PRESENTASI KASUS PLASENTA PREVIA TOTALIS
Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Syarat Mengikuti Program Pendidikan Profesi Dokter Di bagian Ilmu Obstetrik dan Ginekologi di RSUD Panembahan Senopati Bantul
Disusun oleh : Di susun oleh : WINDI PERTIWI (20070310128) Pembimbing : dr. H. M. Any Ashari,Sp. OG (K)
SMF ILMU OBSTETRIK DAN GINEKOLOGI RSUD PANEMBAHAN SENOPATI BANTUL FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UMY
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
2011 HALAMAN PENGESAHAN
PLASENTA PREVIA TOTALIS
Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Syarat Mengikuti Program Pendidikan Profesi Dokter Di bagian Ilmu Bedah di RSUD Panembahan Senopati Bantul Disusun oleh:
Windi Pertiwi (20070310128)
Telah dipresentasikan pada :
12 Januari 2012
Disahkan oleh Dokter Pembimbing
dr.H.M. Any Ashari, Sp.OG (K)
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
Perdar Perdaraha ahan n pada pada kehami kehamilan lan harus harus selalu selalu diangga dianggap p sebagai sebagai kelain kelainan an yang yang berbahaya. Batas teoritis antara kehamilan muda dan kehamilan tua adalah kehamilan 22 mingg minggu, u, meng mengin ingat gat kemung kemungki kina nan n hidu hidup p jani janin n di luar luar uter uterus us.. Perd Perdar arah ahan an antepartum yang berbahaya biasanya bersumber pada kelainan plasenta, sedangkan perdarahan yang tidak bersumber pada plasenta seperti kelainan serviks biasanya tidak terlalu berbahaya. Perdarahan antepartum yang bersumber pada kelainan plasenta, yang secara klinis biasanya tidak terlampau sukar untuk menentukannya, ialah plasenta previa, dan dan solu solusi sio o plas plasen enta ta.. Seki Sekita tarr 3% dari dari semu semuaa perd perdar arah ahan an ante antepa part rtum um di RS Ciptomangunku Ciptomangunkusumo sumo disebabkan disebabkan oleh 2 faktor faktor diatas. diatas. Perdarahan Perdarahan antepartum antepartum tanpa rasa nyeri merupakan tanda khas plasenta previa, apalagi kalau disertai tanda-tanda lainnya, seperti bagian terbawah janin belum masuk ke dalam pintu atas panggul, atau kelainan letak janin. Plasenta Plasenta previa previa adalah plasenta yang letaknya letaknya abnormal, abnormal, yaitu pada segmen bawah rahim sehingga dapat menutupi sebagian atau seluruh pembukaan jalan lahir. Pada Pada kead keadaan aan norma normall plas plasen enta ta terl terlet etak ak di bagia bagian n atas atas uter uterus us.. Hal Hal inil inilah ah yang yang menyebabkan terjadinya gejala-gejala seperti perdarahan antepartum dan tidak dapat
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Penanganan plasenta previa perlu mendapat perhatian yang khusus, karena insidensinya terjadi kira-kira 1 dari 200 persalinan. Penanganan yang bisa dilakukan adalah adalah pengawa pengawasan san antenat antenatal al dan pertol pertolonga ongan n pertam pertama, a, ini perlu perlu diajar diajarkan kan pada tenaga medis agar dapat dideteksi secara cepat dan diagnosis yang tepat untuk kasuskasus plasenta previa, sehingga angka morbiditas dan mortalitas ibu dan bayi dapat diturunkan.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
A. ANATOMI
Plasenta berbentuk bundar atau hampir bundar dengan diameter 15-20 cm dan tebal 2-3 cm. Beratnya 500-600 gram. Umumnya plasenta terbentuk lengkap pada kehamilan 16 minggu dengan ruang amnion membesar sehingga amnion tertekan kearah korion. Letak plasenta plasenta biasanya biasanya umumnya di depan atau di belakang belakang dinding dinding uterus, agak ke atas ke arah fundus uteri. Hal ini adalah fisiologis karena permukaan bagian atas korpus uteri lebih luas, sehingga lebih banyak tempat untuk berimplantasi. Plasenta terdiri atas tiga bagian, antara lain: 1. Bagian ja janin nin ( fetal fetal portion). portion). Terdiri dari korion frondosum dan vili. Vili dari plasenta yang lengkap terdiri atas: -
Vili korialis
-
Ruan Ruangg-ru ruan ang g inter ntervi vile lerr. Dar Darah ibu ibu yang ang bera berada da dal dalam ruang uang interviler berasal dari arteri spiralis yang berada di desidua basalis. Pada sistol, darah dipompa dengan tekanan 70-80mmHg ke dalam ruang interviler, sampai pada lempeng korionik (chorionic (chorionic plate) plate) pangkal dari kotiledon-kotiledon. Darah tersebut membanjiri vili
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
-
Pada Pada bagi bagian an permu permukaa kaan n jani janin, n, plase plasent ntaa dili diliput putii oleh oleh amnio amnion n yang yang keliha kelihatan tan licin. licin. Di bawah bawah lapisa lapisan, n, amnion amnion ini berjal berjalan an cabangcabangcabang pembuluh darah tali pusat. Tali pusat akan berinsersi pada plasenta bagian permukaan janin.
2. Bagi Bagian an mat mater erna nall (maternal (maternal portion). portion). Terdiri atas desidua kompakta yang terbentuk dari beberapa lobus dan kotiledon (15-20 buah). Desidua basalis pada plasenta matang disebut lempeng korionik (basal), dimana sirkulasi utero-plasental berjalan ke ruang-ruang intervili melalui tali pusat. Jadi, sebena sebenarny rnyaa pereda peredaran ran darah darah ibu dan janin janin adalah adalah terpis terpisah. ah. Pertuk Pertukara aran n terjadi melalui sinsitial membran yang berlangsung secara osmosis dan alterasi fisiko-kimia. 3. Tali pusat, pusat, merenta merentang ng dari pusat pusat janin janin ke plasent plasentaa bagian permuk permukaan aan janin. janin. Panjangnya Panjangnya rata-rata rata-rata 50-55cm, 50-55cm, sebesar sebesar jari (diameter (diameter 1-2,5cm). 1-2,5cm). Pernah dijump dijumpai ai tali tali pusat pusat terpen terpendek dek ½ cm dan terpanj terpanjang ang 200 cm. Struktur Struktur terdiri atas 2 aa.umbilikalis dan 1 v.umbilikalis serta jelly Wharton. Darah ibu yang mengalir di seluruh plasenta diperkirakan naik dari 300 ml tiap menit pada kehamilan 20 minggu sampai 600 ml tiap menit pada kehamilan 40 minggu minggu.. Peruba Perubahanhan-per perubah ubahan an terjadi terjadi pula pula pada pada jonjot jonjot-jo -jonjo njott selama selama kehami kehamilan lan berlangsung. Pada kehamilan 24 minggu lapisan sinsitium dari vili tidak berubah akan tetapi dari lapisan sitotropoblast sel-sel berkurang dan hanya ditemukan sebagai
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
fagosit, dan pembuluh-pembuluh darahnya lebih besar dan lebih mendekati lapisan tropoblast.
B. DEFINISI
Plasenta previa adalah keadaan dimana plasenta berimplantasi pada tempat abnormal, yaitu pada segmen bawah rahim sehingga menutup sebagian atau seluruh pembukaaan jalan lahir (ostium uteri internum). Angka kejadian plasenta previa adalah 0,4-0,6 % dari keseluruhan persalinan. Dengan penatalaksanaan yang baik, mortal mortalita itass perina perinatal tal adalah adalah 50 per 1000 1000 kelahi kelahiran ran hidup. hidup. Inside Insidens ns bergan berganda da pada pada kehamilan kembar seperti kembar dua atau tiga. Wanita berumur lebih dari 30 tahun cenderung mendapat plasenta previa. Pada awal kehamilan, kehamilan, plasenta mulai terbentuk, terbentuk, berbentuk bundar, berupa orga organ n data datarr yang yang berta bertang nggu gung ng jawab jawab meny menyedi ediaka akan n oksi oksigen gen dan nutri nutrisi si untuk untuk pertumbuhan bayi dan membuang produk sampah dari darah bayi. Plasenta melekat pada dinding uterus dan pada tali pusat bayi yang membentuk hubungan penting
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Perdarahan tanpa alasan dan tanpa rasa nyeri merupakan gejala utama dan pertama dari plasenta previa. Pada setiap perdarahan antepartum, pertama kali harus dicurigai bahwa penyebabnya ialah plasenta previa sampai kemudian dugaan itu salah. Beberapa faktor predisposisi terjadinya plasenta previa adalah sebagai berikut: a. Multi Multipar parita itass dan umur umur lanjut lanjut (> (> 35 tahun tahun). ). b. Defek vaskularisasi desidua yang kemungkinan terjadi akibat perubahan atrofik dan inflamatorotik. c. Caca Cacatt atau atau jari jaring ngan an parut parut pada pada endom endomet etri rium um oleh oleh bekas bekas pembe pembedah dahan an (SC, (SC, Kuret, dll). d. Chor Chorio ion n leav leavee persi persist sten en.. e. Korpus Korpus luteum luteum bereaks bereaksii lambat lambat,, dimana dimana endometr endometrium ium belum siap siap meneri menerima ma hasil konsepsi. f. Konse Konseps psii dan dan nida nidasi si ter terla lamb mbat at.. g. Plasenta Plasenta besar pada pada hamil hamil ganda dan eritobl eritoblastos astosis is atau hidrops hidrops fetali fetalis. s.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Pada suatu penelitian penelitian didapatkan bahwa, riwayat persalinan dengan sectio sectio cessarian meningkatkan kejadian plasenta previa pada kehamilan berikut nya.
Gambar 2. Insidensi plasenta previa dengan riwayat persalinan sectio cessarian.
D. KLASIFIKASI
Klas Klasif ifik ikas asii plas plasen enta ta prev previa ia tida tidak k didas didasar arka kan n pada pada keada keadaan an anato anatomi mik k melainkan melainkan fisiologi fisiologik. k. Seiring Seiring dengan perkembangan perkembangan kehamilan, kehamilan, pendataran pendataran serta pembukaan servix, klasifikasi plasenta previa dapat berubah. Secara umum plasenta
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
d. Plasenta letak rendah, bila tepi bawah plasenta berada pada jarak lebih kurang 2 cm dari ostium uteri internum.
Gambar 1. Klasifikasi plasenta previa. Menurut de Snoo, Snoo, klasifikasi plasenta previa berdasarkan pembukaan 4 -5 cm adalah: a. Plasenta previa sentralis (totalis), bila pada pembukaan 4-5 cm teraba plasenta menutupi seluruh ostium.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
3. Plasenta Plasenta previa previa marginalis marginalis;; bila sebagian sebagian kecil kecil atau hanya hanya pinggir pinggir ostium ostium yang yang ditutupi plasenta. Klasifikasi plasenta previa menurut Browne menurut Browne adalah: Tingkat 1, Lateral plasenta previa: previa: Pinggir bawah plasenta berinsersi sampai ke
a.
segmen bawah rahim, namun tidak sampai ke pinggir pembukaan. b.
Tingka Tingkatt 2, Marginal plasenta previa: previa: Plasen Plasenta ta mencapa mencapaii pinggi pinggirr pembuka pembukaan an (Ostium). Tingkat 3, Complete placenta previa: previa: plasenta menutupi ostium waktu tertutup dan
c.
tidak menutupi bila pembukaan hampir lengkap. d.
Tingka Tingkatt 4, Centra Centrall placen placenta ta previa previa:: plasen plasenta ta menutup menutupii seluru seluruh h ostium ostium pada
pembukaan hampir lengkap.
E. TANDA DAN GEJALA
Kejadian yang paling khas pada plasenta previa adalah perdarahan tanpa nyeri yang biasanya baru terlihat setelah kehamilan mendekati akhir trimester kedua atau
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
2. Perd Perdar arah ahan an berul berulan ang g 3. Wa Warn rnaa perda perdara raha han n merah merah sega segar r 4. Adanya anemia anemia dan renjata renjatan n yang yang sesuai sesuai dengan dengan keluarn keluarnya ya darah darah 5. Timb Timbul ulny nyaa perl perlah ahan an-l -lah ahan an 6. Wa Wakt ktu u terja terjadi diny nyaa saat saat hamil hamil 7. His His bias biasan anya ya tida tidak k ada ada 8. Rasa Rasa tidak tidak tegan tegang g (biasa (biasa)) saat saat palpas palpasii 9. Deny Denyut ut jan jantu tung ng jan janin in ada ada 10. Teraba jaringan plasenta pada periksa dalam vagina 11. Penurunan Penurunan kepala tidak masuk masuk pintu atas panggul panggul
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
disadari tempat tidur sudah penuh darah. Perdarahan cenderung berulang dengan volume yang lebih banyak sebelumnya. 2. Pemeriksaan fisik Pemeriksaan luar Inspeksi -
Dapat Dapat diliha dilihatt perdara perdarahan han yang yang keluar keluar pervagi pervaginam nam:: banyak banyak atau sedik sedikit, it, darah darah beku dan sebagainya
-
Kalau Kalau tela telah h berdar berdarah ah banya banyak k maka maka ibu ibu akan akan keli kelihat hatan an anemi anemiss
Palpasi -
Janin Janin seri sering ng belum belum cukup cukup bula bulan, n, jadi jadi fundu funduss uteri uteri masi masih h rendah rendah
-
Serin Sering g dij dijup upai ai kesa kesala laha han n let letak ak jani janin n
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
-
MRI dapat digunakan untuk membantu identifikasi plasenta akreta, inkreta, dan plasenta perkreta.
G. DIAGNOSIS BANDING
Diagnosis banding plasenta previa antara lain solusio plasenta, vasa previa, laserasi serviks atau vagina. Perdarahan karena laserasi serviks atau vagina dapat dilihat dilihat dengan inspekulo.Va inspekulo.Vasa sa previa, previa, dimana dimana tali pusat berkembang pada tempat tempat abnorm abnormal al selain selain di tengah tengah plasen plasenta, ta, yang yang menyeb menyebabka abkan n pembulu pembuluh h darah darah fetus fetus meny menyil ilang ang serv servix ix.. Vasa Vasa previ previaa meru merupa paka kan n kead keadaan aan dima dimana na pembu pembulu luh h darah darah umbilikali umbilikaliss janin berinsersi berinsersi dengan vilamentosa vilamentosa yakni pada selaput ketuban. Hal ini da
ebab ebabka ka
mbul mbuluh uh da h
jani jani
Pada Pada
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
segera diperbaiki keadaan umumnya dengan pemberian cairan atau tranfusi darah. Selanjutny Selanjutnyaa dapat dilakukan penanganan lanjutan lanjutan yang disesuaikan disesuaikan dengan keadaan umum, usia kehamilan, jumlah perdarahan, maupun jenis plasenta previa. a) Penanga Penanganan nan pasif/ pasif/ penan penangana ganan n ekspekta ekspektatif tif Tujuan Tujuan ekspek ekspektat tatif if ialah ialah supaya supaya janin janin tidak tidak terlah terlahir ir premat prematur, ur, penderi penderita ta dirawat tanpa melakukan pemeriksaan dalam melalui kanalis servisis. Upaya diagnosis dilakukan secara non invasif. Pemantauan klinis dilakukan secara ketat dan baik. Kriteria : Umur kehamilan < 37 minggu, perdarahan sedikit, belum ada tandatanda persalinan, keadaan umum baik, kadar Hb 8 gr% atau lebih. Penanganan
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
-
Awas Awasii perda perdara raha han n teru teruss-me mener nerus us,, teka tekana nan n darah darah,, nadi nadi dan dan denyu denyutt jant jantung ung janin.
-
Bila setelah usia kehamilan di atas 34 minggu, plasenta masih berada disekitar ostium uteri internum, maka dugaan plasenta previa menjadi jelas, sehingga perlu dilakukan observasi dan konseling untuk menghadapi kemungkinan keadaan gawat darurat.
-
Bila Bila perdara perdarahan han berhe berhenti nti dan dan waktu waktu untuk untuk menca mencapai pai 37 ming minggu gu masih masih lama, lama, pasien dapat dipulangkan untuk rawat jalan (kecuali apabila rumah pasien di luar kota dan jarak untuk mencapai rumah sakit lebih dari 2 jam).
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
perdarahan (kompresi atau tamponade bokong dan kepala janin terhadap plasenta) hanya dilakukan pada keadaan darurat, anak masih kecil atausudah mati, dan tidak ada fasilitas untuk melakukan operasi. Seksio Cesaria Prin Prinsi sip p utam utamaa dala dalam m mela melaku kuka kan n seks seksio io cesa cesare reaa adal adalah ah untu untuk k
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
- Plasenta Plasenta previa previa janin letak lintang lintang atau atau letak letak sungsang sungsang - Anak berharga dan fetal distress
- Plasen Plasenta ta previa previa latera lateralis lis jika jika : 1. Pembukaan Pembukaan masih masih kecil dan perdarah perdarahan an banyak. banyak. 2. Sebagian Sebagian besar OUI OUI ditutupi ditutupi plasenta. plasenta. 3. Plasenta Plasenta terletak terletak di sebelah belakang belakang (posterior (posterior). ).
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
dan kesakitan ibu dan perinatal jauh menurun. Kematian maternal menjadi 0,2 -5% terutama disebabkan perdarahan, infeksi, emboli udara, dan trauma karena tindakan. Kema Kemati tian an peri perina nata tall juga juga turu turun n menj menjad adii 7-25 7-25 %, teru teruta tama ma dise diseba babk bkan an oleh oleh prematuritas,
asfiksia,
prolaps
funikuli,
dan
persalinan
buatan.
Dengan
penanggulangan yang baik seharusnya kematian ibu karena plasenta rendah sekali atau tak ada sama sekali.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
BAB III KASUS
A.
Identitas Pasien
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
B. Ana Anamnes mnesiis 1.
Keluhan utama
: Pe Perdarahan me melalui ja jalan la lahir se sejak 1 ha h ari
sebelum masuk rumah sakit.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Riwayat penyakit asma, hipertensi, diabetes mellitus dan penyakit jantung
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
T
: 36,5˚ C
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Pulm Pulmo o
: ves vesik ikul uler er +/+, +/+, suar suaraa tam tamba bahan han ronk ronkhi hi (-), (-), whee wheezi zing ng (-) (-)
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Leopod III: Teraba bagian bulat, keras, bagian terbawah belum masuk
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
AC: 30,1 cm
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.