d rjt h i g ` g k H
IGMHEG D^JID Dpejkdkjû` pdrd ed shrjh Kdrthrd Kgihrkjde nrutd Kgeginjd (KGI) Auh`th? [uphrj`th`mh`kjd Aj`d`kjhrd mh Kgeginjd He drkbjvg KGI.\A4 mh Hvjhws kg`tjh`h mdtgs mdtgs ih`sudehs mh ed vdrjdneh KGI h`trh h`hrg mh 4::: d mjkjhinrh mh >646.
Ny. ^geey Qdsquhz
Ihtgmgegléd mh Ngx-Ohcj`l d rjt h i g ` g k H
4.
Lrdajkd mh ed shrjh (sh (sh j`trgmukh j`trgmukh ed lrdajkd lrdajkd pgr quh hs hs pdrth au`mdih`tde pdrd rhdejzdr rhdejzdr kudequjhr igmheg hkg`giêtrjkg).
>.
Vruhnd Vruhnd mh Hstdkjg`dr Hstdkjg`drjhmd jhmdm m
;.
Kgrr Kgrrhe hegl glrd rdid id
=.
Hstj Hstjid idkj kjû` û`
8.
]hst ]hst mh ^ujmg ^ujmg Ned`kg Ned`kg
1.
Vrg` Vrg`gs gstj tjkg kg
4. Lrdajkd mh ed shrjh KGI
d rjt h i g ` g k H
4>6,666 •
466,666
26,666
16,666
=6,666
>6,666 ::
66
64
6>
6;
6=
68
61
6<
62
6:
46 •
HE kgipgrtdijh`tg mh ed KGI pdrd he phrjgmg 4:::->646, iuhstrd u` j`thrkhptg y u`d th`mh`kjd puhmh dprhkjdrsh quh `g hs hstdkjg`drjd. Hxjsth ; phrj phrjgm gmgs gs quh quh sh puhm puhmh` h` gnsh gnshrv rvdr dr he prjihrg mhe 4::: ->661 kg` u`d ph`mjh`th igmhrdmd, he [hlu`mg kg` u`d idygr idygr ph`mj ph`mjh`t h`th h h`trh h`trh >66<-> >66<->66 66:, :, y he uetj uetjig ig murd murd`t `th h he phrj phrjgm gmg g >666 >666 ids ids hstdneh. [h suljhrh rhdejzdr ed pruhnd mh DMA pdrd vhr sj ed shrjh hs hstdkjg`drjd g `g.
>. Vruhnd mh Hstdkjg`drjhmdm d rjt h i g ` g k H
∁Z 9 ε ξt λ4Z∞4+ δj ∁Z θt
λ
Bg? 96, (Zt tjh`h rdjz u`jtdrjd) u`jtdrjd) Zt `g hs hstdkjg`drjd HE prjihr kudmrg iuhstrd ed prgn. mhe hstdméstjkg mh pruhnd `g hs ih`gr quh he `jvhe mh sjl`jajkd`kjd (8%), pgr eg td`tg `g rhkbdzg ed bjpûthsjs `ued he KGI `g hs hstdkjg`drjg. Vdrd sgeukjg`dr hsth prgnehid sh dpejkd prjihrds mjahrh`kjds d ed shrjh KGI, y sh rhdejzd `uhvdih`th ed pruhnd mh hstdkjg`drjhmdm, ed j`thrprhtdkjû` sjluh dsé? H` he shlu`mg kudmrg sh puhmh gnshrvdr quh ed prgn. mhe hstdméstjkg, hs ih`gr quh he 8% hs hstdméstjkdih`th sjl`jajkdtjvg rhkbdzg ed bg, pgr eg td`tg ed shrjh mhe M(KGI) hs hstdkjg`drjd.
;. Kgrrheglrdid d rjt h i g ` g k H
[h gnshrvdr quh ed au`kjû` mh Dutgkgrrhedkjû` (ADK) kdh mh id`hrd eh`t eh`td d hs mhk mhkjr hs kg`v kg`vhr hrlh lh`t `th, h, y ed Au`k Au `kjû jû` ` mh Dutg Dutgkg kgrr rrhe hedk dkjû jû` ` Vdrk Vdrkjd jdee (ADV) kdh dnruptdi dnruptdih`th h`th mhspuês mhspuês mhe >¿ rhzdlg. Vgr td`tg sh mjkh quh sh h`kuh`trd u` prgkhsg D^(4) D^(>).
=. Hstjidkjg` mhe Igmheg D^JID(>,4,6) 9 1;>,>1 6.>1∁∞4 6.>6∁∞ ∁ d rjt h i g ` g k H
Mhph`mh`t Qdrjdneh? M(KGI) Ihtbgm? Ehdst [qudrhs Mdth? 64/68/4< ]jih? ]jih? 48?;; [dipeh (dmousthm)? 4:::I6= >646I4> J`keumhm J`keumhm gnshrvdtjg`s? 4=4 da thr dmoustih`ts dmoustih`ts Kg`vhrlh`kh Kg`vhrlh`kh dkbjhvhm dathr ; jthrdtjg`s Qdrjdneh
Kghaajk jh`t
[tm. Hrrgr
t-[tdtjstjk
Vrgn.
K D^(4) D^(>)
1;>.>1<; 6.>1;;11 6.>6:;<=
4<<.>>1< 6.62;8;1 6.621426
;.81<81; ;.48><>: >.=>:861
6.6668 6.66>6 6.641=
^-squdrhm Dmousthm Dmousthm ^-squdrhm ^-squdrhm [.H. ga rhlrhs sjg` [ui s qudrhm rhs jm Egl ejchejbggm A-s tdtjstjk Vrgn(A-s tdtjstjk)
6.4;:;<: 6.4>1:61 4461.6:1 4.1:H+62 -4421.<11 44.4<=1< 6.6666;>
Ihd` mhph`mh`t v dr [.M. mhph`mh`t mhph`mh`t vdr Dcdjch j`ag krjthrjg` [kbwdrz k rjthrjg` Bd``d`-Tuj`` krjthr. Murnj`-\ dtsg` s tdt
166.6=6< 442;.<8< 41.2<144 41.:;228 41.:6416 >.61;68:
Egs kghajk kghajkjh` jh`ths ths sg` hstdmé hstdméstjk stjkdih dih`th `th sjl`jajkdtjvg de 8%, dsé ijsig ed sjl`jajkd`kjd legnde hs hstdméstjkdih`th sjl`jajkdtjvg. Eds rdékhs rdékhs mhe pgej`g pgej`gijg ijg kdrdkt kdrdkthré hréstjk stjkg g kdh` mh`trg mhe kjrkueg u`jtdrjg.
8. ]hst mh ^ujmg Ned`kg d rjt h i g ` g k H
[h bd rhdejzdmg he thst mh rujmg ned`kg pdrd egs rhsjmugs mhe igmheg, sh gnshrvd h` ed jidlh` quh eds prgn. mhe hstdméstjkg mh pruhnd `g sg` ih`grhs quh he 8%, hstg `g hs hstdméstjkdih`th sjl`jajkdtjvg, `g sh rhkbdzd ed Bg , pgr eg quh egs hrrgrhs mhe igmheg sg` rujmg ned`kg .
1. Vrg`gstjkg mhe JVK 4>6,666
[h puhmh puhmh gnshrv gnshrvdr dr he prg`gst prg`gstjkg jkg h` kgegr kgegr dzue dzue kg` kg` he `gi `ginrh nrh KGIA KGIA ―A’ j`m j`mjkd jkd quh hs he prg` prg`gs gstj tjkg kg,, he prg` prg`gs gstj tjkg kg sh rhde rhdejz jzg g mhsm mhsmh h >646 >646i4 i4> > bdst bdstd d >644 >644i6 i68, 8, y pgr pgr gtrg gtrg edmg edmg sh iuhs iu hstr trd d d ed shrj shrjh h KGI KGI h` kgeg kgegrr rgog rgog bdst bdstd d >66:i4>.
466,666
d rjt 26,666 h 16,666 i g ` =6,666 g k >6,666 H
::
66
64
6>
6;
6= KGI A
68
61 KGI
6<
62
6:
46
44
d rjt h i g ` g k H
IGMHEG D^JID Dpejkdkjû` pdrd ed shrjh Kdrthrd Kgihrkjde nrutd Kgeginjd (KGI) Auh`th? [uphrj`th`mh`kjd Aj`d`kjhrd mh Kgeginjd He drkbjvg KGI.\A4 mh Hvjhws kg`tjh`h mdtgs mdtgs ih`sudehs mh ed vdrjdneh KGI h`trh h`hrg mh 4::: y mjkjhinrh mh >646. H` hstd prhsh`tdkjû` sh bdkh u`d kgipdrdkjû` kg` he igmheg d`thrjgr
Ny. ^geey Qdsquhz
Ihtgmgegléd mh Ngx-Ohcj`l d rjt h i g ` g k H
4.
Lrdajkd mh ed shrjh (sh (sh j`trgmukh j`trgmukh ed lrdajkd lrdajkd pgr quh hs hs pdrth au`mdih`tde pdrd rhdejzdr rhdejzdr kudequjhr igmheg hkg`giêtrjkg).
>.
Vruhnd Vruhnd mh Hstdkjg`dr Hstdkjg`drjhmd jhmdm m
;.
Kgrr Kgrrhe hegl glrd rdid id
=.
Hstj Hstjid idkj kjû` û`
8.
]hst ]hst mh ^ujmg ^ujmg Ned`kg Ned`kg
1.
Vrg` Vrg`gs gstj tjkg kg
^geey Qdsquhz
4. Lrdajkd mh ed shrjh KGI
d rjt h i g ` g k H
4>6,666 •
466,666
26,666
16,666
=6,666
>6,666 ::
66
64
6>
6;
6=
68
61
6<
62
6:
46 •
HE kgipgrtdijh`tg mh ed KGI pdrd he phrjgmg 4:::->646, iuhstrd u` j`thrkhptg y u`d th`mh`kjd puhmh dprhkjdrsh quh `g hs hstdkjg`drjd. Hxjsth ; phrj phrjgm gmgs gs quh quh sh puhm puhmh` h` gnsh gnshrv rvdr dr he prjihrg mhe 4::: ->661 kg` u`d ph`mjh`th igmhrdmd, he [hlu`mg kg` u`d idygr idygr ph`mj ph`mjh`t h`th h h`trh h`trh >66<-> >66<->66 66:, :, y he uetj uetjig ig murd murd`t `th h he phrj phrjgm gmg g >666 >666 ids ids hstdneh. [h suljhrh rhdejzdr ed pruhnd mh DMA pdrd vhr sj ed shrjh hs hstdkjg`drjd g `g.
>. Vruhnd mh Hstdkjg`drjhmdm d rjt h i g ` g k H
∁Z 9 ε ξt λ4Z∞4+ δj ∁Z θt
λ
Bg? 96, (Zt tjh`h rdéz u`jtdrjd) Zt `g `g hs hstdkjg`drjd HE prjihr kudmrg iuhstrd ed prgn. mhe hstdméstjkg mh pruhnd `g hs ih`gr quh he `jvhe mh sjl`jajkd`kjd (8%), pgr eg td`tg `g rhkbdzg ed bjpûthsjs `ued he KGI `g hs hstdkjg`drjg. Vdrd sgeukjg`dr hsth prgnehid sh dpejkd prjihrds mjahrh`kjds d ed shrjh KGI, y sh rhdejzd `uhvdih`th ed pruhnd mh hstdkjg`drjhmdm, hstdkjg`drjhmdm, ed j`thrprhtdkjû` sjluh dsé? H` he shlu`mg kudmrg sh puhmh gnshrvdr quh ed prgn. mhe hstdméstjkg, hs ih`gr quh he 8% hs hstdméstjkdih`th
;. Kgrrheglrdid d rjt h i g ` g k H
[h gnshrvdr quh ed au`kjû` mh dutgkgrrh dutgkgrrhedkjg edkjg` ` kdh mh id`hrd id`hrd eh`td eh`td hs kg`vhrlh`th, y ed au`kjû` mh dutgkgrrhedkjg` pdrkjde kdh dnruptdih dnruptdih`th `th mhspuês mhspuês mhe > rhzdlg. rhzdlg. Vgr td`tg sh mjkh quh sh h`kuh`trd u` prgkhsg dr(4) dr(>). [j` hindrlg vhigs kgig kg`vhr kg`vhrlh` lh`th th d ed kgrrhe kgrrhedkj dkjû` û` pdrkjd pdrkjdee tdinjê` sh pgmréd gnshrvdr u` prgkhsg ID(4).
=. Hstjidkjû` mhe Igmheg D^JID(>,4,>) 9 <:1.=< 6.28∁∞ 6.>6∞4 6.12∞ ∁ d rjt h i g ` g k H
Mhph`mh`t Qdrjdneh? M(KGI) Ihtbgm? Ehdst [qudrhs Mdth? 64/61/4< ]jih? ]jih? 42?6: [dipeh [dipeh (dmousthm)? 4:::I6= >646I4> J`keumhm J`keumhm gnshrvdtjg`s? 4=4 dathr dmoustih`ts Kg`vhrlh`kh dkbjhvhm dathr 2 jthrdtjg`s ID Ndkckdst? 4:::I6> 4:::I6; Qdrjdneh
Kghaajkjh`t
[tm. Hrrgr
t-[tdtjstjk
Vrgn.
K D^(>) ID(4) ID(>)
<:1.=<48 6.288=>8 6.>6<18< -6.1264<8
;<<.=11> 6.44>6<6 6.612:=< 6.4;=1>8
>.4466=< <.1;>:=1 ;.6442;> -8.68>;1;
6.6;1< 6.6666 6.66;4 6.6666
^-squdrhm Dmousthm Dmousthm ^-squdrhm ^-squdrhm [.H. ga rhlrhssjg` [ui squdrhm rhsjm Egl ejchejbggm A-stdtjstjk Vrgn(A-stdtjstjk) J`vhrthm D^ ^ggts
6.4<<1=> 6.48:1;= 4628.41< 4.14H+62 -442;.88: :.21=<46 6.666661 :>
Ihd` mhph`mh`t vdr [.M. mhph`mh`t mhph`mh`t vdr Dcdjch j`ag krjthrjg` [kbwdrz krjthrjg` Bd``d`-Tuj`` krjthr. Mu M urnj`-\ dtsg` stdt
:>
166.6=6< 442;.<8< 41.2==24 41.:>2=< 41.2<224 >.66>8><
Egs Egs kgha kghajk jkjh jh`t `ths hs sg` sg` hstd hstdmé mést stjk jkdi dih` h`th th sjl`jajkdtjvg de 8%, dsé ijsig ed sjl`jajkd`kjd legnde hs hstdméstjkdih`th hstdméstjkdih`th sjl`jajkdtjvg. Eds rdékhs mhe pgej`gijg kdrdkthréstjkg kdh` mh`trg mhe kjrkueg u`jtdrjg. Krjt Krjthr hrjg jg mh j`ag j`agri ridk dkjû jû` `? Egs krjthrjgs mh j`ag j`agri ridk dkjû jû` ` mh hsth hsth igmh igmheg eg D^JI D^JID( D(>, >,4, 4,>) >) sg` sg` ih`grhs quh mhe igmheg d`thrjgr D^JID(>,4,6) pgr hohipeg dcdjch hs 41,2= pgr eg td`tg hs prhahrjneh trdndodr kg` hsth igmheg y shlujr dmhed`th.
8. ]hst mh ^ujmg Ned`kg d rjt h i g ` g k H
[h bd rhdejzdmg he thst mh rujmg ned`kg pdrd egs rhsjmugs mhe igmheg, sh gnshrvd h` ed jidlh` quh eds prgn. mhe hstdméstjkg mh pruhnd `g sg` ih`grhs quh he 8%, hstg `g hs hstdméstjkdih`th sjl`jajkdtjvg, `g sh rhkbdzd ed Bg, pgr eg quh egs hrrgrhs mhe igmheg sg` rujmg ned`kg.
1. Vrg`gstjkg mhe JVK 4=6,666
[h puhmh puhmh gnshrv gnshrvdr dr he prg`gst prg`gstjkg jkg h` kgegr kgegr dzue dzue kg` kg` he `gi `ginrh nrh KGIA KGIA ―A’ j`m j`mjkd jkd quh hs he prg` prg`gs gstj tjkg kg,, he prg` prg`gs gstj tjkg kg sh rhde rhdejz jzg g mhsm mhsmh h >646 >646i4 i4> > bdst bdstd d >644 >644i6 i68, 8, y pgr pgr gtrg gtrg edmg edmg sh iuhs iu hstr trd d d ed shrj shrjh h KGI KGI h` kgeg kgegrr rgog rgog bdst bdstd d >66:i4>, pdrd pgmhr dprhkjdr eds mgs shrjhs.
4>6,666 466,666 d j rt 26,666 h i 16,666 g ` =6,666 g k >6,666 H
::
66
64
6>
6;
6= KGI A
68
61 KGI
6<
62
6:
46
44
Kgipdrdkjû` mh prg`ûstjkgs tjhipg tjhipg h` hh- 44 44
d rjt h i g ` g k H
D^JID(4, D^JID(4,>,6) >,6) D^JID(4,4 D^JID(4,4,>) ,>) 4 4> 4> ,2 ,2 == == .2 .2<
KGI* KGI*
4 4; 4;, 6; 6; 1. 1.1 > 4 44 44 ,1 ,1 2= 2= .1 .1 8
ah nn-4 4
4 4; 4; ,: ,: :; :; .2 .2:
4 4= 4=, << << =. =.4 : 4 4= 4= ,6 ,6 42 42 .= .= ;
i dr dr -4 -4 4
4 4= 4= ,: ,: << << .1 .1>
4 41 41, ;: ;: <. <.6 = 4 48 48 ,2 ,2 8= 8= .= .= 4
d nr nr- 44 44
4 48 48 ,2 ,2 46 46 .1 .1=
4 4< 4<, :: :: 2. 2.8 1 4 4< 4< ,; ,; 41 41 .> .> ;
i dy dy -4 -4 4
4 41 41 ,8 ,8 1: 1: .; .;<
4 4: 4:, 86 86 4. 4.: = 4 4: 4: ,< ,< 2: 2: .> .> 8
H` he kudmrg d`thrjgr sh puhmh gnshrvdr egs vdegrhs mh egs prg`gstjkgs mh egs igmhegs he prjihrg D^JID(4,>,6), he shlu`mg D^JID(>,4,>). vdrjdneh KGI j`keuyh ed kdrthrd [h dked dkedrrd quh quh ed j`a j`agrid gridkj kjû` û` hst hstdmés dméstj tjkd kd utje utjejz jzdm dmd d pdr pdrd he igmh igmheg eg vdrjdneh idyg mh >6 >66< 6< bdkj bdkjd d dmhe dmhed` d`th th.. ehdsj`l d pdrtjr mhe ihs mh idyg H` ed khem khemd d mh kgeg kgegrr kheh khehst sth h sh iuhs iuhstr trd d ed vdrj vdrjdn dneh eh KGI* KGI* Kdrt Kdrthr hrd d Kgih Kgihrk rkjd jdee Nrut Nrutd d (j`k (j`keu euy yh kdrt kdrthr hrd d Ehdsj`l).
