t!'!s l!s ag"&t"s '" la a$t!ri'a' &! cr"" ya ha"r si'! c$l*al": ac$sa a la *r!*ia 8$sticia2 S" c!&cl$y" "&t!&c"s /$" la c+rc"l hac" *!sil", (as a-&, 1a#!r"c" la !rga&i0aci%& '" $& ("'i! '" '"li&c$"&t"s, s!li'ari!s l!s $&!s '" l!s !tr!s, 8"rar/$i0a'!s, 'is*$"st!s a t!'as las c!(*lici'a'"s 1$t$ras2 Para il$strarl!, '"i'! al /$"ra&ta(i"&t! '" '"sti"rr!, la i(*!siili'a' '" "&c!&trar traa8! y la #aga&cia s" l!gra c!&=g$rar la r"i&ci'"&cia2 A'"(as ta(i)& "s $& 1act!r '" '"li&c$"&cia /$" la *risi%& haga ca"r "& la (is"ria a la 1a(ilia '"l '"t"&i'! la (is(a s"&t"&cia /$" "a a la *risi%& al 8"1" '" 1a(ilia, r"'$c" ca'a '3a /$" *asa a la (a'r" a la i&'ig"&cia, a l!s hi8!s al aa&'!&!, a la 1a(ilia "&t"ra a la #aga&cia y a la ("&'ici'a'2 E& "st" as*"ct! "s "& "l /$" "l cri("& a("&a0a *"r*"t$ars"2 E& c!&tra*!sici%& '" la r"ali'a', la a'(i&istraci%& '" las c+rc"l"s i&sist"& "& "#itar "l 1racas! '" s$ g"sti%&2 Es *!r "ll! /$" *r!*!&"& l!s sig$i"&t"s *ri&ci*i!s *ara a*licarl!s "& las *"&it"&ciarias: a5 Pri&ci*i! '" la c!rr"cci%&2 5 Pri&ci*i! '" la clasi1icaci%&2 c5 Pri&ci*i! '" la (!'$laci%& '" las *"&as2
'5 Pri&ci*i! '"l traa8! c!(! !ligaci%& y c!(! '"r"ch!2 "5 Pri&ci*i! '" la "'$caci%& *"&it"&ciaria2 15 Pri&ci*i! '"l c!&tr!l t"c&ic! '" la '"t"&ci%&2 g5 Pri&ci*i! '" las i&stit$ci!&"s a&"8as2 A *!st"ri!ri, la *"&ali'a' s"r3a "&t!&c"s $&a (a&"ra '" a'(i&istrar l!s il"galis(!s, '" tra0ar l3(it"s '" t!l"ra&cia, '" 'ar ci"rt! ca(*! '" li"rta' a alg$&!s, y hac"r *r"si%& s!r" !tr!s, '" ".cl$ir a $&a *art" y hac"r -til a !tra '" &"$trali0ar a "st!s, '" sacar *r!#"ch! '" a/$"ll!s2 E& s$(a, la *"&ali'a' &! r"*ri(ir3a *$ra y si(*l"("&t" l!s il"galis(!s, (as i"& l!s 'i1"r"&ciar3a, as"g$raria s$ "c!&!(3a g"&"ral2 E& *ri("r l$gar, "l '"sarr!llaa la 'i("&si%& *!l3tica '" l!s il"galis(!s *!*$lar"s '" '!s (a&"ras: $&as *racticas hasta "&t!&c"s l!cali0a'as y "& ci"rt! (!'! li(ita'as a si (is(as2 V"rigracia, 'i"r!& r"s$lta'! '$ra&t" la R"#!l$ci%& $&as l$chas 'ir"cta("&t" *!l3ticas, /$" t"&ia& *!r !8"t!, &! ya si(*l"("&t" /$" c"'i"ra "l *!'"r ! la s$*r"si%& '" $&a ("'i'a i&t!l"ral", si&! "l ca(i! '"l g!i"r&! y '" la "str$ct$ra (is(a '"l *!'"r2 E& ca(i!, ci"rt!s (!#i(i"&t!s *!l3tic!s s" a*!yar!& '" (a&"ra ".*l3cita "& 1!r(as ".ist"&t"s '" il"galis(!2 P!r !tr! la'!, s" g"star!& l!s *ri("r!s il"galis(!s !r"r!s a c!(i"&0!s '"l sigl! BIB, l!s c$al"s "st$#i"r!& "& c!&tra '"l &$"#! r)gi("& '" la ".*l!taci%& l"gal '"l traa8!2 A/$"ll!s cr3("&"s ia& '"s'" l!s (as #i!l"&t!s, c!(! "l '"str!0! '" (+/$i&as, ! l!s (as '$ra'"r!s c!(! la c!&stit$ci%& '" as!ciaci!&"s, hasta l!s (+s c!ti'ia&!s2 D" ig$al (!'! s$rgi% $& il"galis(! ca(*"si&! "& l!s -lti(!s a6!s '" la R"#!l$ci%&, "st" t!(! s$s as"s"& las &$"#as l"y"s '" la *r!*i"'a'2 Si& "(arg!, '" a/$"ll!s il"galis(!s s" '"ri#! "l a$("&t! '" la #i!l"&cia, las agr"si!&"s, l!s r!!s, l!s sa/$"!s y hasta las gra&'"s 1!r(as '"l a&'i'is(! *!l3tic!2 Al 1i& y al ca!, la *risi%&, al 1racasar a*ar"&t"("&t", &! '"8a '" alca&0ar s$ !8"t!, c!sa /$" l!gra, *!r "l c!&trari!, "& la ("'i'a "& /$" s$scita "& ("'i! '" l!s '"(as $&a 1!r(a *artic$lar '" il"galis(!2 Ci"rta("&t", c!&tri$y" a "stal"c"r $& il"galis(! lla(ati#!, (arca'!, irr"'$ctil" a ci"rt! &i#"l y s"cr"ta("&t" -til, r"aci! y '%cil a la #"02Di$8a, a3sla y s$raya $&a 1!r(a '" il"galis(! /$" *ar"c" r"s$(ir si(%lica("&t" t!'!s l!s '"(+s, *"r! /$" *"r(it" '"8ar "& la s!(ra a a/$"ll!s /$" s" /$i"r"& ! /$" s" '""& t!l"rar2 Esta 1!r(a "s la '"li&c$"&cia *r!*ia("&t" 'icha2 As3 las c!sas, la a=r(aci%& '" /$" la *risi%& 1racasa "& s$ *r!*%sit! '" r"'$cir l!s cri("&"s, hay /$" s$stit$irla /$i0+ *!r la hi*%t"sis '" /$" la *risi%& ha l!gra'! ($y i"& *r!'$cir la '"li&c$"&cia 2 Ah!ra i"&, "l "stal"ci(i"&t! '" $&a '"li&c$"&cia s" c!&stit$y" c!(! $& il"galis(! c"rra'! /$" !1r"c", "& "1"ct!, ci"rt! &-("r! '" #"&ta8as, *!r "8"(*l! /$" s"a *!sil" c!&tr!larla2 Ta(i"&, la !rga&i0aci%& '" $& il"galis(! aisla'! y c"rra'! s!r" la '"li&c$"&cia &! haria
si'! *!sil" si& "l '"sarr!ll! '" l!s c!&tr!l"s *!liciac!s2L$"g!, la c+rc"l y *!lic3a 1!r(a& $& 'is*!siti#! ac!*la'! ya /$" "&tr" las '!s gara&ti0a& "& t!'! "l ca(*! '" l!s il"galis(!s la Esta *r!'$cci!& '" la '"li&c$"&cia y s$ i&#"sti'$ra *!r "l a*arat! *"&al2 hay /$" t!(arlas *!r l! /$" s!&: &! *!r $&!s r"s$lta'!s a'/$iri'!s '" $&a #"0 *ara si"(*r" si&! c!(! t+cticas /$" s" '"s*la0a& "& la ("'i'a "& /$" &! alca&0a& 8a(as '"l t!'! s$ !8"t!2 La s"*araci%& "&tr" s$ '"li&c$"&cia y l!s '"(as il"galis(!s2 "l #!l#"rs" c!&tra "ll!s2 s$ c!l!&i0aci%& *!r l!s il"galis(!s '!(i&a&t"s, s!& !tr!s ta&t!s "1"ct!s /$" a*ar"c"& clara("&t" "& la (a&"ra "& /$" 1$&ci!&a "l sist"(a *!licia*risi%&: si& "(arg!2 &! ha& c"sa'! '" "&c!&trar r"sist"&cias ha& s$scita'! l$chas y *r!#!ca'! r"acci!&"s2 'i1"r"&ciaci%&, "l aisla(i"&t! y la $tili0aci%& '" $&a '"li&c$"&cia2 E& l!s il"galis(!s, "l sist"(a *!lic3a*risi%& a3sla $&a '"li&c$"&cia (a&"8al"2 E& !tra i&sta&cia, la ".ist"&cia '"l '"lit! (a&i1i"sta a1!rt$&a'a("&t" $&a i&c!(*r"siili'a' '" la &at$ral"0a h$(a&a *$"st! /$" hay /$" #"r "& "l, (+s /$" $&a 1la/$"0a ! $&a "&1"r("'a', $&a "&"rgia /$" s" y"rg$", $&a *r!t"sta r"s!&a&t" '" la i&'i#i'$ali'a' h$(a&a /$" si& '$'a l" 'a a l!s !8!s '" t!'!s s$ ".tra6! *!'"r '" 1asci&aci%&2 Si& "l '"lit! /$" '"s*i"rta "& &!s!tr!s ($ltit$' '" s"&ti(i"&t!s a'!r("ci'!s y '" *asi!&"s ("'i! ".ti&g$i'as, *"r(a&"c"r3a(!s ($ch! (as ti"(*! "& "l '"s!r'"&, "s '"cir, "& la i&c!&sist"&cia2 P"r! "sta cri(i&ali'a' '" &"c"si'a' ! '" r"*r"si%& "&(ascara, *!r la r"s!&a&cia /$" s" l" 'a y la '"sc!&si'"raci%& '" /$" s" la r!'"a, !tra cri(i&ali'a'2 Es la '"li&c$"&cia '" arria, *r!*ia '" la ri/$"0a s" halla t!l"ra'a *!r las l"y"s y c$a&'! ca" a8! s$s g!l*"s "sta s"g$ra '" la i&'$lg"&cia '" l!s $7i$&al"s y '" la 'iscr"ci%& '" la *r"&sa2 Es '"cir, la 8$sticia &! "s la (is(a *ara l!s /$" #i"&"& '" clas"s 'i1"r"&t"s, l! /$" !casi!&a /$" I( '"li&c$"&t"s *r!#"&ga& "& s$ (ay!r3a '" "strat!s a8!s, (i"&tras /$" l!s /$" s" "&carga& '" s$ c!rr"cci%& s!& (agistra'!s '" la alta s!ci"'a'2 Asi, s" "#i'"&cia $& !r'"& 8"r+r/$ic! *ara "l '"li&c$"&t", s$s '"lit!s y s$ #"r'$g!2
III2 L CARCELARIO C!(! s" ".*$s! "& l!s a*art"s a&t"ri!r"s, las *risi!&"s &! s!& i&str$("&t!s r"*r"si#as &i $sca& ta& s!l! *ri#ar '" s$ i&tr3&s"c! '"r"ch! '" li"rta' al S"r h$(a&!, '""& s"r h"rra(i"&tas /$" c!&t"&ga& t!'! ti*! '" 'isci*li&a 4r"1l".i%&, traa8!, "'$caci%&, "tc25 /$" sir#a *ara la tra&s1!r(aci%& '" l!s *r"si'ari!s "& i&'i#i'$!s c!rr"ct!s /$" &! r"i&ci'a& "& s$s 1altas2 F!$ca$lt a1ir(a /$" s" ha #ist! /$" la *risi%& tra&s1!r(aa, "& la 8$sticia *"&al, "l *r!c"s! *$&iti#! "& $&a t)c&ica *"&it"&ciaria, *"r! r"c$rr" al "8"(*l! "s*"cial '" la c!l!&ia *"&al '" M"ttray /$" tra&s*!rta "sa t)c&ica '" i&stit$ci%& *"&al al c$"r*! s!cial "&t"r!2 C!& #ari!s "1"ct!s, '"&tr! l!s c$al"s l!s *ri&ci*al"s s!&: E& *ri("r l$gar, l! carc"lari!, 8$&t! c!& s$s 'isti&tas h"rra(i"&tas, 'a *i" a $& r"cl$ta(i"&t! '"
gra&'"s '"li&c$"&t"s y !rga&i0a carr"ras 'isci*li&arias "& las /$" s" 'a $& traa8! c!(*l"t! '" "la!raci%&2 T!'! "st! 'a'a la *r"s"&cia '" ".cl$si!&"s y r"cha0!s2 E& s"g$&'! l$gar, "s "1"ct! '"l sist"(a carc"lari! y '" l!s (as i(*!rta&t"s, "l #!l#"r &at$ral y l"g3ti(! "l *!'"r '" sa&ci!&ar, "s '"cir, /$" i&stit$ci!&"s *"&it"&ciarias ti"&"& r"gla("&t!s /$" r"*r!'$c"& l"y"s, sa&ci!&"s /$" i(ita& #"r"'ict!s y *"&as2 P!r -lti(!, "l sist"(a carc"lari! s" c!&s!li'a c!(! "l i&str$("&t! '" castig! /$" #a (+s ac!r'" c!& la &$"#a "c!&!(3a '"l *!'"r2 S$ 1$&ci!&a(i"&t! *a&%*tic!, ha si'! '$ra&t" a6!s la h"rra(i"&ta (as si(*l" *"r! (as &"c"saria /$" '"sarr!lla la acti#i'a' '" ".a("&, la c$al ha !8"ti#a'! "l c!(*!rta(i"&t! h$(a&!2 MICHEL FOUCAULT Naci'! "& > "& P!iti"rs, "& "l s"&! '" $&a 1a(ilia ac!(!'a'a2 A l!s a6!s i&gr"sa "& la Wc!l"N!r(al"S$*)ri"$r"2 '!&'" "s 'isc3*$l! '" M"rl"a$P!&ty y s" ac"rca a tra#)s '" L$!isAlth$ss"r2 al *arti'! c!($&ista2 E& > s" li"c"&cia "& =l!s!13a yr "& >@2 E& *sic!l!g3a2 Agr"ga'! '" 1il!s!13a "& >@>X s" trasla'a a Lill"2 '!&'" 'irig" "l I&stit$t! '" Psic!l!g3a2 E& >@ *$lica Mala'i"("&tal" "t *"rs!&&alit)2 Via8a a S$"cia "& >@@2 D!&'" traa8a c!(! l"ct!r '" laU&i#"rsi'a' '" U**sala y 'ir"ct!r '" la Mais!& '" Fra&c" "& "sta ci$'a'2 al ti"(*! /$" "scri" Hist!ir" '" la 1!li" a l+g"classi/$"2 E& >@ s" trasla'a'a a Vars!#ia, *"r! '"" aa&'!&ar "l *a3s *!r *r"si!&"s *!licial"s /$" '"&$&cia& s$ h!(!s".$ali'a' y s" 'irig" a Ha($rg!2 E& >> l"" s$ t"sis '!ct!ral "& la U&i#"rsi'a' '" Cl"r(!&tF"rra&'2 '!&'" "8"rc" la '!c"&cia "& 1il!s!1ia2 E& l *$lica s$ !ra (+s c!&!ci'a, L"s (!ts "t l"s ch!s"s2 y s" i&c!r*!ra a la U&i#"rsi'a' '" T-&"02 '"s'" '!&'" #!l#"r+ a Par3s atra3'! *!r l!s (!#i(i"&t!s '" (ay! '"l 2 E& > *$lica !tra '" s$s !ras cla#"s, L7arch=;!gi" '$ sa#!ir, " i&gr"sa $& a6! (+s tar'", '"s*$)s '" *asar *!r la U&i#"rsi'a' '" Vi&c"&&"s, "& "l C!l"gi! '" Fra&cia, i&stit$ci%&'" r"1"r"&cia aca'"(ica "& la /$" *"r(a&"c"r+ c!(! *r!1"s!r '" Hist!ria '" l!s Sist"(as '" P"&sa(i"&t! hasta s$ ($"rt" *!r si'a "& >2 A ("'ia'!s '" l!s a6!s s"t"&ta ha3a *$lica'! S$r#"ill"r "l *$&ir2 Naissa&c" '" la *ris!& 4>?@5 y La #!l!&t) '" sa#!ir 4?5, *ri("ra *art" '" s$ Hist!ir" '" la s".$alit), /$" t"&'r+ c!&ti&$i'a' "& L7$sag" '"s *laisirs 4>5 y L" s!$ci '" s!i 4>52 S$s c$rs!s "& "l C!l"gi! '" Fra&cia ha& si'! r"c!gi'!s c!(! !ras *%st$(as "& ll1a$t')1"&'r" la s!ci"t) 4>?52 L"s a&!r(a$. 4>5 y L7h"r()&"$ti/$" '$ s$8"t 4>52 La #i'a aca'"(ica " i&t"l"ct$al '" F!$ca$lt "st$#! as!cia'a a $& *"r(a&"&t" c!(*r!(is! 1r"&t" a las ".cl$si!&"s y 'iscri(i&aci!&"s '" la s!ci"'a' act$al 4*r"s!s2 "&1"r(!s ("&tal"s, h!(!s".$al"s2 "(igra&t"s22252 /$" l" ll"#ar!& a '"s*l"gar $&a r"l"#a&t" acti#i'a' "& l!s 1!r!s *-lic!s2 "& l!s ("'i!s '" c!($&icaci%& y "& las a$las
$&i#"rsitarias2Pr+ctica("&t" t!'a s$ !ra ha si'! tra'$ci'a a las l"&g$as "s*a6!la y *!rt$g$"sa2
