26
1
33
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
The Philippines is a tropical country that is abundant with nutritious and refreshing fruits that Filipinos are fond of eating. Papaya and mango are two of the most common fruits that could be found in some Filipino desserts. However, in the process of consumption of these delectable fruits, the peelings that were acquired are either wasted or thrown away. Brilliant minds have formulated a solution to recycle these organic wastes and make them into something useful, a fuel briquette. It is basically composed of organic materials and could be used like a charcoal.
Fuel is any material that can store energy and releases it through combustion. The modern way of life is intimately dependent on the use of fossil fuels. However, the increased consumption of nonrenewable resources may lead to the overproduction of carbon dioxide, which is one of the major causes of global warming. Excessive reliance on fossil fuels may cause it to be used up. The use of fuel made from biodegradable wastes is ideal, since it recycles agricultural residues.
(Conserve Energy Future, 2008)
Fuel briquettes are used like coal, but are made from a combination of organic wastes, shaped into blocks. Densification of fruit peelings and wood waste into briquettes can provide a relatively high-quality alternative source of fuel, which employ peelings of mango and papaya and sawdust. A high demand of firewood would cause deforestation, and may affect the environment especially in the urban areas. Fuel briquette is a block of compressed materials suitable for cooking.
The process of making charcoal briquettes from agricultural waste is not new. Many institutions have experimented on different agricultural residues to find out which raw materials are possible for charcoal making. The Nepal-based Foundation for Sustainable Technologies is training people to make the briquettes, thus enabling them to produce their own fuel. The Legacy Foundation and its partners have tested the briquette making process in urban and rural areas such as Malawi, Peru, Mali, Uganda, Haiti, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Nicaragua and the United States. It is now being used in many places, such as Europe, Haiti, India and even in the Philippines. (Foundation for Sustainable Technologies, 2007)
The purpose of this research is to provide an alternative fuel for heating. The researchers decided to pursue this study because of the usefulness of the briquettes. The idea that biodegradable wastes may actually be converted into useful fuel briquettes aroused the interest of the researchers.
B. Statement of the Problem
This study evaluated the effectiveness of the papaya and mango peelings with sawdust as a fuel briquette.
Sub-problems
What are the resulting properties of the different samples of briquettes in terms of:
ash content
moisture content and
calorific value?
Is a significant difference in the physical properties of the briquettes?
C. Objectives of the Study
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of briquettes samples with mango and papaya peelings. The study also aims to determine the calorific value, ash content and moisture content of the briquettes, and compare with standard values of wood, a commonly used fuel.
D. Hypothesis of the Study
There is no significant difference in the calorific value, ash content and moisture content of the briquettes.
E. Significance of the Study
If the hypothesis proven correct, the peelings that were acquired during the consumption of mango and papaya during meals can be used, therefore reducing excessive biodegradable waste while creating an alternative source of fuel for cooking and heating. Farmers, fruit vendors, housewives, or anyone who has interest in producing fuel briquettes will be provided with additional livelihood should they decide to sell the briquettes. The fuel briquettes are also ideal for their personal use.
F. Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study was limited to the utilization of the peelings of mango and papaya and sawdust as components in briquettes. For the determination of the physical characteristics of the briquettes, the study was limited to the determination of the calorific value, ash content and moisture content of the briquettes. There was also a limitation in the methods of determining the ash content and moisture content due to lack of time. The heat of the sun was not enough to completely absorb the moisture of the briquettes, and the use of an oven is more appropriate. In burning the briquettes, the use of denatured alcohol was not enough to completely burn the briquettes, and the use of a furnace is more appropriate. The determination of the calorific value of the briquettes was done in COE with the use of a Parr 1108 oxygen Bomb calorimeter. The experimentation was done during the school year 2011-2012.
G. Definition of Terms
Ash Content The grayish-white to black, soft solid residue of combustion (The Grolier International Dictionary 1988)
Calorific Value This is the amount of heat liberated by the complete combustion of unit mass of a fuel briquette (Dictionary of Physics, 1991)
Fuel Briquette An organic block of a flammable material that is the output of this study.
Mango Peeling It is the peeling of the fruit belonging to the genus Mangnifera that is a main component in the production of the briquettes.
Moisture Content The diffuse wetness that can be felt as condensed liquid of the briquettes. (The Grolier International Dictionary 1988)
Papaya Peeling It is the peeling of the fruit Carica papaya that is a main component in the production of the briquettes.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Yearly, huge amounts of agricultural residues and forest waste are produced. But these are either wasted or burnt inefficiently in their loose form causing air pollution. Faulty use of these biodegradable wastes may cause certain pollutions in the atmosphere. Fortunately, these can be utilized for the production of fuel briquettes.
Fuel briquettes could be used as an alternative energy source for household use. These are made from a combination of organic materials such as grass, leaves, saw dust, rice husk or any type of paper. These materials are then compressed in a fuel briquette press. The fuel briquette produced is environment-friendly since it utilized waste materials. In comparison with fossil fuels, the briquettes are easier to produce because it is a renewable source of energy. (Shrestha n.d.)
Fuel briquettes are useful and can be used as an alternative substitute to coal and charcoal. The briquettes are mostly composed of organic waste and other materials that are biodegradable, and are commonly used as heat and cooking fuel. The composition of the briquettes may vary due to the availability of the raw materials in an area. These materials are compressed and made into briquettes. The briquettes are different from charcoal because they do not possess large concentrations of carbonaceous substances. In comparison to fossil fuels, the briquettes produce low net total greenhouse gas emissions because the materials used are already a part of the carbon cycle. Environmentally, the use of briquettes produces less greenhouse gases. (Wikipedia, 2011)
Wood is has been an important source of fuel for mankind throughout the ages. From the earliest times, mankind has added coal to his fuel resources, and much later, gases manufactured from coal and mineral oils. The common fuels differ much in the heat which they give out when burned. While many factors are concerned in the value of a fuel, the chief one is its heat of combustion, or calorific value. The calorific value of a solid or liquid fuel is the heat given off in the combustion of one gram of the fuel. (McPherson, 1942)
What should govern the choice of fuel? The ideal fuel should not be expensive, and it should kindle readily and should have a respectable amount of heat content. There must be little or no ash, and no waste products that would become a nuisance. Few if any fuels meet all these conditions. Local conditions and personal taste influence the consumer in his choice of fuel. (Dull, 1958)
Wood used as fuel briquette is not new. The concept of making briquettes from fine timber wastes dates back to the turn of 19th and 20th centuries. The use of sawdust by converting it into heat is economically justified. The calorific value of sawdust briquettes is comparable to that of lower quality class coal. Heat value or calorific value determines the energy content of a fuel. It is the property that depends on its chemical composition and moisture content. The calorific value is the most important fuel property. (Aina, 2009)
Using wood and crop residues as an energy source will reduce consumption of fossil fuels, and in the process, reduces the emission of greenhouse gases to the environment. In other countries, the interest in pellet burners is starting to increase. Biomass may be utilized as energy carriers (charcoal, oil, or gas). Combustion is the most developed and most frequently applied process used for solid biomass fuels because of its low costs and high reliability (Gravalos, 2010).
Few people realize the degree to which energy systems affect the environment, although many of us are becoming more aware of damage from specific activities. Converting fossil and nuclear fuels into energy leads to air pollution, water pollution, creation of solid wastes, land disruption, and aesthetic degradation. (The New Book of Popular Science 1978)
Briquettes have various uses from household to industrial. With the increasing prices of fuel, practical consumers are finding cheaper alternative sources of heat that may be usable for cooking, heating water and productive processes, firing ceramics, fuel for gasifiers to generated electricity and for powering boilers to generate steam. Briquettes are most commonly produced using briquette presses, but when it is not available, briquettes may also be mold by hand. However, using briquette presses add value to the product and can increase the amount of briquettes produced in a day. (Grover 1996)
One of the most important characteristics of a fuel is its calorific value, that is the amount of energy per kg it gives off when burnt. The calorific value can thus be used to calculate the competitiveness of a processed fuel in a given market situation. There is a range of other factors, such as ease of handling, burning characteristics etc., which also influence the market value, but calorific value is probably the most important factor and should be recognized when selecting the raw material input. (Lehra Fuel Tech Pvt. Ltd., 2012)
Common components of fuel briquettes are from wastes of organic materials like plants. For this study the organic material in focused are the mango peelings and papaya peelings.
The papaya peeling has various uses. It is the best when it comes to skin care, since it is a good source of Vitamin A, which acts as an anti-oxidant and papain, which breaks down inactive proteins and removes dead skin cells. Papaya peelings, thus can act as a natural exfoliator. (Perfect Skin Care for You, 2010)
The use for mango peelings ranges from food applications to medical purposes. Mango peelings can be consumed with proper preparations, though its acidity may be toxic for some people. Mango peelings are abundant in calcium, vitamin B6 and antioxidants and are a good source of fiber. It may also be used as an ingredient to give dishes some fruity acidity as it cooks. According to the researchers the Central Food Technological Research Institute in Mysore, India, mango peel provides high quality pectin, which makes the skin of the fruit and ideal thickening agent for making jams and jellies. Mango peel may also be used as a digestive aid for treating gastritis. The skin of the mango is mashed and boiled to extract its oils. (Cicione, n.d.)
A study on the feasibility of biomass fuel briquettes from banana plant waste examined the issues with making fuel briquettes from banana plant waste. Several mixture/blend formulations were prepared which included materials such as sawdust, paper pulp, leaves, banana fronds and plant bark, peanut shells, composted hostas plants, peanut shells, wood chips. Briquettes were made using the micro compound lever press with mold diameter of three inches and a center hole of one inches. Alternative briquettes were made using a caulking gun press or hand-made ball briquettes. Some formulations were over dried at 300°F for two hours and some five hours. Tests performed were moisture test and burn test.
Results showed that any formulation made from the trunk of a wood tree (paper pulp, wood chips or sawdust) can dry to about six percent moisture in 36 hours in Ohio sun. However adding leaves to the mixture doubles the drying time to 72 hours. Adding banana fibers to a formulation significantly lengthened the drying time. At the end of the first 24 hours, the briquettes rapidly absorbed moisture to above ten percent by weight. Most briquettes released some moisture when it stopped raining. Furthermore, the rate at which the water temperature increased was dependent on the available BTU from the briquettes, the mass of the three selected test briquettes, moisture content and air supply to briquette material.
Conclusions and recommendations includes the following: that to prevent clogging the wet process with long fibers, both the green and dry material need to be cut into small lengths (under three inches). No natural biomass binding properties exist within the chopped green or dry material. Self binding was possible after the green material had been softened via a composting like process and then mashed into a sludge using a mortar and pestle. The natural antimicrobial and antibacterial properties of the banana plant worked against the composting process used to help expose the fibers. The chunks of banana waste turned brown and softened but never decayed after months in the composting process. The binding of dry fonds was only possible after cutting to lengths of less than three inches and grinding to expose the available fibers, then mixing with a large amount of mashed dead banana skins and mashed banana fruit. This process was difficult to press because of the sticky mixture. In addition, it required an excessive amount of dead banana skins and fruit to bind a small amount of fronds. Air-drying a banana biomass briquette was nearly impossible. Unobstructed by other surrounding material the banana fiber normally releases its moisture quickly. When pressed into a briquette the release of the moisture was very slow, even when oven dried. When surrounded with other biomass to enhance binding or burning, release of the fiber moisture was difficult to achieve even in an oven at 300°F. Complete burn using an air-dried briquette containing banana fibers was not successful because of excessive smoke from the burn. Perhaps the briquette would burn better in a forced air stove like a gasifier. Packing the briquette mold with the fibrous material was difficult, tedious and time consuming. The fibers were interwoven with other fibers and did not pour well. Hand packing worked better. Softening by freezing was tested but not included in this report. A batch of fresh green chopped stalks was exposed to a single freeze/thaw cycle as a softening methodology. While that process did significantly hasten and enhance the softening process, it was not considered a practical solution for a tropical climate. In the researchers' opinion producing a biomass fuel briquette from the waste of the banana plant is not worth the effort. It may be more practical to harvest and use the fibers from the stalk for commercial purposes. If one could find an adequate process to emulate the wet grinding accomplished by using a food blender, then a small amount of those fibers (around 10% to 15%) could be effective as a binder for sawdust. (Hite, Smith, 2011)
Some local studies conducted on fuel briquettes include the use of waste papers and sawdust as components other than organic materials. Several studies are mentioned below.
Borja (2007) conducted a study on pineapple and banana peeling as component in fuel briquette. The reported average approximate ash content of pineapple and banana peelings fuel briquette was 55.01%. The average approximate ash content of charcoal was also determined and the result was 35.49%. The statistical calculation showed that fuel briquettes have more ash content compared to charcoal, which implies that charcoal can supply more energy compared to the fuel briquettes.
Mag-usara (n.d.) conducted a study on dried banana leaves and waste paper as fuel briquettes. Kneaded 200 g waste papers were mixed with 100g dried banana leaves with 100g of cassava starch. The dried leaves act as the starter in the building of fire using fuel briquettes, this one reason why fuel briquettes ignite for seconds and the boiling period is 10 minutes lesser than the palwa wood. Data obtained on the moisture weight content of two fuels were subjected to mean value, analysis of variance leading to T-test computation. The computed value of T is -0.04 lesser than P value, 1.943 at 0.05 level of significance with 6 degrees of freedom. This means that there is no significant difference between the palwa fuel and the fuel briquettes made out of dried banana leaves and waste paper.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design
The calorific value was determined by using the bomb calorimeter. The approximate ash content and moisture content was also determined. The approximate ash content was determined by weighing the briquettes before and after burning using denatured alcohol, and the approximate moisture content was determined by weighing the 50g briquettes after it is dried. The briquettes were produced from mango and papaya peelings with sawdust. The study utilized the randomized complete block design (RCBD) since there were two different treatments that were grouped into blocks. The treatments were varied so the results may be compared. There were two treatments and in each treatment there were three samples. The researchers determined if there was a significant difference in the calorific values and the ash content of the briquettes. The study used a T test for testing the difference between two means with small independent samples.
B. Materials and Equipment
Materials
Chopping Board
Knife / Kitchen Scissors
Measuring Cup
Papaya Peelings
Mango Peelings
Sawdust
Equipments
Analytical Balance
Bomb Calorimeter
Blender
C. Experimental Set-Up
Table 2. Experimental Setup
COMPONENT
TREATMENT A
TREATMENT B
Mango Peelings (g)
25
0
Papaya Peelings (g)
0
25
Sawdust (g)
25
25
D. General Procedure
Mango peelings, papaya peelings and sawdust were collected from sources like various fruit vendors in Iligan City. Knife or kitchen scissors was to cut the peelings into smaller pieces. The peelings were placed in a blender and a strainer was used to remove the excess liquid. The raw materials were weighed with the indicated weights. They were combined with the specified treatments, and was molded into briquettes using a measuring cup.
Collecting the Raw Materials
The raw materials were gathered from various fruit vendors that disposes their fruit peelings. Personal consumption of papaya and mango fruits also contributed to the quantity of the raw materials. Sawdust was collected from a construction supplier.
Preparation of Raw Materials
The peelings of mango and papaya were removed using a knife then was placed in a blender. Sawdust was collected. The raw materials were weighed using an analytical balance.
Making the Fuel Briquettes
The raw materials were weighed and combined with the specified treatments. The liquid were separated using a strainer. The resulting briquettes were molded then dried under the heat of the sun.
Calorific Value
To determine its calorific value, a bomb calorimeter (Parr 1108 Oxygen Combustion Bomb) was used where a sample is burned under an oxygen atmosphere in a closed vessel, which is surrounded by water, under controlled conditions. Three samples are taken for each of the treatments.
One gram of sample of the briquette was measured using a digital analytical balance into a crucible and placed inside a stainless steel container (decomposition vessel) filled with 30 bar of oxygen (Quality: technical oxygen 99.98%). Then the sample was ignited through a cotton thread connected to an ignition wire inside the decomposition vessel and burned.
During the combustion the core temperature in the crucible can go up to 1000°C (1800°F), and the pressure rises for milliseconds to approximately 200 bar (2900 PSI). All organic matter is burned under these conditions, and oxidized. Even inorganic matter will be oxidized to some extent.
To measure the temperature inside the water, very sensitive, high-resolution sensors were used. The decomposition vessel was previously calibrated to know how much heat is necessary to heat up the water by one degree Celsius. After all the briquette sample was burned, the calorific value was displayed in units of kJ/kg.
Approximate Ash Content
The briquettes were weighed before it will be burned. The resulting weight of the briquette sample was weighed into an analytical balance. The briquette was burned using denatured alcohol, until it turns into ash. The ash was weighed.
The ash content will be determined with the formula:
% Ash =WFWix 100
where:
Wf = final weight of the fuels after being burn inside
Wi = initial weight of the briquette after drying
Approximate Moisture Content
Fifty grams of the sample was weighed into a weighing scale. The samples were dried under the heat of the sun. The dry briquettes are weighed in an analytical balance and the moisture content was determined with the formula above.
Mn=Ww-WdWw x 100
where:
Mn = moisture content (%) of material n
Ww = wet weight of the sample, and
Wd = weight of the sample after drying.
E. Statistical Tools for Data Analysis
In determining the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the heating value of the briquettes, approximate ash content and moisture content, a t-Test for testing the difference between two means with small independent samples was used
where:
x̅ = sample mean
μo = population mean
s = standard deviation
n = number of values
COLLECTION OF RAW MATERIALS
COLLECTION OF RAW MATERIALS
Papaya Peelings and SawdustBRIQUETTE MAKINGPapaya PeelingsMango and Papaya PeelingsMango Peelings and Sawdust
Papaya Peelings and Sawdust
BRIQUETTE MAKING
Papaya Peelings
Mango and Papaya Peelings
Mango Peelings and Sawdust
BRIQUETTE MAKINGTESTING THE PRODUCT
BRIQUETTE MAKING
TESTING THE PRODUCT
CALORIFIC VALUEAPPROX. MOISTURE CONTENTAPPROX. ASH CONTENT
CALORIFIC VALUE
APPROX. MOISTURE CONTENT
APPROX. ASH CONTENT
Figure 1. Chart in Preparation of Mango and Papaya Peelings as a Fuel Briquette
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the results in tabular form and the discussion of results. The t-Test is most commonly used to evaluate the differences between two groups. For comparison purposed, there were two treatments. There were three samples for each treatment and were evaluated for their calorific value, approximate moisture content and ash content.
In this study, the researchers compared the moisture content, ash content and calorific value of the briquettes.
Table 3. Mean Values of Characteristics of Briquette Samples
PARAMETER
PAPAYA + SAWDUST
MANGO + SAWDUST
STANDARD
VALUES
Approx. Ash Content (%)
10.14
10.48
3.3-11.7
Approx. Moisture Content (%)
69.00
74.00
2.2 - 15.9
Calorific Value(kJ/kg)
14, 150
15,088
14,400 - 17,400
Table 3 shows that the mean calorific value and approximate ash content of Treatment A (papaya + sawdust) and Treatment B (mango + sawdust) both fall in the standard values. The mean approximate moisture content, however, is significantly greater than the standard values. The standard ash and moisture content of bituminous coal and standard calorific value of wood was used in this table since it is a very common fuel.
The calorific value of a fuel is the amount of heat produced by its combustion (burnt). The calorific value can thus be used to calculate the competitiveness of a processed fuel in a given market situation. The standard calorific value of wood is 14,400 - 17,400 kJ/kg. The mean calorific value of the Treatment A (mango + sawdust) is 15,088 kJ/kg which is comparable to the typical calorific value of coal which ranges from 15,000 - 27,000. On the other hand, the mean calorific value of Treatment B (papaya + sawdust) is 14,150 kJ/kg is lower compared to the typical calorific value of coal. Hence, based on calorific value Treatment A (mango + sawdust) has better potential as fuel briquette over Treatment B (papaya + sawdust).
The ash content of both briquettes in the two treatments is also comparable to the typical ash content of bituminous coal which ranges from 3.3% to 11.7%.
The approximate moisture content of Treatment A and Treatment B are 69.00% and 74.00%, respectively. The approximate moisture content of the briquettes in both treatments, however, is higher than the typical moisture content of bituminous coal, which ranges from 2.2% to 15.9%.
Table 4. Statistical Test for Results in Approximate Ash Content
TREATMENT
MANGO + SAWDUST
PAPAYA + SAWDUST
Mean
10.48%
10.14%
St. Dev.
0.006115826
0.003365
Hypothesized Difference
0
Difference
0.00343
P-value (two-tailed at α=0.05)
0.4423
Table 4 shows the result of the t-test performed on the values of approximate ash content of fuel briquettes for each treatment. The statistical data gathered shows that there is no significant difference between the two treatments since P-value (0.4423) is greater than the level of significance (0.05) hence null hypothesis is not rejected. This implies that the approximate ash contents of Treatment A (mango + sawdust) and Treatment B (papaya + sawdust) fuel briquettes are statistically the same. This is probably because the ash contents measured were just approximation since the method performed were not very reliable due to lack of time.
Table 5. Statistical Test for Results in Approximate Moisture Content
TREATMENT
MANGO + SAWDUST
PAPAYA + SAWDUST
Mean
74.00%
69%
St. Dev.
0.04
0.070238
Hypothesized Difference
0
Difference
0.04667
P-value (two-tailed at α=0.05)
0.3739
Table 5 shows the result of the t-test performed on the values of approximate moisture content of fuel briquettes for each treatment. The statistical data gathered shows that there is no significant difference between the two treatments since P-value (0.3739) is greater than the level of significance (0.05). This implies that the approximate moisture content of Treatment A (mango + sawdust) and Treatment B (papaya + sawdust) fuel briquettes are statistically the same. This is probably because the moisture contents measured were just approximation since the method performed were not very reliable due to lack of time.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Summary
This study was conducted to produce an effective fuel briquette. There were two treatments and three sample produce and each has its own proportion of mango and papaya peelings and sawdust. Treatment A has the combination of mango peelings and sawdust, while the treatment B has the combination of papaya peelings and sawdust. The treatments made, have good result in terms of moisture content, ash content and calorific value.
Results showed that the mean calorific value and approximate ash content of Treatment A (papaya + sawdust) and Treatment B (mango + sawdust) both fall in the standard values. The mean approximate moisture content, however, is significantly greater than the standard values. The standard ash and moisture content of bituminous coal and standard calorific value of wood was used in this table since it is a very common fuel.
B. Conclusion
The approximate ash content of Treatment A (papaya + sawdust) and Treatment B (mango + sawdust) are 10.14 % and 10.48%, respectively. The approximate moisture contents are 69.00% and 74.00%, respectively. While the calorific value are 14,150 kJ/kg and 15,000 kJ/kg, respectively. Both the mean calorific value and approximate ash content of Treatment A and B are within the standard values. The mean approximate moisture content, however, is significantly greater than the standard values. The standard ash and moisture content of bituminous coal and standard calorific value of wood was used in this table since it is a very common fuel.
There is no significant difference in the calorific value, ash content and moisture content of the briquettes between treatments.
C. Recommendation
Future researchers are recommended to:
Use other biodegradable wastes that are abundant and easy to find. Such biodegradable wastes could be coconut husks, dry leaves, and sawdust. It must also be noted that the biodegradable waste be dry and be easily burned. Biomass residues and by products are available in abundance at: Agro-processing centers (rice husks, bagasse, molasses, coconut shells, groundnut shells, maize cobs, potato waste, coffee waste), farms (rice straw, cotton stalks, jute sticks) forests (bark, chips, shavings, sawdust, thinning and logging wastes).
Use an effective binder such as cornstarch for a more compact briquette.
To add more parameters like density of the briquettes.
Improve the methods of determining the ash content and moisture content.
Use an oven to determine the moisture content and a furnace to determine the ash content, instead of just sun drying the briquettes. Such equipments could be found in the CSM laboratory.
REFERENCES
Books
Aina, O.M., Adetogun, A.C. and Iyiola, K.A. (2009). Heat Energy From Value-Added Sawdust Briquettes Of Albizia Zygia Ethiopian United States Agency International Development
Hood, A.H. (August 2010). Biomass Briquetting in Sudan: A Feasibility Study Nigeria University of Agriculture
Miller, G.T. Jr. (1998). Sustaining the Earth: An integrated approach Wadsworth Publishing Company
The Grolier International Dictionary (1981). Houghton Mifflin Company
Dull E.D. (1958) Modern Chemistry Henry Holt and Company, Incorporated
McPherson W. (1942) Introduction to College Chemistry Ginn and Company
The New Book of Popular Science (1978) Grolier Incorporated Danbury, Connecticut
Internet
Biomass Briquettes (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved September 12, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_briquettes
Cicione M. (n.d.). Uses for Mango Peel [Web log message]. Retrieved http://www.gardenguides.com/87456-uses-mango-peel.html
Conserve Energy Future (2003, October 16) retrieved September 12, 2011 from Conserve Energy Site website: http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/
Foundation for Sustainable Technologies (2010, April) Retrieved October 25, 2011, from Fuel Briquettes Put Energy in the People's Hands website: http://www.engineeringforchange.info/2010/04/fuel-briquettes-put-energy-in- the-peoples-hands/
Grover P.D. and Mishra S.K. (1996). Biomass Briquetting: Technology and Practice, Bangkok. Information on "Briquetted Charcoal from Sugarcane Trash". Retrieved October 8, 2009 from http://www.arti-india.org/content/view/42/52
Hite, Lee, Dr. Zan Smith and Fuel Briqutting Team at www.EWBGCP.org (2011 June 4). Feasibility of Biomass Fuel Briquettes From Banana Plant Waste. Retrieved April 28, 2012 from http://www.ewbgcp.org/images/Feasibility_Biomass_Fuel_Briquettes_from_Banana_Plant_Waste.pdf
J.T. Oladeji, M.Sc. (2010, May). Fuel Characterization of Briquettes Produced from Corncob and Rice Husk Residues Retrieved November 20, 2011, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html
Lehra Fuel Tech Pvt. Ltd (n.d.) retrieved March 12, 2012 from Lehra Fuel Tech Pvt. Ltd website: http://lehrafuel.com/briquetting.html
Shrestha, N.D. (2010, March 3) Fuel Briquettes Saves Trees and Provides Income Generation for the Poor Retrieved October 15, 2011, from Vuthisa Technology website:http://vuthisa.com/2010/03/03/fuel-briquettes/
Swati (2010, March 5). Benefits of Papaya for skin [Web log message]. Retrieved April 26 2012 from http://perfectskincareforyou.blogspot.com/2010/03/benefits-of- papaya-for-skin.html
Unpublished Paper
Borja, Ruby Jane E. (2007). Banana and Pineapple Peelings for Fuel Briquette . Integrated Developmental School, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology. A research paper
Mag-usara, Liberti P (n.d.). Fuel Briquettes from Dried Banana Leaves and Waste Paper. Zamboanga del Sur National High School. Pagadian City. Retrieved April 28, 2012 from https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:5_9WsgxNpK4J:119.1
23/resourcematerials/ACADEME/list%2520of%2520abstracts%2520of%2520investigatory%
APPENDIX A
DOCUMENTATION
Figure3. Extracting LiquidFigure2. Blending fruits using a blender.
Figure3. Extracting Liquid
Figure2. Blending fruits using a blender.
Figure5. Molding Briquettes Using Plastic Cups.
Figure5. Molding Briquettes Using Plastic Cups.
Figure4. Weighing fruit peelings
Figure4. Weighing fruit peelings
Figure7. Briquettes after burning for ash content determination.Figur 6. Drying briquettes.
Figure7. Briquettes after burning for ash content determination.
Figur 6. Drying briquettes
.
Figure8. Determining calorific value using bomb calorimeter.
Figure8. Determining calorific value
using bomb calorimeter.
APPENDIX B
DATA GATHERED
Table6. Sample Computation of Mango Sawdust
Component
Mass Before Sun-Drying
Mass After Sun-Drying
Ash Weight
Ash Content
Moisture Content
Mango + Sawdust 1
50g
11g
1.135
10.32%
78%
Mango + Sawdust 2
50g
13g
1.451
11.16%
74%
Mango + Sawdust 3
50g
15g
1.4956
9.97%
70%
Table7. Sample Computation of Papaya Sawdust
Component
Mass Before Sun-Drying
Mass After Sun-Drying
Ash Weight
Ash Content
Moisture Content
Papaya + Sawdust 1
50g
19g
1.9045
10.02%
62%
Papaya + Sawdust 2
50g
15g
1.4822
9.88%
70%
Papaya + Sawdust 3
50g
12g
1.1571
10.52%
76%
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Allysah Ameenah Macakiling Ismael
Nickname: Alisa, Ly,
Date of Birth: June 11, 1996
Place of Birth: Iligan City
Home Adress: Erlinda Ville del Carmen, Iligan City
Father's Name: Bangki Bao Ismael
Occupation: Businessman
Mother's Name: Hafsah Macakiling Ismael
Occupation: Government Employee
Siblings:
Brothers' Names:
Ali Najib Macakiling Ismael
Anwaar Nabil Macakiling Ismael
Sisters' Names:
Amerah Fatmah Macakiling Ismael
Jehan Macakiling Ismael
Educational Background:
Elementary: Iligan City East Central School
High school: Iligan Developmental School
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Michelle Mae Serate Roque
Nickname: Mich
Date of Birth: 1996
Place of Birth: Iligan City
Home Adress: Serate Cmpd. Tibanga Iligan City
Father's Name: Pablo Caina Roque
Occupation: Engineer
Mother's Name: Miriam Danette Serate Roque
Occupation: Government Employee
Brother's Name: Michael Paul Serate Roque
Educational Background:
Elementary: Mary Infant Jesus School
High school: Iligan Developmental School
