PENYELESAIAN KONFLIK AGRARIA MELALUI REFORMA HUKUM AGRARIA DAN PENGADILAN AGRARIA DALAM DITINJAU DARI ASPEK HAK ASASI MANUSIA (HAM) Oleh : M. Rainoer
A.
PENDAHULUAN
Indones Indonesia ia termas termasuk uk salah salah satu satu negara negara yang bersif bersifat at agrari agraris, s, ini ditand ditandai ai dengan dengan pertan pertanian ian sebaga sebagaii salah salah satu satu sektor sektor yang menjad menjadii basis basis pereko perekonom nomian ian masyar masyaraka akat. t. Hal ini dapat dapat dipaham dipahamii dari dari kenyat kenyataan aan empiri empiriss yang yang menunj menunjukka ukkan n bahwa sebagian besar dari penduduk Indonesia mempunyai mata pencaharian di bidang pertanian, baik sebagai petani yang memiliki tanah maupun petani yang tidak mempunyai tanah (buruh tani).1 Masalah ketersediaan akses terhadap tanah hingga saat ini masih merupakan isu penting penting di Indone Indonesia sia,, yang yang diciri dicirikan kan dengan dengan terjad terjadiny inyaa ketimp ketimpanga angan n dalam dalam alokas alokasii penguas penguasaan, aan, penggun penggunaan aan dan pemanf pemanfaat aatan an tanah tanah antar antar sektor sektor khusus khususnya nya antar sektor pertanian dan non pertanian, yang berdampak kepada penyusutan tanah pertanian terutama tanah pertanian tanaman pangan. Selain itu, mengingat mayoritas masyar masyaraka akatt Indone Indonesia sia berpro berprofes fesii petani petani,, maka maka penyusu penyusutan tan tanah tanah terseb tersebut ut akan akan berdampak kepada terjadinya pengangguran secara massal tenaga kerja pertanian.2 Penduduk Indonesia yang saat ini populasinya sudah mencapai di atas 250 (duaratus limapuluh juta) jiwa, dan menurut data dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), 1
Nyoman Budijaya, Tinjauan Yuridis Tentang Redistribusi Tanah Pertanian Dalam Pelaksanaan Landreform, (Yogyakarta: Liberty, 2000), hlm.1. 2 Ibid. 1
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menunjukkan bahwa kemiskinan kemiskinan paling banyak dialami penduduk Indonesia ada di wilayah pedesaan yang pada umumnya adalah petani. Hal ini terutama disebabkan banyaknya rakyat kecil yang tidak memiliki tanah dan lemahnya akses masyarakat terhad terhadap ap sumber sumber-su -sumbe mberr ekonomi ekonomi dan sumber sumber-su -sumbe mberr polit politik ik termas termasuk uk yang terutama terutama adalah tanah. tanah.3 Ditinjau Ditinjau dari titik titik padang ekonomi, pemilikan tanah sempit sempit misalnya kurang dari 0,25 ha menyebabkan petani tidak dapat menyadap manfaat ekonomi dari perluasan skala ekonomi. Akibatnya, biaya produksi rata-rata untuk suatu komoditas pada usaha tani bertambah sempit pada umumnya lebih besar dari biaya produksi usaha tani bertambah luas, sehingga usaha tani yang sempit menyebabkan pendapatan usaha relatif menjadi rendah. rendah.4 Dari Dari masala masalah h keters ketersedi ediaan aan akses akses terhad terhadap ap tanah, tanah, kemudi kemudian an melahi melahirka rkan n seng sengket ketaa tanah tanah yang yang sang sangat at bera beraga gam m bent bentuk uknya nya.. Keti Ketimp mpan anga gan n pengu penguas asaa aan, n, pemilikan dan pengelolaan sumber-sumber agraria (tanah dan sumberdaya alam lainnya) telah mengakibatkan sengketa-sengketa agraria atau lazim disebut konflik agraria yang berkepanjangan di berbagai titik di wilayah Indonesia, yang akhirnya berujung pada kekerasan dan pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM). Istilah hak-hak asasi manusia dalam beberapa bahasa asing dikenal dengan sebuta sebutan n sebaga sebagaii beriku berikutt : droit droit de l’home l’home (Perancis) (Perancis) yang berarti berarti hak manusia, manusia,
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human right (Inggris) right (Inggris) antau mensen rechten (Belanda), yang dalam bahasa Indonesia disalin menjadi hak-hak kemanusiaan atau hak-hak asasi manusia.5 Hak asasi manusia (HAM) pada hakekatnya merupakan hak kodrati yang seca secara ra inhe inhere ren n mele meleka katt dalam dalam seti setiap ap diri diri manu manusi siaa seja sejak k lahi lahir. r. Peng Penger erti tian an ini ini mengan mengandung dung arti arti bahwa bahwa HAM merupak merupakan an karuni karuniaa Alloh Alloh Yang Yang Maha Maha Pencip Pencipta ta kepada hambanya. Mengingat HAM itu adalah karunia Alloh, maka tidak ada badan apapun yang dapat mencabut hak itu dari tangan pemiliknya. Demikian pula tidak ada seoran seorangpu gpun n diperk diperkena enankan nkan untuk untuk meramp merampasn asnya, ya, serta serta tidak tidak ada kekuasa kekuasaan an apapun yang boleh membelenggunya.6 Karena HAM itu bersifat kodrati, sebenarnya ia tidak memerlukan legitimasi yurid yuridis is untu untuk k pemb pember erla laku kuann annya ya dalam dalam suat suatu u sist sistem em hukum hukum nasi nasiona onall maupu maupun n internasional. Sekalipun tidak ada perlindungan dan jaminan konstitusional terhadap HAM, hak itu tetap eksis dalam setiap diri manusia. Gagasan HAM yang bersifat teistik ini diakui kebenarannya sebagai nilai yang paling hakiki dalam kehidupan manusia. Namun karena sebagian besar tata kehidupan manusia bersifat sekuler dan positivistik, maka eksistensi HAM memerlukan landasan yuridis untuk diberlakukan dalam mengatur kehidupan manusia. manusia.7 5
Subandi Subandi Al Marsudi, Marsudi, Pancasila dan UUD’ 45 dalam Paradigma Reformasi, Reformasi, (Jakar (Jakarta: ta: PT RajaGrafindo RajaGrafindo Persada, 2001), 2001), hlm. 83. 6 Pengertian yang hampir sama juga dinyatakan dalam Ketetapan MPR RI No. XVII/MPR/1998 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia yang diuraikan dalam lampiran ketetapan ini berupa naskah Hak Asasi Manusia pada angka I huruf D butir 1 menyebutkan : “Hak asasi manusia adalah hak sebagai anugerah Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, yang melekat pada diri manusia, bersifat kodrati, universal dan abadi, berkaitan dengan harkat dan martabat manusia”. Selanjut nya dalam Pasal 1 angka 1 UU No. 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia, menyatakan : “Hak asasi manusia adalah seperangkat hak
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Dalam perspektif sejarah hukum, setiap ada penyalahgunaan kekuasaan yang berimplikasi terhadap perampasan, perkosaan dan pemanipulasian HAM oleh manusia satu kepada manusia yang lain atau oleh penguasa kepada rakyatnya akan selalu muncul krisis kemanusiaan. Bahkan kemudian memunculkan formula-formula atau atau dokumen dokumen-do -dokum kumen en resmi resmi hak-hak hak-hak asasi asasi manusi manusiaa atau atau sumber sumber hukum hukum yang yang memberi hak bagi bagi rakyat. Misalnya dokumen Magna Charta di Inggris tajhun 1215 yang memberikan hak-hak bagi rakyat dan sekaligus membatasi kekuasaan raja raja.. Kemu Kemudi dian an doku dokume men n The The Virg Virgin inia ia Bill Bill of Righ Rights ts dan dan decl declar arat atio ions ns of Indepe Independen ndence ce yang melahi melahirka rkan n kemerd kemerdeka ekaan an Amerik Amerikaa Serika Serikatt tahun tahun 1776, 1776, yang berisi jaminan kebebasan Individu terhadap kekuasaan negara. Begitu pula dokumen Decl Declar arat atio ions ns des des Droi Droite tess L’Ho L’Home me et Du Citu Cituye yen n di Pran Pranci ciss tahu tahun n 1789 1789 yang yang berprinsip bahwa manusia pada hakekatnya adalah baik dan karenanya harus hidup bebas dan bersamaan kedudukannya dalam hukum. Di Rusia tahun 1918, juga muncul suatu dokumen yang menyebut hak-hak dasar sosial, tetapi hak-hak dasar individu tidak disebut sama sekali. Selanjutnya dokumen Declarations of Human Rights tahun 1948 yang dikeluarkan oleh Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) yang menjamin hak-hak sipil, hak-hak sosial dan hak-hak kebebasan politik. Di Indonesia saat ini banyak sekali sengketa tanah dengan macam-macam bentuk, seperti masyarakat dengan masyarakat, masyarakat dengan perorangan, masyarakat dengan badan hukum, badan hukum dengan badan hukum, badan hukum dengan instansi pemerintah, instansi pemerintah dengan masyarakat, dan sebagainya.
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Sengketa tanah di luar kawasan hutan sebagian besar adalah warisan, serta antara masyarakat dengan badan usaha dan masyarakat dengan instansi pemerintah. Konflik Konflik agraria agraria sepanjang sepanjang tahun 2011, tercatat tercatat 120 kasus meningkat, meningkat, sekitar sekitar lima kali lipat dari jumlah kasus tahun 2010 yang tercatat 22 kasus. Data ini belum termasuk konflik masyarakat tani di Bima. Saat ini konflik agraria terjadi antara petani dengan perusahan swasta perkebunan, pertambangan, AMDK (Air Minum Dalam Dalam Kemasa Kemasan), n), dan BUMN. BUMN. Konfli Konflik k terjad terjadii terusterus-men meneru eruss secara secara masif masif dan berlarut-larut.
Akibatnya,
petani
terus
dihadapkan
dengan
penangkapan,
penggusuran, penembakan, serta berbagai bentuk kekerasan kriminalisasi.8 Data di Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN) menyebutkan, jumlah permasalahan tanah yang meliputi sengketa, konflik, dan perkara seluruh Indonesia 4.591 kasus. kasus.9 Apabila Apabila dilihat dilihat dari tipologi permasalahan, permasalahan, hampir 85 persennya persennya merupakan merupakan kasus kasus dengan dengan tipolo tipologi gi sengket sengketaa penguas penguasaan aan dan kepemi kepemilik likan an tanah. tanah. Sedangk Sedangkan an sisanya, dengan tipologi sengketa hak dan sengketa batas/letak tanah. Dari tipologi permasalahan tersebut, kemudian dapat ditilik lebih mendalam mengen mengenai ai para para pihak pihak yang yang bersen bersengket gketa. a. Sengket Sengketaa antar antar indivi individu du mencap mencapai ai 89%, 89%, sengketa individu dengan badan hukum 6%, sedangkan sengketa antara individu dan pemerintah 5%. Persengketaan antar individu secara jelas merupakan peringkat tertinggi tertinggi karena memang tanah mempunyai mempunyai hubungan hubungan magis dengan si pemiliknya. pemiliknya. Namun
demikian
persengketaan
antara
masyarakat
dengan
badan
hukum
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menimbulkan korban jiwa yang tidak sedikit sebagaimana yang terjadi pada kasus Mesuji Lampung dan di tempat lainnya. Berdasarkan data, terdapat lebih 25 juta hektare hutan yang dikuasai HPH. lebih 8 juta hektare dikuasai HTI, dan 12 juta hektare dikuasai perkebunan besar sawit. Di sisi lain, hampir 85% petani di Indonesia merupakan petani tanpa tanah dan lahan sempit. Kondisi ini melahirkan dan menyuburkan konflik agraria.10 Provinsi Lampung menempati peringkat pertama dari seluruh provinsi seIndones Indonesia ia untuk untuk wilayah wilayah yang mengal mengalami ami konfli konflik k agrari agrariaa atau atau sengket sengketaa tanah. tanah. Prov Provin insi si Lamp Lampung ung juga juga memi memili liki ki pote potens nsii konf konfli lik k yang yang cukup cukup ting tinggi gi anta antara ra masyarakat dan perusahaan. Terdapat sekitar 11 perusahaan besar di Lampung yang mengalami konflik agraria dengan masyarakat, di antaranya PT Silva Inhutani, PT BSMI, PT AWS, dan PT Indo Lampung.11 Kasus sengketa lahan Mesuji12 merupak merupakan an akibat akibat , , sementara ementara ketimpangan ketimpangan struktur struktur agraria yang terjadi terjadi adalah sebab. sebab. Sebanyak 71,1 % luas daratan Indonesia 10
http://bataviase.co.id/node/922937 . Diakses tanggal 10 Januari 2013, jam: 13.25 WIB. http://bataviase.co.id/node/922937. http://nasional.vivanews.com . Diakses tanggal 10 Januari 2013, jam: 13.40 WIB. 12 Sebenarnya ada tiga kasus di wilayah yang sama-sama bernama Mesuji. Dua kasus terjadi di Provinsi Provinsi Sumsel dan satu kasus lainnya lainnya di Provinsi Provinsi Lampung. Lampung. Kasus Kasus pertama pertama terjadi antara PT Sumber Wangi Alam (SWA) dengan warga di Sungai Sodong, Kecamatan Mesuji, Provinsi Sumatera Selatan (Sumsel). (Sumsel). Peristiwa terjadi terjadi pada 21 April 2011. Ada 2 warga terbunuh. Pembunuhan terhadap terhadap warga warga ini membuat membuat warga warga marah marah karena karena menduga menduga 2 warga warga tewas tewas korban korban dari PT SWA. Akhirnya, Akhirnya, warga menyerang PT SWA yang menyebabkan 5 orang tewas yaitu 2 orang Pam Swakarsa dan 3 orang karyawan perusahaan.Kasus kedua antara PT Silva Inhutani dengan warga di register 45 di Kabupaten Mesuji, Provinsi Lampung, terjadi sejak tahun 2009. PT Silva mendapatkan penambahan lahan Hak Guna Usaha (HGU). Warga terpancing amarahnya karena menilai HGU telah melebar ke wilayah pemukiman mereka. Konflik semakin meruncing ketika warga diusir dan rumah mereka dirobohkan paksa. Komnas HAM sendiri masih menyelidiki adanya korban dari kasus kedua ini. Sedangkan kasus ketiga terjadi antara PT Barat Selatan Makmur Investindo (BSMI) dengan warga di 11
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masuk dalam kawasan hutan. Ada lebih 25 juta hektar dikuasai HPH, lebih 8 juta hektar dikuasai HTI dan 12 juta hektar dikuasai perkebunan besar sawit. Sementara 85 % petani kita adalah petani tak bertanah dan gurem (berlahan sempit). Pembiaran terhadap ketimpangan penguasaan, pemilikan, penggunaan dan pengelolaan tanah serta sumberdaya alam di dalamnya hanya melahirkan dan menyuburkan tebaran konflik dan sengketa agraria. Sebagaimana telah disebutkan di atas bahwa ketimpangan struktur agraria merupakan penyebab terjadinya konflik agraria. Keadaan yang demikian didukung oleh sistem dan politik agraria yang dianut pada masa orde baru telah mengakibatkan penguasaan tanah dan sumberdaya alam yang tanpa batas oleh kelompok penguasa dan dan pemil pemilik ik moda modal. l. Penga Pengada daan an tanah tanah yang yang dise disekt ktor oral alis isas asik ikan an rezi rezim m menj menjad adii kekuasaan dan kesewenangan tiada batas dalam mengeluarkan hak-hak baru dan izin usahausaha-usa usaha ha produk produksi si pertam pertambang bangan, an, perkeb perkebunan unan,, kehuta kehutanan, nan, infras infrastru truktu kturr dan kawasan industri. Kenyataan ini berakibat pada hilangnya akses warga (petani) atas tanah sebagai sumber utama hidup dan habitatnya. Dalam penulisan makalah ini, maka maka pokok pokok permas permasala alahan han adalah adalah sebaga sebagaii beriku berikut: t: “Bagaimanakah “Bagaimanakah kebijakan kebijakan
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Salah Salah satu satu masala masalah h pertan pertanaha ahan n yang muncul dewasa ini adalah adalah adanya adanya sengketa antara rakyat yang diwakili oleh sekelompok masyarakat tertentu dengan “Negar “Negara” a” yang yang tersi tersimbo mbolis lisasi asi dalam dalam berbag berbagai ai izin izin dan hak pengus pengusahaa ahaan n suatu suatu wilayah (tanah) kepada beberapa pihak atas suatu legitimasi hukum. Bila dicermati, konflik yang dahulu ada, mempunyai sifat horisontal, antara rakyat dengan rakyat, namun dalam paradigma paradigma dewasa ini konflik yang timbul timbul bersifat bersifat vertikal, vertikal, terjadi antara rakyat “petani" berhadapan dengan pemilik modal dalam negeri atau asing yang yang beral beralia ians nsii stra strate tegi giss dan dan takt taktis is denga dengan n peng penguas uasaa atau atau rakya rakyatt berh berhad adap apan an langsung langsung dengan pemerintah. pemerintah. Sengketa Sengketa ini menjadi semakin intens dengan tidak tuntas tuntasnya nya penanga penanganan nan dan penyel penyelesa esaian ian terhada terhadap p konfli konflik-ko k-konfi nfilik lik pertan pertanaha ahan n tersebut. Penanganan terkesan tidak komprehensif, tidak tuntas dan bersifat partial atau sektoral. Meningk Meningkatn atnya ya konflik konflik penguas penguasaan aan dan pemanf pemanfaat aatan an sumber sumber daya daya alam, alam, termasuk tanah baik yang bersifat struktural maupun horizontal yang semakin tajam antara lain disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor diantaranya; a.
Struktur pemerintahan yang sentralistik mempermudah berlakunya penafsiran
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d.
Tidak Tidak adanya adanya kemaua kemauan n untu untuk k mengako mengakomod modasi asi plural pluralism ismee hukum hukum yang berlaku dalam masyarakat (hukum positif vs hukum adat);
e.
Lebi Lebih h menghar mengharga gaii formal formalit itas as ketim ketimban bang g substa substans nsii (pengi (penging ngka kara ran n hak masyarakat adat/lokal dan mereka yang tidak dapat menunjukkan alat bukti hak);
f.
Buda Budaya ya hukum hukum yang yang
tida tidak k
meng mengut utam amak akan an harmo harmoni ni,,
teta tetapi pi bersi bersifa fatt
memper mempertent tentang angkan kan (pihak (pihak kuat kuat vs pihak pihak lemah, lemah, pihak pihak yang berkuasa berkuasa vs rakyat kecil, desa vs kota, dan sebagainya) dengan segala dampaknya.13 Selain itu terdapat beberapa pola atau tipologi dari sengketa tanah baik dilihat dari dari kawas kawasan an atau atau temp tempat atnya nya,, obje objek k tana tanahny hnya, a, maup maupun un penye penyeba bab b timb timbul ulnya nya sengket sengketa. a. Secara Secara garis garis besar besar BPN membagi membagi permas permasala alahan han pertan pertanaha ahan n ke dalam dalam delapan kelompok besar yaitu:14 1.
Masalah/sengketa tanah perkebunan.
2.
Masalah penggarapan tanah kawasan hutan oleh masyarakat.
3.
Masalah yang berkaitan dengan putusan pengadilan oleh pihak yang kalah.
4.
Masalah permohonan pendaftaran yang berkaitan dengan tumpang tindih hak
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7.
Masala Masalah h yang yang berkai berkaitan tan dengan dengan tukar tukar menuka menukarr tanah tanah bengkok bengkok desa desa yang yang telah menjadi kelurahan.
8.
Masalah-mas Masalah-masalah alah lainnya lainnya seperti seperti sengketa sengketa dari pemanfaatan pemanfaatan lahan tidur dan tanah terlantar (BPN, 2003). Secara garis besar tipologi dari sengketa pertanahan dapat dipilah dalam 5
(lima) kelompok besar, yaitu:15 1.
Kasus-kasus Kasus-kasus yang berkenaan berkenaan dengan penggarapan penggarapan atau pendukungan pendukungan rakyat atas areal perkebunan, kehutanan, dan tanah-tanah yang dikuasai BUMN dan ABRI (TNI AD, TNI AL, TNI AU).
2.
Kasus-kasus berkenaan dengan pelanggaran peraturan landreform.
3.
Kasus-kasus Kasus-kasus berkenaan berkenaan dengan ekses-ekse ekses-eksess dalam penyediaan penyediaan tanah untuk pembangunan.
4.
Sengketa perdata berkenaan dengan masalah tanah.
5.
Sengketa berkenaan dengan tanah ulayat. Konsep pembaruan agraria sendiri memiliki bentuk dan sifat yang berbeda
tergantung pada zaman dan negara tempat terjadinya pembaruan agraria tersebut. Hal
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pemanfaatan sumber daya agraria, yang dilaksanakan dalam rangka tercapainya kepastian dan perlindungan hukum serta keadilan dan kemakmuran bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia.17 Sebagai suatu isu yang kompleks dan multidimensi, pendefinisian tersebut terke erkesa san n
sede sederh rhan ana, a,
nam namun
demi demiki kian an
hal hal
ini ini
tidak idak
dim dimaks aksudka udkan n
unt untuk
menyederhanak menyederhanakan an komplesita komplesitass permasalahan permasalahan yang ada. Pada intinya intinya pembaruan pembaruan agraria (agrarian (agrarian reform) reform) meliputi hal-hal sebagai berikut:18 a.
Suatu Suatu prose prosess yang yang berkes berkesina inambu mbunga ngan n artin artinya ya dilaks dilaksana anakan kan dalam dalam satu satu kerangka kerangka waktu (frame time), namun selama tujuan dari pembaruan agraria belum tercapai, maka proses pembaruan terus diupayakan.
b.
Berkenaan dengan penataan kembali penguasaan, pemilikan, penggunaan dan pemanfaatan sumber daya alam (sumber agraria) oleh masyarakat, khususnya masyarakat pedesaan.
c.
Dilaksanakan Dilaksanakan dalam rangka tercapainya tercapainya kepastian kepastian dan perlindungan perlindungan hukum atas kepemilikan tanah dan pemanfaatan sumber daya alam (sumber agraria), serta terwujudnya keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat.
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filosofis filosofis,, sosiologi sosiologis, s, dan yuridis yuridis yang menggambarkan menggambarkan kondisi kebatinan kebatinan bangsa Indonesia akan keprihatinan terhadap persoalan sumber daya agraria dan sumber daya alam lainnya. Disadari bahwa pengelolaan sumber daya agraria dan sumber daya alam alam yang berlan berlangsu gsung ng selama selama ini telah telah menimb menimbulk ulkan an penuru penurunan nan kualit kualitas as ling lingkun kunga gan, n,
keti ketimp mpang angan an
stru strukt ktur ur
peng penguas uasaan aan,,
pemil pemilik ikan, an, pengg pengguna unaan an
dan dan
pemanfaatannya serta menimbulkan berbagai konflik.19 Terdap Terdapat at fakta fakta empiri empiriss berkena berkenaan an dengan dengan eksplo eksploita itasi si secara secara belebi belebihan han terhadap sumber daya agraria yang hanya difokuskan pada pemenuhan kebutuhan jangka pendek, serta pemanfaatannya yang hanya dapat dinikmati oleh sebagian kecil kecil masyar masyaraka akatt (para (para pemodal pemodal). ). Kebija Kebijakan kan agrari agrariaa pada pada masa masa orde orde baru baru yang yang sangat propertumbuhan ekonomi juga berakibat pada perubahan fungsi sumber daya
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pembangunan.
Kebijakan
tersebut
telah
menimbulkan
berbagai
dampak
diantaranya:22 a.
Semakin langka dan mundurnya kualitas tanah.
b.
Semakin tajam dan meningkatnya kuantitas konflik penguasaan dan pemanfaatan sumber daya alam, termsuk tanah baik yang bersifat struktural maupun horizontal.
c.
Kemiskinan Kemiskinan dan semakin semakin terbatasnya terbatasnya lapangan lapangan pekerjaan pekerjaan yang antara antara lain disebabkan oleh alih fungsi tanah, terutama tanah pertanian untu penggunaan non pertanian seperti industri, perumahan, jasa/pariwisata, infrastruktur dan lain-l lain-lain ain yang yang karena karena berbaga berbagaii sebab sebab ternayt ternaytaa tidak tidak dimanf dimanfaat aatkan kan secara secara optim optimal al,, seme sement ntar araa di sisi sisi lain lain seba sebagi gian an besar besar masy masyar araka akatt amat amat suli sulitt
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kualitas tanah dan sumber daya agraria lainnya. Hal ini juga memperburuk masalahmasalah masalah keagrariaan keagrariaan sehingga diperlukan diperlukan upaya untuk mereformasi mereformasi kebijakan kebijakan di bidang keagrariaan (reforma agraria) dengan mendasarkan pada upaya pembaruan agraria sebagai konsep pembangunannya. 23 Berdasarkan landasan pemikiran pembaruan agraria sebagaimana dimaksud dala dalam m TAP TAP MPR MPR No.I No.IX/ X/MPR MPR/2 /200 001 1 ters terseb ebut ut terl terlih ihat at bahw bahwaa dala dalam m kont kontek ekss pembaruan agraria, pembaruan di bidang hukum agraria merupakan salah satu kunci bagi arah kebijakan pembaruan agraria ag raria secara keseluruhan. Adanya ketidaksinkronan antar berbagai undang-undang tentang sumber daya agraria semakin memperparah egoisme sektoral terkait. Permasalahan konflik agraria yang terjadi di Lampung merupakan salah satu
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penguasaan, pemilikan, penggunaan serta pemanfaatan tanah dan sumber-sumber daya agraria lainnya. Pasal Pasal 2 TAP TAP MPR MPR Nomo Nomor/ r/IX IX/2 /2011 011 Tent Tentan ang g Pemb Pembar aruan uan Agra Agrari riaa dan Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam, menyatakan bahwa: “Pembaharuan “Pembaharuan agraria mencakup mencakup suatu suatu proses yang berkesinambu berkesinambungan ngan berkenaan dengan penataan kembali penguasaan, pemilikan, penggunaan dan pema pemanf nfaa aata tan n sumb sumber er daya daya agra agrari ria, a, dila dilaks ksan anaka akan n dala dalam m rang rangka ka terc tercapa apain inya ya kepas kepasti tian an dan perl perlin indun dunga gan n hukum hukum sert serta a kead keadil ilan an dan dan kemakmuran bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia.” Pengertian pembaharuan agraria yang dirumusakan dalam TAP MPR tersebut tampaknya ditujukan untuk merestrukturisasi penguasaan, pemilikan, penggunaan, dan pemanfaatan pemanfaatan sumber daya agraria agraria agar lebih berkeadilan berkeadilan,, berkelanjut berkelanjutan an dan mensejahterakan rakyat. Pengertian di atas juga menunjukkan luasnya dimensi dan
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Refo Reform rmaa
agar agaria ia meru merupa paka kan n
agen agenda da
bang bangsa sa yang yang diha dihara rapk pkan an
dapa dapatt
memb member erik ikan an titi titik k tera terang ng bagi bagi terw terwuj ujudn udnya ya kead keadil ilan an sosi sosial al dan terc tercapa apain inya ya kesejahteraan masyarakat. Reforma agraria dengan berbagai program pelengkapnya diharapkan dapat membantu masyarakat miskin (sebagian besar petani) untuk dapat beranjak dari keterpurukan ekonomi menuju kehidupan yang layak dan mandiri. Dalam kaitannya dengan masa depan pertanian dengan pelaksanaan Reforma agra agrari ria, a, meru merupa pakan kan suat suatu u solu solusi si yang yang dila dilaku kuka kan n untuk untuk memp memper erbai baiki ki stru strukt ktur ur penguasaan lahan di pedesaan, yaitu suatu usaha yang terstruktur untuk melakukan pembaharuan dalam pemilikan, penguasaan dan pemanfaatan lahan.25 Namun upaya reform reformaa agrari agrariaa baru baru sampai sampai pada pada tahap tahap penyada penyadaran ran kepada kepada berbaga berbagaii kalang kalangan an tentan tentang g urgens urgensii reform reformaa agrari agrariaa terseb tersebut ut dan belum belum menyent menyentuh uh pada persoa persoalan lan
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Keempat Keempat prasyarat prasyarat tersebut tersebut merupakan merupakan keharusan keharusan (necessary) dan harus harus ditambah syarat kecukupan (satisfaction) adanya lembaga yang khusus menangani masalah ini.28 Dapat disimpulkan bahwa masalah pokok yang menghambat pelaksanaan reforma agraria, terutama adalah yang berkaitan dengan distribusi pemilikan dan penguasaan lahan dengan tidak tersedianya data keagrarian yang yan g lengkap dan akurat. Untuk itu perlu ada upaya yang sistematis dan terencana untuk menyempurnakan
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agraria itu sendiri dapat dimaknai sebagai suatu kondisi dimana struktur penguasaan tanah secara relatif tidak memperlihatkan ketimpangan, yang memberikan peluang bagi terciptanya penyebaran dan penguatan aktivitas perekonomian rakyat yang berbasis di pedesaan, dan kemudian menjadi basis bagi partisipasi aktif (dan produktif) bagi sebagian besar penduduk yang nyatanya bergantung pada aktivitas pertanian untuk terlibat dalam kegiatan pembangunan nasional baik secara sosial, ekonomi, maupun politik. Itu sebabnya pula, sejak lama banyak ahli meyakini bahwa
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Tujuan pokok dari reforma agraria adalah penciptaan keadilan sosial yang ditand ditandai ai dengan dengan adanya adanya keadila keadilan n agrari agrariaa (agrarian justice), justice), sedang sedangkan kan keadil keadilan an merupakan kunci dari seluruh rangkaian penegakan hukum, sehingga hukum dapat dirasakan kemanfaatannya dan secara umum hukum menjadi sarana pembangunan. Aspek kemanfaatan kemanfaatan yang tersebut belakangan belakangan ini, digambarkan digambarkan oleh Roscue Pond sebagai berikut: “ law as tool of social engineering”, yang artinya hukum dapat digunakan sebagai suatu sarana pembaharuan (untuk membentuk, membangun,
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Hukum dalam pengertiannya yang umum adalah keseluruhan kaidah dan asas yang berfun berfungsi gsi sebaga sebagaii alat alat atau atau sarana sarana pembang pembangunan unan dalam dalam arti arti penyal penyalur ur arah arah kegiatan manusia ke arah yang dikehendaki oleh pembangunan atau pembaharuan.33 Asas dan kaidah menggambarkan bahwa hukum dianggap sebagai gejala normatif.34 Kaida Kaidah h hukum hukum meru merupak pakan an keten ketentu tuan an atau atau pedom pedoman an tent tentan ang g apa apa yang yang seyo seyogya gyany nyaa atau atau seha seharu rusn snya ya dila dilakuk kukan an.. Baga Bagaim iman anaa oran orang g seyo seyogya gyany nyaa atau atau seharusnya bertindak dan bertingkah laku. Kaidah hukum berisi kenyataan normatif:
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pengusaha dan d an di sisi lain yang terjadi adalah meningkatnya kemiskinan masyarakat sekitar karena ketiadaan akses terhadap tanah. Sebagaimana kita ketahui, bahwa orientasi pertanahan di waktu lampau tidak diarahkan kepada upaya pemerataan aset produksi. Tanah lebih ditekankan sebagai aset aset produk produksi si dan dialok dialokasi asikan kan kepada kepada sektor sektor ekonomi ekonomi kuat kuat dan besar, besar, karena karena diya diyaki kini ni akan akan mamp mampu u mend mendor oron ong g tingk tingkat at pert pertum umbu buha han n ekono ekonomi mi yang yang ting tinggi gi.. Akibatnya petani miskin bertambah miskin, hal ini semakin parah karena tanah
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kepenti kepentinga ngan n pihak pihak lain. lain.39 Denga Dengan n lain lain kata kata dapat dapat dika dikata takan kan bahwa bahwa keadi keadila lan n komunikatif tidak terutama terletak dalam melakukan suatu tindakan positif untuk
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bagian menyumbang terhadap yang lainnya atau terhadap sistem tersebut secara keseluruhan. Masing-masing bagian terkait dan tergantung satu sama lain; dan terkait
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Indonesia Indonesia berdasarkan berdasarkan asas Pancasila Pancasila yang bersifat bersifat kekeluargaan maka terhadap terhadap norma, asas, lembaga dan kaidah yang terdapat dalam teori hukum pembangunan pembangunan
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konseptual sekaligus operasional dalam menjawab berbagai kebutuhan dan dapat menuntun ke arah perubahan yang dinamis.
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1)
berorientasi kerakyatan; mengutamakan kepentingan hajat hidup masyarakat banyak daripada kepentingan pemodal besar;
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