Negara dan Konstitusi PPT

SEKIAN &
TERIMAKASIH
e. NEGARA INDONESIA
Indonesia sebagai bangsa yang menegara tumbuh dan berkembang dengan dilatarbelakangi oleh kekuasaan dan penindasan bangsa asing seperti penjajahan Belanda dan Jepang. Dengan kata lain, Bangsa Indonesia tumbuh dan berkembang dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya kesatuan nasib, yaitu bersama-sama dalam penderitaan dibawah penjajahan bangsa asing serta berjuang merebut kemerdekaan. Selain itu yang khas bagi Bangsa Indonesia adalah unsur-unsur etnis yang membentuk bangsa itu sangat beraneka ragam,baik latarbelakang budaya seperti bahasa,adat kebiasaan serta nilai-nilai yang dimiliki.
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f. Konstitusi Indonesia

Konstitusi tertulis
Konstitusi tidak tertulis
UNDANG UNDANG DASAR 1945
Pengambilan keputusan berdasarkan musyawarah mufakat
Pidato kenegaraan Presiden Republik indonesia setiap tanggal 16 Agustus dalam sidang DPR
Pidato Presiden sebagai keterangan Pemerintah tentang RAPBN setiap tahunnya.
e. JENIS KONSTITUSI

Konstitusi tertulis
Konstitusi tidak tertulis
adalah aturan – aturan pokok dasar negara , bangunan negara dan tata negara, demikian juga aturan dasar lainnya yang mengatur perikehidupan suatu bangsa di dalam persekutuan hukum negara.
adalah berupa kebiasaan ketatanegaraan yang sering timbul.

Nilai Normatif

Nilai Nominal

Nilai Semantik
Yakni suatu konstitusi yang resmi diterima oleh suatu bangsa dan bagi mereka konstitusi itu tidak hanya berlaku dalam arti hukum (legal), tetapi juga nyata berlaku dalam masyarakat.
Yakni suatu konstitusi yang menurut hukum berlaku, tetapi tidak sempurna. Ketidak sempurnaan itu disebabkan pasal – pasal tertentu tidak berlaku / tidak seluruh pasal – pasal yang terdapat dalam UUD itu berlaku bagi seluruh wilayah negara.
Yakni suatu konstitusi yang berlaku hanya untuk kepentingan penguasa saja. Dalam memobilisasi kekuasaan, penguasa menggunakan konstitusi sebagai alat untuk melaksanakan kekuasaan politik.
d. NILAI KONSTITUSI
c. FUNGSI KONSTITUSI
Fungsi konstitusi adalah mengantarkan cita-cita manusia dalam hidup bernegara.
b. Tujuan konstitusi

1.Membatasi kekuasaan penguasa agar tidak bertindak sewenang–wenang maksudnya tanpa membatasi kekuasaan penguasa, konstitusi tidak akan berjalan dengan baik dan bisa saja kekuasaan penguasa akan merajalela dan dapat merugikan rakyat banyak.

2.Melindungi HAM, maksudnya setiap penguasa berhak menghormati HAM.
3. Pedoman penyelenggaraan negara.
2. KONSTITUSI
a. DEFENISI KONSTITUSI
K. C. Wheare
konstitusi adalah keseluruhan sistem ketaatnegaraaan suatu negara yang berupa kumpulan peraturan yang membentuk mengatur /memerintah dalam pemerintahan suatu negara.
Herman heller
konstitusi mempunyai arti luas daripada UUD. Konstitusi tidak hanya bersifat yuridis tetapi juga sosiologis dan politis
Lasalle
konstitusi adalah hubungan antara kekuasaaan yang terdapat di dalam masyarakat seperti golongan yang mempunyai kedudukan nyata di dalam masyarakat misalnya kepala negara angkatan perang, partai politik, dsb.
L.J Van Apeldoorn
konstitusi memuat baik peraturan tertulis maupun peraturan tak tertulis.
Koernimanto Soetopawiro
konstitusi berasal dari bahasa latin cisme yang berarti bersama dengan dan statute yang berarti membuat sesuatu agar berdiri. Jadi konstitusi berarti menetapkan secara bersama.

PRINSIP-PRINSIP NEGARA INDONESIA
Prinsip-prinsip negara Indonesia dapat dikaji melalui makna yang terkandung dalam pembukaan UUD 1945.
Alinea 1

Alinea II

Alinea III

Alinea IV
Menjelaskan tentang latarbelakang terbentuknya negara dan bangsa indonesia, yaitu tentang kemerdekaan adalah hak kodrat segala bangsa didunia,dan penjajahan itu tidak sesuai dengan perikemanusiaan dan perikeadilan oleh karena itu harus dihapuskan
Menjelaskan tentang perjalanan perjuangan bangsa indonesia dalam memperjuangkan kemerdekaan.
Menjelaskan tentang kedudukan kodrat manusia indonesia sebagai bangsa yang relegius.
Menjelaskan tentang terbentuknya bangsa dan negara indonesia , yaitu adanya rakyat indonesia, UUD negara, Wilayah negara serta dasar filosofi negara yaitu Pancasila.
d. FUNGSI NEGARA
Fungsi Negara dikemukakan oleh Miriam Budiarjo, yaitu:

1. Mengendalikan dan mengatur gejala-gejala kekuasaan yang asosial.
2. Mengorganisir dan mengintegrasikan kegiatan manusia dan golongan-golongan kearah tercapainya tujuan-tujuan dari masyarakat seluruhnya
NEGARA dan KONSTITUSI
Oleh: Kelompok 5
ARIS ARMADA (4103121008)
FITRA SYAFULLAH (4102121005)
KHAIRUNNISA PADANG (4103121040)
PAIAN TAMBA (4103121050)
SOFIA MONIKA S. (4103121074)
Jurusan : Fisika
P.Studi : Pendidikan Fisika (Kelas A)
1. NEGARA
a. DEFENISI NEGARA
George Gelinek
Negara adalah organisasi kekuasaan dari kelompok manusia yang telah berkediaman dalam wilayah tertentu.
Kranenburg
Negara adalah suatu organisasi yang timbul karena kehendak dari suatu golongan atau bangsa sendiri.
Roger F Soultau
Negara adalah alat (agency) atau wewenang atau authority yang mengatur atau mengendalikan persoalan bersama atas nama nasyarakat.
Aristoteles
Negara adalah perpaduan beberapa keluarga mencakupi beberapa desa, hingga pada akhirnya dapat berdiri sendiri sepenuhnya, dengan tujuan kesenangan dan kehormatan bersama.

c. Sifat-sifat Negara
Menurut Miriam Budiardjo, pada umumnya setiap Negara memepunyai sifat seperti :

1.SIFAT MEMAKSA

2.SIFAT MONOPOLI

3.MENCAKUP SEMUA
Negara mempunyai kekuasaan untuk memakai kekerasan, agar peraturan perundang-undangan ditaati dengan demikian penertiban dalam masyarakat tercapai serta timbulnya anarkhi dicegah.
Negara mempunyai monopoli dalam menetapkan tujuan bersama dari masyarakat atau untuk mencapai cita-cita Negara
semua peraturan perundang-undangan berlaku untuk semua orang tanpa terkecuali
b.Unsur-unsur terbentuknya Negara

UNSUR KONSTITUTIF NEGARA
UNSUR DEKLARATIF NEGARA

RAKYAT
WILAYAH
PEMERINTAH YANG BERDAULAT

PENGAKUAN DE FACTO
PENGAKUAN DE DE JURE
-PENDUDUK
-BUKAN PENDUDUK
-DARATAN
-LAUTAN
-UDARA
Pengakuan berdasarkan kenyataan bahwa satu komunitas politik telah terbentuk dan memenuhi ketiga unsur konstitutif negara, yaitu wilayah, rakyat dan pemerintah yang berdaulat.
pengakuan bahwa keberadaan suatu negara itu sah menurut hukum internasional.

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Negara dan Konstitusi PPT

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