ALVAREZ ALVAREZ MORENO MOREN O CARLOS CAR LOS ALBERTO. HIST. DOCT. DOCT. FIL. 3 TERCER TRABAJO ESCRITO. “TRAT “TRATADO SOBRE LOS PRINCIPIOS DE LA TEOLOGÍA” DE OCKHAM. Si “Dios p!"! #$%!& 'o"o (o )!* $( s!& #!%#o* +o i+%(,! %o+'&$"i%%i-+” !+'o+%!s Dios p!"! #$%!& ($s %os$s s!/0+ s 1o(+'$"* p&!s%i+"i!+"o "! ($s %$s$s s!/+"$s2 E+ ($ p&i!&$ p$&'! "!( '!4'o s! #$5($ so5&! Dios %oo %$s$ !6i%i!+'!. D! !s'o s! "i%! )! Dios !s %$p$7 "! #$%!& 'o"o $)!((o )! +o ip(i)! %o+'&$"i%%i-+* !s'o !s )! %$()i!& %os$* $( s!& %&!$"$ po& Dios* +o p!"! s!& "! '$( +$'&$(!7$ )! !s'8 o&"!+$"$ p$&$ +!/$&s! $ s9 is$* $s9 +o s! "i&: )! ($ !4is'!+%i$ "! %$()i!& o5;!'o %&!$"o ip(i)! s +o !4is'!+%i$* si+o )! $( 1!& !( %i!(o "!%ios )! 8s'! s! $6i&$ $ s9 iso !"i$+'! s !4is'!+%i$* !+ %$5io* si '1i!&$ !+ s9 $(/o %o+'&$"i%'o&io sip(!!+'! +o !4is'i&9$* si!+"o Dios ($ %$s$ !6i%i!+'! )! (o /!+!&- i+%$p$7 "! %&!$& %os$s "! !s'$ +$'&$(!7$. S! "i%! (o si/i!+'!< A"1i8&'$s! )! +o s! "i%! )! Dios p!"! #$%!& 'o"o (o )! +o i+%(,! %o+'&$"i%%i-+ =>? si+o )! p!"! #$%!& 'o"o (o )!* $( s!& #!%#o* +o i+%(,! %o+'&$"i%%i-+* !s'o !s* 'o"o $)!((o "! (o %$( +o s! si/! %o+'&$"i%%i-+ $+'! !s'$ p&oposi%i-+< @!s'o !s': #!%#o .
E+ &!s!+ "!%ios )! ($ !4is' !4is'!+%i$ !+%i$ !s +!%!s$&i +!%!s$&i$!+'! $!+'! +$ %$&$%'!&9s'i%$ %$&$%'!&9s'i%$ "! (os o5;!'os %&!$"os po& Dios ,* $( s!& %&!$"os po& Dios* +o p!"!+ s!& %o+'&$"i%'o&ios %o+si/o isos* si!+"o !s'o (o )! &!$6i&$ s !4is'!+%i$. D! (o ,$ "i%#o s! si/! )! Dios !s %$s$ !6i%i!+'! o p&i!&$ "! 'o"$s ($s %os$s )! +o ip(i)!+ %o+'&$"i%%i-+ p!&o s! "i%! '$5i8+ )! si!+"o ($s %os$s %&!$"$s po& 8s'! %$s$s "! o'&$ %os$ "!5! ip(i%$& )! !( &!s('$+'! +o %o+((!1! %o+'&$"i%%i-+* ,$ )! s! 'o$ ($ %$s$ s!/+"$ %oo + !"io "!( )! Dios "ispo+! p$&$ ($ /!+!&$%i-+ "! o'&$s %os$s* po& (o %$( ($ !4is'!+%i$ "! !s'$s %os$s "! s!/+"o o&"!+* $( i/$( )! ($s p&i!&$s* !4is'!+ 5$;o ($ %o+"i%i-+ "! )! +o p!"!+ %o+'&$"!%i&s! $ s9 is$s. As9 p!s* %oo ,$ s! "i;o* ($s %$s$s s!/+"$s s!&1i&:+ %oo !"io p$&$
O%#$* Tratado sobre los Principios de la Teología * T&$"%%i-+ "!( ($'9+* P&-(o/o , No'$s "! L9s F$&&!* T!&%!&$ T!&%!&$ E"i%i-+* A/i($&* A&/!+'i+$* A&/!+'i+$* * Bi5(io'!%$ "! I+i%i$%i-+ Fi(os-6i%$ .
($ /!+!&$%i-+ "! +!1$s %os$s "! s!/+"o o&"!+* p!&o sip(!!+'! %oo !"io* ,$ )! Dios p!"! "ispo+!& "! ($s %$s$s s!/+"$s %oo !"io "! /!+!&$%i-+ , $s9* si!+"o s-(o + !"io* "!%ios )! (o )! s! /!+!&$ $ p$&'i& "! ($s %$s$s s!/+"$s '$5i8+ (o p!"! /!+!&$& Dios p&!s%i+"i!+"o "! 8s'$s. Di%! )!< S! si/! )! p!"! !+ !( /8+!&o "! ($ %$s$ !6i%i!+'! 'o"o (o )! p!"! ($ %$s$ s!/+"$ po&)! si p!"! #$%!& 'o"o (o )!* +$ 1!7 #!%#o* +o i+%(,! %o+'&$"i%%i-+ , %o+s'$ )! +i+/+$ %$s$ s!/+"$ p!"! #$%!& +i+/+$ "! $)!(($s %os$s )! i+%(,!+ %o+'&$"i%%i-+* s! si/! )! EL p!"! 'o"o (o )! p!"! ($ %$s$ s!/+"$ .
P$&$ A&is'-'!(!s , p$&$ S$+'o To:s "! A)i+o ($ D!6i+i%i-+ !s !4p&!si-+ "! ($ Es!+%i$ "! ($ Cos$. 8 !s ($ D!6i+i%i-+ p$&$ O%#$ , %-o %o+%i5! (os G8+!&os* Esp!%i!s , Di6!&!+%i$s2 L$s "i6!&!+%i$s s!/0+ O%#$ so+ $)!(($s %$(i"$"!s i+'&9+s!%$s $( s;!'o* po& ($s %$(!s s! p!"! &!%o+o%!& + 'o"o* !s "!%i&* $)!((o )! !s !4%(si1o "! + s;!'o o + o5;!'o , po& (o %$( s! "is'i+/! "! (os "!:s* i+"!p!+"i!+'!!+'! "! (os $%%i"!+'!s )! s! p!"!+ p&!s!+'$& "!+'&o "! 8s'! )! so+ %o+'i+/!+'!s* !+ po%$s p$($5&$s* ($ !s!+%i$ "!( s;!'o* $)!((o po& (o %$( s! (! &!%o+o%! %oo + o5;!'o "!'!&i+$"o. R!($%io+$"o $ (o $+'!&io& "i%! (o si/i!+'! !( '!4'o< H$, o'&os '8&i+os )! +o si/+i6i%$+ +$"$ "is'i+'o "!( s;!'o , "! ss p$&'!s , $(/+os "! !((os si/+i6i%$+ !+ p&i!& (/$& ($ p$&'! !s!+%i$( "! ($ %os$ , so+ ip!s'os $ !(($ p$&$ si/+i6i%$& !( 'o"o , si/+i6i%$+ (o sp!s'o %o+%&!'$!+'! , spo+!+ po& !( 'o"o , '$( '8&i+o s! "!+oi+$ "i6!&!+%i$ 3.
As9 "!%ios "! ($ si(($ )! !s si(($ !+ %$+'o $ ($s "i6!&!+%i$s )! p&!s!+'$ !+ %op$&$%i-+ %o+ +$ !s$* , ($ &!%o+o%!os %oo si(($ "!5i"o $ %i!&'$s %$(i"$"!s )! so+ !4%(si1$s "! ($ si(($ %oo s so , +o s %o(o& )! 1!+"&9$ si!+"o + $%%i"!+'!* + 6!+-!+o $;!+o o %o+'i+/!+'! $( o!+'o "! ;7/$& $(/0+ o5;!'o %oo +$ si(($< S!/0+ (o p&!"i%#o* s! !s'$5(!%! )! ($ "i6!&!+%i$ s! 'o$ "! ($ p$&'! !s!+%i$( "! ($ %os$ , s! !s'$5(!%! )! "! 'o"$ p$&'! !s!+%i$( p!"! 'o$&s!* , !s'o '$+'o "! ($ $'!&i$ %oo "! ($ 6o&$ =>? ($ "i6!&!+%i$ +o !s
I59"!* pp. .
3
I59"!* pp. 33.
si+o + '8&i+o ip!s'o po& ($ p$&'! !s!+%i$( p$&$ si/+i6i%$& !( 'o"o %o+%&!'$!+'! )! p!"! s!& !"io !+ ($ "!os'&$%i-+* p$&$ !4p&!s$& ($ "i6!&!+%i$ o "is'i+%i-+ "! +o %o+ &!($%i-+ $ o'&o .
A#o&$ "!%ios )! !( /8+!&o , ($ !sp!%i! s! p!"!+ "is'i+/i& !+ %$+'o $ $,o& o !+o& /&$"o p$&'i%ip$+ "! (o !s!+%i$(* !s "!%i&* !( /8+!&o s! p!"! "!6i+i& %oo $)!((o )! !s p&opio "! + s;!'o* p!&o +o !+ %$+'o $ ss %$(i"$"!s* %oo !+ ($s "i6!&!+%i$s* si+o !+ %$+'o $ ($ "!6i+i%i-+ "! )8 !s "i%#o s;!'o2 ($ !sp!%i! s!&9$ (o )! p$&'i%ip$ !+ !+o& /&$"o "! (o !s!+%i$(. S! "i%! !+'o+%!s )! "! ($s "i6!&!+%i$s , !( /8+!&o s! p&!"i%$ $)!((o )! !s i+'&9+s!%o $( s;!'o , +$"$ $;!+o $ 8s'! (o %o+s'i',! !s!+%i$(!+'!. As9 "!sp8s "!( /8+!&o , ($s "i6!&!+%i$s s! p!"! !4'&$!& + %o0+ !+'&! (os s;!'os %($si6i%$"os* (o )! 1!+"&9$ $ s!& ($ !sp!%i!< L$ "i6!&!+%i$ s! 'o$ "! ($ p$&'! !s!+%i$( "! ($ %os$ , s! !s'$5(!%! "! 'o"$ p$&'! !s!+%i$(* !s %($&o )! 'o"o %op!s'o "! p$&'!s $%%i"!+'$(!s , %o+ %oposi%i-+ !s!+%i$( "!6i+i5(!* po& "!6i+i%i-+ p&opi$!+'! "i%#$ %o+s'$ "! /8+!&o , "i6!&!+%i$ "! $)!( , "! o'&os p!"! $5s'&$!&s! + %o+%!p'o %o0+* )! si/+i6i%$ $ !+'&$5os "! $+!&$ )! s! ipo+! $)8( 'o"o p&i!&o .
A#o&$ '&$'$&!os so5&! )8 !s ($ "!6i+i%i-+. P$&!%! s!& )! O%#$ %o+%i5! ($ "!6i+i%i-+ !+ '8&i+os !s!+%i$(!s* !s'o !s )!* $( "!6i+i& $( s;!'o* +os !s'$os &!6i&i!+"o $ p$&'!s s5s'$+%i$(!s "!( iso. L$ "!6i+i%i-+ '&$'$ "! ($s p$&'!s "! + s;!'o* ($s %$(!s p!"!+ "is'i+/i& $ "i%#o s;!'o* po& (o )! "!%ios )!* "!+'&o "! (o )! !s ($ "!6i+i%i-+* p$&'i%ip$+ (os %o+%!p'os "! "i6!&!+%i$ , /8+!&o* ,$ )! !s'os %o+%!p'os '$5i8+ s! &!6i!&!+ $ p$&'!s !sp!%96i%$s "! ($ s5s'$+%i$ "! + s;!'o* i!+'&$s )! po"!os #$%!& "is'i+%i-+ !+'&! "!6i+i%i-+ , !sp!%i!* ,$ )! ($ !sp!%i! '&$'$ "! 6i;$& + %o0+ !+'&! +$ 1$&i!"$" "! s;!'os* p!&o &!6i&i8+"os! $( s;!'o %oo + 'o"o i+'!/&$"o* +o %oo p$&'!s i+"i1i"$(!s )! (o %o+6o&$+. As9 "i%! !( '!4'o (o si/i!+'!< No !s i/$( !( %o+%!p'o "! !sp!%i! , "! "!6i+i%i-+* po&)! !( %o+%!p'o "! "!6i+i%i-+ !s': %op!s'o "! (os %o+%!p'os /8+!&o , "i6!&!+%i$ , ($ "!6i+i%i-+ +o !s si+o "! "is'i+'$s p$&'!s !s!+%i$(!s "! (os
I59"!* pp. 33.
I59"!* pp. .
%op!s'os =>? !( %o+%!p'o "! !sp!%i! +o !s %op!s'o* si+o )! !s sip(! =>? , !s'o !s po&)! !+'&$5os si/+i6i%$+ p&i$&i$!+'! $( 'o"o , +i+/+o s! 'o$ p&i$&i$!+'! po& ($ p$&'! .
Si* p$&$ To:s "! A)i+o* ($ O+ipo'!+%i$ "i1i+$ s! &!($%io+$ %o+ + %osos &$%io+$(. 8 p!"! #$%!& ($ O+ipo'!+%i$ "i1i+$* s!/0+ O%#$2 E+ !s'! %$so po"!os 1!& %($&$!+'! )! !( $(%$+%! "! Dios so5&! !( %osos !s p&!%is$!+'! (ii'$"o po& ($s %os$s )! "! #!%#o !4is'!+* !s'o !s* $)!(($s %os$s )! +o %o+'i!+!+ !+ s9 %o+'&$"i%%i-+. D! $)9 1!os )! Dios* si!+"o %$s$ !6i%i!+'! "! 'o"$s ($s %os$s* !s !( )! o&"!+$* $ p$&'i& "! 8s'$s* ($s %$s$s s!/+"$s* !s "!%i&* Dios 'i(i7$ %oo !"io $ ($s %os$s p$&$ /!+!&$& $ p$&'i& "! !(($s o'&$s %os$s* )! %p($+ $ s 1!7 %o+ ($ &!/($ "! +o ((!1$& !+ s9 %o+'&$"i%%i-+. Coo ,$ 1ios* Dios '$5i8+ p!"! %&!$&* si+ +!%!si"$" "! &!%&&i& $ +$ %$s$ s!/+"$* (o iso )! ($s %$s$s s!/+"$s. A#o&$ 5i!+* si Dios 'i!+! ($ 6$%('$" "! o&"!+$& %i!&'$ %o+"%'$ $ (os #o5&!s* 'o$+"o $ (os #o5&!s %oo %$s$ s!/+"$* "!%ios )! Dios !s %$p$7 "! $+ip($& ($ 1o(+'$" "!( #o5&!. D! (o )! s! $%$5$ "! "!%i& posi5(!!+'! s! si/$ )! +o !4is'! ($ 1o(+'$" #$+$* si+o )! (o )! #$%! !( #o5&! !s': si!p&! %o+'&o($"o po& Dios. S! "i%! )!< S! "!"%! )! Dios p!"! 1i&'$(!+'! s!& o"i$"o po& +$ 1o(+'$" %&!$"$. P!&o Dios* po& !( %o+'&$&io* p!"! #$%!& 'o"o $)!((o )! +$ 1!7 #!%#o +o i+%(,! %o+'&$"i%%i-+< (!/o* p!s'o )! !( s!& &!$(i7$"o '$( p&!%!p'o +o i+%(,! %o+'&$"i%%i-+* po&)! ($ %&!$'&$ p!"! #$%!&(o* s! si/! )! Dios p!"! o&"!+$&(o.
D!( 6&$/!+'o $+'!&io& !+'o+%!s po"!os "!"%i& )!* !+ %$+'o $ ($ 1o(+'$" "!( #o5&!* !6!%'i1$!+'! Dios p!"! %&!$& + s;!'o "! +$'&$(!7$ '$( )! '!+/$ $ "isposi%i-+ s,$ +$ 1o(+'$" p&opi$* %$p$7 "! p!+s$& , #$%!& (o )! o&"!+! "! $%!&"o $ s 1o(+'$"* , si+ '&$+s/&!"i& ss (9i'!s* p!&o $ ($ 1!7 s! "i%! )! $ "i%#o s;!'o Dios p!"! o5(i/$&(o $ $%'$& "! $%!&"o $ ($
I59"!* pp. .
I59"!* 3.
1o(+'$" "i1i+$* o !+ %o+'&$. As9 !s'! '!$ $5&! +$ /&$+ i+'!&&o/$+'!< !s )! p!"! &!$(!+'! s!& +$ 1o(+'$" (i5&! 5$;o !s'$s %o+"i%io+!s2 ($ $p$&!+'!!+'! o51i$ &!sp!s'$ s!&9$ )! +o. S!/0+ !( '!4'o "! O%#$* )8 ip(i%$ )! “+o #$, p(&$(i"$" "! %o+%!p'os si+ p(&$(i"$" "! %os$s2 D! $%!&"o $ (o "i%! O%#$ s! p!"!+ s$%$& 1$&ios %o+%!p'os "! + iso s;!'o !+ %$+'o $ %-o s! !+%!+'&$+ "isp!s'$s ss "i6!&!+%i$s* !s'o !s )!* %$+"o + s;!'o !s "i6!&!+'! "! $+!&$ '$( )! !( %o+%!p'o )! (o %$&$%'!&i7$ p$&'i%ip$ 0+i%$!+'! "! (o )! (! !s !s!+%i$( s! "$ +$ &!($%i-+ "! +o $ +o !+'&! !( %o+%!p'o , ($ %os$* !s "!%i& )! si + s;!'o !s &!p&!s!+'$"o po& + so(o %o+%!p'o !s'! s;!'o +o p$&'i%ip$ !+ +$"$ )! s!$ $;!+o $( iso* !s "!%i&* !( o5;!'o !s "i6!&!+'! !+ 'o"o $sp!%'o posi5(! !+ %op$&$%i-+ %o+ (os "!:s* si!+"o !( 0+i%o !+ s /8+!&o. E+ %$+'o $ ($ p(&$(i"$" +os &!6!&ios %$+"o !4is'!+ 1$&ios o5;!'os )! %op$&'!+ %$(i"$"!s s5s'$+%i$(!s* p!&o +o so+ !( iso o5;!'o* $)9 "!%ios )! !4is'!+ "i6!&!+'!s o5;!'os "! ($ is$ !sp!%i! "i6!&!+%i$"os po& (o )! (!s !s !s!+%i$(* !+ s /8+!&o. E+'o+%!s "!%ios )! po"&9$os 'i(i7$& :s "! + %o+%!p'o p$&$ &!6!&i&+os $ !sos o5;!'os )! %op$&'!+ %$&$%'!&9s'i%$s* p!&o s! "i6!&!+%i$+ !+ %$+'o $( o5;!'o !+ s9. Po& !;!p(o* po"!os "!%i& "!( #o5&! )! !+ %$+'o $ s5s'$+%i$ +o po"!os $&%$& +$ "i6!&!+%i$ si/+i6i%$'i1$ !+'&! #o5&! , ;!&* si+o )! ($s "i6!&!+%i$s )! #$,$ !+'&! !s'os /8+!&os s! "!+ "!5i"o $ o'&os 6$%'o&!s )! so+ 0+i%os "!( s;!'o* , +o ($s %$(i"$"!s )! %op$&'!+ !+'&! s9. E+ %$5io* si 0+i%$!+'! !4is'i!&$ !( #$+o %oo /8+!&o $s%(i+o po"&9$os &!6!&i&+os %o+ + so(o %o+%!p'o $ 8s'!* ,$ )! +o !4is'i&9$ 1$&i!"$" !+ %$+'o $ (o )! (o %o+s'i',! %oo #o5&!. E+ !( '!4'o s! "i%! (o si/i!+'!< D! $%!&"o %o+ (o "i%#o* s! !+s!Q$ )! +o #$, p(&$(i"$" "! %o+%!p'os si+ p(&$(i"$" "! %os$s. D! $#9 )! (o sip(! )! +o i+%(,! p(&$(i"$" +o p!"! '!+!& 1$&ios %o+%!p'os )! (o si/+i6i)!+ $ 8( so(o. P!s (os %o+%!p'os s! %opo&'$+ !+ ($ &!p&!s!+'$%i-+ %oo !( o5;!'o !+ !( s!&. * po& (o '$+'o* $s9 %oo !( o5;!'o !s 0+i%o !+ s s!&* $s9 +i #$5&: si+o + %o+%!p'o )! (o &!p&!s!+'! , !s'o !4p(i%$ po& )8 "! "os
%o+%!p'os )! si/+i6i%$+ ($ is$ %os$* +o !s !( /8+!&o* , !( o'&o* +o , po& )8 &$7-+ +o !s ($ "i6!&!+%i$* , o'&o +o* %$+"o p&!%is$!+'! si/+i6i%$+ (o iso !( +o , !( o'&o .
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I59"!* pp. .
I59"!* pp. .
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BIBLIOGRAFÍA. •
O%#$* Tratado sobre los Principios de la Teología* T&$"%%i-+ "!( ($'9+* P&-(o/o , No'$s "! L9s F$&&!* T!&%!&$ E"i%i-+* A/i($&* A&/!+'i+$* * Bi5(io'!%$ "! I+i%i$%i-+ Fi(os-6i%$ .
I59"!* .