Metodología del desarrollo local

Nèrqudz, M.H (?;88)= Ndtjejijaîh edi edshrrjiij ijfhi. Dstrhtdalhs d lbstrundbtjs [èalbh 8 ed 8<

Ndtjejijaîh edi edshrrjiij ijfhi. Dstrhtdalhs d lbstrundbtjs Muhb Hbtjblj Nèrqudz Ejnîbaudz. hbtjbljKugu.ds. Tblvdrslehe ed Gudivh NH_UDV, ?7 ED MTBLJ 8?=6;-86=6; g.= L [jbdbflh PLLL FJIJXTLJ ED EDVH__JIIJ IJFHI EDVH__JIIJ IJFHI DB ULDN[JV ED F_LVLV= ºDI _DUJ_BJ H IJV _DFT_VJV DBEÖADBJV: Tblvdrslehe Lbtdrbhfljbhi ed Hbehiufîh, Vded Hbtjblj Nhfghej (Ohdzh) Edi ?7 hi 6; ed mublj ed ?;88

8.Edshrrjiij ijfhi 8.8.Fjbfdptj, ènoltjs d lnpjrthbflh 8.?.Jrladb y prjydfflöb ?.Ndtjejijaîh phrh di edshrrjiij ijfhi ?.8.Urds thrdhs db di prjfdsj= lb`jrnhflöb, fjbjflnldbtj y gholileheds ?.?.Flbfj dmds fjbelfljbhbtds ?.?.8.Ejs ùbehndbtjs= plijthr ij dbeöadbj y phrtlflphflöb ?.?.?.Urds prlbflpljs `lijsö`lfjs= frdflnldbtj dfjbönlfj, dqulehe, sustdbtholilehe hnoldbthi db ijs iuahrds ?.?.6.Urds jomdtlvjs phrh di tdrrltjrlj ìtlfj y flbfj jomdtlvjs phrh ih fjnpdtdbflh ?.?.5.Jfgj `hftjrds tdrrltjrlhids= rdfursjs gunhbjs, dnprdshs, jrahblzhfljbds sjflhids, pjslolileheds `lbhbfldrhs, lb`rhdstrufturhs, phtrlnjblj bhturhi y fuiturhi y fhphflehe ed prjfdshr y utlilzhr ih lb`jrnhflöb ?.?.4.Urds hftjrds tdrrltjrlhids= Lbstltufljbds, dnprdshrljs y dnprdbedejrds y idhithe hi iuahr

6.Dstrhtdalhs ed edshrrjiij ijfhi. Lbfdrtleunords nlilthrds, dstrhtdalhs adrdbflhids y pjedrds ijfhids 6.8.Dstrhtdalhs ed `hftjr tlnjbdi, jfgj `hftjrds y ?5 dxpdrldbflhs 6.?.Dstrhtdalhs ed pjslflöb `rdbtd h ih fjnpdtltlvlehe 6.?.8.Ed supdrvlvdbflh. Ijbahbj, Njilsd, Lthilh 6.?.?.Dspdfuihtlvhs ed edpdbedbflh. Njurh, Di Hidbtdmj, [jrtuahi 6.?.6.Ed elvdrsl`lfhflöb prjeuftlvh= Audrhbed, Ordthøh. @rhbflh 6.?.5.Dstrhtdalhs ed frdflnldbtj. [hijs ed ih @rjbtdrh, Gudivh, Dsphøh

5.Lbstrundbtjs phrh di edshrrjiij ijfhi

5.8.Dstrufturhids. Fjbfdmhiîhs ed Edshrrjiij Ijfhi 5.?.Fjyubturhids. Lbfdbtlvjs phrh di edshrrjiij ijfhi 5.6.@laurhs ed pihbl`lfhflöb. [ihbds dstrhtìalfjs ed edshrrjiij 4.Oloiljarh`îh y ùdbtds ejfundbthids 8.Edshrrjiij ijfhi Ih d`lfhflh ed hiaubjs slstdnhs prjeuftlvjs ijfhids gh jrlalbhej ubh lnpjrthbtd `rjbtdrh ed rdìdxljbds, edohtds y pjiîtlfhs phrh edsfuorlr ihs fihvds edi ìxltj db tldnpjs ed frlsls. Ih dndradbflh edi dsphflj tdrrltjrlhi îbtlnj y fdrfhbj, ejbed sd edsdbvudivd ih nhyjr phrtd ed ih vleh ed ihs pdrsjbhs, gh iidvhej h nufgjs lbvdstlahejrds h rhfljbhilzhr j njedilzhr ihs thrdhs edi edshrrjiij ijfhi, ousfhbej edsvdihr fuèi ds ih ndtjejijaîh, fuhids sjb ihs dstrhtdalhs y quì lbstrundbtjs pdrnltdb di edshrrjiij ijfhi. Vlb dnohraj, dsth thrdh ds dsqulvh pjrqud di nlsnj edshrrjiij ijfhi ds ub fjbfdptj pjilsìnlfj qud lbeufd h ih fjbùslöb pjr ihs nufghs pdrsjbhs qud ij ushb y pjr di arhb bundrj ed lbstltufljbds qud sd quldrdb hprjplhr ed ìi.

Edsed dstd fjbtdxtj, dsth pjbdbflh prdtdbed, hsunldbej ijs rldsaj ed ih slnpil`lfhflöb, j`rdfdr jrldbthfljbds yedshrrjiij dxpdrldbflhs ijfhi.qud pdrnlthb hfdrfhr hi lbvdstlahejr bjvdi h ih ndtjejijaîh, ihs dstrhtdalhs d lbstrundbtjs edi 8.8.Fjbfdptj, ènoltjs d lnpjrthbflh edi edshrrjiij ijfhi, Di edshrrjiij ijfhi ghfd rd`drdbflh ub prjfdsj ejbed sd dxpdrlndbth frdflnldbtj dfjbönlfj, dqulehe y sustdbtholilehe hnoldbthi db ub ènoltj ijfhi

Ih vlrtuhilehe edi edshrrjiij ijfhi, fjb rdspdftj h jtrhs fjbfdpfljbds edi edshrrjiij, ds qud sjij puded rdhilzhrsd db tdrrltjrljs fjb elndbsljbds hedfuhehs y hubqud ih dxtdbslöb bj dstè prdedtdrnlbheh, sl hphrdfd fjbelfljbheh pjrqud ds= Tb dsphflj sjflhindbtd fjbstrulej pjr ijs gjnords Tb iuahr phrh sdr, pjr dbflnh edi ghfdr y frdfdr Tb ènoltj ed ledbtlehe iidbj ed fjbtdblejs phrh su edshrrjiij Tb tdrrltjrlj fjb ihs elndbsljbds hedfuhehs phrh ih phrtlflphflöb ed sus gholthbtds db ihs thrdhs edi edshrrjiij

Nèrqudz, M.H (?;88)= Ndtjejijaîh edi edshrrjiij ijfhi. Dstrhtdalhs d lbstrundbtjs [èalbh ? ed 8<

_dhindbtd, gjy eîh, di edshrrjiij ijfhi fjbstltuyd ub phrhelanh y ubh prdjfuphflöb ublvdrshi edi edshrrjiij pjrqud ds ub blfgj dfjiöalfj, qud rdýbd ijs iuahrds y bj iuahrds, ejbed di fluehehbj shtls`hfd ih shiue, di jflj, di trhohmj, ih deufhflöb…, y ih vlvldbeh. 8?.Jrladb y prjydfflöb Db prlbflplj, di edshrrjiij ijfhi surad fjnj prjpudsth y rdspudsth hi suoedshrrjiij y fjnj ubh hitdrbhtlvh h ih frlsls y h ihs tdjrîhs edi edshrrjiij, qud furljshndbtd bj ghb shtls`dfgj ihs dxpdfthtlvhs pudsths db diihs. Ed hfudrej fjb Pèzqudz (8<<6), di edshrrjiij ijfhi gh dxlstlej fjnj prjfdsj ed hvhbfd sjflhi y dfjbönlfj ilahej h ihs pjtdbflhileheds dbeöadbhs edi tdrrltjrlj3 slb dnohraj, söij rdfldbtdndbtd sd gh edsfuoldrtj fjnj ubh dsfhih vèileh yy rdaljbhids hedfuheh phrh pihbtdhr dstrhtdalhs adbdrhids ed edshrrjiij. Hbtdrljrndbtd ùdrjb ijs nhrfjs dsththids ijs qud lnpusldrjb su pubtj ed vlsth db ih pihbl`lfhflöb y, db bundrjshs jfhsljbds, sd db`rdbthrjb ijs lbtdrdsds ed ihs fjnubleheds ijfhids y ihs hsplrhfljbds rdaljbhids y/j bhfljbhids. Ih trhbs`jrnhflöb ed ijs njejs ed prjeufflöb `jrelsths db ìdxloids, di bdjilodrhilsnj, ih dspdflhilzhflöb lbtdrbhfljbhi y ihs budvhs `jrnhs ed hfunuihflöb edi fhplthi, ghb joilahej h budvjs rdpihbtdhnldbtjs ed ihs dstrhtdalhs ed pihbl`lfhflöb, qud edodb rdsjivdr ih elhiìftlfh dbtrd ij ijfhi y aijohi db ubjs njndbtjs ejbed `hith ih fhphflehe ed dxpilfhr fjbfdptjs trhelfljbhids fjb jtrhs elndbsljbds fjnj sjb elsthbflh, hffdslolilehe j ih prjeufflöb ìdxloid (Ojlsldr, V., 8<<<3 65). Hi nlsnj tldnpj, ijs prjfdsjs ed edsfdbtrhilzhflöb y aijohilzhflöb ghb lej ndrnhbej fhphflehe jpdrhtlvh y ed sjilehrlehe hi Dsthej, lbfhphz ed nhbtdbdr ijs dqulilrljs db hnpiljs dsphfljs bj fjnpdtltlvjs y rdzhahejs. Tbh frlsls adbdrhilzheh ed vhijrds, ubh `hith ed hitdrbhtlvhs tdörlfhs h ih dfjbjnîh ed ndrfhej rddstrufturhfljbds prjeuftlvhs gh ehej iuahr h= -Tb ehrwlblsnj sjflhi y tdrrltjrlhi prjeuftj ed ih fjnpdtltlvlehe dbtrd tdrrltjrljs y gjnords el`drdbtds. -Hmustds qud ghb njedihej ubh budvh adjarh`îh dfjbönlfh -Elsjflhflöb dxtrdnh ed ih dfjbjnîh `leuflhrlh ed ih rdhi y `jrnhs ed hfunuihflöb fhplthilsths fjnidmhs. -_dihflöb edfrdfldbtd dbtrd ih prjeufflöb ed utlileheds y ih ùdrzh ed trhohmj -_upturh ed ijs dqulilorljs dbtrd ih hftlvlehe gunhbh y ijs dfjslstdnhs edi pihbdth -Edsvlbfuihflöb dbtrd di frdflnldbtj dfjbönlfj y di fjbsunj dbdraìtlfj ed nhtdrlhs prlnhs.

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Pèzqudz (8<<6), phrtldbej ed ih dxpdrldbflh durjpdh y dsphøjih, ledbtl`lfö di edshrrjiij ijfhi fjb ub edshrrjiij elùsj y ùdrh ed ijs arhbeds pihbds yflrfultjs ed edshrrjiij rdaljbhi y bhfljbhi y ij josdrvh fjnj ub prjfdsj ed ih pdqudøh y ndelhbh dnprdsh fhphz ed adbdrhr rlqudzh, frdhr dnpidj d lbsdrthrsd db ihs pjtdbflhileheds dbeöadbhs. Dstd edshrrjiij sd puded rhstrdhr glstörlfhndbtd db ihs fjnubleheds hutèrqulfhs, pdrj sd `jrthidfd y j`rdfd hitdrbhtlvhs db ih sltuhflöb qud dnpldzh h vlvlr Durjph h phrtlr ed ihfrlsls pdtrjidrh ed 8<16. Ih sjilehrlehe durjpdh frdö jrahblsnjs d lbstrundbtjs ed edshrrjiij qud rdhilzhb ùdrtds lbvdrsljbds dfjbönlfhs. Dsths hftuhrjb phrh nltlahr ih nhralbhflöb ed èrdhs pjfj fjnpdtltlvhs y ed edshrrjiij ndbjr3 pdrj nuy prjbtj sd pdbsö qud bj edoîhb sdr ubh ilnjsbh, slbj ubh `jrnh ed lnpuishr, hyuehr y hfjnphøhr, db di fhnlbj ed ih fjnpdtltlvlehe, h ihs fjnubleheds ndbjs pröspdrhs. Ed dsth `jrnh, di edshrrjiij ijfhi dndrad db sltuhfljbds ed frlsls, db fjbtrh edi `rhfhsj ed ijs njedijs ed edshrrjiij, db fjbtrh edi ehrwlblsnj tdrrltjrlhi y sjflhi y fjnj rdodilöb ed pdredejrds. Di høj ?;;< sd lblflö db ndelj ed ubh prjùbeh frlsls dfjbönlfh y `lbhbfldrh, qud gh jfhsljbhej di fldrrd ed dnprdshs y gh prjvjfhej qud db Dsphøh di býndrj ed phrhejs db ?;88 dstì db tjrbj h ijs flbfj nliijbds ed pdrsjbhs. Dsth bj ds ubh sltuhflöb budvh, yh qud eurhbtd ih frlsls ed 8<11-8<75 sd edstruydrjb fdrfh ed ub nliiöb sdtdfldbtjs nli dnpidjs, ih thsh ed phrj phsö edi 1,5% db 8<17 hi 87,8% db 8<76, y di býndrj ed phrhejs sd hfdrfö h ijs trds nliijbds db 8<75. Dbtjbfds y hgjrh, ih fudstlöb ds rddstrufturhr di slstdnh prjeuftlvj y frdhr dnpidj, hundbthbej ih prjeuftlvlehe y fjnpdtltlvlehe ed ihs dnprdshs. [jr diij, ’ih pjiîtlfh ed edshrrjiij ijfhi qud suralö ed nhbj ed ijs prlndrjs hyubthnldbtjs ednjfrètlfjs, fjnj rdspudsth ed ihs fjnubleheds ijfhids hi edsh`îj qud


slabl`lfhohb di hmustd prjeuftlvj y di phrj, hphrdfd gjy fjnj ub fhnlbj qud fjbeufd h ih shileh ed ih frlsls hftuhi„. (Phzqudz Ohrqudrj, ?;;<)3 ?.Ndtjejijaîh phrh di edshrrjiij ijfhi Aöndz Jrdh, E., (?;;?3 8?6) ed`lbd ndtjejijaîh fjnj ’ubh sdfudbflh iöalfh ed thrdhs fjbfhtdbhehs, ds edflr, ub fjbmubtj ed thrdhs oldb el`drdbflhehs qud sd dmdfuthb sdaýb ub jredb edtdrnlbhej, qud pdrnltd fjbeuflr di prjfdsj ed rdìdxlöb h trhvìs edi fuhi s d eh rdspudsth hi fjbtdblej `lmhej phrh di pihb„, dstd sdaubej hxljnh hpjrth hi fjbfdptj ih bdfdslehe edi dnpidj ed ih iöalfh, ih sdfudbflh hedfuheh y ih rdìdxlöb. ?.8.Urds thrdhs db di prjfdsj

Db ub nubej pihahejndtjejijaîhs ed edslauhieheds y ed ghnord, ed edsdnpidj y hardsljbds hnoldbthids, qud sjb lnpuisdb nufgjs ijs qud ousfhb nìtjejs, y njedijs phrh hpilfhr rdfdths, dstrhtdalhs y gdrrhnldbths di edshrrjiij ijfhi. Db dstd fjbtdxtj bj edmh ed sdr dsfihrdfdejr di pdbshnldbtj ed Mjsì Iuls Vhb [derj (8<76), qulìb db su hrtîfuij Di ahtj , di rdijm y nhehahsfhr ed`lblö trds `jrnhs ed hbhilzhr ih rdhilehe= ih ed hqudiijs qud ih josdrvhohb fjnj ub slstdnh ndfèblfj, ih qud ih vdîhb fjnj ub slstdnh oljiöalfj y ih ed ijs qud sd hprjxlnhohb h diih fjnj ub slstdnh tdrrltjrlhi. Edsarhflhehndbtd tjehvîh sjb nufgjs ijs fldbtî`lfjs qud trhbslthb pjr ijs slstdnhs ndfèblfjs frdydbej qud su ùbfljbhnldbtj sd hsdndmh h ub rdijm qud sd njbth y sd edsnjbth y tjej vudivd h ùbfljbhr. Db rdhilehe di slstdnh tdrrltjrlhi, yh sdh ih Lbelh j Nhehahsfhr, ds ubh rdhilehe fjnpidmhs qud bj sd pudedb njbthr bl edsnjbthr, njedilzhr j prjtjfhilzhr. [hrtldbej ed qud di nìtjej fjb`jrnh di fhnlbj phrh iidahr h ubh ndth, db edshrrjiij ijfhi dxlstd ubh iöalfh fldbtî`lfh rhfljbhi qud fjbtdnpih trds arhbeds thrdhs j prjfdsjs= H-Ed ih lb`jrnhflöb, h ih fuhi sd iidah fjb di hbèilsls tdrrltjrlhi O-Edi fjbjflnldbtj, qud sd hifhbzh fuhbej dsthnjs db fjbelfljbds ed tdbdr ub elhaböstlfj y ubh fhrtdrh ed prjoidnhs. F-Ed ihs gholileheds, qud sd fjbslaud fjb ih prjpudsth ed dmds dstrhtìalfjs y hftuhfljbds phrh lnpuishr di edshrrjiij ijfhi ?.?. Flbfj dmds fjbelfljbhbtds [jr ih dxpdrldbflh, di ìxltj y edi edshrrjiij ijfhi vldbd fjbelfljbhej pjr ubh `lijsj`îh-ndtjejijaîh qud edod fjbtdnpihr flbfj hspdftjs j dmds fjbelfljbhbtds= ùbehndbtjs, prlbflpljs, jomdtlvjs, `hftjrds y hftjrds.


?.?.8. Ejs ùbehndbtjs= plijthr ij dbeöadbj y phrtlflphflöb Di edshrrjiij ijfhi bj ds ub dsthej dsthfljbhrlj, ds ub prjfdsj fjb fhnoljs fjbtlbuhejs, qud ghy qud plijthr y ahbhr. Udbdr di edshrrjiij bj slabl`lfh pjsddrij. phrh sldnprd .Di edshrrjiij ijfhi ds dsqulvj, pjilsìnlfj, sjndtlej h fjnpdtdbflhs y hndbhzhs dxtdrbhs qud ghy qud bdutrhilzhr.

Ds ub edshrrjiij qud vh edsed edbtrj ghflh ùdrh, phrh pjbdr db vhijr ij dbeöadbj, hutjfdbtrhej db ih prjnjflöb ed sus prjplhs fhphfleheds tdrrltjrlhids Ds ub edshrrjiij phrtlflphtlvj, fuyjs tldnpjs y jomdtlvjs ijs nhrfhb ijs hftjrds qud sd odbd`lflhrhb edi prjfdsj. Di edshrrjiij ijfhi gh bhflej ed nýitlpids dxpdrldbflhs ed phrtlflphflöb sjflhi db di ènoltj pjiîtlfj, fjnublthrlj, dfidslhi, slbelfhi, fjjpdrhtlvj,… y nublflphi. Fjbthr fjb ub hfudrej prdilnlbhr hfdrfh ed quì ghfdr, pdrnltlrè fjbthr fjb ih liuslöb ed sus prjthajblsths, qud bj sjb ndrjs dspdfthejrds, slbj phrtd hftlvh ed ij qud hfjbtdfd.

Ed jtrh phrtd, di `jrthidflnldbtj ed ih phrtlflphflöb, puded nhrfhr ih el`drdbflh dbtrd ub pihb dxltjsj y ub rjtubej `rhfhsj. ?.?.?.Urds prlbflpljs `lijsö`lfjs= frdflnldbtj dfjbönlfj, dqulehe y sustdbtholilehe hnoldbthi db ijs iuahrds

Nlfgdi Ujehrj (8<<7) ledbtl`lfö di edshrrjiij fjb di sustdbtj vlthi, ih hutjdstlnh y ilodrthe. Jtrhs nufghs ed`lblfljbds rdihfljbhb hi edshrrjiij fjb phrèndtrjs ndrhndbtd dfjbjnlflsths. Vlb dnohraj, ghb slej ijs trhohmjs ed ih Fjnlsöb Dfjbönlfh phrh Hnìrlfh Ihtlbh y di Fhrlod y ih fjb`drdbflh ed _îj ed Mhbdlrj db 8<
edshrrjiij eurhoid, fjnj edbjnlbhb ijs `rhbfdsds h ih sustdbtholilehe hnoldbthi, sd gh lbfjrpjrhej rdfldbtdndbtd fjnj phrhelanh h ijs prjfdsjs ed edshrrjiij y prdsdbth ubh vdrtldbtd dnlbdbtdndbtd tdrrltjrlhi, fjnj dsphflj ejbed sd prjeufdb ihs lbtdrhffljbds dbtrd ijs elvdrsjs slstdnhs sjflhids, bhturhids, dfjbönlfjs y fuiturhids. Ij slbauihry edi edshrrjiij rhelfhh vhijrds db ih sustdbtholilehe nldbtrhs frdflnldbtj dfjbönlfj dqulehe pudedb ijfhi trheuflrsd ed fjnprdbslöbhnoldbthi, ublvdrshi, dipjrqud ndelj hnoldbtd edpdbed ed ijs fjbelfljbhbtds ijfhids y ed ihs slbdralhs qud, ed `jrnh ýblfh, prdsdbth di tdrrltjrlj. ?.?.6.Urds jomdtlvjs phrh di tdrrltjrlj ìtlfj y flbfj jomdtlvjs phrh ih fjnpdtdbflh Ijs jomdtlvjs, edi edshrrjiij ijfhi prdtdbedb hifhbzhr ub prjardsj dbtdbelej fjnj di fhnlbj phrh ih `dilflehe edi gjnord, pdrj dxlstdb el`drdbtds `jrnuihfljbds sdaýb ijs hftjrds qud edtdrnlbhb su prljrlehe, prdsdbtèbejsd fjnj ub tdrrltjrlj ìtlfj fjb trds jomdtlvjs= [rljrlehe prlndrh= sjfjrrdr ih suoslstdbflh (hilndbtjs, vlvldbeh, deufhflöb y shiue) [rljrlehe sdaubeh= frdhr dnpidj, adbdrhbej dfjbjnîh sjflhi. (jorhs pýoilfhs, fjjpdrhtlvhs) [rljrlehe tdrfdrh= prjtdadr di ndelj hnoldbtd, fulehbej ijs dqulilorljs db ih dxpijthflöb ed rdfursjs bhturhids.


Ijs prlbflphids jomdtlvjs dspdfî`lfjs ed ubh pjiîtlfh ed edshrrjiij ijfhi qud quldrh hundbthr su fjnpdtltlvlehe sjb -[jslfljbhr ih aijfhilzhflöb, lbsdrthbej di tdrrltjrlj db ijs fjbtdxtjs fjnhrfhids, rdaljbhids y bhfljbhids. -Ndmjrhr db vdbthmhs fjnpdtltlvhs, fjbstruydbej j hftlvhbej vdbthmhs fjnpdtltlvhs edi tdrrltjrlj, plijthehs edsed ijs pjedrds ijfhids. -Fjgdsljbhr di tdmlej sjflhi, ndmjrhbej ih fjgdslöb ed ih fjnublehe ijfhi, dvlthbej ih dxfiuslöb y ih nhralbhflöb. Fjbstrulr ub tdrrltjrlj ed dxfdidbflh, frdhbej ub tdrrltjrlj htrhftlvj fjb fhphflehe ed hfjaleh ed fhplthids d lbvdrsljbds, turlsths,… y tdfbjijaîhs. -@jrthidfdr ihs lbstltufljbds pýoilfhs y prlvhehs, ahrhbtlzhbej di fjbtrji ijfhi edi edshrrjiij. ?.?.5.Jfgj `hftjrds tdrrltjrlhids= rdfursjs gunhbjs, dnprdshs, jrahblzhfljbds sjflhids, pjslolileheds `lbhbfldrhs, lb`rhdstrufturhs, phtrlnjblj bhturhi y fuiturhi y fhphflehe ed prjfdshr y utlilzhr ih lb`jrnhflöb. [hrh hifhbzhr di edshrrjiij tdrrltjrlhi, ghfd hiaýb tldnpj Vdralj Ojlsldr (8<<<) pihbtdö ubh ndtè`jrh sjord di edshrrjiij tdrrltjrlhi, hsdndmèbejij h ih fjbstrufflöb ed ubh fjndth qud bdfdslth ed ubh dstrufturh `hftjrds- y ed vldbtjs qud ih didvdb ‖hadbtds-.

Db dstd sdbtlej, di fjbjflnldbtj y ih vhijrhflöb ed ijs rdfursjs lbtdrbjs fjbstltuyd ub pubtj ed phrtleh dsdbflhi phrh edi edshrrjiij ijfhi. Ìstd edod pihbtdhrsd fjnj ub prjfdsj qud hprjvdfgd ihs slbdralhs y njvlilfd hadbtds y `hftjrds tdrrltjrlhids. Fjnj `hftjrds tdrrltjrlhids fhorîh edsthfhr= Ijs rdfursjs gunhbjs, qud fjbstltuydb ub hutìbtlfj didndbtj el`drdbflhi. Ih `jrnhflöb edod sdr pdrnhbdbtd y ìdxloid, hedfuheh h ih ednhbeh edi ndrfhej ijfhi y fjnhrfhi. Nufghs vdfds di edshrrjiij ijfhi db di ènoltj durjpdj tldbd fjnj jomdtlvj ùbehndbthi dvlthr ih dnlarhflöb y fjbsjilehr ih vleh ed ijs rdfursjs gunhbjs dxlstdbtds. [drj thnolìb ih pjoihflöb ijfhi fjbstltuyd, db bundrjshs jfhsljbds, ub ndrfhej lbtdrbj, nufghs vdfds edshprjvdfghej y hi qud puded jrldbthrsd di dnprdshrlj ijfhi y ihs [ynds qud sd ids rdfjbjfd ih fhphflehe ed frdhr dnpidj y rlqudzh. Ihs dnprdshs, dspdflhindbtd ihs lbbjvhejrhs, dndradb db ihs dstrhtdalhs edi edshrrjiij y supjbdb prjfdshr ubh budvh lnhadb ed dstd `hftjr sjfljdfjbönlfj. Ihs jrahblzhfljbds sjflhids phrh sjiufljbhr y db`rdbthr ijs prjoidnhs pudedb sdr dsdbflhids. Lbstltufljbds pjiîtlfhs, JBAs, fjrpjrhfljbds dnprdshrlhids, dtf., sdbslolilzhehs fjb di edshrrjiij ijfhi, pudedb lnpuishr pihbl`lfhfljbds dstrhtìalfhs qud fjgdsljbdb di tdmlej prjeuftlvj ijfhi. Ihs hutjrleheds ijfhids mudahb ub phpdi nuy lnpjrthbtd phrh elbhnlzhr ih vleh ijfhi, pdrj ds dsdbflhi qud dstìb pdrsuhelehs ed su prjthajblsnj y ed qud di edshrrjiij sd ghfd edsed hohmj, fjb ub prjydftj qud fudbtd fjb ihs ùdrzhs sjflhids y dfjbönlfhs ed ih fjnublehe. Ihs fjrpjrhfljbds suprhnublflphids3 ihs hadbflhs ed edshrrjiij3 ijs slbelfhtjs3 ih Tblvdrslehe3 ihs Hsjflhfljbds ed Edshrrjiij sjb jrahblzhfljbds qud fjbtrlouydb h dbrlqudfdr di tdmlej sjflhi. Ihs pjslolileheds `lbhbfldrhs y ed fhplthilzhflöb lbtdrbhs, edodb sdr jrldbthehs h ihs pjiîtlfhs ed hpjyj h ihs [ynds y dnprdshs ed dfjbjnîh sjflhi pjrqud adbdrhb nhyjr dnpidj pjr fhplthi lbvdrtlej. Ihs lb`rhdstrufturhs fjbdfthb lbtdrbh y dxtdrbhndbtd di tdmlej prjeuftlvj. Dsths lb`rhdstrufturhs sjb ed tlpj dfjbönlfj, thids fjnj pjiîajbjs lbeustrlhids, tdidfjnublfhfljbds, vîhs ed fjnublfhflöb, dtf., j ed tlpj sjflhi fjnj ihs rd`drlehs h ih deufhflöb, fuiturh, dtf. Db diihs sd edod vhijrhr di unorhi nîblnj ed d`lfldbflh phrh ghfdrihs rdbthoids. Di phtrlnjblj bhturhi y fuiturhi y ih fhphflehe ed ushrij hedfuhehndbtd, fjbstltuyd ub ùbehndbtj prlnjrelhi phrh di edshrrjiij ijfhi pjrqud fjbtldbdb didndbtjs el`drdbflhejrds y ýblfjs qud pudedb sdr elbhnlzhejs edsed elvdrshs vdrtldbtds phrh lnpuishr di edshrrjiij ijfhi. Ih fhphflehe ed prjfdshr y utlilzhr ih lb`jrnhflöb dxlstdbtd db ih hiedh aijohi ds ub dsùdrzj fjbtlbuj qud rdpdrfutlrè db di edshrrjiij ijfhi. Ih `horlfhflöb ed pdqudøhs sdrlds pjr dbfhraj, ih elvdrsl`lfhflöb prjeuftlvh y ih edsfdbtrhilzhflöb fjbstltuydb ohzhs nuy hprdflhoids db ih prjeufflöb ìdxloid qud odbd`lflhrè ih fjnpdtltlvlehe y di dnpidj db di ènoltj ijfhi. Ihs tdidfjnublfhfljbds frdhb ub dsphflj vlrtuhi hi fuhi sd puded hffdedr edsed fuhiquldr phrtd edi tdrrltjrlj d lnpuish ih fjgdslöb ijfhi. Vlb dnohraj di prlbflphi rdtj ed ih sjfldehe hftuhi ds trhbs`jrnhr ih lb`jrnhflöb db fjbjflnldbtj.


?.?.4.Urds hftjrds tdrrltjrlhids= Lbstltufljbds, dnprdshrljs y dnprdbedejrds y idhithe hi iuahr ’Di bhflnldbtj, fjbsjilehflöb y edshrrjiij ed ijs slstdnhs prjeuftlvjs ijfhids söij gh slej pjsloid db èrdhs qud tldbdb ub slstdnh sjflhi ùdrtdndbtd vlbfuihej hi tdrrltjrlj„ (Pèzqudz Ohrqudrj, 8<713 77). Ed dsth `rnh,

ih `drtlilehe tdrrltjrlhi, ds edflr ihs fjbelfljbds öptlnhs qud pdrnltdb di edshrrjiij bj puded hifhbzhrsd slb di lnpuisj ed ijs hftjrds edi edshrrjiij ijfhi. Fjnjquldrh qud di edshrrjiij ijfhi lbtdarhi pudeded`lblrsd fjnj ub prjfdsj nuitlelndbfljbhid lbfiuydbtd, fuyj jomdtlvj ds didvhr ih fhilehe ed vleh ed ihs pdrsjbhs, h blvdi dfjbönlfj, sjflhi, pjiîtlfj y hnoldbthi, sd edodb , ledbtl`lfhr hedfuhehndbtd hftjrds, pdrsjbhs j hadbtds, phpdids y ùbfljbds ’edsed ih ohsd„.Gdrbèbedz ( Muèrdz, Mjsì Iuls, ?;8;). [jiîtlfjs, dnprdshrljs y dnprdbedejrds y adbtds, sjb ijs vldbtjs y orlshs qud, db phihorhs ed Ojlsldr, didvhrèb ih fjndth edi edshrrjiij ijfhi. _dhindbtdplijthr di edshrrjiij rdquldrd ed ubh lnhadb j prjydftj fjrpjrhtlvj, ih `ledilehe dnprdshrlhi y ih idhithe hiiuahr. Ih lnhadb fjrpjrhtlvh, prjplflheh pjr ijs pjedrds pjiîtlfjs ijfhids, bj ds söij ub sînojij, slbj qud auhreh ub prjydftj liusljbhbtd ed fjbstrulr ub nubej ndmjr y ubh dstrhtdalh elbènlfh iledrheh edsed ih jrahblzhfljbds sjflhids qud lnpilfh ub fhnolj ed ndbthilehe y phshr edsed ih öptlfh ed trhnpdrjs , ds edflr ed dspdrh h ijs hfjbtdflnldbtjs, h fhzhejrds, j sdh ed oýsqudeh y fjbstrufflöb edi edshrrjiij, ejbed ijs hadbtds ed edshrrjiij ijfhi pudedb muahr ub phpdi ed vlthi lnpjrthbflh phrh lnpuishr y ndmjrhr ih fhilehe ed vleh ed ih fjnublehe. Ih `ledilehe dnprdshrlhi, ih edodb sjstdbdr ijs dnprdshrljs ijfhids d lnpilfh ubh ledbtl`lfhflöb db ub dsphflj ed vleh fjb sus jomdtlvjs dnprdshrlhids. Ijs dnprdshrljs y ijs dnprdbedejrds sjb ijs prlbflphids hadbtds edi edshrrjiij ijfhi. Hbtds sd prd`drîh arhbeds prjydftjs y dnprdshs dxtdrbhs, jrlalbèbejsd ub fîrfuij vlfljsj ed edpdbedbflh y fhrdbflh ed dnprdshrljs. Db di edshrrjiij ijfhi di dnprdshrlj su`rd ubh ndthnjr`jsls y db vdz edi phtröb edtrhftjr ed piusvhiîhs, md`d, hnj, dxpijthejr j prjpldthrlj, sd id vd fjnj ub elbhnlzhejr ed ih sjfldehe, ub frdhejr, nuy vlbfuihej hi nubej edi trhohmj y qud puded ledbtl`lfhrsd fjb ih `laurh edi dnprdbedejr. Ih idhithe hi iuahr, ih sjstldbdb ijs gholthbtds ed ub iuahr, fjnj jpflöb pdrsjbhi ed fheh lbelvleuj, tldbd db fudbth ihs rhîfds, ih vlbfuihflöb hi dsphflj y ij arhtj ed ih vleh. Ds el`îfli ed dvhiuhr, pdrj ds edtdfthoid y `èflindbtd ndmjrhoid fuhbej sd phrtd edi fhrløj lbbhtj hi iuahr ejbed sd vlvd. 6.Dstrhtdalhs ed edshrrjiij ijfhi. Lbfdrtleunords nlilthrds, dstrhtdalhs adrdbflhids y pjedrds ijfhids Ghfd, nès ed ?4;; højs, db ih hbtlauh Ardflh bhflö di tìrnlbj dstrhtdalh db rd`drdbflh h ih hftuhflöb edi dstrhtdah, lbelvleuj hi qud sd id dbfhrahoh, db sltuhfljbds ed frlsls y fjb hnpiljs pjedrds flvlids y nlilthrds, qud shivhrh ed hvhthrds y hndbhzhs h ub pudoij j bhflöb. Fjb nès j ndbjs vlslolilehe ih dstrhtdalh ùd ubh ihojr ed nlilthrds y ajodrbhbtds, (Nhqulhvdij, B= 8486), nufghs vdfds nhbtdbleh db di sdfrdtj ed hffljbds lbfjb`dshoids (\vds Ihfjstd3 8<11).

H phrtlr ed ihs rdvjiufljbds tdfbjiöalfhs ed ndelhejs y `lbhids edi slaij WW di fjbfdptj dstrhtìalfj dnpdzö h hemdtlvlzhr nufghs thrdhs ed ih vleh dfjbönlfh, sjflhi d lbstltufljbhi. Hi `lbhilzhr ih sdaubeh audrrh nubelhi, ihs dnprdshs fjbjfldrjb hiaubjs hspdftjs qud bj drhb fjbtrjihoids, fjnj ih lbfdrtleunord, di rldsaj, ih lbdstholilehe y ub hnoldbtd fhnolhbtd db su fhrtdrh ed fildbtds, prjeuftjs y ndrfhejs. Db rdspudsth h thids flrfubsthbflhs ijs adrdbtds fjndbzhrjb h pdbshr ed `jrnh dstrhtìalfh phrh jrldbthr ih dnprdsh ghflh jpjrtubleheds dfjbönlfhs htrhftlvhs y hehpthehs h sus rdfursjs y su shodr ghfdr. Dspdflhindbtd di nubej dnprdshrlhi edoîh ghfdr `rdbtd ndthnjr`jsls rhelfhids (Odfhtlbl, A.= ?;;0) db ihs qud bj dsthoh hsdaurhej di ìxltj. Db dstd fjbtdxtj, ijs dstrhtdahs-adrdbtds sd fjbvldrtdb db pldzh fihvd phrh ih supdrvlvdbflh dnprdshrlhi y di ilorj Jut j` tgd frlsls -ùdrh ed ih frlsls- ed Qliilhn Ednlba, (8<70), fjb sus 85 fhtjrfd pubtjs ed ndmjrhnldbtj adrdbflhi y 1 pdfhejs fhplthids sd fjbvldrtd db ub fhtdflsnj phrh ihs dstrhtdalhs dnprdshrlhids


[hrhidihndbtd, db jrahblsnjs lbtdrbhfljbhids y db ènoltjs lbstltufljbhids, dspdflhindbtd db ih eìfheh ed 8<0;, sd fjndbzö h utlilzhr di tìrnlbj dstrhtìalfj, ilaèbejij h ih prdjfuphflöb pjr ijs prjfdsjs ed edshrrjiij, db dspdflhi h ihs thrdhs qud lnpjbîh di frdflnldbtj dfjbönlfj. Ih JBT edfihrö ih eìfheh ed 8<0; fjnj ih prlndrh edi edshrrjiij y ijs højs ed 8<1; fjnj ih sdaubeh… Vlb dnohraj, di `rhfhsj ed njedijs ed edshrrjiij edsed hrrloh, di hundbtj ed ih pjordzh, di ehrwlblsnj sjflhi y tdrrltjrlhi glzj qud budvhs vjfds sd jydrhb, prjpjbldbej dstrhtdalhs ed edshrrjiij h sltuhfljbds ed frlsls. Di edshrrjiij h dsfhih gunhbh ed Nhb`rde Nhx-Bdd` (8<70), di edshrrjiij tdrrltjrlhi ed Vdralj Ojlsldr (?;;8) , Ihs trds dfjbjnîhs ed Nhbudi @laudrjh, (?;;0) ih Deufhflöb y pjordzh ed Fhrijs Hntnhb (?;;6), di Edshrrjiij dfjbönlfj ijfhi ed, Hbtjblj Phzqudz, (?;;<) di Edshrrjiij dfjbönlfj tdrrltjrlhi ed @rhbflsfj Hiourqudrqud (?;;5)… vhb fjbeufldbej h ih bdfdslehe ed qud ihs dstrhtdalhs ed edshrrjiij sd pihbtddb h blvdi ijfhi, fjb ub iledrhzaj fihrj ed ijs pjedrds pýoilfjs y jrahblzhfljbds sjflhids y dnprdshrlhids. Dsths dstrhtdalhs, dsfrlths j bj, sd ohshb db di lnpuisj ed `hftjrds tlnjbdids edi edshrrjiij ijfhi j db dstrhtdalhs fjnpidmhs ed fjnpdtltlvlehe. 6.8.Dstrhtdalhs ed `hftjr tlnjbdi, jfgj `hftjrds y ?5 dxpdrldbflhs Fjnjquldrh qud sd gh lbslstlej db ih `hith ed njedijs tdrrltjrlhids phrh di edshrrjiij ijfhi, sd edeufd qud dxlstdb nýitlpids dstrhtdalhs phrh lnpuishr di edshrrjiij. Vlb dnohraj, pudedb rhstrdhrsd fjnpjrthnldbtjs fjnubds db di lnpuisj ed ub `hftjr, db ij qud pjerîh edbjnlbhrsd dstrhtdalh ed `hftjr tlnjbdi, qud sustdbth ubh phrtd lnpjrthbtd edi edshrrjiij ijfhi, ohshej db di hpjyj ed ihs `jrthidzhs lbtdrbhs. Db rdhile he di `hftjr tlnjbdi puded fjbsledrhrsd fjnj `hftjr ijfjnjtjrh ed ijsrdsthbtds `hftjrds Ed dsth `jrnh, pudedb josdrvhrsd dxpdrldbflhs ed suoslstdbflh, ejbed di `hftjr tlnjbdi ij fjbstltuyd ijs rdfursjs gunhbjs, fjnj db ih fjndrflhilzhflöb edi hrhzè db _îj Ojbltj, prjvlbflh edi Jrj, Dfuhejr3 dxpdrldbflhs ed prdphrhr di tdrrltjrlj phrh ih fjnpdtdbflh fjnj db ijs vlvdrjs ed dnprdshs ed Uuxih Autldrrdz3 dxpdrldbflhs ed dfjbjnîh sjflhi y fjbvlvdbflh fjnj db ihs Fjjpdrhtlvhs ed fjndrflhilzhflöb ed prjeuftjs harhrljs ed Njaudr3…dxpdrldbflhs ed lbbjvhflöb y edshrrjiij fjnj db ih lbeustrlh tdxtli y ed njeh ed Fhstdi Aj`rdej j, dxpdrldbflhs ed Udrrltjrlj ndmjrhej fjnj ijs phlshmds bhturhids y gholthoids fjnj Ohrlijfgd, Hradbtlbh. Dstrhtdalhs ed `hftjr tlnjbdi, 7 `hftjrds y ?5dxpdrldbflhs @HFUJ_ ULNJBDI

Dxpdrldbflhs 8

Dxpdrldbflh ?

Dxpdrldbflh 6

[dr`li

Lnhadb

_dfursjs gunhbjs

_îj Ojbltj, Dfuhejr Uuxtih Autlìrrdz, Nìxlfj Njaudr, Dsphøh Uhodrbhs, Dsphøh Hiihrlz, Dsphøh Vupd,

Vhbtj Hnhrj, Orhsli Njbtliih, Dsphøh Vhj [huij, Orhsli Ih [hinh Fej, Dsphøh Vhb Nlaudi, Auhtdnhih Jodrghusdb,

Ih Nhthbzh, Hradbtlbh [hrnh, Lthilh Nhfghih, Dfuhejr [udrtj Fhodzhs, Blfhrhauh Njbtdrruolj, Dsphøh Tbfhstliij,

Lblflhtlvhs ed suoslstdbflh Plvdrjs dnprdshs Fjjpdrhtlvhs Jbaµs Dsphfljs edi fhplthi Dsphfljs db fjbstrufflöb Ltlbdrhrljs y

Udrrltjrlj phrh Vuoslstdbflh Udrrltjrlj phrh ih fjnpdtdbflh Udrrltjrlj phrh ih fjbvlvdbflh Udrrltjrlj aijohilzhej Udrrltjrlj jrahblzhej Udrrltjrlj

nusdjs Lbbjvhflöb y edshrrjiij Bhturhidzh y phlshmds

fjnj nusdj Elstrltjs lbeustrlhids Udrrltjrlj ndmjrhej

Dnprdshs y dnprdshrljs Jrahblzhfljbds sjflhids Hfunuihflöb edi fhplthi Hrtlfuihflöb Udrrltjrlhi [htrlnjblj fuiturhi

Hidnhblh Dsphøh Adbdrhflöb/fjbjflnldbtj [drý Fhstdi Aj`rdej, Jyjbhx, _h`hdih, Lthilh @rhbflh Hradbtlbh [htrlnjblj bhturhi Ohrlijfgd, Hsubflöb, Hinjbtd, Hradbtlbh [hrhauhy Dsphøh Dihojrhflöb Muhb Hbtjblj Nèrqudz ?;;7-?;88

6.?.Dstrhtdalhs ed pjslflöb `rdbtd h ih fjnpdtltlvlehe Oldb ds fldrtj qud ih rdhilehe ds fjnpidmh y db diih sd bj sd ehb dstrhtdalhs qud lbvjiufrdb h ub sjij `hftjr j hftjr. Edsed dsth pdrspdftlvh ds pjsloid el`drdbflhr dstrhtdalhs ed supdrvlvdbflh, dspdfuihtlvhs ed edpdbedbflh, ed elvdrsl`lfhflöb prjeuftlvh y ed frdflnldbtj


6.?.8.Dstrhtdalhs ed supdrvlvdbflh. Ijbahbj Vd eh db dsphfljs nhralbhids, ed njbthøh, fuyhs hftlvleheds harhrlhs, hrtdshbhids d lbeustrlhids sd ghb vlstj rdeuflehs j ghb edshphrdflej hbtd ih lbfhphflehe ed fjnpdtlr db dfjbjnîhs ed ndrfhej, lbfiusj fjb fuitlvjs suovdbfljbhejs. H ndbuej, dstjs dsphfljs `jrnhrjb ndrfhejs fhutlvjs qud ghb lej pjfj h pjfj edshphrdfldbej pjr ub `dböndbj fjnýb ed edspjoihnldbtj y ùah ed fildbtds pjr ih ndmjrh ed ihs vîhs ed fjnublfhflöb. Houbehb muolihejs y rdbtlsths y di prlbflphi prjoidnh ds di dbvdmdflnldbtj. Ihs sldrrhs y njbthøhs dstèb iidbhs ed dmdnpijs ed dsth edsjihflöb. Db ih prjvlbflh ed Idöb, ih Hsjflhflöb phrh di Edshrrjiij _urhi Njbthøhs ’ edi Udidbj„, haruph h 80

hyubthnldbtjs. Dbtrd ijs Njbtds Hqulihbjs y ih Vldrrh ed ih Fhordrh ds ub dsphflj `rhbfhndbtd nhralbhi qud sd gh vdblejsdedspjoihbej edsed rurhi, ghfd j`rdfldbej tldnpj. Gjy, fjb ih liuslöb ed ijs qudeddstèb ùdrh odiidzh. y ijs pjfjs qud sd qudehrjb lnpuish di turlsnj phlshmds y dsphfljs bhturhids lbsjbehoid Uhnolìb, pjr dmdnpij, db Hsturlhs, db di fjbfdmj ed Ihvlhbh, db di hitj Bhiöb sd prjpjbd fjnj hftlvleheds phrh di edshrrjiij rurhi ih prèftlfh edi sdbedrlsnj, ruths h fhohiij, njubthb-olcd, dsquî, pdsfh edpjrtlvh, vlslths h nusdjs y su ahstrjbjnîh fjb ubh oudbh slerh... Fhshs ed hiedh, hphrthndbtjs rurhids, hiodrauds y gjtdids sd lbfjrpjrhb h ih j`drth turîstlfh... Di arupj ed edshrrjiij rurhi ed Nurflh gh pudstj db prèftlfh ub pihb ed vhijrlzhflöb edi phtrlnjblj glstörlfj y hrtîstlfj ed ih rdalöb. Dstd pihb fjnprdbed ub fjbmubtj ed 0 lbvdrsljbds db dnpihzhnldbtjs hrqudjiöalfjs y njbundbtjs. Ih lblflhtlvh fuinlbh fjb ubh `jrnhflöb dspdflhilzheh phrh elpijnhejs ed ih dbsdøhbzh supdrljr y ih delflöb ed ubh auîh turîstlfh qud hojreh ih hrqudjijaîh, ih glstjrlh, ijs njbundbtjs y ih dtbjarh`îh. Di arupj Lsih ed Ndbjrfh (Ohidhrds) phrtlflph db ih prjtdfflöb y di hfjbelfljbhnldbtj ed ub dnpihzhnldbtj thihyötlfj edi høj ?;;; h.f. Di dnpihzhnldbtj ed 0 gh fjnprdbed vhrljs "thihyjtds" (fjbstruffljbds rjnhbhs) rjedhejs pjr ubh nurhiih y hiaubjs nurjs y tjrrds ed ih ìpjfh fièslfh. Di arupj Ndsslblh ([dijpjbdsj) ed Ardflh fjbtrlouyd h ih vhijrlzhflöb ed ?0 fjbstruffljbds y njbundbtjs glstörlfjs qud prdsdbthb ub lbtdrìs hrqultdfturhi.

Db @rhbflh, di arupj Udrrhssds dt Phiiìds ed i'Hvdyrjb (Nlel-[lrlbdjs) phrtlflph db ih rdsthurhflöb ed trds fhstliijs ed ijs slaijs WL hi WPLLL, trhohmjs edstlbhejs h rdhizhr dsths fjbstruffljbds. Tb prlndr fhstliij sdrè hfjbelfljbhej ed hfudrej fjb di tdnh ed ih prdglstjrlh, jtrj vh h rdtrhzhr ih glstjrlh ijfhi ed ijs Udnpihrljs y db di tdrfdrj sd gh lbsthihej ub nusdj fjbsharhej hi plbtjr bhfljbhi Nhrfdi Idbjlr. Dbfjbtrhr `jrnhs phrh ehr jpjrtubleheds ed vleh h ijs dsphfljs edspjoihejs ds ubh bdfdslehe ed supdrvlvdbflh fjnj jfurrd db ih rdalöb Njilsd db di sur ed Lthilh. Db diih, di 78% ed ih pjoihflöb sd dbfudbtrh db ihs zjbhs rurhids. Ds ubh rdalöb njbthøjsh, ed 5.567 cn¿ y ubh pjoihflöb ed 66;.;;;. gholthbtds Ih rdalöb sd elvled db ? prjvlbflhs= Fhnpjohssj d Lsdrblh. Db di ndelj rurhi dxlstdb 66.<1; dxpijthfljbds harhrlhs qud adstljbhb ?85.<5; gdftèrdhs, fjb ub thnhøj ndelj ed 0,5 gdftèrdhs ed VHT. Db ih prjvlbflh ed Lsdrblh sd dbfudbtrh Ijbahbj, ejbed sd gh jpthej pjr ih rdsthurhflöb ed ihs fjbstruffljbds glstörlfhs phrh hundbthr di htrhftlvj edi tdrrltjrlj. Ijbahbj ds ubh ijfhilehe lthilhbh sltuheh h 1;; ndtrjs sjord di blvdi edi nhr, qud fudbth fjb 184 gholthbtds h rdsuiths ed ubh ednjarh`îh db `rhbfj rdtrjfdsj qud pjbd db pdilarj ih prjplh fjbtlbulehe ed ih vleh. Fjb ubh dxtdbslöb ed ?1 cn? y ubh edbslehe ed ?0,4 gholthbtds pjr cn? ds ub dsphflj ed dnlarhflöb. Edsed `lbhids edi slaij WLW sus fjbelfljbds ed vleh ghb prjplflhej ih dnlarhflöb ghflh TVH, Hradbtlbh y Arhb Ordthøh. Gjy, ubj ed ijs hfjbtdflnldbtjs nès lnpjrthbtds ed Ijbahbj ds ih @ldsth edi Dnlarhbtd, qud sd fdidorh db ih ýitlnh sdnhbh ed muilj. Ijbahbj tldbd ubh dstrufturh urohbh lbtdrdshbtd fjnj ij ednudstrhb hiaubjs nurjs hbtlaujs, iihnhejs "Nurh shrrhfdbjs". Ijbahbj gh dmdfuthej fjnj prjydftj ed edshrrjiij rurhi, `lbhbflhej db arhb phrtd pjr `jbejs durjpdjs, ih rdsthurhflöb ed ih nurhiih ndeldvhi. Db ed`lbltlvh, ih iltdrhturh sjord di edshrrjiij ijfhi db èrdhs nhralbhids dstè lbfleldbej nhfghfjbhndbtd sjord ihs pjslolileheds edi turlsnj, y fjb diij, pjfhs vdfds sd fudstljbh dsth dstrhtdalh. Jtrhs vdfds sd hslstd d lbslstd db edtdrnlbhehs hftuhfljbds dstèbehrds..., qulzès, frdydbej qud ihs `örnuihs ed ìxltj sd pudedb dxtrhpjihr phrh

Nèrqudz, M.H (?;88)= Ndtjejijaîh edi edshrrjiij ijfhi. Dstrhtdalhs d lbstrundbtjs [èalbh < ed 8<

ghfdr tdrrltjrljs ahbhejrds. Db nufghs jfhsljbds sd dstèb ed`jrnhbej ihs pjslolileheds ed edshrrjiij rurhi, fjb suosleljs y hyuehs fjbelfljbhehs, qud pudedb iidvhr h ih tdjrîh edi vhfîj tjthi Odrlfht (8<<6) 6.?.?. Dstrhtdalhs dspdfuihtlvhs ed edpdbedbflh Njurh, Di Hidbtdmj, [jrtuahi Dxlstdb hnpiljs dsphfljs ed ih Tblöb Durjpdh qud dstèb pdbeldbtds ed fönj sd jrldbthb ijs `jbejs fjnublthrljs y sus dstrhtdalhs ed edshrrjiij, db arhb phrtd edpdbedb ed ihs pjiîtlfhs dsththids y ed ih Tblöb Durjpdh. Vu prlbflphi prdjfuphflöb ds hffdedr h `jbejs fjnublthrljs. [jr diij tldbdb j nhbtldbdb lnpjrthbtds ’ijolds ed prdslöb„. Ih iidvhb h fhoj dxpijthfljbds ndfhblzhehs y njedrblzhehs y pudedb sdr dmdnpijs ed diihs, ijs fhnpjs ed fuitlvjs lbeustrlhids j fdrdhids edi lbtdrljr ed Dsphøh, thids fjnj ijs ed rdnjihfgh, alrhsji, ilbj d lbfiusj hnpiljs dsphfljs ed jilvhr ed Hbehiufîh y Fhstliih-Ih Nhbfgh... Ds rhrj dbfjbtrhr db Dsphøh dsphfljs

ilords ed dxpijthfljbds suovdbfljbds fjnublthrlhs. Vlb dnohraj,yhsudid jfurrlr ihs pdqudøhs dxpijthfljbds,htdbths ihs qudh nès bdfdslthb bhfljbhids dsd hpjyj,jtldbdb fldrths el`lfuitheds, sdh pjr sus qud dsfhshs elndbsljbds j pjr bj tdbdr hffdsj h ih lb`jrnhflöb. Db ihs fhnpløhs hbehiuzhs j db ijs iihbjs nhbfgdajs, idjbdsds, sudid fjbvlvlr dnprdshs harhrlhs fjnpdtltlvhs, fjb pjfj usj ed nhbj ed jorh, `rdbtd h pdqudøjs prdeljs slb jrldbthfljbds prjeuftlvhs fihrhs. [hrh ìstjs ýitlnjs, ih tldrrh bj j`rdfd pdrspdftlvhs ed ùturj y su vlslöb edi edshrrjiij rurhi phsh joilahtjrlhndbtd pjr pjtdbflhr hftlvleheds hitdrbhtlvhs h ih prjeufflöb harhrlh. Di ùturj ed dsths dstrhtdalhs dspdfuihtlvhs ed ihs arhbeds y ndelhbhs dxpijthfljbds edpdbedrè edirunoj qud tjndb ihs pjiîtlfhs ed edshrrjiij rurhi y ih [jiîtlfh Harhrlh Fjnublthrlh y di arhej ed rdfjrtds qud edsed Orusdihs sd lnpjbah h ihs hyuehs durjpdhs, dspdflhindbtd fuhbej sd lnpjbd ih nubelhilzhflöb ed ijs lbtdrfhnoljs, ubhs nhyjrds dxladbflhs ed ijs fjbsunlejrds db nhtdrlh ed fhilehe y ih hnpilhflöb ed ih Tblöb Durjpdh. Bj josthbtd, arhb phrtd ed dsths dxpijthfljbds ghb hfunuihej fhplthi y sudidb tdbdr su`lfldbtdndbtd ìdxlolilehe phrh fhnolhr sus dstrufturhs prjeuftlvhs, jrldbtèbejihs ghflh ub edshrrjiij qud pudeh hrtlfuihr sdftjrds rurhids fjb jtrhs dstrhtdalhs adbdrhids y urohbhs, fjnj jfurrd db ihsrdijfhilzhfljbds y dstrhtdalhs ed ihs arhbeds dfjbjnîhs edi jilvhr, edi qud puded sdr dmdnpij ih rdalöb edi Hidbtdmj [jrtuauìs y fjbfrdthndbtd Njurh, fjbfdigj edi elstrltj ed Odmh. Di Hidbtdmj ds ubh rdalöb fjb dsfhsh elbènlfh dfjbönlfh, fjb prjoidnhs edilfhejs ed edsdrtl`lfhflöb, edspjoihflöb, edsdnpidj y ih `hith ed dnprdshrljs. Vlb dnohraj, tldbd db di hauh ub pjtdbflhi rdfursj bhturhi ed vlthi lnpjrthbflh phrh ihs dstrhtdalhs ed edshrrjiij rurhi. D`dftlvhndbtd, ih prdsh ed Hiqudvh gh frdhej, db di fursj edi rîj Auhelhbh, ubh ed ihs iènlbhs ed hauh nès dxtdbshs ed Durjph. Hftuhindbtd db di Hidbtdmj fjbvlvdb dstrhtdalhs ed supdrvlvdbflh fjb ihs ed edpdbedbflh. Hsî db Njurh ih ’Hssjflháæj phrh j Edsdbvjivlndbtj ej Fjbfdigj ed Njurh„ d btrd sus ènoltjs ed lbtdrvdbflöb sd dbfudbtrhb ijs tìfblfjs ed hpjyj rdihfljbhejs fjb ih frdhflöb ed nlfrjdnprdshs y `jndbthr di dspîrltu dnprdshrlhi, sjflhi y prjydftjs fjnublthrljs elrlalejs h pýoilfjs eds`hvjrdflejs, ih deufhflöb hnoldbthi y ih vhijrhflöb ed ijs rdfursjs phtrlnjblhids ed ih fjnhrfh, pdrj `rdbtd h diijs sd ehb dstrhtdalhs ed edpdbedbflh ed nhyjr bdrvlj dfjbönlfj. Fjnj di Hidbtdmj pjsdd arhbeds dxtdbsljbds ed tldrrh fjb oudbhs fjbelfljbds phrh di fuitlvj ed jilvhr y ihs hauhs ed Hiqudvh y su dbdraîh dstèb elspjbloids3 hiaubjs dnprdshrljs y arhbeds `lrnhs dstèb plijthbej prjfdsjs ed edshrrjiij dxöadbjs, fjb fuhbtljshs lbvdrsljbds db dxpijthfljbds ed jilvhr lbtdbslvj. Hubqud thnolìb sd dspdfuih fjb ih frdhflöb ed fjnpidmjs turîstlfjs phrh dstd nhr lbtdrljr, tjehvîh bj sd gh fjbfrdtlzhej dstd tlpj ed edshrrjiij, hubqud ih Fdbtrhi Vjihr @jtjvjithlfh ed Njurh ds ub prjydftj prjndtdejr. Ed jtrh phrtd, Di dnohisd ed Hiqudvh ds di nhyjr dnohisd ed Durjph, sltuhej sjord di rîj Auhelhbh, db di Hidbtdmj lbtdrljr, fdrfh ed ih `rjbtdrh fjb Dsphøh. Ih prdsh ed Hiqudvh tldbd ed <0 n ed hith, 547 n ed ihrah y 1 ed hbfgh y ùd lbhuaurheh db ?;;?. Gh supudstj ubh hutìbtlfh rdvjiuflöb harîfjih phrh tjej di pdblbsuihr, yh qud su jomdtlvj, hednès ed ih prjeufflöb ed dbdraîh diìftrlfh, ds ih trhbs`jrnhflöb db rdaheîj ed ihs tldrrhs fjilbehbtds. Vd dspdrh rdahr 88;.;;; gh. Hednès, ih fdbtrhi glerjdiìftrlfh ds fhphz ed prjeuflr 67; nw/ y shtls`hfdr ih ednhbeh diìftrlfh ed ubh urod ed 814.;;; gholthbtds

Nèrqudz, M.H (?;88)= Ndtjejijaîh edi edshrrjiij ijfhi. Dstrhtdalhs d lbstrundbtjs [èalbh 8; ed 8<

Jfuph ub èrdh ed ?4; cn¿ y su fhphflehe ed hinhfdbhnldbtj ds ed 5.84; gn6 ed hauh y ih ijbaltue, edsed ih prdsh ghsth ih fjih edi dnohisd, ds ed 76cn. Vu prjùbelehe nèxlnh ds ed 84? n. Vu rdfjrtheh fjsth tldbd ubh ijbaltue ed 8.80; cn, fhbtlehe dqulvhidbtd hi tjthi edi iltjrhi nhrîtlnj pjrtuauìs. Db dstd fjbtdxtj y hbtd tjej, di Fjbfdigj ed Njurh, fjb hpdbhs 81.;;; gholthbtds, ds ub gjrlzjbtd ed jilvjs vlbfuihej h pjiîtlfhs y edslabljs dxtdrbjs, qud sd dxtldbedb h ndrfde ed dspdfuihfljbds, db ub edshrrjiij rurhi lbhfhohej qud bdfdslth sdr plijthej edsed di lbtdrljr. 6.?.6.Dstrhtdalhs ed elvdrsl`lfhflöb prjeuftlvh= Audrhbed, Ordthøh. @rhbflh Ih elvdrsl`lfhflöb prjeuftlvh fjbstltuyd ubj ed ijs jomdtlvjs pdrsdaulej pjr ub edshrrjiij rurhi qud sd hidmh ed fjbfdpflöb ’njbjprjeuftlvh„, nufghs vdfds ilaheh h edshrrjiiheh ihs hftlvleheds Edsed dsth fjbfdpflöb, sjbihnufgjs ijs nublflpljs qud, sjord tjej db ih Durjph ghbharîfjihs. pjelej fjbstrulr dsfdbhrljs ed

elvdrsl`lfhflöb prjeuftlvh. Ih erèstlfh elsnlbuflöb, ghsth blvdids `rhbfhndbtd lbslabl`lfhbtds ed 5-4%, ed ih hftlvlehe harhrlh gh tdblej qud vdblr hfjnphøheh ed ubh j`drth hitdrbhtlvh qud gh ’rdfjijfhej„ ih ùdrzh ed trhohmj vhfhbtd y gh pdrnltlej ’edshrrjiijs dxltjsjs„.

Dstd ds di fhsj ed Audrhbed qud, trhs su`rlr ubh frlsls ed su slstdnh prjeuftlvj, ohshej db ih dxpijthflöb ed ih shi nhrlbh, ih gjrtlfuiturh y di vlbj, gh ijarhej rdvlthilzhr su tdmlej prjeuftlvj, ohsèbejsd db sus rdfursjs lbtdrbjs y ih elvdrsl`lfhflöb. D`dftlvhndbtd, di lnpuisj ed ih hftlvlehe shilbdrh gh sdrvlej ed dxfush phrh bufidhr ub ùdrtd bdrvlj dfjbönlfj qud sd ohsh db di turlsnj, di rdspdtj hi ndelj hnoldbtd y ijs hilndbtjs ed fhilehe. Ih shi ds di fjbelndbtj nès hbtlauj qud gh utlilzhej ih gunhblehe y tldbd thbth lnpjrthbflh phrh ih vleh gunhbh qud gh nhrfhej di edshrrjiij ed ih glstjrlh ed Auìrhbed. Di trhohmj ed ih shi fjb`jrnö ub hutìbtlfj yhflnldbtj ed dnpidj pjrqud sd rdfjidfthoh fjb tìfblfhs trhelfljbhids, h nhbj, qud sd rdnjbthb h ih ìpjfh ed ijs Fdiths. Vlb dnohraj, h ndelhejs edi slaij WW, ih shi lbeustrlhi phrdfîh ghodr ahbhej ed`lbltlvhndbtd ih ohthiih fjbtrh ih shi jotdbleh ed njej hrtdshbhi, hraundbthbej su pdjr fhilehe y hspdftj. Hsî, ihs shilbhs ed Auìrhbed, fjnj jtrhs thbths, fuyh prjeufflöb sd ghfîh h nhbj, tdbîh ijs eîhs fjbthejs. Hednès, su uolfhflöb db pidbh fjsth jffledbthi ed @rhbflh ihs ghfîh nuy hpdtdfloids fjnj tdrrdbjs phrh ih fjbstrufflöb ed vlvldbehs y ed lb`rhdstrufturhs turîstlfhs. Vlb dnohraj, ghflh 8<1;, guoj db @rhbflh ub njvlnldbtj fluehehbj qud ednhbehoh ub rdardsj h ihs trhelfljbds, h ijs prjeuftjs ijfhids, h ih rdfupdrhflöb ed phlshmds fuiturhids. Ihs shilbhs ed Auìrhbed drhb tjej dsj y hednès edsfuorîh di lbndbsj vhijr ed dsphfljs hb`loljs pjrqud ih idvd pdiîfuih ed hauh db ihs nhrlsnhs, adbdrh ub dbjrnd rdsdrvjrlj ed fjnleh phrh nuitltue ed hvds nlarhtjrlhs. Hftuhindbtd, di slstdnh prjeuftlvj ijfhi ed Auìrhbed sd hpjyh db ih ahbhedrîh, harlfuiturh y hftlvleheds tdrflhrlhs y hrtdshbhids y, sjord tjej, db hftlvleheds ilahehs hi turlnj, gjstdidrîh, rdsthurhflöb y fjndrflj. Dbtrd tjehs ihs hftlvleheds edsthfh ihs rdihfljbhehs fjb ihs shilbhs, qud sd drladb fjnj sdøh ed ledbtlehe y ijfjnjtjrh edi edshrrjiij nublflphi. D`dftlvhndbtd, ub arupj ed hbtlaujs shilbdrjs, ublejs h ubjs mövdbds fjb ahbhs ed hprdbedr di j`lflj, vjivldrjb h prjeuflr shi ed nhbdrh hrtdshbhi. Dstjs shilbdrjs sd jrahblzhrjb db fjjpdrhtlvh ed shilbdrjs y ousfhrjb fhbhids ed fjndrflhilzhflöb y vdbth ed ih shi db ijs flrfultjs ed prjeuftjs ed hith fhilehe y ed jrladb dfjiöalfj. Ij qud db su eîh ùd ub hraundbtj söilej db fjbtrh ed ih fhilehe ed ih shi hrtdshbhi, di fjijr arlsèfdj ed ih hrfliih qud fuord ih supdr`lfld ed ihs drhs ed dvhpjrhflöb, ds gjy ub hraundbtj ed vdbth nuy pjedrjsj= Ih shi arls ed Auìrhbed tldbd arhflhs h dsd fjijr di nhrfghnj ed trhelfljbhi . Ih fjjpdrhtlvh fjb ubjs ?4; shilbdrjs prjeufd ubhs <.;;; U/høj y tldbdb ubh `hfturhflöb ed 8? nliijbds ed durjs, gholdbej jotdblej elvdrsjs sdiijs ed fhilehe. Di shilbdrj tldbd ubh dehe ndelh ed 67 højs y tjejs ijs højs sd lbfjrpjrhb h ijs fursjs ed `jrnhflöb dbtrd 8; y ?; nès. Fjb tjej, ihs shilbhs ed Auìrhbed hphrdfdb ijzhbhs y ds bdfdshrlj ilnlthr ih prjeufflöb phrh bj pdredr su lnhadb ed hrtdshbhi.


Vlb dnohraj, di vhijr ed ih rdfupdrhflöb ed ihs shilbhs bj dstè db diih nlsnh, slbj db ijs sdftjrds vlbfuihejs j lbeuflejs pjr su edshrrjiij, dspdflhindbtd di turlsnj qud sd odbd`lflh ed ih rdfupdrhflöb y prjnjflöb edi pjtdbflhi oljiöalfj, dfjbönlfj y fuiturhi ed ihs zjbhs gýndehs fjstdrhs. Ih rdgholilthflöb ed ihs shilbhs y su dxpijthflöb fjbtrlouyd hi nhbtdblnldbtj ed ih oljelvdrslehe db zjbhs prjtdalehs, ij qud rdùdrzh di lbtdrìs ed ub edshrrjiij lbtdarhej y sjstdbloid fjnphtloid fjb di nìtjej ed rdfjidfflöb nhbuhi trhelfljbhi. Di prjydftj shilbdrj ed ih fjjpdrhtlvh gh pudstj db nhrfgh di rdfjbjflnldbtj y rdvhijrlzhflöb ed ih shi trhelfljbhi prjeufleh Dsphfljtlpjs Htièbtlfj. Tbh ndelehih bjrnhtlvh h dsfhih durjpdh qud pdrnltlrè di rdfjbjflnldbtj murîelfjdbedihsih zjbhs shi, ijsedi el`drdbtds ed shi prjeuflejs, phrh ih jotdbflöb ed ub sdiij ed fhilehe y su pjtdbflhi ed fjndrflhilzhflöb. Di prjydftj thnolìb trhth ed ousfhr hitdrbhtlvhs fjnj ih dxpijthflöb ed nlfrjhiahs y nlfrjjrahblsnjs, qud pdrnlth nhbtdbdr di pjtdbflhi dfjbönlfj y ih oljelvdrslehe ed ihs shilbhs. Db rdhilehe, ih rdvlthilzhflöb ed ih fuiturh ed ih hftlvlehe shilbdrh sd dstè hpjyhbej db ih `jrnhflöb, fjb ih fhpthflöb ed ijs shilbdrjs y su "shodr ghfdr" fjb di `lb ed trhbsnltlrijs h ubh budvh adbdrhflöb ed shilbdrjs y ih pudsth db vhijr turîstlfj ed ihs Vhilbhs Urhelfljbhids edi Hrfj Htièbtlfj, ledbtl`lfèbejihs bj söij fjnj prjeuftj ed hith fhilehe ahstrjbönlfh, slbj thnolìb fjnj vdftjr ed trhelflöb y fuiturh. Fjb nès ihraj hifhbfd, di prjydftj db rde, prdtdbed j`drthr ub prjeuftj turîstlfj edi fjbmubtj ed Vhilbhs Htièbtlfhs db ubh ruth qud lbtdard y rdedsfuorh h shilbhs prèftlfhndbtd hohbejbhehs fjnj ihs Fhstrj Nhrln, Idlrlh d @laudlrh eh @jz ([jrtuahi), fjb jtrhs rdfupdrhehs fjnj ihs ed Audrhbed d Lid ed _ì (@rhbflh) 6.?.5.Dstrhtdalhs ed ndrfhej y frdflnldbtj. [hijs ed ih @rjbtdrh, Gudivh, Dsphøh Db ih Tblöb Durjpdh dxlstdb dsphfljs d`lfldbtds y elbènlfjs, fjb hftlvleheds harhrlhs nuyfjnpdtltlvhs, fjb prjeuftjs ed prlnjr y ubh harlfuiturh ed ndrfhej, fjb lblflhtlvhs y ub bdrvlj dfjbönlfj su`lfldbtd phrh ùbfljbhr, fjb lbedpdbedbflh ed ihs hyuehs fjnublthrlhs y dsththids, y qud söij rdflodb suovdbfljbds db fjbthehs jfhsljbds, fjb ubnhrfhej fhrèftdr ed hpjyj. Db diijs sd ghb ehejdstrhtdalhs ed edshrrjiij rurhi dxltjshs, fhphfds ed fjnpdtlr db di ndrfhej. Dsths dstrhtdalhs bj bdfdslthb ed hyuehs bl ed hpjyjs dsththids j fjnublthrljs phrh nhbtdbdr ih pjoihflöb. H ndbuej ghb prjùbelzhej db ihs pjtdbflhileheds dbeöadbhs ed ih hftlvlehe harhrlh, hprjvdfghbejvdbthmhs fjnphrhtlvhs, yh sdhb filnètlfhs, dnprdshrlhids,deè`lfhs... Hftuhindbtd sjb vdrehedrjs yhflnldbtjs ed dnpidj d lbfiusj ùdrtds pjijs ed htrhfflöb ed lbnlarhbtds, fjnj jfurrd db ih gudrth nurflhbh, hilfhbtlbh, vhidbflhbh, db di Fhnpjs ed Ehiîhs db di Iltjrhi Hindrldbsd j db ih Uldrrh Iihbh db di sur ed ih [rjvlbflh ed Gudivh. Db ihs fjbelfljbds prjeuftlvhs hftuhids jotldbdb ubjs blvdids ed lbardsj, prjeuftlvlehe y rdnubdrhflöb shihrlhi rhzjbhoid, d lbfiusj didvhejs, qud pudedb sdr fhil`lfhejs fjnj ed ìxltj.

Tb dsphflj tlpj ed dstd edshrrjiij rurhi puded vdrsd db Di Fjbehej Iltjrhi ed Gudivh, ejbed sd gh dxpdrlndbthej ùdrtds trhbs`jrnhfljbds prjeuftlvhs qud lnpuishb ub hnpilj fhnolj y fjbsjilehb ih harlfuiturh fjnj sdftjr ed hrrhstrd, dspdflhindbtd hrtlfuiheh db tjrbj h ih prjeufflöb ed `rdshs y fîtrlfjs. Diij sd gh trheuflej db ub lbtdbsj elbhnlsnj ed pdqudøhs y ndelhbhs y dnprdshs dstrufturhehs db fjjpdrhtlvhs qud sd dstèb lbsdrthbej db di nhrfj ed ubh dfjbjnîh lbtdrbhfljbhi y fjbtrlouydb h ih fjbstrufflöb ed ih Tblöb Durjpdh. Vlb eueh, ih glstjrlh dfjbönlfh edi Fjbehej Iltjrhi, sd fhrhftdrlzöpjr ub htrhsj db di edshrrjiij rurhi, qud vldbd ed idmjs y prdsdbth nufghs fjnpidmleheds. Ih sltuhflöb dstuvj rdihfljbheh fjb ubh dsfhsh lbeustrlhilzhflöb y ih vlbfuihflöb ed ih dfjbjnîh h ihs hftlvleheds prlnhrlhs nhralbhids. Gjy, ih harlfuiturh fjbfdbtrh ih nhyjr phrtd ed ih pjoihflöb jfupheh y h su ndrfhej ed trhohmj sd lbfjrpjr h ubh didvheh ùdrzh ihojrhi ed lbnlarhbtds. Ihs budvhs ùbfljbds qud iidahb hi dsphflj edi Fjbehej sd rdihfljbhb fjb di turlsnj rurhi, hnoldbthi y ed pihyh, pdrj db blbaýb fhsj pudedb sustltulr di ùdrtd bdrvlj dfjbönlfjed ih hftlvlehe harhrlh. Di njedij ed edshrrjiij rurhi fjb dstrhtdalh ed frdflnldbtj puded sdr josdrvhej db [hijs ed ih @rjbtdrh y su Fjnublehe ed _dahbtds. Vd dxtldbed pjr tjej di tìrnlbj edi nublflplj jbuodbsd ed [hijs ed ih @rjbtdrh y

Nèrqudz, M.H (?;88)= Ndtjejijaîh edi edshrrjiij ijfhi. Dstrhtdalhs d lbstrundbtjs [èalbh 8? ed 8<

8.05<,67 Ghs. edi tìrnlbj ed Njaudr, jfuphehs pjr dxpijthfljbds harhrlhs, fuyjs rdfursjs ed hauh adstljbh ih fltheh Fjnublehe. Db tjthi, ih supdr`lfld vlbfuiheh h ih Fjnublehe ed _dahbtds ds ed 0.415,67 gdftèrdhs y ih pjoihflöb dstlnheh ed gdfgj vhrîh dbtrd ihs <.;;; pdrsjbhs edi pdrîjej ed ndbjr ednhbeh ed nhbj ed jorh db ijs fhnpjs ed `rdshs, j sdh dbtrd bjvldnord y elfldnord, y ihs nès ed ?4.;;; pdrsjbhs db horli, nds qud fjlbfled fjb ih ednhbeh nèxlnh ed ùdrzh ed trhohmj phrh ih rdfjidfflöb ed dsd fuitlvj. Di slstdnh prjeuftlvj, qud pjerîh iihnhrsd harhrlj, prdsdbth nuitltue ed dnprdshs y dxpijthfljbds qud, pjr su prjplh fjnpdtltlvlehe, trhohmhb fjb dstrufturh ed ’fiýstdr j fýnuijs dnprdshrlhids lbeuflejs pjr ih `rdsh„, y

sd fhrhftdrlzh pjr ihs edbshs rdihfljbds dfjbönlfhs y sjflhids edbtrj edi nublflplj. [drj db [hijs dxlstd ub sdaubej slstdnh prjeuftlvj, qud puded iihnhrsd lbeustrlhi y fjbfdbtrh pjfhs dnprdshs ed ijs sdftjrds dbdraìtlfjs y ed quînlfh oèslfh. Vd fhrhftdrlzhedpjr fjb`jrnhr ubh rde ededilbtdrdsds d lbtdrbhfljbhids qudihutlilzhb ihs vdbthmhs fjnphrhtlvhs sltuhflöb y dnpihzhnldbtj tìrnlbj ybhfljbhids ih dstrhtdalh edi [udrtj ed Gudivh. Ih rhzöb fjbfrdth ed dstd edshrrjiij fjb frdflnldbtj puded rhstrdhrsd db ih fjbstrufflöb ed ’elstrltj rurhi„

qud, db di sdbtlej edi vldmj fjbfdptj ed ijs elstrltjs lbeustrlhids, sd hfdrfh h ub tlpj ed edshrrjiij dbeöadbj fiustdrlhbj pdrj, fjnjquldrh qud ih prjeufflöb harîfjih gh fjb`jrnhej ub slstdnh prjeuftlvj nuy dxtrjvdrtlej, ds pjsloid pdbshr db tìrnlbjs ed rde, fjnj budvj phrhelanh y tdrfdrh vîh8 fhphz ed dxpilfhr dstd tlpj ed edshrrjiij. D`dftlvhndbtd, ihs rdihfljbds db rde dbtrd ijs harlfuitjrds ijfhids, prjfdshejrds, elstrloulejrds y nlbjrlsths tldbdb ih ìdxlolilehe su`lfldbtd phrh hehpthrsd h ijs fhnoljs tdfbjiöalfjs y ed ndrfhej, pdrj hi nlsnj tldnpj, pdrnltd qud arhb phrtd edi vhijr høhelej db ih harlfuiturh pdrnhbdfdr edbtrj edi slstdnh prjeuftlvj ijfhi, db iuahr ed sdr fhpturhej pjr pjedrds dxöadbj. [drj hednès, dsth tdrfdrh vîh ed edshrrjiij db rde, sîbtdsls dbtrd dbeöadbj y dxöadbj, pdrnltd nhbtdbdr di hprdbelzhmd y ijs prjfdsjs ed lbbjvhflöb db ubh pjslflöb holdrth qud sd fjbstruydb db ih fjb`lhbzh. 5.Lbstrundbtjs phrh di edshrrjiij ijfhi Ijs lbstrundbtjs phrh rdhilzhr edshrrjiij ijfhi sjb elvdrsjs y sd id pjerîh josdrvhr edsed di pubtj ed vlsth dstrufturhi, fjyubturhi j ed ih pihbl`lfhflöb. 5.8.Lbstrundbtjs dstrufturhids. Fjbfdmhiîhs ed Edshrrjiij Ijfhi Dbtrd ijs lbstrundbtjs dstrufturhids phrh di edshrrjiij ijfhi dstèb di fjjpdrhtlvlsnj, ihs hadbflhs ed edshrrjiij ijfhi…, ijs Arupjs ed Edshrrjiij _urhi, pdrj fjorh dspdflhi lnpjrthbflh ih pdrnhbdbflh y ihojr ed ihs Fjbfdmhiîhs ed edshrrjiij ijfhi. Hftlvleheds ed edshrrjiij ijfhi. Hiaubhs lnpilfhfljbds ed Fjbfdmhiîhs ed Edshrrjiij Ijfhi Nublflplj Gholthbtds Hftlvlehe EI [rjvlbflh Vhbth Nhrîh ed Fhyöb 7.785 Hadbeh Ijfhi ?8 Fhbthorlh Njrhth ed Uhmuøh 1.67? Dnprdbedij Nherle Njbhfgli 1.?<5 Harlfuiturh dfjiöalfh Arhbheh Fueliidrj 4.106 Nlfrjfrìeltjs phrh mövdbds Hsturlhs Ejs Ujrrds ?.406 Glstjrlh y edshrrjiij ijfhi Förejoh Drnuh 80.8<0 Vdnhbh edi edshrrjiij ijfhi Plzfhyh Udaudstd 8;.168 Lnpuisj turlsnj Vth.F.Udbdrl`d @udbtd. Qdos nublflphids ?;88. Dihojrhflöb Muhb H. Nèrqudz

5.?. Lbstrundbtjs fjyubturhids. Lbfdbtlvjs phrh di edshrrjiij ijfhi Ijs lbstrundbtjs ed fjyubturh rdspjbedb h jpjrtubleheds qud sd pihbtdhb tdnpjrhindbtd, slb qud sd hsdaurd su pdrnhbdbflh db di tldnpj. Ihs nlfrj`lbhbzhs, ijs prjarhnhs ed `jrnhflöb, ih frdhflöb ed hsjflhfljbds y/j rdeds phrh fjbsdaulr edtdrn lbhejs jomdtlvjs… y ijs lbfdbtlvjs rdaljbhids, bhfljbhids y suprhbhfljbhids sjb dmdnpijs ed lbstrundbtjs ed fjyubturh. [uded fjbsledrhrsd qud di edshrrjiij sd lnpuish edsed ùdrh ‖prlndrh vîh-, edsed edbtrj ‖sdaubeh vîh- j fjnj ed `jrnh lbtdrndelh, edsed ùdrh y edsed edbtrj, -tdrfdrh vîh-

8


Dspdflhindbtd dstjs ýitlnjs ghb tdblej ubh lbfledbflh bdahtlvh sjord di edshrrjiij ijfhi, yh qud, h ndbuej sd ghb fjbùbelej fjb dstrufturhs edi edshrrjiij. Db rdhilehe, dsths ndelehs ed hfjnphøhnldbtj hi edshrrjiij, nufghs vdfds ijfhi, ghb slej fjbsledrhehs dstrhtdalhs ed edshrrjiij, db prjfdsjs ed`jrnhejs edi edshrrjiij ejbed prlnhohb fjnj ihs vlsljbds ed ejbed phrtîhb ijslbfurrlìbejsd lbfdbtlvjs. [jr sudrtd, dsth sltuhflöb dstè fhnolhbej, pdrj fjb`jrnh ih iltdrhturh nès hnpilh qud rdfjbjfd, pjr dmdnpij db ijs lbfdbtlvjs, di nhyjr hpjrtd phrh di edshrrjiij ijfhi. Di hbèilsls ed prjydftjs tlpj Idhedr d lbtdrrda, `lbhbflhejs pjr ih Tblöb Durjpdh gh dbfuoldrtj jtrhs lblflhtlvhs y dstrhtdalhs dbeöadbhs, nuy lbtdrdshbtds y hutöbjnhs, qud bj `jrnhb phrtd ed ih dstheîstlfh j`lflhi 5.6.@laurhs ed pihbl`lfhflöb. [ihbds dstrhtìalfjs ed edshrrjiij Fjnj lbstrundbtjs ed pihbl`lfhflöb dstrhtìalfh phrh di edshrrjiij ijfhi pudedb fjbsledrhrsd ijs ejfundbtjs y bjrnhtlvhs rdihfljbhejs fjb di urohblsnj, pdrj edolej h su fjbfdpflöb phrflhi edi tdrrltjrlj, sjb nès hprjplhejs fjbsledrhr jtrhs `laurhs qud, slb tdbdr fhrèftdr bjrnhtlvj y sdr vjiubthrljs, pudedb lbflelr nès db di edshrrjiij ijfhi, fjnj ihs hadbehs ijfhids ?8, pihbds elrdftjrds ed edshrrjiij ijfhi j pihbds dstrhtìalfjs ed edshrrjiij, yh sdhb aijohids j sdftjrlhids. Uhids pihbds tldbdb ih fjbsledrhflöb ed dstrhtìalfjs pjr fuhbej fjbeufdb ih hftuhflöb ed ubh fjnublehe ghflh dsfdbhrljs ed ndmjrh y prjardsj.

Fjnjquldrh qud ih dihojrhflöb ed dstjs [ihbds ed edshrrjiij ijfhi sjb vjiubthrljs, thnolìb ds su edbjnlbhflöb. Vlb dnohraj, fjb `rdfudbflh, sd dnpldzhb h iihnhr [ihbds Dstrhtìalfjs ed edshrrjiij, qud rdfjbjfdb ubh glstjrlh lblflètlfh db ih dstrhtdalh nlilthr y ubh prèftlfh fjtlelhbh ed ihs arhbeds dnprdshs y fjrpjrhfljbds. Db ih pihbl`lfhflöb dstrhtìalfh sd phrtd ed qud di ùturj bj ds ub edstlbj lbdxjrhoid. Ih pihbl`lfhflöb dstrhtìalfh ds ubh gdrrhnldbth qud trhth ed fjbeuflr di ùturj fjbstruydbej dsfdbhrljs qud ndmjrdb ihs fjbelfljbds hftuhids ed vleh. Ndmjrh hilndbthrlh, vlvldbehs, fhnlbjs, pudbtds, hdrjpudrtjs, nurhiihs, hutjplsths, rd`jrdsthfljbds, gjsplthids... fhnoljs susthbflhids db di tdrrltjrlj sjb pjsloids fjb ih vjiubthe gunhbh. Ih pihbl`lfhflöb dstrhtìalfh prjnjvleh pjr hadbtds pýoilfjs y prlvhejs trhth ed ahbhr, fjbsjilehr j hifhbzhr ih fjnpdtltlvlehe rdqudrleh phrh ih lbsdrflöb dfjbönlfj-sjflhi db ub fjbtdxtj nhrfhej pjr ih aijohilzhflöb, ih


fjnpdtdbflh dbtrd tdrrltjrljs y ih njvlilehe ed ihs dnprdshs. Db adbdrhi, ih pihbl`lfhflöb dstrhtìalfh, fjnj sd ed`lbd db di [ihb dstrhtìalfj ed Pltjrlh (?;;4), pdrnltd phrtlflphr db ih fjbstrufflöb edi prjplj ùturj, dvlthbej qudehr h ndfde ed ijs hvhthrds edi dbtjrbj y puded sdr hpilfheh h elstlbths dsfhihs y db el`drdbtds ènoltjs tdrrltjrlhids y sdftjrlhids. Db dstd fjbtdxtj, ihs elndbsljbds edi iuahr, j blfgj dfjiöalfj edi pjedr, yh sdh dfjbönlfj, sjflhi j tdfbjiöalfj sd dstè pdr`lihbej fjnj dsphflj phrhelanètlfj edi edshrrjiij, yh qud ih fhphflehe ed adbdrhr fjbsdbsjs sjflhids, ih fuiturh dnprdshrlhi, ih fuhil`lfhflöb y gholileheds ed ijs rdfursjs gunhbjs, ihs slbdralhs edi slstdnh deufhtlvj, ijs rdfursjs bhturhids, di phlshmd... y ih ledbtlehe, fjnj pjtdbflhileheds prjeuftlvhs bj sjb edsijfhilzhoids y fjnj dstrufturh sjflhi ds el`îflindbtd lbmdrthoid. Hsî, di dsphflj ijfhi dndrad fjnj ubj ed ijs ènoltjs nès hedfuhejs phrh rdhilzhr pihbl`lfhflöb dstrhtìalfh d lnpuishr di edshrrjiij ijfhi. Ih ndtjejijaîh phrh ih pihbl`lfhflöb dstrhtìalfh tldbd qud sdr ed `èfli hehpthflöb h ijs fhnoljs qud sd prjeuzfhb. Ijs tdrrltjrljs bj sjb ubleheds `lmhs d lbvhrlhoids. Di fjbtlbuj fhnolj db qud fuhiquldr hftuhflöb sd pihbdh edod dsthr sjndtleh h ih pjslolilehe ed njel`lfhflöb. Ih rlaledz db ub pihbtdhnldbtj lblflhi fjbeuflrè tjej di prjfdsj hi `rhfhsj `lbhi ([umhehs, _. y @jbt, M., 8<<7). Ed tjehs `jrnhs, ih pihbl`lfhflöb dstrhtìalfh bj henltd rdfdths ublvdrshids bl ubh ndtjejijaîh fdrrheh, pjrqud fheh tdrrltjrlj prdsdbth fhrhftdrîstlfhs slbauihrds. Ih elùslöb ed ih pihbl`lfhflöb dstrhtìalfh vldbd eheh pjr ih utlilzhflöb ed ndtjejijaîhs sdbfliihs y pdehaöalfhndbtd dxltjshs, qud ghb iidvhej hi dbtdbelnldbtj ed ijs elstlbtjs hadbtds qud lnpuishb di edshrrjiij. Ih ledh ed pihbl`lfhflöb dstrhtìalfh edod phrtlr ed ijs hadbtds j hftjrds edi edshrrjiij y edod fjbfrdthrsd db ih frdhflöb ed ubh ndsh ed fjbfdrthflöb sjflhi qud rdprdsdbtd y hýbd tjejs ijs lbtdrdsds y vjiubtheds ed ih fjnublehe ijfhi. Dsth ndsh ed fjbfdrthflöb edod fjbstltulrsd db njtjr ed tjeh ih pihbl`lfhflöb dstrhtìalfh y rdtrjhilndbthr fjbtlbuhndbtd di prjfdsj, ed`lbldbej ih Nlslöb y Plslöb ed ih fjnublehe ijfhi, fjnj pubtjs ed phrtleh y iidaheh ed ih pihbl`lfhflöb dstrhtìalfh.

Dthphs ed ih [ihbl`lfhflöb dstrhtìalfh

8.NDVH ED FJBFD_UHFLJB VJFLHI-UDFBLFH

?.NLVLJB \ PLVLJB 6.NHF_JDBUJ_BJ

5.NLF_JDBUJ_BJ 4.HBÈILVLV LBUD_BJ 0.ELHABJVULFJ 1.DMDV

DVU_HUDALFJV 7.HFUTHFLJBDV

MHNE

47

<.FTHE_J ED NHBEJ

Ih Nlslöb ds ij qud ds3 fjbstltuyd ih rhzöb ed sdr ed fuhiquldr jrahblzhflöb. Gh ed ehr rdspudsth, dbtrd jtrhs, h ihs slauldbtds prdaubths db rdihflöb h ih vlsuhilzhflöb hftuhi ed ih Fjnublehe Ijfhi y su dsfdbhrlj ed vleh= ºh qud sd edelfhb, db qud sd el`drdbflhb, db qud frddb y qud vhijrds tldbdb:.


Ih Plslöb ds ij qud quldrd iidahr h sdr fuhiquldr jrahblzhflöb3 h trhvìs ed ub gjrlzjbtd tdnpjrhi. Gh ed sdr ub sudøj rdhilzhoid qud pdrnlth fjbstrulr ub dsfdbhrlj ed vleh ndmjr qud di hftuhi. Ujehs ihs dbtleheds y jrahblzhfljbds lnpilfhejs tldbdb qud phrtlflphr ghfldbej ìulr sus ledhs ed nhbdrh qud ijs `hftjrds qud hftýhb db di tdrrltjrlj sdhb fjbsledrhejs edsed di njndbtj ed su dihojrhflöb y qud blbaýb ènoltj ed hftuhflöb quded husdbtd db ih lnpihbthflöb ndtjejiöalfh fjb jomdtj ed fjbsdaulr ih dstrufturh iöalfh y jredbheh, dsthoidfleh ndelhbtd ih phrtlflphflöb ed hadbtds sjfljdfjbönlfjs fjb el`drdbtds pdrfdpflöb ed ih rdhilehe tdrrltjrlhi (Aöndz Jrdh, ?;;?). H su vdz, ih Ndsh ed Fjbfdrthflöb Vjflhi edod dsthr hsdsjrheh pjr ub aholbdtd tìfblfj, qud dihojrh ijs ejfundbtjs edi [ihb Dstrhtìalfj slauldbej sus elrdftrlfds, qud sd edodrîhb hedfuhr h ihs slauldbtds dthphs= Hbèilsls tdrrltjrlhi, ejbed sd dstuelh di nhfrjdbtjrbj, di nlfrjdbtjrbj y ijs `hftjrds y hadbtds lbtdrbjs, ghfldbej dspdflhi glbfhplì db hqudiijs rdfursjs qud pueldrhb pjtdbflhr di edshrrjiij ijfhi y ihs vdbthmhs fjnpdtltlvhs. Elhaböstlfjs sdftjrlhids y adbdrhids, ejbed sd dvhiýhb y dxpjbdb ihs Edolileheds j jostèfuijs lbtdrbjs, ihs Hndbhzhs j pdilarjs dxtdrbjs, ihs @jrthidzhs j vdbthmhs fjnpdtltlvhs lbtdrbhs y ihs Jpjrtubleheds j pjslolileheds dxtdrbhs phrh di edshrrjiij ijfhi. Diij edodrîh ehr iuahr h ubh fhrtdrh ed prjoidnhs qud jrldbthsd h ihs ndshs ed fjbfdrthflöb sjflhi y tìfblfh db ih prjpudsth ed Dmds dstrhtìalfjs Dmds dstrhtìalfjs ed edshrrjiij , ejbed sd sdidffljbhb ijs `hftjrds ijfhids nès lbtdrdshbtds y hedfuhejs phrh lnpuishr di edshrrjiij ùturjs ghflh di qud sd prjydfth ih fjnublehe ‖Plslöb- Ds ih dthph nès fjnpidmh pjrqud sd trhth ed ledbtl`lfhr ijs Dmds Dstrhtìalfjs ed Edshrrjiij, jrldbthejs h supdrhr ihs edolileheds, dvlthr ihs hndbhzhs, nhbtdbdr ihs `jrthidzhs y hprjvdfghr ihs jpjrtubleheds phrh pjbdr db vhijr ihs ùdbtds ed vdbthmhs fjnpdtltlvhs thids fjnj ijs rdfursjs bhturhids, ihs dstrufturhs dnprdshrlhids, ihs fjbelfljbds ed ih ednhbeh y ed slbdralhs prjeuftlvhs ([jrtdr, 8<<8).

H prljrl, ijs Dmds Dstrhtìalfjs ed Edshrrjiij edodrîhb ed sdr pjfjs, dbtrd 6 y 1, fjgdrdbtds fjb nlslöb-vlslöb, y fdbtrhejs db ijs tdnhs ùbehndbthids edi edshrrjiij, fjnj= -[rljrlzhr ihs pjiîtlfhs qud dstlnuidb ub lbfrdndbtj db ih thsh ed dnpidj. Ed ubh nhbdrh dspdflhi, db rdihflöb h ijs fjidftlvjs ndbjs `hvjrdflejs= numdrds, mövdbds y nhyjrds ed 54 højs. Dsth pjiîtlfh edodrè fjnpidndbthrsd fjb jtrhs qud dstlnuidb ub lbfrdndbtj ih hftlvlehe. -@hflilthr ih dvjiuflöb ghflh ih sjfldehe edi fjbjflnldbtj prjnjvldbej budvjs sdftjrds ed hftlvlehe db ub nhrfj ed d`lfldbflh y ed phrtlflphflöb phrh ahrhbtlzhr ubh fhilehe ed vleh dsthoid y di prjardsj ed sus fluehehbjs. -Ahrhbtlzhr ih fjgdslöb sjflhi ed sus gholthbtds prjùbelzhbej db ih fuiturh phrtlflphtlvh. Ihs hftuhfljbds sd haruphb db dmds ed edshrrjiij y sd prjpjbdb ubh vdz rdhilzhej di hbèilsls tdrrltjrlhi, ijs elhaböstlfjs sdftjrlhids y ijs dmds ed edshrrjiij. Db diihs sd edodb fjbsledrhr dsdbflhindbtd ijs trds prlbflplj edi edshrrjiij= di edshrrjiij= frdflnldbtj dfjbönlfj, dqulehe y sustdbtholilehe hnoldbthi. -Di frdflnldbtj dfjbönlfj edod sdr hutjsjstdblej pjr ihs jrahblzhfljbds y dstrufturhs sjflhids ed ihs qud sd odbd`lflh. [uded dvhiuhrsd pjr ihs lbvdrsljbds bdfdshrlhs db fheh hftuhflöb. -Ih dqulehe sd nled pjr ih elstrlouflöb ed ijs odbd`lfljs edi edshrrjiij hi fjbmubtj ed ih pjoihflöb qud gholth di tdrrltjrlj. [uded vhijrhrsd pjr ih fhbtlehe ed pudstjs ed trhohmj ijfhids qud adbdrh. -Ih sustdbtholilehe hnoldbthi sd jrldbth h ubh dxpijthflöb edi phtrlnjblj bhturhi y fuiturhi bj hardslvh y qud pdrnlth prjfdsjs ed rdslildbflh. [uded fhilorhrsd h trhvìs ed ih ndmjrh j di edtdrljrj hnoldbthi.

[drj, hednès, phrh fheh hftuhflöb, lbtdbthbej j`rdfdr jrldbthfljbds iöalfhs, sd edod fjbstrulr ubh `lfgh ejbed sd ledbtl`lfhrè= 8 Jomdtlvjs qud edodrîhb funpilrsd. ? Jrahblsnjs y/j pdrsjbhs `îslfhs j murîelfhs rdspjbshoids ed su `lbhbflhflöb. 6 Jrahblsnjs y/j pdrsjbhs `îslfhs j murîelfhs dbfhrahehs ed su dmdfuflöb. 5 [udstjs ed trhohmj dstlnhejs phrh edshrrjiihr ih hftuhflöb. 4 Tolfhflöb j uolfhfljbds adjarè`lfhs prd`drdbtds. 0 Phijrhflöb dfjbönlfh hprjxlnheh ed ih hftuhflöb.


Tbh fuhbtl`lfhflöb bunìrlfh, qud ndelrîh di arhej ed prljrlehe j blvdi mdrèrqulfj ed ih hftuhflöb. Edod sdr rdhilzheh pjr ub dqulpj ed trhohmj tdbldbej db fudbth= ih trhbsvdrshilehe y slbdralhs ed ihs hftuhfljbds3 ih `hftlolilehe j pjslolileheds rdhids njbdthrlhs3 ih sjflholilehe j adbdrhflöb ed pudstjs ed trhohmj3 ijs d`dftjs ndelhtjs d lbndelhtjs ed ihs hftuhfljbds sjord di ndelj hnoldbtd. 1

Dsqudnh ndtjejiöalfj phrh vhijrhr ihs hftuhfljbds, ohmj ijs phrèndtrjs edi frdflnldbtj dfjbönlfj, dqulehe y sustdbtholilehe hnoldbthi Phijrds bjrnhilzhejs Lbvdrsljbds, frdflnldbtj dfjbönlfj Dqulehe, pudstjs ed trhohmj frdhejs Vustdbtholilehe hnoldbthi Vlbdralhs, UJUHIDV

Ed ‖6 h ndbjs ed 8 Ed 8 h ndbjs ed ? Ghsth ndbjs ed Blbaubh 6;.;;; durjs 8 pudstj ed Blbaubj trhohmj

Ed ? h ndbjs ed 6 Ed 6;.;;; h 0;.;;; durjs Ed ? h 4 pudstjs ed trhohmj

Edtdrljrj

Ndmjrh

Vunh

Lbel`drdbtd

Vunh Vunh @udbtd= Nèrqudz, M.H. (?;;8)

6 y nès Nès ed 0;.;;; durjs Nès ed 4 pudstjs ed trhohmj Ndmjrh edi ndelj Vunh

Ih prjpudsth ed ihs hftuhfljbds tldbd qud tdbdr jrladb db ub dxghustlvj fjbjflnldbtj edi dsphflj tdrrltjrlhi thbtj `îslfhndbtd fjnj sjflhi y dfjbönlfhndbtd, lbtdarhbej ih pjoihflöb fjnj ub didndbtj nès h fjbsledrhr y sus pjsloids vhrlhfljbds. Ujeh ih lb`jrnhflöb edod flrfuihr y ghfdrsd pýoilfh, pjbldbej db fjbjflnldbtj ed ijs h`dfthejs ihs hftuhfljbds qud vhb h lnpuishr di edshrrjiij, horldbej adbdrjshndbtd tjejs ijs fhufds ed phrtlflphflöb. Fjb dstjs hbtdfdedbtds, sd edod pihbtdhr dthphs qud dbfhuzhrhb di [ihb Dstrhtìalfj fjnj ub slstdnh ed hpjyj h ih edflslöb y ub ejfundbtj lb`jrnhtlvj. Hsî, ih ndtjejijaîh sd ledbtl`lfh nès fjb di prjfdsj elrdffljbhi hi qud sd edodb jrldbthr ijs dsfdbhrljs ed edshrrjiij. Ýblfhndbtd ub fjbjflnldbtj prjùbej edi tdrrltjrlj pdrnltlrè trhzhr ijs fhnlbjs pjr ijs fuhids edod trhbslthr ubh sjfldehe ahbhejrh. Ijs tìfblfjs y ijs hftjrds edi edshrrjiij ijfhi edodb tdmdr ih hrqultdfturh sjflhi qud lnpuisd ub budvj dsfdbhrlj ed prjardsj. Ih `jrnh phrh josdrvhr sl di fhnlbj ds hedfuhej, ih nhrfh di fuherj ed nhbej, ih orýmuih edi prjydftj, qud fjtdmh y dbnhrfh frjbjiöalfhndbtd, h trhvìs ed lbelfhejrds vdrl`lfhoids jomdtlvjs, ihs hftuhfljbds ijarhehs y ijs jomdtlvjs fjbsdaulejs. Hi nlsnj tldnpj, puded hyuehr h fjrrdalr j rdpihbtdhr di runoj edi pihb dstrhtìalfj, hbtd lb`jrnhfljbds budvhs y fhnoljs db ijs dsfdbhrljs hftuhids. Dsqudnh ed ihs vhrlhoids prlbflphids qud edod fjbtdbdr ub fuherj ed nhbej phrh fheh hftuhflöb Phrlhoids Edsfrlpflöb DMD DVU_HU ALFJ Dbubflhr di dmd dstrhtìalfj qud sd trhtd HFUTHFL B Dbubflhr ih hftuhflöb fjnprdbeleh db di Dmd PHIJ_ ED IH HFUTHFLÖB Phijrds bjrnhilzhejs, ejbed sd josdrvh ih prljrlehe [drsjbhs j pdrsjbh rdspjbshoid ed su funpilnldbtj _DV[JBVHOIDV L.P.J. Lbelfhejr j lbelfhejrds vdrl`lfhoids jomdtlvjs @dfghs frjbjiöalfhs ed lblflj y funpilnldbtj FHIDBEH_LJ _dfursjs `lbhbfldrjs u ed jtrj _DFT_VJV BDFDVH_LJV Db fhsj ed lbfunpilnldbtj, dxpilfhr rhzjbds y elsdøhr ub pihb O. JOVD_PHFLJBDV Dihojrhflöb Muhb H. Nèrqudz

D`dftlvhndbtd, ih lb`jrnhflöb ds nuy lnpjrthbtd, slb dnohraj hphrdfd lbýtli, slbj sd trhbs`jrnh db fjbjflnldbtj. [drj hednès, ìstd rdsuith jfljsj sl bj slrvd phrh ndmjrhr ih rdhilehe db qud vlvlnjs. 4.Oloiljarh`îh y ùdbtds ejfundbthids Hiourqudrqud, @. (?;;?)= Edshrrjiij dfjbönlfj tdrrltjrlhi. Lbstltutj ed Edshrrjiij _daljbhi, Vdvliih. Hi`jbsj Ali, M. (fjjre.) (?;;?). Dnprdsh d lbbjvhflöb db ih Tblöb Durjpdh. Nherle= De. Nlbdrvh. Hntnhbb Njyhbj y jtrjs (?;;6)= Deufhfljb y pjordzh. Deltjrlhi [ubthbadids. T[IH. Phiphrhîsj.


Hrrjw, M. C. (de.) (8<77). Ugd ohihbfd odtwddb Lbeustry hbe Harlfuiturd lb Dfjbjnlf Edvdijpndbt. Ijberds= NhfNliihb. Ohbfj Lbtdrhndrlfhbj ed edshrrjiij (8<74)= [rjydftj ed edshrrjiij= [ihbl`lfhflöb, lnpidndbthflöb y fjbtrji. OLE. Orhsli, Nìxlfj E@, Deltjrlhi Ilnush. Odfhttlbl, A. \ _uiihbl, D. (8<<0). Vlstdnhs prjeuftlvjs ijfhids y ndrfhej aijohi. Db= Lb`jrnhflöb Fjndrflhi Dsphøjih, b½145, pp. 88-?5. Odfhttlbl, Alhfjnj (?;;0)= Ih jruah y ih nhrlpjsh. Tb fhsj dmdnpihr ed edshrrjiij db ih Lthilh ed ijs elstrltjs lbeustrlhids= [rhtj (8<45-8<<6). Tblvdrslehe ed Phiihejile. Odfc, Trilfg (8<<7), ºXuì ds ih aijohilzhflöb: @hihflhs edi aijohilsnj, rdspudsths h ih aijohilzhflöb. Ohrfdijbh, Deltjrlhi [hleös. Odiidt, N.3 Fjiidtls, A. \ Iuba, \. (des.) (8<<6). Dfjbjnld ed prjxlnltlds. Db= _dvud eµDfjbjnld _ìaljbhid dt Trohlbd, b½ 6 Býndrj Dspdflhi, pp. 641-605. Odbltj edi [jzj, [. (?;;?)= [htrlnjblj lbeustrlhi y fuiturh edi tdrrltjrlj. Ojidtîb ed ih H.A.D. b½ 65 pp. ?86??1 Odrlfht, D. (8<<6)= Ih tdjrîh edi vhfîj rurhi, db Edshrrjiij _urhi Hbehiuz h ihs pudrths edi slaij WWL, Mubth ed Hbehiufîh, Vdvliih, pp. 54-45. Ol`hbl [. (8<<<)= Ndelj hnoldbtd y edshrrjiij sjstdbloid. Ldphih, Nherle Ojlsldr, V. (8<<<)= Udjrîhs y ndtè`jrhs sjord di edshrrjiij rdaljbhi. Fdphi, Vhbtlhaj ed Fglid Ojlsldr, V. (8<<<)= Udjrîhs y ndtè`jrhs sjord di edshrrjiij tdrrltjrlhi. Fdphi, Vhbtlhaj ed Fglid. Ojlsldr, V. (?;;8). Edshrrjiij (ijfhi)= ºed quì dsthnjs ghoihbej:, db Urhbs`jrnhfljbds aijohids, lbstltufljbds y pjiîtlfhs ed edshrrjiij ijfhi. Gjnj Vhpldbs, _jshrlj, Hradbtlbh, pp. 8-??. Ojrmh, Mjrel (?;;6), Ih fluehe fjbqulstheh. Hilhbzh Dbshyj. Ohrfdijbh. Ojrmh, Mjrel y Fhstdiis, Nhbudi (8<<1), Ijfhi y aijohi. Ih adstlöb ed ihs flueheds db ih drh ed ih lb`jrnhflöb. Deltjrlhi Uhurus. Nherle. Ojsfgnh, _. H. (?;;4). [rjxlnlty hbe Lbbjvhtljb= H Frltlfhi Hssdssndbt. Db= _daljbhi Vtuelds, Pji. 6<, b½8, pp. 08-15. Fhodrj Eldaudz, P. (8<<1)= Edi qudghfdr adjarè`lfj y ed ihs trhbs`jrnhfljbds tdrrltjrlhids, db Fhnoljs _daljbhids h `lbhids edi slaij WW. HAD, Vhihnhbfh3 pp.<-87. Fhbj Ahrfîh, A. (8<70)= Hbèilsls Adjarè`lfj _daljbhi, Tblvdrslehe ed Vdvliih, Vdvliih. Fhpdi, G. (8<<0)= Ih rdgholilthflöb y di usj edi phtrlnjblj glstörlfj lbeustrlhi , Ejfundbts e“Hbëilsl Adjarë`îfh, b½ ?<, pèas. 8<-4;. Fhprh, @rlmj` (?;;6), Ihs fjbdxljbds jfuiths. Hbharhnh. Ohrfdijbh. Fhrplj, Mjsì y Dilzhied, H.(?;;<)= Ij ijfhi= ènoltj ed fjbtdbflöb ed ih aijohilzhflöb pdrvdrsh. [jils, rdvlsth ed ih Tblvdrslehe Ojilvhrlhbh, vjiundb 7, b½ ??, pp. 1-81 Fhrrdrj, H. M. (8<<7)= Phivdred edi Fhnlbj y di edshrrjiij ijfhi. Di fhizhej. Hyubthnldbtj ed Phivdred edi Fhnlbj. Lnprdbth Oditrèb, Vhb Muhb edi [udrtj. Fjiidtls, A. y [dfqudur, O. (8<<4). Elbènlfh tdrrltjrlhi y `hftjrds ed fjnpdtdbflh dsphflhi., db Edshrrjiij dfjbönlfj ijfhi db Durjph. Fjidalj ed Dfjbjnlsths ed Nherle, Nherle, pp. 16-<;. Edl Jtthtl, A. (8<<0). Di elstrltj lbeustrlhi y di dqulilorlj dbtrd fjjpdrhflöb y fjnpdtdbflh. Db= Lb`jrnhflöb Fjndrflhi Dsphøjih, b½ 145, pp. 74-<4. Edijrs (8<<5)=. Frdflnldbtj, fjnpdtltlvlehe y dnpidj, Fjnlslöb Durjpdh Orusdihs= 8<<5. Ednlba, Q. Dewhres (8<70)= Jut j` tgd Frlsls. NLU [rdss. Ejurjmdhbbl, H. (?;;;)= [rjfdelnldbtjs ed adstlöb phrh di edshrrjiij sustdbthoid Fdphi, Vdrld Dbshyjs, Vhbtlhaj ed Fglid. @hmbzyiodr, @. (8<<;)= Lbeustrlhilzhflöb db Hnìrlfh Ihtlbh= ed ih fhmh bdarh hi fhsliidrj vhfîj. Fjnphrhflöb ed phtrjbds fjbtdnpjrèbdjs ed lbeustrlhilzhflöb. Fuhedrbjs ed ih FD[HI, b½ 0;. Vhbtlhaj ed Fglid @drbèbedz, M. N. (8<<8)= [ihbl`lfhflöb dstrhtìalfh ed flueheds y tdrrltjrljs, db Ihs arhbeds flueheds, edohtds y prjpudsths. Dfjbjnlsths Ilorjs, Nherle, pp. ?74-?7<. @laudrjh,N. (?;;5)= Hradbtlbh dbtrhnpheh. ºDs pjsloid ub edshrrjiij slb edsdnpidj bl pjordzh:. De.[lsj 8?, Oudbjs Hlrds. Ajndz Jrdh, E. (?;;?)= Jredbhflöb Udrrltjrlhi Delfljbds Nubel-[rdbsh, Deltjrlhi Harîfjih Dsphøjih, V.H. Nherle.


Gdrbèbedz Muèrdz, Mjsì Iuls(?;8;)= Fjbstruydbej ub fjbfdptj phrh di Edshrrjiij Ijfhi Lbtdarhi. DbtjrbjDnprdshrlhi.Fjn. [uoilfhej db @dordrj edi ?;8;. Gttp=//www.dbtjrbj-dnprdshrlhi.fjn Fjbsuithej di < ed Mublj ed ?;88 Gdssdi, Vtdpghbd y Vhnpderj, Mjsì Iuls(?;88)= Lbelabhjs. Edstlbj, Ohrfdijbh Gjrtdihbj, Iuls N y jtrjs (?;;1)= Elbènlfh tdrrltjrlhi y trhbs`jrnhflöb edi phlshmd db ih Njbthøh Fhbtèorlfh. [ihzh Tblvdrslthrlh Delfljbds, Vhihnhbfh. Lbadfjb, V.H. (8<<5)= [ihb Dstrhtìalfj ed Förejoh. Fhmh Vur y Ih Fhmh ed Förejoh. Förejoh. Mhnods (?;;8)= Udrrltjrlrds hprdbhbts. Dsqulsds pjur id edvdijppdndbt ijfhi eu WWL slìaid. IµGhrnhtthb, [hrîs Mlnìbdz, D. y jtrjs (8<<7)= Ijs budvjs yhflnldbtjs ed dnpidj. Ijs rdtjs ed ih frdhflöb ed dnpidj edsed di tdrrltjrlj, A. Ohrfdijbh, Mjgbsjb, y Vfgjids,@ubehflöb C., (?;;8)=Flrdn, Elrdfflöb Dstrhtìalfh. [dhrsjb Deufhflöb V.H. Nherle. Murhej, M. N. (8<<4)= Ih fjnhrfh ed ih Fjsth Jffledbthi ed Gudivh= fhrhftdrlzhflöb y pjslolileheds ed edshrrjiij. Gudivh db su Glstjrlh, b½ 5. Fjidalj Tblvdrslthrlj ed Ih _èoleh, pp. 818-?51. Cilcsodra, Odrbhrej (?;;1)= Fhplthi sjflhi y fuiturh. @jbej ed Fuiturh Dfjbönlfh. Nìxlfj. Ihfjstd, \vds. (8<11). Ih Adjarh`îh= ub hrnh phrh ih audrrh. Didndbtjs frîtlfjs. Delt. Hbharhnh. Ohrfdijbh. Ihsuìb, M. _. (8<16). Trohblshtljb hbe Edvdijpndbt= Ugd Udnpjrhi Lbtdrhftljb odtwddb Adjarhpglfhi hbe Vdftjrhi Fiustdrs. Db= Trohb Vtuelds, Pji. 8;, p. 806-877. Ijls, _.F. (8<<1)= Di dmd urohbj Htièbtlfj Ahilflh-Bjrtd ed [jrtuahi, db db Ih hrtlfuihflöb tdrrltjrlhi ed ih rhyh glsphbj-pjrtuaudsh. @ubehflöb _dl H`jbsj Gdbrlquds, ]hnjrh, pp. 861-85?. Iufhs, _. D. (8<77). Jb tgd ndfghblfs j` dfjbjnlf edvdijpndbt. Db= Mjurbhi j` Njbdthry Dfjbjnlfs, Pji. ??, b½ 8, pp. 8?<-855. Iuahrdshrdstl, M.N. (?;;4)= Vlstdnhs `rhfthids, fhjs y gjiîstlfh db di hbèilsls tdrrltjrlhi = ih Adjarh`îh. Iurrhied, lbvdstlahflöb y dsphflj b½?7, p. 88-6; Nhliiht, E. (8<<4). Udrrltjrlhi eybhnlf, lbbjvhtlvd nlildus hbe rdaljbhi pjilfy, db Dbtrdprdbdursglp hbe _daljbhi Edvdijpndbt, b½ 1, pp. 841-804. Nhliiht, E.3 Bdndtl, @. \ [`lstdr, N. (8<<4). Elstrltj Udfbjiöalfj d Lbbjvhflöb= di fhsj edi Murh Vulzj, db Edshrrjiij dfjbönlfj ijfhi db Durjph. Fjidalj ed Dfjbjnlsths ed Nherle, Nherle, pp. 801-871. Nhqulhvdij, Blfjiès (8486)= Di [rîbflpd. Delflöb Jrlalbhi= @ijrdbflh 8486. Delflöb Didftröblfh= ?;;5, www.ihdeltjrlhivlrtuhi.fjn.hr. Fjbsuithej db ?; ed mublj ed ?;88 Nèrqudz, M H. (?;8;)= Vlstdnhs prjeuftlvjsijfhids db [hijs ed ih @rjbtdrh. Dspdflhi rd`drdbflh hi ndrfhej ed trhohmj y dnpidj harîfjih vlbfuihej h ih Fjnublehe ed _dahbtds. Tblvdrslehe ed Gudivh‖@ubehflöb Ejøhbh?8 Nèrqudz, M H. (?;8;)= Di rîj Auhelhbh= rdhilehe y pdrspdftlvhs ed ub rîj trhbs`rjbtdrlzj. @jrj Lbtdrbhfljbhi phrh di edshrrjiij edi Ohmj Auhelhbh. Tblvdrslehe Lbtdrbhfljbhi ed Hbehiufîh, sded Ih _èoleh, ? ed elfldnord ed ?;8;. Fjbsdmdrîh ed ih [rdsledbflh. Mubth ed Hbehiufîh. Nèrqudz, M.H (?;;1)= Udrrltjrlj y dnpidj., ed ih fhmh bdarh hi fhsliidrj nýitlpid ed ijs iuahrds. _dvlsth ed Dnpidj b½85. Fjbsdmdrîh ed Dnpidj, Mubtj ed Hbehiufîh, pp. 5?-50 Nèrqudz, M.H.(?;;5)= Elbènlfhs tdrrltjrlhids y durjrrdalöb db di Vurjdstd [dblbsuihr, db @rjbtdrhs db Njvlnldbtj. Tblvdrslehe ed Gudivh, pp. 811-8<7 Nèrqudz, M. H. (Elr.) (?;;?)= [ihb dstrhtìalfj ed edshrrjiij phrh di Hbeìvhij Jffledbthi. Mubth ed Hbehiufîh, Fjbsdmdrîh ed Deufhflöb y Fldbflh. Nèrqudz, M.H (?;;?)= "Dnpidj y budvhs thrdhs rurhids phrh di edshrrjiij ijfhi". Lbvdstlahfljbds Adjarè`lfhs b ?<, pp. 41-0< Nèrqudz, M. H. (Elr.) (8<<7)= Ih hpudsth pjr di edshrrjiij ijfhi, @JD y Fhmh _urhi ed Gudivh, Vhb Muhb edi [udrtj. Nhrtîbdz [ufgd. H. (?;;;)= Edshrrjiij ijfhi y adstlöb edi frdflnldbtj dfjbönlfj, db Gdrrhnldbths phrh di edshrrjiij Ijfhi. Tblvdrslehe ed Hilfhbtd, pp.?4-07

Nhturhbh, Gunodrtj (8<<1), Ih ednjfrhflh ds ubh jorh ed hrtd. Nhalstdrlj. Ojajtè. Nhx-Bdd`, Nhb`rde, Dilzhied, Hbtjblj y Gjpdbghyb, Nhrtîb (8<70), Di edshrrjiij h dsfhih gunhbh. Fdphur. Edvdijpndbt Elhijaud Býndrj dspdflhi Vhbtlhaj ed Fglid. Ndij, M. _. (8<<<)= "Di Dsthej y di edshrrjiij ed ih lb`rhdstrufturh", db Elsdøj dstrhtìalfj d lb`rhdstrufturh oèslfh, Fdphi, Vhbtlhaj ed Fglid, pp. 866-84;. Bjrhe (8<<6)= Di db`jqud edi nhrfj iöalfj. Lbstltutj Tblvdrslthrlj ed Edshrrjiij y Fjjpdrhflöb. Fjnlslöb Durjpdh, Nherle.

Nèrqudz, M.H (?;88)= Ndtjejijaîh edi edshrrjiij ijfhi. Dstrhtdalhs d lbstrundbtjs [èalbh 8< ed 8<

[IH]H, M.L. (8<<1,)= Durjph db nuthflöb, db Fhnoljs _daljbhids h `lbhids edi slaij WW. HAD, Vhihnhbfh3 pp.?6<-?7?. [jnnldr, [. (?;;?)= Ids systìnds prjeuftl`s ijfhux. Ih Ejfundbthtljb `rhbáhlsd, Ehthr, [hrîs. [jrtdr, N. (8<<8)= Ih vdbthmh fjnpdtltlvh ed ihs bhfljbds. Mhvldr Pdrahrh Deltjr, Oudbjs Hlrds. [jrtdr, N. D. (8<<;). Ugd fjnpdtltlvd hevhbthad j` bhtljbs. Budvh \jrc, Ugd @rdd [rdss, 704p. [umhehs, _. y @jbt, M. (8<<7)= Jredbhflöb y pihbl`lfhflöb tdrrltjrlhi, De. Vîbtdsls, Nherle. _jodrtsjb, _.( ?;;0)= @ýtoji, aijohilzhflöb y aijfhilzhflöb. _dvlsth Lbtdrbhfljbhi ed Vjfljijaîh vji. IWLP, b½ 54, sdptldnord-elfldnord, <-64, _jerîaudz Fjghre, M. F. (?;;?). Ed hrtdshbjs rurhids h fjndrflhbtds aijohids. Ih hehpthflöb dstrhtìalfh edi slstdnh prjeuftlvj ijfhi ed Ijs Pliihrds. Db= Ojidtîb ed Lb`jrnhflöb Fjndrflhi Dsphøjih, Bj ?155, p. 68-61. _jerîaudz Fjghre, F. (?;;5). Fhnolj dstrufturhi dbeöadbj db ènoltj dsphøji= di fhsj ed ih rdalöb urohbh ed Mhìb. Db= M.Fluehe y Udrrltjrlj-Dstueljs Udrrltjrlhids, Pji.di 64, Bj 5,rurhi p. 86-6;. _jerîaudz Fjghre, M.F. (?;;<)= Ijs prjfdsjs ed edshrrjiij ijfhi edsed ih pdrspdftlvh durjpdh= aìbdsls y trhbs`jrnhflöb. Vdndstrd Dfjbönlfj, vji. 8?, b½. ?5, Tblvdrslehe ed Ndediiîb , pp. 61-44 _jerîaudz Nhrtîbdz, @. (?;;<)= Hpjrthflöb ed ijs adöarh`js hi edshrrjiij ijfhi db Dsphøh. Ijarjs y bdfdsleheds ih jrahblzhflöb tdrrltjrlhi edi edshrrjiij ijfhi db dsphøh (y hiaubjs dmdnpijs lodrjhndrlfhbjs) Arupj ed Edshrrjiij Ijfhi ed ih Had . Ih ihaubh pp.688 ‖ 6?; Vhnpderj, Mjsì Iuls (8<76)= Di rdijm, di ahtj y Nhehahsfhr. _dvlsth ed dstueljs hbehiufds b½ 8 phas. 88<-8?0 Vfgunhfgdr, D. @. (8<75), Ij [dqudøj Ds Gdrnjsj. G. Oiund. Ohrfdijbh. Vdb, Hnhrtyh Cunhr (?;;;), Edshrrjiij y ilodrthe. Deltjrlhi [ihbdth. Ohrfdijbh. Urjltløj, N. (?;;;)= Di tdrrltjrlj y ih rdvhijrlzhflöb ed ijs rdfursjs dbeöadbjs db di edshrrjiij ijfhi, db Gdrrhnldbths phrh di edshrrjiij Ijfhi. Tblvdrslehe ed Hilfhbtd, pp.8;8-8??

Pèzqudz Ohrqudrj, H. (?;;<). Edshrrjiij ijfhi, ubh dstrhtdalh db tldnpjs ed frlsls., db= Dnpidj, b½ 8<. Elspjbloid db= gttp=// www.mubthedhbehiuflh.ds/dnpidj/rdvlsthdnpidj/. Fjbsuithej di 8? ed hajstj ed ?;;<. Pèzqudz Ohrqudrj, H. (?;;1)= Edshrrjiij dbeöadbj. Udjrîh y pjiîtlfhs ed edshrrjiij tdrrltjrlhi. Db= Lbvdstlahfljbds _daljbhids, b½ 88, pp. 876-?8;. Phzqudz-Ohrqudrj, H. (?;;0)= Vuralnldbtj y trhbs`jrnhflöb ed fiustdrs y nlildus db ijs prjfdsjs ed edshrrjiij. Db= Durd, Pji.6?, b½.<4, pp.. 14-<6. Pèzqudz Ohrqudrj, H. (?;;4)= Ihs Budvhs @udrzhs edi Edshrrjiij. Hbtjbl Ojsfg, Ohrfdijbh,. Pèzqudz Ohrqudrj, H.(?;;?)= Dbejadbjus Edvdijpndbt, Ijberds, _jutidead. \ohrrh, M. H. (?;;0)= Ih dxpdrldbflh dsphøjih db elstrltjs lbeustrlhids. _dhilehe ed ub fjbfdptj phrh ih pynd y di tdrrltjrlj, db Dfjbjnîh Lbeustrlhi, b½ 64<, pp. 7<-<5

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