Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa Melalui Pendekatan CTL yang Diorientasikan Pada Tipe STAD

ACEKEFHD_HDE BD\KM JCMD@DZ AD_CAD_KHD \K\VD ACMDMSK ^CEOCHD_DE L_M [DEF OKGZKCE_D\KHDE ^DOD _K^C \_DO OK HCMD\ YKKK%4 \A^ ECFCZK 4 KEOZDMD[D \CMD_DE Mdtkidvdtk

^cecmkt ^cecmktkde kde jczts`sd jczts`sde e acefctd acefctdbsk bsk ~cekefhd ~cekefhdtde tde bd|km bd|km jcmd`dz jcmd`dz adtcadt adtcadtkhd khd |k|vd |k|vd Lgecrsdm sdm _cdlbkef _cdlbkef deo Mcdzek Mcdzekef ef "L_M+ acmdmsk ~ceochdtde ~ceochdtde Lgecr "L_M+ {def {def okgzkcet okgzkcetd|kh d|khde de ocefde tk~c \soce _cda| Dlbkcycace Okyk|kge "\_DO+ |cztd acefdedmk|k| dhtkyktd| |k|vd |ddt oktczd~hde oktczd~hde fdjsefde fdjsefde ~ceochdtde ~ceochdtde tcz|cjst% ^cecmktkde aceffsedhde actgoc tkeodhd tkeodhde e hcmd| hcmd| {def {def okmdh|dedh okmdh|dedhde de odmda odmda < |khms|% |khms|% ^cefsa ^cefsa~smd ~smde e odtd aceffs aceffsedhd edhde e tchekh tc|- gj|czyd|k- ode defhct% \sj`ch ~cecmktkde dodmdb <9 |k|vd hcmd| YKKK 4 \A^ Ecfcz Ecfczkk 4 Keozd Keozdmd{ md{dd \cmdt \cmdtde de Hdjs Hdjs~d ~dtce tce Gfde Gfde Kmkz Kmkz tdbse tdbse ~cmd` ~cmd`dz dzde de :>>2' :>>2':> :>>;% >;% Bd|km Bd|km ~cecmktkde ace{ka~smhde jdbvd |cjcmsa okmdhshde tkeodhde- hctsetd|de jcmd`dz |k|vd bde{d 4;-?# ocefde ekmdk zdtd!zdtd ?>-?:% \khms| K |cjc|dz ?6-::# ocefde ekmdk zdtd!zdtd |cjc|dz |cjc|dz 9?-<49?-<4- ode |khms| |khms| KK ;6-::# ocefde ocefde ekmdk zdtd!zdtd zdtd!zdtd 2>% Odzk bd|km dedmk|k| dedmk|k| ok dtd| dtd|   `sfd ok~czgmcb setsh ekmdk ≣ 93 detdzd |khms| K ode |khms| KK acefdmdak hcedkhde {dkts |cjc |cjc|dz |dz 3>#% 3>#% Setsh Setsh ekmdk ekmdk = 93 detdz detdzdd |khms| |khms| K ode ode |khms |khms|| KK acefd acefdmda mdakk ~ceszs ~ceszsae aede de |cjc|dz |cjc|dz ?3#% Dhtkyktd Dhtkyktd|| |k|vd |ddt oktczd~h oktczd~hde de ~ceochd ~ceochdtde tde L_M {def okgzkcet okgzkcetd|kh d|khde de ocefde tk~c \_DO acefdmdak ~cekefhdtde odzk |khms| K |da~dk ~dod |khms| KK% Hcedkhde hcdhtki hcdhtkide de |k|vd |k|vd 4;-3#4;-3#- hcedkhd hcedkhde e dhtkyktd dhtkyktd|| hcz`d|d hcz`d|dad ad |k|vd edkh >-;#>-;#- ode dhtkyktd dhtkyktd|| ketczdh|k detdz|k|vd edkh 3-9#% Lgecrsdm _cdlbkef deo McdzekefMcdzekef- \soce _cda| Dlbkcycace Dlbkcycace Okyk|kge hdtd hselk 0 Lgecrsdm

4% ^CEODBSMSDE ^ce{ ce{cjdj cjdj zceo zceodb dbe{ e{dd ~zc| ~zc|td td|k |k jcmd`dz |k|vd hdzced hgeok|k ~cajcmd`dzde {def hszdef aca~ aca~cz czbd bdtk tkhd hde e ~cad ~cadbd bdad ade e hge| hge|c~ c~ {def okakmkhk khk gmcb |k|vd% Odmda ~ce{d ~ce{da~ a~dkd dkde e adtcz adtczkk ~cmd`d ~cmd`dzd zdee- fszs fszs tczm tczmdm dms s tcgz tcgzkt ktk| k| |cbk |cbkeff effdd |k|v |k|vdd tkod tkodh  h  ~czedb ~czedb tdbs hcfsedde hcfsedde jcmd`dz% jcmd`dz% Hge|c~ Hge|c~ {def |cbdzs|e{d e{d okhsd|dk |k|vd jczfc|cz bdidmde zsas|!zsas| adtcadtk| |cadtd% \shdze{d adtcadtkhd jdfk |k|vd od~dt okadhmsak hdzced sasae{d jshs tch| adtcadtkhd mcjkb mcjkb okogaked okogaked|k |k bktsefde bktsefde adtcad adtcadtk|8 tk|8 fszs fszs hszde hszdef f jk|d jk|d ace`c ace`cmd| md|hd hde e adtcz adtczkk ~cajc ~cajcmd` md`dzd dzde e ocef ocefde de lgetg lgetgb!l b!lge getgb tgb

{def |coczbded- acedzkh- ode fda~def okacef okacefczt cztk!! k!! d~dmd d~dmdfk fk {def {def jczhd jczhdktd ktde e ocefde mkefhsefde |k|vd "hgetch|tsdm+% "hgetch|tsdm+% ^zg|c| ~cajcmd`dzde {def ok|da~dkhde ok|da~dkhde hc~dod |k|vd lceoczsef okasmdk ocefde ~ce{da~dkde keigzad|k jczs~d ocikek|k~cef ~cefcz cztk tkde de!~ !~ce cef fcztk cztkdde |sdt |sdts s gj`c gj`ch  h  dj|tz dj|tzdh dh {def {def oktsmk oktsmk|h |hde de odmda odmda jcetsh  jcetsh  zsas|!zsas|- mdms okkhstk lgetgb!lgetgb |gdm|gdm- hcasokd hcasokde e okdhbkzk okdhbkzk ocefde ocefde mdtkbde mdtkbde |gdm!| |gdm!|gdm gdm%% Bdm kek kek ace{c ace{cjd jdjhd jhde e |k|vd |k|vd tkodh tkodh tczag tczagtky tkyd| d|kk setsh setsh jcmd`d jcmd`dzz {def {def ~dod dhbkze{ dhbkze{dd od~dt od~dt aceszse aceszsehde hde bd|km bd|km jcmd`dz |k|vd% Ocakhk Ocakhkde de bdme{ bdme{dd ~cajc ~cajcmd md`dz `dzde de adtcadt adtcadtkhd khd {def {def jczmdef| jczmdef|sef sef ok \A^ Ecfczk Ecfczk 4 Hcldadtd Hcldadtde e Keozdmd{ Keozdmd{dd \cmdtde \cmdtde

Hdjs~dtce Gfde Kmkz ^zgyke|k \sadtczd \cmdtd \cmdtde e {def {def |cmdad |cmdad kek aceffsed aceffsedhde hde actgo actgocc ~cajcm ~cajcmd`d d`dzd zde e hgeyc hgeyce|k e|kged gedmmak|dme{d ~cajczkde tsfd|- lczdadb- ode mdtkbde% ^dzd |k|vd hszdef okd`dh jcmd`dz |cldzd hcmga~gh {def jkd|de{d ok|cjst ocefde agocm ~cajcmd`dzde hgg~czdtki% \k|vd ace`dok hszdef tczmdtkb ace`d ace`dvdj vdj |gdm |gdm |cldz |cldzdd jczfk jczfkmkz mkzde de-- |gdm |gdm {def {def okjczk okjczkhd hde e ~se hszd hszdef ef ok~db ok~dbda dakk gmcb |k|vd% Bdm tcz|cjst jczdhkjdt bd|km jcmd jcmd`d `dzz adtc adtcad adtk tkhd hd {def def |cmd |cmdad ad kek kek ad|kb `dsb odzk bdzd~de% Okhctdbsk odzk ~cmdh ~cmdh|d |dedd edde e smdef smdefde de bdzkd bdzkde e ~cztd ~cztdadad|k|vd aceod~dt ekmdk zdtd!zdtd 3>-:3 ode ~dod ~dod smde smdefd fde e bdzk bdzkde de hcos hcosdd bde{ bde{dd 33 "odtd "odtd ok~czg ok~czgmcb mcb odzk odzk fszs fszs adtca adtcadtk dtkhd hd hcmd| YKKK 4+% Setsh aca~czjdkhk |ktsd|k ~zg|c| ~caj ~cajcm cmd` d`dz dzde de ok dtd| dtd| ~ce ~cecmkt cmktkk kef kefke acec aceczd zd~h ~hde de ~ceo ~ceoch chdt dtde de Lget Lgetcr crts tsdm dm _cdlb cdlbke kef f deo deo Mcd Mcdzeke zekef f "L_M "L_M++ ode ode okgzkcetd|khde ocefde agocm ~cajcmd ~cajcmd`dzd `dzde e hgg~czd hgg~czdtki tki tk~c \soce  _cda| _cda| Dlbkcyc Dlbkcycace ace Okyk|k Okyk|kge ge "\_DO+% Hgaj Hgajke ked| d|kk ~ceo ~ceoch chdt dtde de L_M L_M ocef ocefde de agoc agocmm ~caj ~cajcm cmd` d`dz dzde de hgg~ hgg~cz czdt dtki ki kek kek ok~czmshde ocefde dmd|de ~cecmktk kefke acefs`k hcjczbd|kmde agocm ~cajcmd ~cajcmd`dzd `dzde e {def {def ~czedb ~czedb oktczd~ oktczd~hde hde \cmd \cmd|k |kb b ":>> ":>>2+ 2+ {def def aca acajshtk shtkhd hde e ~zg|c| ~ceochdtde L_M od~dt oktczd~hde ~dod |k|vd hcmd| Y%D \OE ;3 ^dmcajdef jczmdef|sef ocefde jdkhdhtkykt dhtkyktd| d| {def {def okmdhsh okmdhshde de |k|vd |k|vd |cmdad |cmdad ~zg|c| ~ceczd~de ~cajcmd`dzde zdtd!zdtd jdkh ocefde |hgz 62-:;% Bd|km tc| dhbkz |cmsz |cmszsb sb |k|vd |k|vd zdtd!z zdtd!zdt dtdd tczld tczldtdt tdt 99-32 99-32%% ^cecmkt ^cecmktkde kde Ocvk ":>>2+ ":>>2+ tcetdef tcetdef agocm agocm ~caj ~cajcm cmd` d`dz dzde de hgg~ hgg~cz czdt dtki ki tk~c tk~c \_DO \_DO odmda mda ~ca ~cajcmd`d md`dzd zde e adtcad cadtkh tkhd ace{ka~smhde ace{ka~smhde ~ceczd~ ~ ceczd~de de tchekh  agocm   ~ca ~cajc jcmd md`d `dzde zde hgg~c hgg~czd zdki ki k~c k~c \_DO \_DO ~dod ~dod ~caj ~cajcmd cmd`dz `dzde de adtc adtcad adtkh tkhdd od~dt od~dt acekefhdthde bd|km jcmd`dz |k|vd odmda

~zg|c| ~cajcmd`dzde ok \A^ Asbdaado{db _de`sef Zd`d Hdjs~dtce Gfde Kmkz odzk tc| dvdm {def bde{d |cjc|dz <:- edkh ace`dok 6? ~dod |khms| K- 92 ~dod |khms| KK- ode aceld~dk 24 ~dod ~dod |khms| |khms| KKK% KKK% @samd @samdb b |k|vd |k|vd {def {def aceod~d aceod~dtt ekmdk ekmdk  9> tczs| acekefh acekefhdtdt~dod |khms| K aceld~dk 9?#- ~dod |khms| KK acel aceld~ d~dk dk 63#63#- ode ode |khm |khms| s| KKK KKK edkh  edkh  mdfk bkeffd ;<#% ^dod ~cecmktkde kek ~cesmk| acefh acefhgmd gmdjgz jgzd|k d|khd hde e ~ceoc ~ceochdt hdtde de L_M ocefde agocm ~cajcmd`dzde tk~c \_DO% \cmdk \cmdke e okmbda okmbdakk ~cecm ~cecmktk ktkde de \cmd| \cmd|kb kb ode ode Ocvk Ocvk-- ~cef ~ceff fdjse djsefd fde e kek kek acelg celgjd jd kegyd|k jdzs odmda ~czjdkhde ~caj ~cajcm cmd` d`dz dzde de adtc adtcad adtk tkhd hd ok hcmd hcmd|% |% Setsh kts- odmda ~cecmktkde kek okzsas|hde ~czad|dmdbde  4% D~dh D~dhdb db bd|k bd|kmm jcmd jcmd`d `dzz adtc adtcad adtk tkhd hd |k|vd acekefhdt acmdmsk ~ceochdtde L_M {def okgzkc okgzkcetd etd|kh |khde de ~dod ~dod tk~c tk~c \soce _cda| Dlbkcycace Okyk|kge "\_DO+ ok hcmd| YKKK4 \A^ Ecfczk 4 Keozdmd{d \cmdtde 7 :% Jdf Jdfdka dkaded ded dhtk dhtkyk yktd td|| |k|v |k|vdd |ddt |ddt oktc oktczd zd~h ~hde de ~ceo ~ceoch chdt dtde de L_M L_M {def {def okgzkcetd|khde ocefde tk~c \_DO ok hcmd| YKKK4 \A^ Ecfczk ? Keozdmd{d \cmdtde 7 ^cecmkt ^cecmktkde kde jczts`sd jczts`sde e acefctdb acefctdbsk sk ~ceke ~cekefh fhdtd dtde e bd|km bd|km jcmd jcmd`dz `dz adtca adtcadt dtkhd khd |k|v |k|vdd acmd acmdms mskk ~ceo ~ceoch chdt dtde de L_M L_M {def {def okgz okgzkc kcet etd| d|kh khde de ocef ocefde de tk~c tk~c \tso \tsoce cett _cda| _cda| Dlbkcyca Dlbkcycacet cet Okyk|kge Okyk|kge "\_DO+ "\_DO+ |cztd |cztd acefded acefdedmk|k| mk|k| dhtkyktd dhtkyktd|| |k|vd |ddt oktc ktczd~h zd~hdde ~ceo ~ceoch chddtde tde L_M L_M {def okgzkcetd|khde ocefde tk~c \_DO%

:% _KE@DSDE ^S\_DHD :%4% Bd|km Jcmd`dz ode \hdmd ^cekmdkde Aceszst szst \so`d so`de ed ":>> ":>>;0 ;033 33++-

:

‑Bd|km ‑Bd|km jcmd`dz jcmd`dz dodmdb dodmdb |sdts |sdts dhkjdt dhkjdt odzk odzk ~zg|c| jcmd`dz ocefde aceffsedhde dmdt ~cef ~cefsh shsz szde de {dkts kts jczs jczs~d ~d tc| tc| {def def ok|s ok|s|s |se e |cld |cldzd zd tczc tczcel elddeded- jdkh jdkh tc| tc| tcztsmk|- tc| mk|de ads~se tc| ~czjsdtde%‑ \codefhde Ed|stkge kge ":>>30<9+ jcz~ceod~dt jdbvd bd|km jcmd`dz dodmdb |sdt |sdts s ~czs ~czsjd jdbd bde e ~dod ~dod keok keokyk ykos os {def def jcmd`dztkodh bde{d acefcedk ~cefc ~cefctd tdbs bsde de tctd~ tctd~kk `sfd `sfd acaj acajcet cetsh  sh  hcldhd~ hcldhd~de de ode ~cefbd{d ~cefbd{dtde tde odmda odmda okzk ~zkjd ~zkjdok ok keokyk keokykos os {def {def jcmd` jcmd`dz dz%% Setsh  Setsh  acmkb acmkbdt dt bd|km bd|km jcmd` jcmd`dz dz okmdh okmdhsh shde de |sdts |sdts ~cekmdkde tczbdod~ |k|vd {def jczts`sde setsh setsh acefc acefctd tdbsk bsk d~dhd d~dhdb b |k|vd |k|vd tcmdb tcmdb acefsd|dk |sdts adtczk dtds jcmsa% ^cekmd ekmdkd kde e aczs~dh s~dhdde s~d{ ~d{d |k|t |k|tca cadt dtk| k| {def {def okhc okhcaj ajde defh fhde de gmcb gmcb |sdts ke|tkts|k ~ceokokh kokhdde {def okts`sh okts`shde de setsh ace`dake ace`dake tczld~dk tczld~dke{d e{d hsdmktd| ~zg|c| ~ceokokhde |cztd hsdmktd| hcada~sde |k|vd |c|sdk ocefde ts`sde {def {def tcmdb tcmdb oktct oktctd~h d~hde de "Lsmm "Lsmmce ce odmda odmda Bkada- :>>?093+% :>>?093+% Aces Aceszs zstt Asm{ Asm{d| d|dd ":>> ":>>?0 ?042 423+ 3+-jcjczd~d bdm {def bdzs| ok~dbdak fszs odzk |k|vd dfdz |k|vd aceod~dthde bd|km jcmd`dz {def jdkh detdzd mdke hcada~sde- ~gtce|k- akedt- bgjk- |khd~hc~zkjdokdehcjkd|ddeldtdtde hc|cbdtde- mdtdz jcmdhdef hcmsdzfd- ode hcfkdtdee{d ok |chgmdb% Dfdz ka~m ka~mca cace cetd td|k |k hszkh szkhsm smsa sa jczb jczbd| d|km km ocef ocefde de jdkh jdkh bceo bceodh dhe{ e{dd fszs fszs hcmd hcmd|| aca~ aca~cz czbd bdtk tkhd hde e bdm! bdm!bd bdmm jczk jczkhs hst0 t0 "4+ "4+ acefsz efszddefk actgo ctgocc lczdad dadb- ":+ acajczk acajczkhdd hdde e tsfd| tsfd| {def jczjcod jczjcod jdfk |ctk |ctkd~ d~ |k|v |k|vdd- "<+ "<+ acef acefcm cmga ga~g ~ghh hhde de |k|vd jczod|dzhde hcada~sdee{dhcada~sdee{d- |cztd ok|c|sdk ok|c|sdkhde hde ocefde ocefde adtd ~cmd`dzd ~cmd`dzdee- "?+ jdbde bdzs| okagokikhd|k ode ok~czhd{d"3+ "3+ `defd `defde e zdfs zdfs jczbsj jczbsjsef sefde de ocefd ocefde e |~c|kdmk|jkmd ode |k|vd {def aca~s ca~se{ e{dk dk hcmd hcmdke kede de-- "9+ "9+ fsedh sedhde de ~zg|cosz {def jczydzkd|k odmda

acajs cajsddt ~cekmd kmdkde kde ode ode acaj cajsdt sdt md~g md~gzd zdee- "6+ "6+ kefd kefdtt jdbv jdbvdd |k|v |k|vdd tkod tkodh  h  jczh jczhca cajd jdef ef odmd odmda a hclc hclc~d ~dtd tde e {def {def |dad |dad-- "2+ s|dbd s|dbdhd hde e acef acefca cajde jdefh fhde de |kts |ktsd| d|kk jcmd jcmd`d `dzz {def {def acas acasef efhk hkeh ehde de |ctkd~ dedh jchcz`d ocefde hcada hcada~sd ~sdee{ ee{dd ad|ke ad|kef! f!ad ad|ke |kef f ~dod ~dod tkd~ ~cmd`dzde~cmd`dzde- ode ";+ s|dbdhde s|dbdhde setsh  acmkj mkjdthd thde |k| |k|vd odmda mda jczj czjdfd dfdk hcfkdtde% :%:% Lgetcrtsdm _cdlbkef deo    Mcdzekef "L_M+ Ocikek Ocikek|k |k {def {def aceod aceod|d |dzz tcetd tcetdef ef ~cajc ~cajcmd` md`dzd dzde e hgetc hgetch| h|tsd tsdmm " Lgecrsdm _cdlbkef deo Mcdzekef+ dodmdb hge|c~ jcmd jcmd`d `dzz okad okaded ed fszs fszs acef acefbd bdok okzh zhde de osekd e{dtd hc odmda hcmd| ode aceogz aceogzgef gef |k|vd |k|vd acajsd acajsdtt bsjsefd bsjsefde e detdz detdzdd ~cefc ~cefctdb tdbsd sde e {def {def okakmk okakmkhk hke{ e{dd ocefde ~ceczd~dee{d odmda hcbkos~de hcbkos~de aczch aczchdd |cbdzk |cbdzk!bd !bdzk8 zk8 |cace |cacetdz tdzdd |k|vd |k|vd aca~czgmcb ~cefctdbsde ode hctc hctczd zda~ a~km kmde dee{ e{dd odzk odzk hget hgetch ch|| {def def tczjdtd| tczjdtd|-- |cokhkt |cokhkt ocak ocak |cokhkt|cokhkt- ode odzk ~zg|c| ~zg|c| acefhget acefhgetzsh| zsh|kk |ceokzk|ceokzk- |cjdfdk |cjdfdk jchdm setsh acaldbhde ad|dmdb odmda hcbkos~dee{d |cjdfdk deffgtd ad|{dzdhdt% Dod ts`sb keokhdtgz ~cajcmd`dzde hgetc hgetch| h|tsd tsdmm |cbkef |cbkeffd fd jk|d jk|d okjcod okjcodhd hde e ocefde ocefde agocm agocm mdkee{d mdkee{d-- {dkts {dkts agocmkef agocmkef "~c "~cas|dtd |dtde e ~cz ~czbdt bdtkde kdeagtkyd tkyd||k~ce{ ~ce{da da~d ~dkd kde e hga~ hga~ct ctce ce|k |k!t !ts s`sde `sde-~cefd ~cefdzd zdbde bde!~c !~ctse tse`sh `sh-zdaj zdajs!z s!zda dajsjslgetgb+tsc|kgekef "ch|~mgzd|kacajkajkefacajkajkef- acesetseacesetse- acefdzdbhdeacefdzdbhdeacef acefca cajd jdef efhd hdee- cydm cydmsd sd|k |k-kehs kehskz kzkkmcdz mcdzek ekef ef lgaa lgaase sek k{{ fceczdmk|d|k+"|cmszsb |k|vd ~dztk|k~dtki odmda jcmd`dz hcmga hcmga~gh ~gh dtds dtds keokyk keokykos osdmdm- akeo|!gebdeo|!geacel acelgj gjdd- acef acefcz cz`d `dhd hde+ e+-ketskz{ "koce "kocetki tkikhd khd|k|kkeyc| keyc|tkf tkfd| d|kkbk~g bk~gtc tc|k |k||hge`c ge`ch htsztszfcec fceczd zdmk mk|d |d|k |k-acecashde+lge|zslkyk|a

<

"aca "acajd jdef efse se ~cadb cadbda dade de |ceo |ceokz kzkkacefhge|tzsh|k hge|c~!dtszde- dedmk|k|! |ketc|k|+- zcimclkge "zcyks- zdefhsadezdefhsadetkeo tkeodh dh mde` mde`st st++- dstb dstbce cetk tkll d||c d||c|| ||ac acet et "~ce "~cekmd kmdkde kde |cmda |cmdadd ~zg|c| ~zg|c| ode |c|so |c|sodb db ~cajcmd`dzde~cajcmd`dzde- ~cekmdkde tczbdod~ tczbdod~ |ctkd~ dhtyktd|!s|dbd |k|vd~cekmd kmdkde ~gztgi tgigmkg gmkg-~cekmd kmdkde kde |cg |cgj`c j`chtki! tki! gj`chtkie{d odzk jczjdfdk d|~ch ocefde jczjdfdk jczjdfdk ldzd+% :%<% Agocm ^cajcmd`dz ^cajcmd`dzde de Hgg~czdtk Hgg~czdtki  i  _k~c \_DO Aceszs eszstt \sbcz sbcza ade ":>>603 >603++ agocm ~cajcmd`dzde hg~czdtki  aczs~ czs~dh dhdde hcfkd cfkdtd tde e ~ca ~cajcmd jcmd`d `dzd zde e ocefd efde ldzd jczhcmga mga~gh setsh  jchcz`d|dad |dmkef acajdets acefhg acefhgetzsh etzsh|k |k hge|c~hge|c~- ace{cmc| ace{cmc|dkhd dkhde e ~cz|g ~cz|gdm dmdede- dtds dtds kehskz kehskzk% k% Aces Aceszst zst tcgzk tcgzk ode ~cefdmdade dfdz hcmga~gh hgbc|ki  "hga "hga~d ~dh! h!~d ~dzt ztk| k|k~ k~dt dtki ki++tkd~ tkd~ deff deffgt gtdd hcmga~gh tczokzk odzk ? “ 3 gzdef- |k|vd bctcz tczgfc gfce "hca "hcada da~ ~sde sdefceoc eoczhdzchtcz+- dod lgetzgm ode id|kmktd|k- ode acaketd tdeffsef `dvdj bd|km hcmga~gh jczs~d md~gzde dtds ~zc|cetd|k% \detg|g ":>><03+ ace{d e{dtdh tdhde jdbvd bvd ~cajcmd cmd`dz `dzde hgg~czdtki oklkzkhde gmcb |tzshtsz tsfd|ts`sde ts`sde-- ode ode ~cefb ~cefbdzf dzfdde dde hgg~c hgg~czdt zdtki% ki% \cacetdzd Mkc ":>>:0<>+ acefcashdhde ~cajcmd`dzde hgg~czdtki acektkhjczdthde ~dod fgtgef zg{gef ode hcz`d |dad hcmga~gh% ^cajc cajcmd md`d `dzd zde e hgg~ hgg~cz czdt dtki ki tk~c tk~c \_DO okh okhcajde jdefhde gmcb mcb \mdy mdyke ":>>3 ":>>30?3 0?3++ jdbvd jdbvd |k|vd |k|vd oktca oktca~d ~dthd thde e odmda odmda tka jcmd`d jcmd`dzz jczdef jczdeffg fgtdh tdhde de ?!3 gzdef {def aczs~dh ~dhde lda~ da~szd szde aceszst tkefhdt ~zc|td|k- `cek| hcmdakeode |shs% |shs% Fszs Fszs ace{d`kh ace{d`khde de ~cmd`dzd ~cmd`dzdeehcaso casokd kde e |k|v |k|vdd jch jchcz`d cz`d odmd odmda a tka tka aczc aczchd hd adad adad|t |tkh khde de jdbv jdbvdd |cms |cmszs zsb b deffgtd deffgtd tka tcmdb acefsd| acefsd|dk dk ~cmd`dzd ~cmd`dzde e

tcz| tcz|ccjst% jst% Hcaso casokd kdee- |cms |cmszs zsb b |k|v |k|vdd okjczk tc| tcetdef adtczk- ~dod |ddt tc| kek aczchd aczchd tkodh tkodh ok~czjgmc ok~czjgmcbhd bhde e |dmkef |dmkef acaj acajde dets ts "_zkde "_zkdetgtg- :>>603 :>>603:+ :+%% Mcjkb Mcjkb mde`st mde`st \mdyke \mdyke acefc acefcash ashdhd dhde e jdbvd jdbvd ~caj ~cajcm cmd` d`dz dzde de hgg~ hgg~cz czdt dtki ki tk~c tk~c \_DO \_DO jkd|de jkd|de{d {d okfsed okfsedhd hde e setsh setsh ~cefs ~cefsdtd dtde e ~cadbdade adtczk% _ka Hcmga~gh \_DO aczs~dhde   `ce `cek| k| ~caj ~cajcm cmd` d`dz dzde de hgg~ hgg~cz czdt dtki ki {def {def ~dmkef |coczbde bded- ok aded |k|vd okh okhcmga cmga~ ~ghh ghhde ace`d ce`dok ok jcjc jcjczd zd~d ~d hcmga hcmga~gh ~gh ocefd ocefde e deffg deffgtd td ?!3 gzdefgzdefode |ctkd~ hcmga~gh bdzs|mdb bctczgf bctczgfce% ce% Fszs ace{d`kh ace{d`khde de ~cmd`dzd ~cmd`dzdeeode ode hcaso hcasokde kde |k|vd |k|vd jchcz` jchcz`dd ok odmda odmda tka aczch aczchdd setsh setsh acad acad|tk |tkhd hde e jdbvd jdbvd |cmsz |cmszsb sb deffg deffgtd td tka tcmdb tcmdb acefs acefsd|d d|dkk ~cmd ~cmd`d `dzd zde e tcz| tcz|cj cjst st%% Dhbk Dhbkz{ z{dd |cms |cmszs zsb b |k|vd |k|vd okhce okhcedk dk hsk| hsk| tcetd tcetdef ef adtcz adtczkk kts ode ode ~dod ~dod |ddt |ddt hsk| sk| kek kek aczch czchdd tkod tkodh  h  jgmc jgmcb b |dmk |dmkef ef aca acajde jdets% ts% \hgz \hgz {def def okod kod~dt ~dt bkef bkeff fd aceld eld~dk ~dk hzktc ktczkd tczt tcztce cets ts od~d od~dtt okjc okjczk zk |czt |cztki kikh khdt dt dtds dtds ~cefbdzfdde {def mdke "Bdok- :>>604+% :%?% Hgmdjgzd|k ^ceochdtde L_M ode \_DO \cjdfdk kegyd|k fszs odmda ~zg|c| ~cajcmd`dzde adhd hgajked|k ~ceochd ~ceochdtde tde L_M ocefde ocefde ~cajcm ~cajcmd`dz d`dzde de hgg~czd hgg~czdtki tki tk~c \_DO od~dt od~dt okmdhshd okmdhshde e ocefde mdefhdb!mdefhdb mdefhdb!mdefhdb jczkhst kek0 d% Fszs ace{da~dkhde adtczk ~caj ~cajcm cmd` d`dz dzde de dtds dtds ~cza ~czad| d|dm dmdb dbde de hc~d hc~dod od |k|v |k|vdd |c|s |c|sdk dk hga hga~ctc ~ctce| e|kk od|dz {def dhde okld~dk- {dkts hsjs| ode jdmgh% j% ^cz|kd~de adtczk {def dod bsjs bsjsef efde dee{ e{dd ocef ocefde de hcbk hcbkos os~d ~de e e{dtd e{dtd |k|vd "hgetch "hgetch|tsd |tsdm+m+- ak|dme{ ak|dme{dd fda fdajdz jdz |ca |cadefh defhdd {def def ok`s ok`sdm dm ok ~d|dz od~dt okfsedhde setsh  acas casmdk mdk ~ca ~cajcmd`d md`dzzde hsjs|% js|% Jcjczd~d Jcjczd~d |gdm hgetch| hgetch|tsdm tsdm ak|dme{ ak|dme{dd

?

jcet jcetsh sh hsjs hsjs|| |cad |cadef efhd hd-- |c~c |c~czt ztkk tczmkbdt ~dod fdajdz ok jdvdb kek%

Fdajdz 4% Lgetgb \gdm Hgetch|tsdm

\cjcmsa \cjcmsa ace{d` ace{d`khde khde fszs fszs bdzs| bdzs| aca~ aca~cz| cz|kd~ kd~hd hde e mcajd mcajdzz hcfkdt hcfkdtde de ode mcajdz mcajdz `dvdjde `dvdjde {def {def dhde ok~cmd`d ok~cmd`dzdk zdk |k|v |k|vdd odmd odmda a hcmga cmga~g ~gh! h!hc hcmg mga a~gh  ~gh  hgg~ hgg~cz czdt dtki ki%% Hcas Hcasok okde de acec acectd td~h ~hde de |k|vd k|vd odmda hcmga mga~gh ~gh bctc bctczg zgf fce ocefd ocefde e `samdb `samdb adh|kad adh|kadmm ? ! 9 gzdef gzdef-dtszde bctczgfcektd|% Ldzd ~cajcetshde hcmga~gh hcmga~gh okmdhshde okmdhshde |cjdfdk jczkhst0 4+ Acef Acefszsth szsthde de bd|km bd|km jcmd`dz jcmd`dz |k|vd jczod|d jczod|dzhd zhde e ekmdk ekmdk tc| dvdm |k|vd|k|vdodzk odzk ekmdk ekmdk ekmdk ekmdk tczce tczceodb odb |da~ |da~dk dk tcztkeffk% :+ Acef Acefcmg cmga~ a~ghh ghhde de ekmdk ekmdk |k|vd |k|vd hc odmda ceda ketczydm- >“49- 46“<<- 34“ 96- 92 “ 2?- 23“4>>% <+ Ad|kef! ef!ad|kef kef ekmdk |k|vd okda okdajk jkmm ~czv ~czvdh dhkmd kmde e |dts |dts |ctk |ctkd~ d~ ketczydm ode okhcmga~ghhde odmda hcmga~gh 4- :- <- ?- 3- ode 9%% l% ^ce{d` ^ce{d`kde kde adtcz adtczkk ~cmd` ~cmd`dzd dzde e "adt "adtczk czk okhdkth okhdkthde de ocefde ocefde lgetgb lgetgb hcbkos hcbkos~de ~de e{dtd e{dtd |k|vd+|k|vd+- |cztd |cztd oktchdehd oktchdehde e ~dod ^ceod ^ceodbsm bsmsd sdee- ^cefc ^cefcajd ajdef efdede- ode ^zdhtkh tczhceodmk% tczhceodmk% o% Hcfkdtde hcmga~gh  hcmga~gh  Fszs Fszs acaj acajdf dfkhd khde e MH\ MH\ hc~do hc~dodd |ctkd |ctkd~ ~ hcmga hcmga~gh ~gh |cjdfd |cjdfdkk jdbde jdbde {def {def dhde dhde ok~cm ok~cmd`d d`dzk zk |k|vd% |k|vd% K|k K|k MH\ |cmdke |cmdke adtczk ~cmd`dzde {def okhdkthde ocefde

hcbkos~ hcbkos~de de e{dtd e{dtd |k|vd `sfd `sfd okfsedhd okfsedhde e setsh acmdtkb hgg~czdtki% Fszs acajczk jdetsde jdetsde ocefde ocefde aca~cz`c aca~cz`cmd| md| ~czketdb ~czketdb-acefs cefsmd mdef ef hge| hge|c~ c~ ode ode ace`d ce`dvd vdj j ~cztde{dde% c% Cydmsd|k Cydmsd|k Okmdh Okmdhshd shde e |cmda |cmdadd ?3 ! 9> acekt acekt |cldzd adeokzk setsh acese`shhde d~d {def tcmdb |k|vd ~cmd`dzk |cmdad jchcz`d odmda hcmga~gh% gh% Bd|km cydmsd|k okfsedh okfsedhde de |cjdfdk |cjdfdk ekmdk ekmdk ~czhcaj ~czhcajdef defde de keok keokyk ykos os ode ode ok|s ok|saj ajde defh fhde de |cjd |cjdfd fdkk ekmdk ~czhcajdefde hcmga~gh% i% ^cefbdzfdde ^cefbdzfdde hcmga~gh  Odzk Odzk bd|k bd|kmm ekmd ekmdkk ~czh ~czhca cajd jdef efde de-adhd dhd ~cef ~cefbd bdzf zfdd dde e ~dod ~zc|td |td|k hcmga hcmga~gh ~gh okjcz okjczkhd khde e odmda odmda tkefh tkefhdtd dtde e ~cef ~cefbdz bdzfd fdde de |c~cz |c~cztk tk hcmga hcmga~gh ~gh jdkhjdkh|codef|codef- ode zceodb% zceodb% Mdefhdb Mdefhdb ~cztdad ~cztdad |cjc |cjcms msa a acaj acajcz czkh khde de ~cef ~cefbd bdzf zfdd dde e hcmga hcmga~gh ~gh dodmd dodmdb b acef acefbkt bktsef sef zczdt zczdtdd |hgz |hgz hcmga hcmga~gh ~gh%% Setsh Setsh acak acakmkb mkb zczdt zczdtdd |hgz |hgz hcmga~ hcmga~gh gh okmdhsh okmdhshde de ocefde ocefde ldzd ace`samdbhde |hgz {def ok~czgmcb gmcb ad|ke d|kef f!ad| !ad|ke kef f deff deffgt gtdd hcmga cmga~g ~gh  h  okjd okjdf fk ocef ocefdde jde{ jde{dh dhe{ e{dd deff deffgt gtdd hcmg hcmga~ a~gh gh%% ^caj ^cajcz czkd kde e ~cef ~cefbd bdzf zfdd dde e okod okod|d |dzh zhde de dtd| dtd| zdtd zdtd!z !zdt dtdd ~gke ~gke {def def okod~dt gmcb hcmga~gh tcz|cjst% f% ^czb ^czbkt ktse sefd fde e smde smdef f |hgz |hgz dvdm dvdm ode ode ~cefsjdbde hcmga~gh% \dts ~cz ~czkgo kgoc ~ce ~cekmd kmdkde kde "<“? <“? akeffs+ akeffs+ okmdhshde okmdhshde ~czbktsef ~czbktsefde de smdef |hgz |hgz cydmsd cydmsd|k |k |cjdf |cjdfdk dk |hgz |hgz dvdm dvdm |k|vd |k|vd {def jdzs% Hcasokde okmdh mdhshde ~czsjdb ~czsjdbde de hcmga~gh hcmga~gh dfdz dfdz |k|vd |k|vd od~dt od~dt jchcz`d ocefde tcade {def mdke% <% BD\KM ^CECMK_KDE ODE ^CAJDBD\DE <%4% <%4% Bd|k Bd|kmm Jc Jcmd md`d `dzz \k|v \k|vd d \cjc \cjcms msa a ^cecmktkde \cjc \cjcms msa a okmd okmdhs hshd hde e ~cec ~cecmk mktk tkde de-~cec ~cecmkt mktkk acaj acajcz czkhd khde e tc| dvdm dvdm hc~do hc~dodd |k|vd% Okjczkhdee{d tc| dvdm kek setsh 

3

acefsh acefshsz sz hcada~ hcada~sde sde |k|vd |k|vd |cjcmsa |cjcmsa |k|vd |k|vd okjczk okjczk tkeodhd tkeodhde e ~ceochd ~ceochdtde tde L_M {def def okgz okgzkc kcet etd| d|kh khde de ocef ocefde de agoc agocmm ~caj ~cajcm cmd` d`dz dzde de \_DO \_DO%% Bd|k Bd|kmm tc| tc| dvdm dvdm |k|v |k|vdd |cj |cjcmsa cmsa okmd okmdhs hsh hde tkeo tkeodh dhde de ok~czgmcb ekmdk tcztkeffk 2> dod 4 gzdef|k|vd |k|vd {def {def aca~czg aca~czgmcb mcb ekmdk ekmdk tczceodb tczceodb {dhek dhek ekmd ekmdkk 4> dod dod 4 gzde gzdef% f% Odzk Odzk odtd odtd tcz|cjs tcz|cjstt od~dt od~dt ok|ka~s ok|ka~smhde mhde jdbvd jdbvd ekmdk ekmdk |k|vd |k|vd jczd jczdod od ~dod ~dod zcetd zcetdef efde de 4> “ 2>% 2>% Hcas Hcasok okde de-- |k|v |k|vdd {def def acef cefdmda dmdakk hctse hctsetd| td|de de jcmd` jcmd`dz dz ocefde ocefde ekmdk ekmdk ≣ 93 dod dod 6 gzde gzdef f dtds dtds 4;-? 4;-?##- |cod |codef efhd hde e |k|vd {def aca~czgmcb ekmdk ok jdvdb 93 |cjde{dh :; gzdef dtds 2>-9#% <%:% \khms| K ^czc ^czcel elde dedd dde e aczs aczs~d ~dhd hde e tdbd tdbd~ ~ dvdm |cjcmsa |cjcmsa acmdh|d acmdh|dedhd edhde e tkeodhd tkeodhde% e% ^dod ^dod tdbd tdbd~ ~ ~czc ~czcel elde dedd dde e kek kek ~cec ~cecmk mktk tk acmdhshd shde hcfkdt kdtde ~cz|kd~de% ^cmdh|dedde ~cajcmd`dzde |khms| K ~dod tdeffdm < D~zkm :>>;% Vdhts ~cmdh|dedde ~cajcmd`dzde : r ?> acekt% ^dod ^dod tdbd tdbd~ ~ ~cmd ~cmdh| h|de dedd dde e tkeo tkeodh dhdde~cecmktk acajczk ~cztde{dde!~cztde{dde setsh acefctdbsk |c`dsb aded ~cefctdbsde ok|da~kef acajdefhkthde hzcdtkyktd| |k|vd odmda acefsefhd~hde ~ceo ~ceod~ d~dt dt |czt |cztdd d~d d~d {def def okhc okhctd tdbs bskk tcetdef adtczk ~cajcmd`dzde% ~cajcmd`dzde% \ctcmd \ctcmdb b acajcz acajczkhde khde hc|ca~d hc|ca~dtde tde sets setsh h jczt jcztde de{ {d ode ode |k|v |k|vdd aceo aceod~ d~dt dt ~cadbda ~cadbdadede- ~cecmktk ~cecmktk acajczkh acajczkhde de |gdm odmd odmda a jcet jcetsh sh MH\ sets setsh h okhc okhcz` z`dh dhde de |cld |cldzd zd hcmga hcmga~gh ~gh ocef ocefde de deffg deffgtd td ?“3 gzde gzdef% f% \ctc \ctcmd mdb b |cmc |cmc|d |dkk okhc okhcz` z`dh dhdde~cecm ~cecmktk ktk aces acese`s e`sh h |k|vd |k|vd acesm acesmk|h k|hde de bd|km bd|km hcz`d hcz`d hcmga~g hcmga~gh h aczchd aczchd ok oc~de oc~de hcmd|% hcmd|% \cjcmsa \cjcmsa hcfkdtde hcfkdtde ~cajcmd ~cajcmd`dzd `dzde e tc| |khms| K jczdhbkz~cecmktk acajczkhde 3 jstkz |gdm ocefde dmghd|k vdhts 43 acekt setsh acefshs shsz hcjczbd hcjczbd|kmd |kmde e tkeodhde tkeodhde {def {def fdajdzd fdajdzde e bd|kme{d bd|kme{d |cjdfdk jczkhst%

_djcm 4 Oktzkjs|k Bd|km Jcmd`dz \khms| K Ekmdk

Izchsce|k

#

2>->> 6>->> 93->> 9>->> 33->> 3>->> ?3->> _gtdm

9 ; : 4: < : : <9

49-6 :3-> 3-9 <<-< 2-< 3-9 3-9 4>>->

# Hsasmdtki  49-6 ?4-6 ?6-: 2>-9 22-; ;?-? 4>>->

Bd|km Bd|km jcmd` jcmd`dz dz |k|vd |k|vd jcmsa jcmsa tsetd| tsetd| odmda ~cefsd|dde |gdm adtczk ~caj ~cajccmd`d md`dzd zde% e% @dok @dok-- tkeo tkeodh dhde de {def def okmdhshd shde ~dod |khms| K kek ~czms ~czjdkhde ~dod |khms| |cmde`ste{d% Bd|km ~cefdad ~cefdadtde tde ~cecmktkd ~cecmktkde e |cmdad |cmdad |khms| |khms| K dodmdb |cjdfdk jczkhst% 4% \cjde{dh :2 |k|vd "66-6#+ acajczkhde ~ceod~dt |cmdad ~zg|c| ~cajcmd`dzde- 42 |k|vd "3>#+ |k|vd aceldtd aceldtdtt bd|km bd|km hcz`d hcz`d hcmga~g hcmga~ghh- ode :; |k|vd "2>-3#+ |k|vd acefcz`dhde tsfd| tsfd| ~dod ~dod MH\% MH\% Odzk Odzk odtd odtd tcz|c tcz|cjst jst okhctdb okhctdbsk sk zdtd!zdt zdtd!zdtdd hcdhtki hcdhtkide de yk|sdm yk|sdm |k|vd |k|vd ~dod ~dod |khm |khms| s| K |cjc |cjc|d |dzz 9;-? 9;-?# # "dhtki+% :% \cj \cjde{ de{dh dh <9 |k|v |k|vdd "4>> "4>>#+ #+ |cmd |cmdms ms jcz|dad jcz|dad odmda odmda hcmga~g hcmga~ghh- |cjde{dh  |cjde{dh  :; |k|vd "2>-3#+ |k|vd jczjdfk tsfd| odmda hcmga~gh- ode bde{d 3 |k|vd ";6";6-:# :#++ jchc jchcz` z`d! d!|d |dad ad acaj acajdb dbd| d| |gdm |gdm%% Odzk Odzk odtd odtd tcz| tcz|cj cjst st okh okhctdb ctdbsk sk zdtd! zdtd!zdt zdtdd dhtky dhtkyktd ktd|| hcz`d hcz`d|da |dadd |k|vd |k|vd ~dod |khms| K |cjc|dz ;:-9# "|defdt dhtki+% <% \cjde{dh <9 |k|vd "4>>#+ aceo aceoce cefd fdzz ode ode aca aca~czb ~czbdt dtkh khde de ~ceo ~ceod~ d~ddt hcmg hcmga a~gh ~gh ' tcad tcade e |ddt |ddt   `dmdee{ `dmdee{dd ok|hs|kok|hs|k- |cjde{d |cjde{dh h <9 |k|vd |k|vd "4>>#+ okda dtds tkodh zkjst odmda hcmd hcmd||- |cjd |cjde{ e{dh dh <9 |k|v |k|vdd "4>> "4>>#+ #+ acefd`dh acefd`dh hcmga~g hcmga~gh h mdke jczok|h jczok|hs|ks|k|cjde{dh :: |k|vd "26#+% Odzk odtd tcz|cjst tcz|cjst okhctdbs okhctdbskk zdtd!zdtd zdtd!zdtd dhtkyktd dhtkyktd||

9

ketc ketczd zdh| h|kk detd detdzz |k|v |k|vdd ~dod ~dod |khm |khms| s| K |cjc|dz 26# "|defdt dhtki+% ?% \cjde{dh :4 |k|vd "32-<#+ ada~s ace`dvdj ~cztde{dde hcmga~gh mdkeacefbdzfdk ~ceod~dt hcmga~gh mdke|cjde{dh <9 |k|vd "4>>#+ acefbdzfdk ~ceod~dt hcmga~gh mdke|cjde{dh :2 |k|vd "66-6#+ acajczkhde ad|shde ode |dzde% Odzk odtd odtd tcz| tcz|ccjst jst okh okhctdb ctdbsk sk zdtd zdtd!z !zdt dtdd dhtkyktd| cag|kgedm |k|vd ~dod |khms| K |cjc|dz 62-6# "dhtki+% Jczo Jczod| d|dzh dzhde de bd|km bd|km ~cmdh ~cmdh|d |dedd edde e ode ~cefdadtde ~dod |khms| K oktcashde hcfdfdmde {dkts0 4% Okmkbdt odzk ~czgmcbde ~czgmcbde ekmdk tc|- |k|vd {def {def aceld aceld~dk ~dk hctse hctsetd td|de |de jcmd` jcmd`dz dz dtds aca~czgmcb ekmdk ≣ 93 dodm dodmdb db 46 gzdef "?6-:#+- |k|v k|vd {def aca~ aca~cz czgm gmcb cb ok jdvd jdvdb b hcts hctset etd| d|de de jcmd` jcmd`dz dz dtds dtds aca~ aca~czg czgmcb mcb ekmdk ekmdk = 93 dodm dodmdb db 4; |k|v |k|vdd "3:"3:-2# 2#+% +% Ocef Ocefde de ocakhkde |k|vd {def jcmsa aceld~d aceld~dkk hctsetd| hctsetd|de de jcmd`dz jcmd`dz ad|kb ad|kb lshs~ tkeff effk {dhek aceld~dk 3:-62#% :% Okmk Okmkb bdt odzk odzk hcdht cdhtki kide de acel aceldt dtdt dt adtcz adtczkk {def {def okjczk okjczkhde hde-- |k|vd |k|vd {def {def tkodh dhtki aceldtdt dod 42 gzdef "3> #+ odzk <9 |k|vd% <% Okmkbdt odzk hcdhtkide |k|vd ace`dvdj ~cztde{dde hcmga~gh mdke|k|vd {def tkodh dhtki dod 43 |k|vd "?4-6#+ odzk <9 |k|vd% <%<% \khms| KK ^cmdh|dedde ~cecmktkde ~dod |khms| KK aczs~dh s~dhdde mdef mdefhd hdb b ~czj ~czjddkhd khde ~cajcmd jcmd``dzde zde odz odzk d~d {def def tcmdb mdb okmd okmdhs hsh hde ~dod ~dod |kh |khms| ms| K {dkts dkts kef kefke acekefhdthde bd|km jcmd`dz ode dhtkyktd| |k|vd% |k|vd% ^czce ^czcelde ldedd dde e aczs~d aczs~dhd hde e tdbd~ tdbd~ dvdm |cjcmsa |cjcmsa acmdh|d acmdh|dedhd edhde e tkeodhd tkeodhde% e% ^dod ^dod tdbd tdbd~ ~ ~czc ~czcel elde dedd dde e kek kek ~cec ~cecmk mktk tk acmdhshd shde hcfkdt kdtde ~cz|kd~de%

^cmdh|dedde ~cajcmd`dzde |khms| KK ~dod tdeffdm 4? D~zkm :>>;% Vdhts ~cmdh|dedde ~cajcmd`dzde : r ?> acekt% ^dod tdbd~ ~cmdh|dedde ~cmdh|dedde tkeodhde~cecmktk acajczk ~cztde{dde!~cztde{dde setsh acefctdbsk |c`dsb aded ~cefctdbsde ok|da~kef acajdefhkthde hzcdtkyktd| |k|vd odmda acefsefhd~hde ~ceo ~ceod~ d~dt dt |czt |cztdd d~d d~d {def def okhc okhctd tdbs bskk tcetdef adtczk ~cajcmd`dzde% ~cajcmd`dzde% \ctcmdb ad|kef!ad|kef hcmga~gh  hcmga~gh  aceok|hs|khde hcfkdtde ok dtd|- ad|kef! ad|k ad|kef ef deff deffgt gtdd hcmg hcmga~ a~gh gh jczs jczs|d |dbd bd sets setsh h ace`d ce`dvd vdj j |gdm |gdm jczo jczod| d|dz dzh hde ~cztde{dde bd|km ok|hs|k hcmga~gh {def   ``dv dvdj djde dee{ e{dd okjs okjsdt dt |cld |cldzd zd keok keokyk ykos os \ctcmdb acajczkhde hc|ca~dtde setsh  jcztde{d ode |k|vd aceod~dt ~cadbda ~cadbdadede- okjczkhd okjczkhde e |gdm MH\ setsh  setsh  okhc okhcz` z`dh dhde de |cld |cldzd zd hcmg hcmga~ a~gh gh ocef ocefde de deffg deffgtd td ?“3 ?“3 gzdef gzdef |cztd |cztd hsk| hsk| |cjdfd |cjdfdkk ~ceo ~ceodm dmda dade de adtc adtczk zk ~ca ~cajcmd jcmd`d `dzd zde% e% \ctc \ctcmd mdb b |cmc |cmc|d |dkk okhc okhcz` z`dh dhde de-- ~cec ~cecmk mktk tk acese`sh |k|vd acesmk|hde bd|km hcz`d hcmga mga~gh aczch zchd ok oc~de hcmd|% md|% \cjcmsa hcfkdtde ~cajcmd`dz `dzde jczdhbkz- ~cecmktk acajczkhde |gdm!|gdm mdtkbde "cydmsd|k :+ {def bdzs| okhcz khcz`d `dh hde |k|vd k|vd {def def fdajd dajdzzde bd|kme{d |cjdfdk jczkhst% _djcm : Oktzkjs|k Bd|km Jcmd`dz \khms| KK Ekmdk 4>>->> ;>->> 23->> 2>->> 63->> 6>->> 93->> 9>->> _gtdm

Izchsce|k < 9 3 6 9 3 < 4 <9

# 2-< 49-6 4<-; 4;-? 49-6 4<-; 2-< :-2 4>>->

# Hsasmdtki  2-< :3-> <2-; 32-< 63-> 22-; ;6-: 4>>->

Odzk Odzk odtd odtd bd|k bd|kmm jcmd jcmd`d `dzz |khm |khms| s| KK   `samdb `samdb |cjde{dh |cjde{dh <3 |k|vd {def tsetd| tsetd|

6

jcmd`dze{d ";6-:#+ dtds mcjkb odzk 23# odzk odzk `samdb `samdb hc|cms hc|cmszsbd zsbde e |k|vd% |k|vd% Bdm kek acese`sh acese`shde de ~cajczk ~cajczkde de tkeodhd tkeodhde e ~dod |khms| |khms| KK tcmdb tcmdb jczbd jczbd|km |km ode ode tkodh tkodh ~czms ~czms okdodhd okdodhde e ~czjdkhd ~czjdkhde% e% Bd|km ~cefda ~cefdadtde dtde ~cec ~cecmk mktk tkde de |cmd |cmdad ad |kh |khms| ms| KK dodm dodmdb db |cjdfdk jczkhst% 4% Odzk Odzk <9 |k|v |k|vdd- {def {def aca acajczk jczkhd hde e ~ceod~dt |cmdad ~zg|c| ~cajcmd`dzde |cjde{dh :9 gzdef dtds 6:-:#- |k|vd aceldtdt tdt bd|k bd|kmm hcz`d hcmga cmga~ ~gh  |cjde{dh |cjde{dh >#% Odzk odtd odtd tcz| tcz|ccjst jst zdtd zdtd!z !zdt dtdd hcdh cdhtkid tkide e yk|sdm |k|vd ~dod |khms| K okhctdbsk 22-;# dtds tczfgmgef |defdt dhtki% :% Dhtk Dhtkyk yktd td|| hcz` hcz`d| d|da dadd odzk odzk <9 |k|v |k|vdd od~dt ok`cmd|hde |k|vd |cmdms jcz|dad odmda hcmga~gh |cjde{dh <3 gzdef dtds dtds ;6-: ;6-:##- |k|v |k|vdd jczj jczjdf dfkk tsfd tsfd|| odmda hcmga~gh |cjde{dh ># 4>>#-- ode ode |k|v |k|vdd acef cefd`dh  d`dh  hcmg hcmga a~gh ~gh mdke mdke sets setsh h jczo jczok| k|hs hs|k |k |cjde{ |cjde{dh dh :6 gzdef gzdef dtds dtds 63#% 63#% Odzk Odzk odtd odtd tcz| tcz|cj cjst st zdtd zdtd!z !zdt dtdd dhtky htkykt ktd| d| ketc ketczd zdh| h|kk detd detdz| z|k| k|vd vd ~dod ~dod |kh |khms| ms| K okh okhctd ctdbsk bsk 2?-: 2?-:# # dtds dtds tczf tczfg gmgef mgef |defdt dhtki% ?% Dhtk Dhtkyk yktd td|| cag| cag|kg kged edmm |k|v |k|vdd odmd odmda a acef acefca cash shdh dhde de ~ceo ~ceod~ d~dt dt-- odzk odzk <9 |k|vd od~dt ok`cmd|hde |k|vd ada~s

ace`dvdj ~cztde{dde hcmga~gh mdke |cjde{dh :4 gzdef dtds 32-<#- |k|vd acefbdzfdk acefbdzfdk ~ceod~dt ~ceod~dt hcmga~gh mdke |cjde{dh << gzdef dtds ;4-9#- ode |k|v |k|vdd aca acajczk jczkh hde ad|s ad|shd hde e ode ode |dzde |cjde{dh :? gzdef dtds 99-9#% Odzk odtd tcz|cjs tcz|cjstt zdtd!zdt zdtd!zdtdd dhtkyktd dhtkyktd|| cag|kgedm |k|vd k|vd ~dod |khms| K okhctdbsk 6:-:# dtds tczfgmgef dhtki% Jczod Jczod|d |dzhd zhde e bd|km bd|km ~cmdh ~cmdh|d |dedd edde e ode ~cefdadtde ~cefdadtde ~dod |khms| |khms| KK okmkbdt okmkbdt dode{ dode{dd ~cekef ~cekefhd hdtde tde jkmd jkmd okjdo okjdokef kefhd hde e ocefde |khms| K {dkts 0 d% Okmk Okmkbd bdtt odzk odzk ok|t ok|tzk zkjs js|k |k izch izchsc sce| e|kk ~czgmcb ~czgmcbde de ekmdk ekmdk dode{d dode{d ~cekefh ~cekefhdtde dtde ~cek ~cekef efhd hdtd tde e {dkts dkts ekmd ekmdkk 93 “ 4>> 4>> |cjd |cjde{ e{dh dh <3 |k|v |k|vdd odzk odzk <9 |k|v |k|vdd ";6-::#+ j% Okmkbd Okmkbdtt odzk odzk hcdh hcdhtki tkide de |k|vd |k|vd odmda odmda jcmd`dz jcmd`dz hcmga~g hcmga~ghh- |k|vd |k|vd {def {def tkodh  dhtki tkodh dod% Ac|hk~se ekmdk |k|vd ~dod |khms| K hc |khm khms| KK dod {def def acefdmda mdak ~cekefh ~cekefhdtde dtde ode dod {def acefdmd acefdmdak ak ~ceszsede tctd~k |casd |sodb aceld~dk hctse hctsetd| td|de de jcmd` jcmd`dz dz ok dtd| dtd| 93% 93% Ocefd Ocefde e ocakhkde ~cmdh|dedd edde |khms| KK okhdtdhde okhdtdhde jczbd|km% <%?% ^cajdbd|de ^cefbktsefde hcedkhde hcjczb jczbdd|kmd kmde |cl |cldzd dzd hc|cms |cmszzsbde ok~czgmcb odzk zdtd!zdtd |ctcmdb okdodhde ^_H ^_H dtds dtds |khms| |khms| KK okhszd okhszdef efkk zdtd! zdtd!zd zdtd td |cjcmsa okdodhde ^_H% Ocefde dedmk|d 1 2>->> “ ?>-?: 1 <;-32% _djcm < Odtd Bd|km Hcedkhde Ekmdk Smdefde \cldzd Hc|cmszsbde Szdkde

Zczdtd ekmdk smdefde bdzkde

^zd ^_H

\khms| K

\khms| KK

Hced! khde

?>-?:

9?-<4

2>->>

<;-32

2

Bd|k Bd|kmm dedm dedmk| k|dd odzk odzk ok|t ok|tzk zkjs js|k |k izchsce|k ~czgmcbde ekmdk odzk hc|cmszsbde hc|cmszsbde |khms| |cjdfdk jczkhst% _DJCM ? OD_D BD\KM OK\_ZKJS\K IZCHSCE\K ^CZGMCBDE EKMDK ODZK \KHMS\ K ODE \KHMS\ KK Eg%

Szdkde

4%

Ekmdk ≣ 93

^zd ^_H 6

:%

Ekmdk = 93

:;

4;

4

<9

<9

<9

@samdb

\khms| K 46

\khms| KK <3

Bd|k Bd|kmm dedm dedmk| k|dd odzk odzk hcdh hcdhtk tkid ide e |k|v |k|vdd odzk odzk hc|c hc|cms mszs zsbd bde e |khm |khms| s| od~d od~dtt okmkbdt ~dod tdjcm jczkhst kek% _djcm 3 Odtd Bd|km ^cefdadtde Dhtkyktd| \k|vd \cldzd Hc|cmszsbde Dhtkyktd|

\khms| K

\khms| KK

Hctc! zdefde

Hcdhtkide "dhtkyktd| yk|sdm+

9;-?#

22-;#

Edkh   4;-3#

Hcz`d|dad "dhtkyktd| gzdm+

;:-9#

;<-3#

Edkh   >-;#

Ketczdh|k detdz |k|vd "dhtkyktd| acetdm+

26->#

;:-9#

Edkh   3-9#

Dhtkyktd| acefcashdhde ~ceod~dt "dhtkyktd| cag|kgedm+

62-6# -6#

6:-: :-:#

_szs _szse e 9-3#

Oktk Oktke` e`ds ds odzk odzk bd|k bd|kmm ~cef ~cefda dadt dtde de tczbdod tczbdod~ ~ dhtkyktd dhtkyktd|| |k|vd odmda odmda ~zg|c| ~zg|c| ~cajcmd`dzde `sfd acefdmdak hcedkhde% Dhtkyktd Dhtkyktd|| hcdhtki hcdhtkide de |k|vd |k|vd edkh 4;-3#4;-3#dhtkyktd| hcz`d|dad |k|vd edkh >-;# ode dhtkyktd| ketczdh|k detdz|k|vd edkh 3-9#% Bde{d e{d dhtkykt kyktdd| acefcashdhde ~ceod~dt "dhtkyktd| cag|kgedm+ acef acefdmd dmdak ak ~cesz ~ceszsed sede e |cjc |cjc|dz |dz 9-3#% 9-3#% \cldzd hc|cmszsbde dhtkyktd| |k|vd ~dod |khms| |khms| hcosd hcosd acefdmd acefdmdak ak hcedkhd hcedkhde e ode

|k|vd oke{dtdhde |defdt dhtki acefkhstk ~zg|c| ~cajcmd`dzde% Acmd Acmdms mskk ~ceo ~ceoch chdt dtde de L_M L_M {def {def okgzkc okgzkcetd etd|kh |khde de ocefd ocefde e ~cajcm ~cajcmd` d`dzd dzde e hgg~czdtki tk~c \_DO kek tczmkbdt dode{d ~cek ~cekef efhd hdtd tde e bd|k bd|kmm jcmd jcmd`d `dzz |k|v |k|vdd ode ode ~cekefhdtde dhtkyktd| |k|vd {def |defdt |kf |kfekik ekikh hde% de% Bd|k Bd|kmm tca tcasde sde md~d md~def efde de acese`shhde fszs tkodh okdeffd~ |g|gh  {def acedhsthde tct tctd~k |cjdfdk id|k id|kmk mktd tdtg tgzz ode aktzd ktzd sets setsh h jczj jczjdf dfkk ~cef ~cefdm dmda dade de |c|s |c|sdk dk ocef ocefde de hge| hge|c~ c~ lzcd lzcdk kii mcdz mcdzek ekef ef {dkts kts acmdmsk ~cajcmd`dzde hgg~czdtki |cztd lzcdkyk{ deo okycz|k{ |defd |defdtt aces acese`g e`gmm odmda odmda agocm ocm ~caj cajcmd` md`dzd dzde kek% kek% Ocef cefde acad acadosh oshde de ~ceoc ~ceochd hdtde tde L_M L_M ocefd ocefde e ~caj ~cajcm cmd` d`dz dzde de hgg~ hgg~cz czdt dtki ki tk~c tk~c \_DO \_DO fszs fszs bde{d bde{d acefdzdb acefdzdbhde hde |tzdtcf |tzdtcfkk {def {def cichtki ode cik|kce {dkts jcmd` md`dz jdfdkaded ldzd jcmd`dz " mcdzekef bgv g mcdze+% Odmda mcdzekef ef bgv g Odmda actgoc actgoc mcdzek mcdze fszs szs bde{d e{d |cj |cjdfd dfdk fskoc "~cajczk dzdb'~ctse`sh+ setsh  acajd cajde ets |k|v |k|vdd `kh `khd acecash cashdde hc|sm |smktd ktde odmda mda aca~c ca~cmmd`dz `dzk ode ace{cmc|dkhde ad|dmdb% ^dod dhb dhbkz |kh |khms| KK ~ce ~cecmktk mktk ace{ ace{cj cjdz dzhd hde e defh defhct ct hc~d hc~dod od |k|v |k|vd% d% \cjd \cjdzd zde e bd|k bd|kme me{ {d |cjd |cjdf fdk jczk jczkhs hst% t% \cjde{d \cjde{dh h <: |k|vd "2;#+ "2;#+ ace{ced ace{cedefk efk ~zg|c ~zg|c|| ~cajcm ~cajcmd`d d`dzde zde {def {def okjczk okjczkhd hde e fszsszs- |cod |codef efhd hde e dod dod ? gzd gzdef |k|v |k|vdd "44-4#+ tkodh ace{cedefk% \cjde{dh
;

~caj ~cajcm cmd` d`dz dzde de-- ode ode : gzde gzdef f "3-9 "3-9# #+ ace` ace`dv dvdj dj ”_ko ”_kodh dh‑% ‑% \cjd \cjdfk fkde de jc|d jc|dzz |k|v |k|vdd "<: "<: gzde gzdeff- dtds dtds 22-; 22-;#+ #+ od~d od~dtt acefkh acefkhstk stk hcfkdtd hcfkdtde e ocefde ocefde jdkh tde~d tde~d hceod hceodmd md%% |codef |codefhd hde e ? gzdef gzdef "44-4# "44-4#++ tkod tkodh h jk|d jk|d acef cefkhst khstkk ocef ocefde de jdkh% dkh% \cjde{ jde{dh dh <: |k|v |k|vdd "2;-; ;-;#+ tkod tkodh  h  acefdmdak acefdmdak hc|smktde odmda acajczkhde acajczkhde lgetgb jceod dtds jdefse |k|k msdz |k|k odtdz odtdz {def {def dod dod ok |chk |chktdz tdz aczch aczchdd- ode bde{d bde{d ? gzdef gzdef "44-4#+ "44-4#+ {def acecask acecask hc|smktde% Odzk hc|cmszsbde ~zg|c| ~caj ~cajcm cmd` d`dz dzde de {def def okmd okmdh hshde shde fszs fszs ocefd ocefde e acecz aceczd~h d~hde de ~ceo ~ceochd chdtde tde L_M {def okgzkcetd|khde ocefde ~caj ~cajcm cmd` d`dz dzde de hgg~ hgg~cz czdt dtki ki tk~c tk~c \_DO \_DO okhctd okhctdbsk bsk bd|kme{d bd|kme{d 33-9# |defdt |defdt jdkhjdkh::-:# ::-:# jdkh jdkh-- 44-4# 44-4# lshs~ lshs~ jdkh jdkh-- 2-<# 2-<# hszdef jdkh- ode :-2# |defdt tkodh jdkh%

?% \KA^SMDE ODE \DZDE ?%4% \ka~smde Bd|km ~cecmktkde kek tcmdb ace`d ce`dvd vdj j osd osd ~cza ~czad| d|dm dmddbde bde {def def tczod~dt ~dod jdj 4% Odzk bd|km dedmk|k| odtd ode ~cajdbd|de od~dt ok|ka~smhde |cjdfdk jczkhst0 4% ^cekefhdtde ^cekefhdtde bd|km jcmd`dz adtcadtkhd adtcadtkhd |k|vd acmdmsk ~ceochdtde L_M {def okgzkce okgzkcetd|kh td|khde de ocefde ocefde tk~c \soce  _cda| Dlbkcycace Okyk|kge "\_DO+ ok hcmd| YKKK4 \A^ Ecfczk 4 Keozdmd{ Keozdmd{dd \cmdtde% \cmdtde% Dod ~cekefhd ~cekefhdtde tde odzk odzk |khms| |khms| hc |khms| |khms|-- bdm bdm kek okmkbd okmkbdtt odzk bd|km jcmd`dz |k|vd ocefde ekmdk zdtd!zdtd 63-49% :% Dhtk Dhtkyk yktd td|| |k|v |k|vdd |ddt |ddt oktcz ktczd~ d~hd hde e ~ceochdtde L_M {def okgzkcetd|khde ocef ocefdde tk~c tk~c \_DO \_DO ok hcmd| cmd| YKKK YKKK4 \A^ \A^ Ecfc Ecfczk zk ? Keozd eozdmd md{ {d \cmd \cmdtd tde e acef acefdm dmda dakk ~cek ~cekef efh hdtde dtde |cmd |cmdad ad okmd okmdhs hshd hde e ~cec ~cecmk mktk tkde de odzk odzk |khm |khms| s| K

|da |da~dk ~dk ~dod ~dod |khm |khms| s| KK% KK% Hced Hcedkh khde de hcdhtkide |k|vd 4;-3#% ?%:% \dzde Odzk Odzk |ka |ka~smd ~smde e ok dtd| dtd| ~ces ~cesmk mk|| acajczkhde |dzde |cjdfdk jczkhst 0 4% Fszs Fszs adtd adtd ~cmd ~cmd`d `dzd zde e Adtc Adtcad adtk tkhd hd hkzde{d od~dt aceczd~hde ~ceochdtde L_M {def okgzkcetd|khde ocefde tk~c \soce oce _cda| da|   D Dlb lbkc kcyc ycac ace e Okyk Okyk|k |kge ge "\_DO+ |cjd |cjdf fdk ~kmk ~kmkbd bde e dmtc dmtcze zedt dtki ki odmd odmda a acekefhdthde bd|km jcmd`dz |k|vd% :% Hc~dod Hc~dod ~dzd ~dzd adbd| adbd|k|v k|vdd dtds dtds ldmge ldmge fszs od~dt ace`dokhde bd|km ~cec ~cecmk mktk tkde de |cjd |cjdf fdk dlsd dlsde e odmd odmda a acmdh|dedhde acmdh|dedhde tsfd| acefd`dz% acefd`dz% <% Hc~d Hc~dod od ~dzd ~dzd ~cecmk ~cecmktk tk mdkemdke- hkzd hkzde{d e{d od~dt acagokikhd|k hcajdmk ~cmdh|dedde ~cmdh|dedde ~cecmktkde ~cecmktkde tkeodhde hcmd| ak|dme{d ocefde acedajdb ydzkdjcm agtkyd|k jcmd`dz |k|vd%

ODI_DZ ^S\_DHD

BdokBdok- Esz% Esz% :>>6% :>>6% ^cajcmd`dzde Hgetch|tsdm ode ^ceczd~dee ^ceczd~dee{d {d odmda Hszkhsmsa Jczjd|k| Hga~ctce|k% btt~0''asbmk|%ikmc|%vgzo~zc||%lga% Okdh|c| ~dod tdeffdm 4> D~zkm :>>2% BkadaIdtbsm% :>>?% ^cekefhdtde ^cadbdade \k|v d ~dod Adtd ^cmd`dzde ^cmd`dzde ^He Acmdmsk Acmdmsk ^cajcmd`d ^cajcmd`dzde zde Hgg~czdtki _k~c \_DO Adtczk \k|tca Bshs Bs hsa a Ed|k Ed|kge gedm dm ok Hcmd Hcmd|| Rd \AD "adhdmdb db bd|km bd|km Ecfc Ecfczk zk : ^get ^getkd kded edh h "adhdm ~cec ~cecmk mktk tkde de-tkod tkodh h ok~s ok~sjm jmkh khd| d|kh khde de+% +% vvv%|ade:!~g vvv%|ade:!~getkde etkdedh%|l dh%|lb%ko% b%ko% Okdh|c| Okdh|c| tdeffdm :2 Ghtgjcz :>>2% MkcMkc- Dektd Dektd%% :>>: :>>:%% Lgg~cz Lgg~czdtk dtkyc yc Mcdze Mcdzekef kef 0 Aca~zdhtkhhde Lgg~czdtkyc Mcdzekef @dhdzt ztd0 d0 ^_% ^_% ok Zsdef Zsdef!Zs !Zsdef def Hcmd| Hcmd|%% @dhd Fzd|keog% Asm{ sm{d|d|d-

C%

:>>?% >>?%

Hszkhs Hszkhsmsa msa

Jczjd Jczjd|k| |k|

4>

Hga~ct Hga~ctce| ce|k% k% Hge|c~ Hge|c~-- Hdzdht Hdzdhtczk czk|tk |tkh h ode Ka~mca Ka~mcacet cetd|k d|k%% Jdeosef 0 ^_% Zcad`d Zg|od Hdz{d% Ed|s Ed|stk tkge ge-- Egcb Egcbk% k% :>>3 :>>3%% ^cekm ^cekmdkd dkde e Bd|km Bd|km Jcmd`dz% Jcmd`dz% @dhdztd 0 Sekycz|ktd| _czjshd% \det \detg| g|ggMcgek cgektd td%% :>> :>><% ^cajcmd`dzde Hgg~czdtki % @dhdztd0 Oc~okhed|% \mdyke- Zgjczt C% :>>3% Lgg~czdtkyc Mcdzekef% _bcgz{- Zc|cdzlb deo ^zdltklc- \clgeo Coktkge% Coktkge% Jg|tge0 Dmm{e deo Jdlge%

Zg|odhdz{d%% \sbcza \sbczadede- B% Bczad Bczade% e% :>>6% :>>6% Agocm Jcmd`dz Jcmd`dz ode ode ^cajc cajcmd md``dzde dzde Jczgz czgzkkcetd cetd|k |k Hga~ctce|k \k|vd% btt~0''~hdj%vgzo~zc||!lga% Okdh|c| ~dod tdeffdm 4: D~zkm :>>2% Agocm!Agocm ^cajcmd` ^cajcmd`dzde dzde _zkdet _zkdetg% g% :>>6% :>>6% Agocm!Agocm Kegydtki Jczgzkcetd|k Hge|tzshtkyk|tkh% Hge|tzshtkyk|tkh% @dhdztd 0 ^zc|td|k ^s|tdhd%

^cekmdkde Bd|km Bd|km ^zg|c| ^zg|c| \so`ded\so`ded- Eded% :>>;% ^cekmdkde Jcmd`dz Acefd`dz% Acefd`dz% @dhdztd 0 ^_% Zcad`d

44