1
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A.
Background of the Study
The Philippines is a tropical country that is abundant with nutritious and refreshing refre shing fruits fruits that Filip Filipinos inos are fond of eating eating.. Papaya and mango are two of the most common fruits that could be found in some Filipino desserts. However, in the proces pro cesss of con consum sumpti ption on of the these se del delect ectabl ablee frui fruits, ts, the pee peeling lingss tha thatt wer weree acq acquir uired ed are either wasted or thrown away. Brilliant minds have formulated a solution to recycle these organic wastes and make them into something useful, a fuel briquette. t is basically composed of organic materials and could be used like a charcoal. Fuel is any material that can store energy and releases it through combustion. The modern way of life is intimately dependent on the use of fossil fuels. However, thee th
inc ncre reas ased ed
cons co nsum umpt ptio ion n
of
nonr no nren enew ewab able le
res esou ourrce cess
may
lea ead d
to
thee th
overpro over product duction ion of car carbon bon dio dio!ide !ide,, whi which ch is one of the ma"or caus causes es of glo global bal warming. #!cessive reliance on fossil fuels may cause it to be used up. The use of fuel made from biodegradable wastes is ideal, since it recycles agricultural residues. $ %onserve #nergy Future, &''() Fuel briquettes are used like coal, but are made from a combination of organic organ ic waste wastes, s, shaped into blocks. *ensification *ensification of fruit peelings and wood waste into briquettes can provide a relatively high+quality alternative source of fuel, which
2 employ peelings of mango and papaya and sawdust. high demand of firewood would cause deforestation, and may affect the environment especially in the urban areas. Fuel briquette is a block of compressed materials suitable for cooking. The process of making charcoal briquettes from agricultural waste is not new. -any institutions have e!perimented on different agricultural residues to find out which raw materials are possible for charcoal making. The epal+based Foundation for /ustainable Technologies is training people to make the briquettes, thus enabling them to produce their own fuel. The 0egacy Foundation and its partners have tested the briquette making process in urban and rural areas such as -alawi, Peru, -ali, 1ganda, Haiti, 2enya, 3imbabwe, icaragua and the the 1nited /tates. t is now being used in many places, such as #urope, Haiti, ndia and even in the Philippines. $Foundation for /ustainable Technologies, &''4) The purpose of this research is to provide an alternative fuel for heating. The researchers decided to pursue this study because of the usefulness of the briquettes. The idea that biod biodegr egradab adable le was wastes tes may act actual ually ly be conv convert erted ed int into o use useful ful fuel briq uet uettes tes aro arouse used d the t he int intere erest st o f the th e rese researc archer hers. s.
B.
Statement of the Pro!em
This study evaluated the effectiveness of the papaya and mango peelings with sawdust as a fuel briquette. Su"#ro!em$ %.& 5hat are the resulting properties of the different samples of briquettes
in terms of6
2 employ peelings of mango and papaya and sawdust. high demand of firewood would cause deforestation, and may affect the environment especially in the urban areas. Fuel briquette is a block of compressed materials suitable for cooking. The process of making charcoal briquettes from agricultural waste is not new. -any institutions have e!perimented on different agricultural residues to find out which raw materials are possible for charcoal making. The epal+based Foundation for /ustainable Technologies is training people to make the briquettes, thus enabling them to produce their own fuel. The 0egacy Foundation and its partners have tested the briquette making process in urban and rural areas such as -alawi, Peru, -ali, 1ganda, Haiti, 2enya, 3imbabwe, icaragua and the the 1nited /tates. t is now being used in many places, such as #urope, Haiti, ndia and even in the Philippines. $Foundation for /ustainable Technologies, &''4) The purpose of this research is to provide an alternative fuel for heating. The researchers decided to pursue this study because of the usefulness of the briquettes. The idea that biod biodegr egradab adable le was wastes tes may act actual ually ly be conv convert erted ed int into o use useful ful fuel briq uet uettes tes aro arouse used d the t he int intere erest st o f the th e rese researc archer hers. s.
B.
Statement of the Pro!em
This study evaluated the effectiveness of the papaya and mango peelings with sawdust as a fuel briquette. Su"#ro!em$ %.& 5hat are the resulting properties of the different samples of briquettes
in terms of6
3 %& ash content '& moisture content and (& calorific value7 '& s a significant difference in the physical properties of the briquettes7
C.
O)ect*+e$ of the Study
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of briquettes samples with mango and papaya peelings. The study also aims to determine the calorific value, ash cont content ent and moi moistu sture re cont content ent of the bri briquet quettes tes,, and com compare pare with sta standar ndard d values of wood, a commonly used fuel.
D.
Hy#othe$*$ of the Study
There is no significant difference in the calorific value, ash content and moisture content of the briquettes.
E.
S*gn*f*cance of the Study
f the hypothesis proven correct, the peelings that were acquired during the consumption of mango and papaya during meals can be used, therefore reducing e!cessi e!ce ssive ve bio biodegr degradab adable le was waste te whi while le crea creatin ting g an alt altern ernati ative ve sou source rce of fue fuell for cooking and heating. Farmers, fruit vendors, housewives, or anyone who has interest in producing fuel briquettes will be provided with additional livelihood should they decide to sell the briquettes. The fuel briquettes are also ideal for their personal use.
4 ,.
Sco#e and -*m*tat*on of the Study
The study was limited to the utili8ation of the peelings of mango and papaya and sawdust as components in briquettes. For the determination of the physical characteristics of the briquettes, the study was limited to the determination of the calorific value, ash content and moisture content of the briquettes. There was also a limitation in the methods of determining the ash content and moisture content due to lack of time. The heat of the sun was not enough to completely absorb the moisture of the briquettes, and the use of an oven is more appropriate. n burning the briq uettes, the use of denatured alcohol was not enough to completely burn the briq uettes, and the use of a furnace is more appropriate. The determination of the calorific value of the briquettes was done in %9# with the use of a Parr ::'( o!ygen Bomb calorimeter. The e!perimentation was done during the school year &'::+&':&.
.
Def*n*t*on of Term$
A$h Content
The grayish+white to black, soft solid residue of combustion $The ;rolier nternational *ictionary :<(()
Ca!or*f*c /a!ue
This is the amount of heat liberated by the complete combustion of unit mass of a fuel briquette $*ictionary of Physics, :<<:)
5 ,ue! Br*0uette
n organic block of a flammable material that is the output of this stud y.
1ango Pee!*ng
t is the peeling of the fruit belonging to the genus Mangnifera that is a main component in the production of the briquettes.
1o*$ture Content
The diffuse wetness that can be felt as condensed liquid
of
the
briquettes.
$The
;rolier
nternational *ictionary :<(()
Pa#aya Pee!*ng
t is the peeling of the fruit Carica papaya that is a main component in the production of the briquettes.
6 CHAPTER II RE/IE2 O, RE-ATED -ITERATURE AND STUDIES
=early, huge amounts of agricultural residues and forest waste are produced. But these are either wasted or burnt inefficiently in their loose form causing air pollution. Faulty use of these biodegradable wastes may cause certain pollutions in the atmosphere. Fortunately, these can be utili8ed for the production of fuel briquettes. Fuel briquettes could be used as an alternative energy source for household use. These are made from a combination of organic materials such as grass, leaves, saw dust, rice husk or any type of paper. These materials are then compressed in a fuel briquette press. The fuel briquette produced is environment+friendly since it utili8ed waste materials. n comparison with fossil fuels, the briquettes are easier to produce because it is a renewable source of energy. $/hrestha n.d.) Fuel briquettes are useful and can be used as an alternative substitute to coal and charcoal. The briquettes are mostly composed of organic waste and other materials that are biodegradable, and are commonly used as heat and cooking fuel. The composition of the briquettes may vary due to the availability of the raw materials in an area. These materials are compressed and made into briquettes. The briquettes are different from charcoal because they do not possess large concentrations of carbonaceous substances. n comparison to fossil fuels, the briquettes produce low net total greenhouse gas emissions because the materials used are already a part of the carbon cycle. #nvironmentally, the use of briquettes produces less greenhouse gases. $5ikipedia, &'::)
7 5ood is has been an important source of fuel for mankind throughout the ages. From the earliest times, mankind has added coal to his fuel resources, and much later, gases manufactured from coal and mineral oils. The common fuels differ much in the heat which they give out when burned. 5hile many factors are concerned in the value of a fuel, the chief one is its heat of combustion, or calorific value. The calorific value of a solid or liquid fuel is the heat given off in the combustion of one gram of the fuel. $-cPherson, :<>&) 5hat should govern the choice of fuel7 The ideal fuel should not be e!pensive, and it should kindle readily and should have a respectable amount of heat content. There must be little or no ash, and no waste products that would become a nuisance. Few if any fuels meet all these conditions. 0ocal conditions and personal taste influence the consumer in his choice of fuel. $*ull, :
8 developed and most frequently applied process used for solid biomass fuels because of its low costs and high reliability $;ravalos, &':'). Few people reali8e the degree to which energy systems affect the environment, although many of us are becoming more aware of damage from specific activities. %onverting fossil and nuclear fuels into energy leads to air pollution, water pollution, creation of solid wastes, land disruption, and aesthetic degradation. $The ew Book of Popular /cience :<4() Briquettes have various uses from household to industrial. 5ith the increasing prices of fuel, practical consumers are finding cheaper alternative sources of heat that may be usable for cooking, heating water and productive processes, firing ceramics, fuel for gasifiers to generated electricity and for powering boilers to generate steam. Briquettes are most commonly produced using briquette presses, but when it is not available, briquettes may also be mold by hand. However, using briquette presses add value to the product and can increase the amount of briquettes produced in a day. $;rover :<<@) 9ne of the most important characteristics of a fuel is its calorific value, that is the amount of energy per kg it gives off when burnt. The calorific value can thus be used to calculate the competitiveness of a processed fuel in a given market situation. There is a range of other factors, such as ease of handling, burning characteristics etc., which also influence the market value, but calorific value is probably the most important factor and should be recogni8ed when selecting the raw material input. $0ehra Fuel Tech Pvt. 0td., &':&)
9 %ommon components of fuel briquettes are from wastes of organic materials like plants. For this study the organic material in focused are the mango peelings and papaya peelings. The papaya peeling has various uses. t is the best when it comes to skin care, since it is a good source of Aitamin , which acts as an anti+o!idant and papain, which breaks down inactive proteins and removes dead skin cells. Papaya peelings, thus can act as a natural e!foliator. $Perfect /kin %are for =ou, &':') The use for mango peelings ranges from food applications to medical purposes. -ango peelings can be consumed with proper preparations, though its acidity may be to!ic for some people. -ango peelings are abundant in calcium, vitamin B@ and antio!idants and are a good source of fiber. t may also be used as an ingredient to give dishes some fruity acidity as it cooks. ccording to the researchers the %entral Food Technological esearch nstitute in -ysore, ndia, mango peel provides high quality pectin, which makes the skin of the fruit and ideal thickening agent for making "ams and "ellies. -ango peel may also be used as a digestive aid for treating gastritis. The skin of the mango is mashed and boiled to e!tract its oils. $%icione, n.d.) study on the feasibility of biomass fuel briquettes from banana plant waste e!amined the issues with making fuel briquettes from banana plant waste. /everal mi!tureCblend formulations were prepared which included materials such as sawdust, paper pulp, leaves, banana fronds and plant bark, peanut shells, composted hostas plants, peanut shells, wood chips. Briquettes were made using the micro compound lever press with mold diameter of three inches and a center hole of one inches. lternative briquettes were made using a caulking gun press or hand+made ball briquettes. /ome formulations
10 were over dried at D''EF for two hours and some five hours. Tests performed were moisture test and burn test. esults showed that any formulation made from the trunk of a wood tree $paper pulp, wood chips or sawdust) can dry to about si! percent moisture in D@ hours in 9hio sun. However adding leaves to the mi!ture doubles the drying time to 4& hours. dding banana fibers to a formulation significantly lengthened the drying time. t the end of the first &> hours, the briquettes rapidly absorbed moisture to above ten percent by weight. -ost briquettes released some moisture when it stopped raining. Furthermore, the rate at which the water temperature increased was dependent on the available BT1 from the briquettes, the mass of the three selected test briquettes, moisture content and air supply to briquette material. %onclusions and recommendations includes the following6 that to prevent clogging the wet process with long fibers, both the green and dry material need to be cut into small lengths $under three inches). o natural biomass binding properties e!ist within the chopped green or dry material. /elf binding was possible after the green material had been softened via a composting like process and then mashed into a sludge using a mortar and pestle. The natural antimicrobial and antibacterial properties of the banana plant worked against the composting process used to help e!pose the fibers. The chunks of banana waste turned brown and softened but never decayed after months in the composting process. The binding of dry fonds was only possible after cutting to lengths of less than three inches and grinding to e!pose the available fibers, then mi!ing with a large amount of mashed dead banana skins and mashed banana fruit. This process was difficult to press because of the sticky mi!ture. n addition, it required an e!cessive
11 amount of dead banana skins and fruit to bind a small amount of fronds. ir+drying a banana biomass briquette was nearly impossible. 1nobstructed by other surrounding material the banana fiber normally releases its moisture quickly. 5hen pressed into a briquette the release of the moisture was very slow, even when oven dried. 5hen surrounded with other biomass to enhance binding or burning, release of the fiber moisture was difficult to achieve even in an oven at D''EF. %omplete burn using an air+ dried briquette containing banana fibers was not successful because of e!cessive smoke from the burn. Perhaps the briquette would burn better in a forced air stove like a gasifier. Packing the briquette mold with the fibrous material was difficult, tedious and time consuming. The fibers were interwoven with other fibers and did not pour well. Hand packing worked better. /oftening by free8ing was tested but not included in this report. batch of fresh green chopped stalks was e!posed to a single free8eCthaw cycle as a softening methodology. 5hile that process did significantly hasten and enhance the softening process, it was not considered a practical solution for a tropical climate. n the researchers opinion producing a biomass fuel briquette from the waste of the banana plant is not worth the effort. t may be more practical to harvest and use the fibers from the stalk for commercial purposes. f one could find an adequate process to emulate the wet grinding accomplished by using a food blender, then a small amount of those fibers $around :'G to :?G) could be effective as a binder for sawdust. $Hite, /mith, &'::) /ome local studies conducted on fuel briquettes include the use of waste papers and sawdust as components other than organic materials. /everal studies are mentioned below.
12 Bor"a $&''4) conducted a study on pineapple and banana peeling as component in fuel briquette. The reported average appro!imate ash content of pineapple and banana peelings fuel briquette was ??.':G. The average appro!imate ash content of charcoal was also determined and the result was D?.> lesser than P value, :.<>D at '.'? level of significance with @ degrees of freedom. This means that there is no significant difference between the palwa fuel and the fuel briquettes made out of dried banana leaves and waste paper.
CHAPTER III
13 1ETHODO-O3
A.
Re$earch De$*gn
The calorific value was determined by using the bomb calorimeter. The appro!imate ash content and moisture content was also determined. The appro!imate ash content was determined by weighing the briquettes before and after burning using denatured alcohol, and the appro!imate moisture content was determined by weighing the ?'g briquettes after it is dried. The briquettes were produced from mango and papaya peelings with sawdust. The study utili8ed the randomi8ed complete block design $%B*) since there were two different treatments that were grouped into blocks. The treatments were varied so the results may be compared. There were two treatments and in each treatment there were three samples. The researchers determined if there was a significant difference in the calorific values and the ash content of the briquettes. The study used a T test for testing the difference between two means with small independent samples.
B.
1ater*a!$ and E0u*#ment
1ater*a!$ • • •
%hopping Board 2nife C 2itchen /cissors -easuring %up
• • •
Papaya Peelings -ango Peelings /awdust
14 E0u*#ment$ • •
nalytical Balance Bomb %alorimeter
•
Blender
•
C.
E4#er*menta! Set"U# Ta!e '. E4#er*menta! Setu# CO
TR
TR
1P ON ENT
EA T1 EN TA &?
EA T1 EN TB '
•
-an
•
go Peeli ngs $g) Papa
•
ya Peeli ngs $g) /aw
•
•
•
•
'
•
&?
&?
•
&?
dust $g) •
D.
•
enera! Procedure
-ango peelings, papaya peelings and sawdust were collected from sources like various fruit vendors in ligan %ity. 2nife or kitchen scissors was to cut the peelings into smaller pieces. The peelings were placed in a blender and a strainer was used to remove the e!cess liquid. The raw materials were weighed with the indicated weights. They were combined
15 with the specified treatments, and was molded into briquettes using a measuring cup. Co!!ect*ng the Ra5 1ater*a!$ •
The raw materials were gathered from various fruit vendors that disposes their fruit peelings. Personal consumption of papaya and mango fruits also contributed to the quantity of the raw materials. /awdust was collected from a construction supplier.
•
•
Pre#arat*on of Ra5 1ater*a!$
The peelings of mango and papaya were removed using a knife then was placed in a blender. /awdust was collected. The raw materials were weighed using an analytical balance.
•
•
1ak*ng the ,ue! Br*0uette$
The raw materials were weighed and combined with the specified
•
treatments. The liquid were separated using a strainer. The resulting briquettes were molded then dried under the heat of the sun. •
Ca!or*f*c /a!ue •
To determine its calorific value, a bomb calorimeter $Parr ::'( 9!ygen %ombustion Bomb) was used where a sample is burned under an o!ygen atmosphere in a closed vessel, which is surrounded by water, under controlled conditions. Three samples are taken for each of the treatments.
16 9ne gram of sample of the briquette was measured using a digital
•
analytical balance into a crucible and placed inside a stainless steel container $decomposition vessel) filled with D' bar of o!ygen $uality6 technical o!ygen <<.<(G). Then the sample was ignited through a cotton thread connected to an ignition wire inside the decomposition vessel and burned. *uring the combustion the core temperature in the crucible can go up to
•
:'''E% $:(''EF), and the pressure rises for milliseconds to appro!imately &'' bar $&<'' P/). ll organic matter is burned under these conditions, and o!idi8ed. #ven inorganic matter will be o!idi8ed to some e!tent. To measure the temperature inside the water, very sensitive, high+
•
resolution sensors were used. The decomposition vessel was previously calibrated to know how much heat is necessary to heat up the water by one degree %elsius. fter all the briquette sample was burned, the calorific value was displayed in units of kICkg. •
A##ro4*mate A$h Content •
The briquettes were weighed before it will be burned. The resulting weight of the briquette sample was weighed into an analytical balance. The briquette was burned using denatured alcohol, until it turns into ash. The ash was weighed.
•
•
•
The ash content will be determined with the formula6
( )
As h=
W F W i
x 100
where6
17
•
5f J final weight of the fuels after being burn inside
•
5i J initial weight of the briquette after drying
•
•
A##ro4*mate 1o*$ture Content
Fifty grams of the sample was weighed into a weighing scale. The
•
samples were dried under the heat of the sun. The dry briquettes are weighed in an analytical balance and the moisture content was determined with the formula above.
•
(
M n=
W w −W d W w
)
x 100
where6
•
-n J moisture content $G) of material n 5w J wet weight of the sample, and 5d J weight of the sample after drying. •
•
E.
Stat*$t*ca! Too!$ for Data Ana!y$*$
n determining the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in
•
the heating value of the briquettes, appro!imate ash content and moisture content, a t+Test for testing the difference between two means with small independent samples was used •
•
• • • •
where6 x J sample mean
Ko J population mean s J standard deviation
18
•
n J number of values
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
%900#%T9 9F 5 -T#0/
19
•
•
-ango Peelings and /awdust
Papaya Peelings and /awdust
• •
•
•
B1#TT# -2;
T#/T; TH# P9*1%T
•
•
•
•
PP9L. /H %9T#T
PP9L. -9/T1# %9T#T
%09F% A01#
•
•
•
,*gure %. Chart *n Pre#arat*on of 1ango and Pa#aya Pee!*ng$ a$ a ,ue! Br*0uette •
•
•
•
•
20
•
•
CHAPTER I/ RESU-TS AND DISCUSSION •
•
This chapter presents the results in tabular form and the discussion of results. The t+Test is most commonly used to evaluate the differences between two groups. For comparison purposed, there were two treatments. There were three samples for each treatment and were evaluated for their calorific value, appro!imate moisture content and ash content. n this study, the researchers compared the moisture content, ash content
•
and calorific value of the briquettes. Ta!e (. 1ean /a!ue$ of Character*$t*c$ of Br*0uette Sam#!e$ P A P A 3 A 6
PARA1ETER
1
S A 2 D U S T •
•
ppro!. sh %ontent $G) ppro!. -oisture
STA ND AR D /AUES
•
:'.:>
•
:'.>(
•
D.D+::.4
•
@<.''
•
4>.''
•
&.& + :?.<
21
•
%ontent $G) %alorific Aalue$kICkg)
•
:>, :?'
•
(
:?,'(
•
:>,>''
+
:4,>''
•
•
Table D shows that the mean calorific value and appro!imate ash content
of Treatment $papaya M sawdust) and Treatment B $mango M sawdust) both fall in the standard values.
The mean appro!imate moisture content, however, is significantly
greater than the standard values. The standard ash and moisture content of bituminous coal and standard calorific value of wood was used in this table since it is a very common fuel. •
The calorific value of a fuel is the amount of heat produced by its
combustion $burnt). The calorific value can thus be used to calculate the competitiveness of a processed fuel in a given market situation. The standard calorific value of wood is :>,>'' + :4,>'' kICkg. The mean calorific value of the Treatment $mango M sawdust) is :?,'(( kICkg which is comparable to the typical calorific value of coal which ranges from :?,''' + &4,'''. 9n the other hand, the mean calorific value of Treatment B $papaya M sawdust) is :>,:?' kICkg is lower compared to the typical calorific value of coal. Hence, based on calorific value Treatment $mango M sawdust) has better potential as fuel briquette over Treatment B $papaya M sawdust). •
The ash content of both briquettes in the two treatments is also comparable
to the typical ash content of bituminous coal which ranges from D.DG to ::.4G. •
The appro!imate moisture content of Treatment and Treatment B are
@<.''G and 4>.''G, respectively. The appro!imate moisture content of the briquettes in both treatments, however, is higher than the typical moisture content of bituminous coal, which ranges from &.&G to :?.
22
•
• •
•
• •
Ta!e 7. Stat*$t*ca! Te$t for Re$u!t$ *n A##ro4*mate A$h Content TREAT1ENT 1ANO PAPA3A 6 6 SA2DUS SA2DUS T T -ean :'.>(G :'.:>G • • /t. *ev. '.''@::?( '.''DD@? • • &@ Hypothesi8ed ' • *ifference *ifference '.''D>D • P+value $two+ '.>>&D • tailed at NJ'.'?)
•
Table > shows the result of the t+test performed on the values of
•
appro!imate ash content of fuel briquettes for each treatment.
The statistical data
gathered shows that there is no significant difference between the two treatments since P+ value $'.>>&D) is greater than the level of significance $'.'?) hence null hypothesis is not re"ected.
This implies that the appro!imate ash contents of Treatment $mango M
sawdust) and Treatment B $papaya M sawdust) fuel briquettes are statistically the same. This is probably because the ash contents measured were "ust appro!imation since the method performed were not very reliable due to lack of time. •
Ta!e 8. Stat*$t*ca! Te$t for Re$u!t$ *n A##ro4*mate 1o*$ture Content TREAT1ENT
• • •
-ean /t. *ev. Hypothesi8ed *ifference
• • •
1ANO 6 SA2DUS T 4>.''G '.'> '
• •
PAPA3A 6 SA2DUS T @
23
• •
*ifference P+value $two+ tailed at NJ'.'?)
• •
'.'>@@4 '.D4D<
•
Table ? shows the result of the t+test performed on the values of
•
appro!imate moisture content of fuel briquettes for each treatment. The statistical data gathered shows that there is no significant difference between the two treatments since P+ value $'.D4D<) is greater than the level of significance $'.'?). This implies that the appro!imate moisture content of Treatment $mango M sawdust) and Treatment B $papaya M sawdust) fuel briquettes are statistically the same. This is probably because the moisture contents measured were "ust appro!imation since the method performed were not very reliable due to lack of time. •
•
•
•
•
•
•
CHAPTER / CONC-USION AND RECO11ENDATIONS •
•
24 A.
Summary
This study was conducted to produce an effective fuel briquette.
•
There were two treatments and three sample produce and each has its own proportion of mango and papaya peelings and sawdust. Treatment has the combination of mango peelings and sawdust, while the treatment B has the combination of papaya peelings and sawdust. The treatments made, have good result in terms of moisture content, ash content and calorific value. esults showed that the mean calorific value and appro!imate ash content of Treatment $papaya M sawdust) and Treatment B $mango M sawdust) both fall in the standard values. The mean appro!imate moisture content, however, is significantly greater than the standard values. The standard ash and moisture content of bituminous coal and standard calorific value of wood was used in this table since it is a very common fuel. •
B.
Conc!u$*on
:.) The appro!imate ash content of Treatment $papaya M sawdust) and Treatment B $mango M sawdust) are :'.:> G and :'.>(G, respectively. The appro!imate moisture contents are @<.''G and 4>.''G, respectively. 5hile the calorific value are :>,:?' kICkg and :?,''' kICkg, respectively. Both the mean calorific value and appro!imate ash content of Treatment and B are within the standard values. The mean appro!imate moisture
25 content, however, is significantly greater than the standard values. The standard ash and moisture content of bituminous coal and standard calorific value of wood was used in this table since it is a very common fuel. 2.) There is no significant difference in the calorific value, ash content and moisture content of the briquettes between treatments. •
C.
Recommendat*on
Future researchers are recommended to6
•
:. 1se other biodegradable wastes that are abundant and easy to find. /uch biodegradable wastes could be coconut husks, dry leaves, and sawdust. t must also be noted that the biodegradable waste be dry and be easily burned. Biomass residues and by products are available in abundance at6 gro+processing centers $rice husks, bagasse, molasses, coconut shells, groundnut shells, mai8e cobs, potato waste, coffee waste), farms $rice straw, cotton stalks, "ute sticks) forests $bark, chips, shavings, sawdust, thinning and logging wastes). &. 1se an effective binder such as cornstarch for a more compact briquette. D. To add more parameters like density of the briquettes. >. mprove the methods of determining the ash content and moisture content. ?. 1se an oven to determine the moisture content and a furnace to determine the ash content, instead of "ust sun drying the briquettes. /uch equipments could be found in the %/- laboratory. •
•
26
•
•
27
• •
RE,ERENCES Book$ •
ina, 9.-., detogun, .%. and yiola, 2.. $&''<). Heat Energy From Value Added Sawdust Briquettes Of Albizia Zygia Etio!ian 1nited /tates gency nternational *evelopment
• •
Hood, .H. $ugust &':'). Biomass Briquetting in Sudan" A Feasibility Study igeria 1niversity of griculture
• •
-iller, ;.T. Ir. $:<<(). Sustaining te Eart" An integrated a!!roa# 5adsworth Publishing %ompany
• •
$e %rolier &nternational 'i#tionary $:<(:). Houghton -ifflin %ompany
• •
*ull #.*. $:
• •
-cPherson 5. $:<>&) &ntrodu#tion to (ollege (emistry ;inn and %ompany
• •
$e )ew Boo* of +o!ular S#ien#e $:<4() ;rolier ncorporated *anbury, %onnecticut
•
Internet •
•
Biomass Briquettes (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved Setem!er 12" 2011 #rom $tt%&&en.'iiedia.or&'ii&Biomass*!riquettes
•
•
%icione -. $n.d.). 1ses for -ango Peel O5eb log message. etrieved http6CCwww.gardenguides.comC(4>?@+uses+mango+peel.html
•
28
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(onser,e Energy Future $&''D, 9ctober :@) retrieved /eptember :&, &':: from %onserve #nergy /ite future.comC
website6 http6CCwww.conserve+energy+
• •
Foundation for Sustainable $e#nologies $&':', pril) etrieved 9ctober &?, &'::, from Fuel Briquettes Put #nergy in the Peoples Hands website6 http6CCwww.engineeringforchange.infoC&':'C'>Cfuel+ briquettes+put+energy+in+ the+peoples+handsC
• •
;rover P.*. and -ishra /.2.
$:<<@). Biomass Briquetting6 Technology and
Practice, Bangkok. &nformation on Briquetted (ar#oal from Sugar#ane $ras.. etrieved 9ctober (, &''< from http6CCwww.arti+india.orgCcontentCviewC>&C?& • •
Hite, 0ee, *r. 3an /mith and Fuel Briqutting Team at www.#5B;%P.org $&':: Iune >). Feasibility of Biomass Fuel Briquettes From Banana Plant 5aste. etrieved pril &(, &':& from http6CCwww.ewbgcp.orgCimagesCFeasibilityQBiomassQFuelQBriquettesQfromQBana naQPlantQ5aste.pdf
• •
I.T. 9lade"i, -./c. $&':', -ay). Fuel (ara#terization of Briquettes +rodu#ed from (orn#ob and /i#e Hus* /esidues etrieved ovember &', &'::, from http6CC"ournals.apa.orgCpreventionCvolumeDCpre''D''':a.html •
•
0era Fuel $e# +,t1 0td $n.d.) retrieved -arch :&, &':& from 0ehra Fuel Tech Pvt. 0td website6 http6CClehrafuel.comCbriquetting.html •
•
Shrestha, N.D. ( 2010" +ar,$ 3 ) Fuel Briquettes Saves Trees and Provides Incoe !eneration "or the Poor Retrieved -,to!er 15" 2011" #rom ut$isa /e,$noo 'e!site%$tt%&&vut$isa.,om&2010&03&03&#ue!riquettes&
•
•
S'ati (2010" +ar,$ 5). Benets o# aaa #or sin e! o messae. Retrieved ri 26 2012 #rom $tt%&&er#e,tsin,are#orou.!osot.,om&2010&03&!enets o# aaa#orsin.$tm
29
•
Un#u!*$hed Pa#er •
Bor"a, uby Iane #. $&''4). Banana and +inea!!le +eelings for Fuel Briquette 1 ntegrated *evelopmental /chool, -/1+ligan nstitute of Technology. research paper
• •
-ag+usara, 0iberti P $n.d.). Fuel Briquettes from *ried Banana 0eaves and 5aste Paper. 3amboanga del /ur ational High /chool. Pagadian %ity. etrieved pril &(, &':& from https6CCdocs.google.comCviewer7 aJvRqJcache6?Q<5sg! p2>I6::<.: &DCresourcematerialsC%*#-#ClistG&?&'ofG&?&'abstractsG&?&'of G&?&'investigatoryG •
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• • •
APPENDI9 A •
DOCU1ENTATION •
30
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,* ure'. B!end*n fru*t$
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,* ure(. E4tract*n -* u*d
31
,*gure8. 1o!d*ng Br*0uette$ U$*ng P!a$t*c Cu#$.
,*gure7.•2e*gh*ng fru*t #ee!*ng$• •
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32
,*gur ;. Dry*ng r*0uette$
• • • •
,*gure<. Determ*n*ng ca!or*f*c +a!ue u$*ng om ca!or*meter.
,*gure:. Br*0uette$ after urn*ng for a$h content
33
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APPENDI9 B DATA ATHERED • •
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38
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