Materi Gizi Seimbang

PRA PLANNING PENYULUHAN GIZI SEIMBANG PRAKTIK KEPERAWATAN KOMUNITAS MAHASISWA STIKES YATSI TANGERANG Ds. SINGARAJA KAB. TANGERANG TANGERANG

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A.

La( La(ar B*la B*la'a 'ang ng K*gi K*gia( a(an an

Gii s*i01ang 0*r#,a'an an*'a raga0 1aan ,angan -ang 0*ngan4#ng #ns#r5#ns#r a( gii -ang 4i,*rl#'an +l* (#1#6 1ai' '#ali(as 78#ngsin-a96 0a#,#n '#an(i(as 72#0lan-a9. Saa( ini6 In4+n*sia 0*ngala0i 0asala gii gan4a6 1#'an an-a 0asala '*'#rangan gii -ang -ang 4ia4a 4ia4a,i ,i In4+n* In4+n*sia sia66 '*l*1i '*l*1ian an gii gii ,#n 'ini 'ini 0*n2a4i 0*n2a4i 0+0+' -ang (*nga (*nga 4i,*ra 4i,*rangi ngi  ,*0*rin(a. S*1a16 '*4#an-a 4a,a( 1*ra'i1a( 1#r#' (*ra4a, '*s*a(an 4an '#ali(as i4#, 0an#sia. Da(a Ris'*s4as $"%" 0*n-*1#('an6 2#0la ,*rs*n(as* s(a(#s gii 'a(*g+ri '#r#s 4irin:i s*1agai 1*ri'#(  ,a4a 1ali(a %!6!;6 4an ana' s*'+la #sia ) 5 %$ (a#n %$6$;. S*0*n(ara i(#  2#0la ,*rs*n(as* 0as-ara'a( In4+n*sia -ang g*0#' 4irin:i s*1agai 1*ri'#(  ,a4a 1ali(a %&;6  ,a4a ana' #sia ) < %$ (a#n s*1an-a' =6$;6 ,a4a ana' #sia %! < %> (a#n $6>;6 ana' #sia %) <  %? (a#n %6&;6 4an 4*3asa l*1i 4ari %? (a#n s*1an-a' $%6@;. Ji'a 4#l# 0as-ara'a( g+l+ngan '*las 0*n*nga -ang i4*n(i' i4*n(i' 1*r1a4an 1*r1a4an s#1#r6 s#1#r6 'ini 4i 0asala ,*ralian6 '*l*1ian '*l*1ian 1*ra( 1a4an  2#s(r# 4i4*ri(a 0as-ara'a( 4*ngan (ing'a( *'+n+0i r*n4a. K*4#a 0asala (*rs*1#( 0#n:#l 'ar*na ,+la 0a'an -ang (i4a' s*i01ang.

K*'#rangan gii 4i(an4ai 4*ngan la01a(n-a ,*r(#01#an (#1# 7(*r#(a0a ,a4a ana'96 4a-a (aan (#1# r*n4a6 '#rangn-a (ing'a( in(*lig*nsia6 4an ,r+4#'(ii(as -ang r*n4a. K*l*1ian gii s*1ali'n-a6 4i(an4ai 4*ngan '*l*1ian 1*ra( 1a4an6 1*sarn-a risi'+ '*0#n:#lan  1*r1agai ,*n-a'i( 'r+nis 4*g*n*ra(i8 s*,*r(i 4ia1*(*s6 (*'anan 4ara (inggi6 4an ,*n-a'i( 2an(#ng. In4+n*sia saa( ini 1*ra4a 4ala0 0asa (ransisi gii6 -ai(# 0asa ,*ralian 4i an(ara 0asala '*'#rangan 4an '*l*1ian gii.  Na0#n6 ,*rl# ,#la 4iinga( 1a3a ,*r0asalaan gii 4i In4+n*sia (i4a' (*rl*,as 4ari '+n4isi In4+n*sia -ang 0*r#,a'an 4a*ra ra3an 1*n:ana ala0. B*r4asar'an 4a(a EMDAT  T* ODA/CRED In(*rna(i+nal Disas(*r Da(a1as* 7$"%%9 s*2a' %="@ ingga $"%"6 In4+n*sia 0*ngala0i 1*r1agai 0a:a0 1*n:ana 4*ngan (+(al 2#0la '*2a4ian &"$ 'ali6 '+r1an 0*ninggal $&%."=% +rang6 (+(al '+r1an $@.=!?.$">+rang64an '*r#gian 0a(*rial USD $!.=!!.&>?.""" 7s*'i(ar R, $&" (rili#n9. P*n(ing #n(#' 0*0,*ra(i'an '*nai'an 2#0la as#,an gii -ang 4i,*rl#'an. S*,*r(i '*1#(#an *n*rgi ,a4a (ri0*s(*r ,*r(a0a s*1*sar $."?" ''al6 (ri0*s(*r $ 4an ! s*1*sar $.$"" ''al 4an ,r+(*in )@ gra0 ,*r ari ,a4a (ri0*s(*r % < !. Yang 2#ga 0*n2a4i ,*ra(ian a4ala 8a'(a  1a3a i1# a0il 1*rsa0a r*0a2a ,*r*0,#an 4an 1a-i sa0,ai #sia $ (a#n (*r0as#' '*l+0,+'  'ri(is (#01# '*01ang 0an#sia.  Masala 4ala0 ,*01*rian 0a'an ana' 4i r*n(ang #sia ! < > (a#n 4i an(aran-a ana'  (i4a' s#'a sa-#ran6 ,ili5,ili 0a'anan6 4an 0*n-#'ai 2#n' 8++4. S*0*n(ara i(#6 0asala '*s*a(an -ang '*ra, 4i2#0,ai ,a4a +rang (#a a'i1a( gii l*1i a4ala i,*r(*nsi6 ,*n-a'i( 2an(#ng '+r+n*r6 4ia1*(*s6 4an 'an'*r. Di lain ,ia'6 '*'#rangan gii 0*n-*1a1'an an*0ia 4an 0*n+,a#s* -ang s*1*narn-a 1isa 4i:*ga 2i'a 0*n*ra,'an gii s*i01ang. Prinsi, gii s*i01ang #n(#' '*l+0,+' ini ,a4a in(in-a 0*0,*ra(i'an ariasi 0a'anan6 0*01a(asi 0a'anan -ang 0*ning'a('an 'a4ar asa0 #ra(6 0*0,*r1an-a' 0a'an 1#a 4an sa-#r  s*gar6 0in#0 air ,#(i -ang :#'#,6 4an 0*01a(asi gara06 s*r(a 0*0ili (*'s(#r 4an :i(a rasa 0a'anan.

M*n#r#( Ang'a K*:#'#,an Gii ra(a5ra(a -ang 4ian2#r'an ,*r +rang/ari6 '*1#(#an *n*rgi ana' #sia % < ! (a#n s*1*sar %.""" ''al6 ana' #sia & < ) (a#n s*1*sar %.>"" ''al.

S*0*n(ara '*1#(#an ,r+(*in ana' #sia % < ! (a#n s*1*sar $> gra0 4an #sia & < ) (a#n a4ala s*1*sar != gra0. M*01iasa'an 0a'an 0a'anan 1*raga0 4an 0*0*n#i '*1#(#an air ,#(i #n(#'  0*n-+'+ng a'(ii(as '*s*arian 0*r#,a'an sala sa(# ,rinsi, gii s*i01ang. S#4a 1an-a'   1#'(i 4ari 1*r1agai ,*n*li(ian 1a3a '*'#rangan air (#1# s*'i(ar % ,*rs*n 1*ra( 1a4an 7s*(ara $ g*las9 1agi r*0a2a 4an +rang 4*3asa6 0*ni01#l'an gangg#an 0++4 4an g*2ala a3al '*'#rangan air (#1#. Bi1ir 0*n2a4i '*ring6 sa'i( '*,ala6 3arna #rin* '#ning6 4an s## (#1# 0*ning'a(. K*a4aan ini a'an 0*n#r#n'an '+ns*n(rasi 1*la2ar a(a# 1*r,i'ir s*r(a 0*n#r#n'an s(a0ina. Di In4+n*sia6 s*'i(ar s*,ar# +rang 4*3asa 4an r*0a2a 0*ngala0i 4*i4rasi ringan. Di,*rl#'an 0in#0an -ang l*1i 1an-a' 1agi +rang -ang 1*ra4a 4ala0 ling'#ngan 4ingin 4an i1# a0il. P*r0asalaan (*rs*1#( 4a,a( 4ia(asi 4*ngan 0*n*ra,'an ,+la gii 1*ri01ang 4an 8+r(i8i'asi 0a'anan s*ingga a0a( (*,a( Hari Gii Nasi+nal $"%% 0*nga01il (*0a P+la Gii S*i01ang6 In*s(asi Bangsa. Dir*'(+ra( gii 4*,'*s ,a4a (a#n %==> (*la 0*ng*l#ar'an ,*4+0an #0#0 gii s*i01ang 7PUGS9. T#2#an PUGS 0*r#,a'an ala( #n(#' 0*01*ri'an ,*n-#l#an ,angan 4an gii '*,a4a 0as-ara'a( l#as6 4ala0 rang'a 0*0as-ara'a('an gii s*i01ang. P*4+0an 4is#s#n 4ala0 rang'a 0*0*n#i sala sa(# r*'+0*n4asi '+n8*r*nsi gii in(*rnasi+nal 4i r+0a ,a4a (a#n %==$. PUGS 0*r#,a'an ,*n2a1aran l*1i lan2#( 4ari ,*4+0an & s*a( > s*0,#rna -ang 0*0#a(  ,*san5,*san -ang 1*r'ai(an 4*ngan ,*n:*gaan 1ai' 0asala gii '#rang6 0a#,#n 0asala gii l*1i -ang s*la0a $" (a#n (*ra'ir 0#lai 0*na0,a''an 4iri 4i in4+n*sia 7Al0a(si*r6 $""$9.

B.

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T#2#an U0#0 S*(*la 0*n*ri0a 0a(*ri ini ,*s*r(a 0a0,# 0*0aa0i (*n(ang gii s*i01ang.

T#2#an K#s#s S*(*la 0*ngi'#(i ,*n-#l#an ini ,*s*r(a 4iara,'an 0a0,# 

a. M*n2*las'an ,*ng*r(ian gii s*i01ang.  1. M*n-*1#('an (rig#na 0a'anan gii s*i01ang. :. M*n-*1#('an 0an8aa( ,*0*n#an gii s*i01ang. 4. M*n-*1#('an a'i1a( (i4a' (*r,*n#in-a gii s*i01ang. *. M*n-*1#('ani ,*4+0an #0#0 gii s*i01ang 7PUGS9. C. %9 $9 !9

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E.

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4isa0,ai'an +l* 8asili(a(+r '*,a4a ,*s*r(a. 2. Evaluasi proses a. P*la'sanaan s*s#ai 4*ngan 3a'(# -ang (*la 4i(*(a,'an.  1. P*s*r(a 0*ngi'#(i ,*n-#l#an gii s*i01ang 4ari a3al sa0,ai a'ir '*gia(an.

:. P*s*r(a 1*r,*ran a'(i8 s*la0a ,*n-#l#an 4. P*s*r(a 0*n*ri0a 4*ngan s*nang a(i 4an 0*n-a(a'an '*s*4iaann-a #n(#' 0*n2aga '*s*a(ann-a.

3. a.  1. :. 4. *. 8. g. .

Evaluasi hasil P*s*r(a 4a,a( 0*ngi'#(i ,*n-#l#an gii s*i01ang sa0,ai s*l*sai. P*s*r(a 4a,a( 0*n2*las'an ,*ng*r(ian gii s*i01ang. P*s*r(a 4a,a( 0*n-*1#('an (rig#na 0a'anan gii s*i01ang. P*s*r(a 4a,a( 0*n-*1#('an 0an8aa( ,*0*n#an gii s*i01ang. P*s*r(a 4a,a( 0*n-*1#('an a'i1a( (i4a' (*r,*n#in-a gii s*i01ang. P*s*r(a 4a,a( 0*n-*1#('an ,*4+0an #0#0 gii s*i01ang 7PUGS9. P*s*r(a 0*n-a(a'an '*sia,an #n(#' 0*n2aga '*s*a(ann-a. P*s*r(a 4a,a( 0*n2a3a1 ,*r(an-aan 4*ngan 1*nar 4ari ,*r(an-aan -ang 4i s*4ia'an.

Pani(ia Pra'(*' K*,*ra3a(an K+0#ni(as Maasis3a Pr+8*si K*,*ra3a(an STIK*s YATSI Tang*rang

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A. Pengertian Gizi Seimbang

Ka(a Gii (*r2*0aan 4ari 1aasa inggris N#(ri(i+n 4an N#(ri(i+n s:i*n:*. Ka(a Inggris N#(ri(i+n 4ala0 1aasa Ara1 4is*1#( Giai6 4an 4ala0 1aasa San's*'*r(a Sas(aar*na. K*4#an-a ar(in-a sa0a6 0a'anan -ang 0*n-*a('an. Ma'anan 1*rgii a4ala 0a'anan -ang 4i0a'an s*:ara 1*ran*'a raga06 0a'anan 1*raga0 0a'in (inggi giin-a6 :ara 0*n-#s#n i4angan -ai(# 4*ngan 0*ngg#na'an ,*4+0an.

Gii s*i01ang a4ala '*s*i01angan an(ara a(5a( ,*n(ing -ang (*r'an4#ng 4i 4ala0 0a'anan 0a#,#n 0in#0an -ang 4i'+ns#0si +l* s*s*+rang 4ala0 '*i4#,an s*ari5ari. S*(ia, +rang ar#s 0a'an 0a'anan 4an 0in#0 0in#0an -ang 0*ngan4#ng (iga a( gii #(a0a -ang :#'#, 2#0lan-a6 1ai' a( (*naga6 a( ,*01ang#n 0a#,#n a( ,*nga(#r. Ti4a' s*i01ang a(a#,#n '#rang as#,an gii a'an 4a,a( 0*0,*ngar#i (#1# s*s*+rang. Gii s*i01ang a4ala s#s#nan 0a'anan s*ari5ari -ang 0*ngan4#ng a(5a( gii 4ala0 2*nis 4an 2#0la -ang s*s#ai 4*ngan '*1#(#an (#1#6 4*ngan 0*0*ra(i'an ,rinsi, '*an*'araga0an a(a# ariasi 0a'anan6 a'(ii(as 8isi'6 '*1*rsian6 4an 1*ra( 1a4an 7BB9 i4*al. Da,a( 4isi0,#l'an 1a3a Gizi Seimbang a4ala '*s*i01angan an(ara a(5a( ,*n(ing -ang (*r'an4#ng 4i 4ala0 0a'anan 0a#,#n 0in#0an -ang 4i'+ns#0si +l* s*s*+rang 4ala0 '*i4#,an s*ari5ari6 0*ngan4#ng a(5a( gii 4ala0 2*nis 4an 2#0la -ang s*s#ai 4*ngan '*1#(#an (#1#6 4*ngan 0*0*ra(i'an ,rinsi, '*an*'araga0an a(a# ariasi 0a'anan6 a'(ii(as 8isi'6 '*1*rsian6 4an 1*ra( 1a4an 7BB9 i4*al.

B.

Triguna Makanan Gizi Seimbang

1 !at Tenaga

Ma'anan s*1agai a( (*naga 7Kar1+i4ra( 4an L*0a'9 a4ala 0a'anan -ang 1*r8#ngsi #n(#' 0*ngasil'an (*naga6 #n(#' a'(i8i(as s*ari5ari6 :+n(+n-a 1*r'*r2a 4an 1*r+laraga. Za( s#01*r ,*01ang'i( (*naga 4ala0 (#1# 'i(a 1isa 4i4a,a('an 4ari ,a4i5,a4ian6 (*,#ng5(*,#ngan6 #01i5#01ian6 4an lain s*1again-a. B*r8#ngsi s*1agai ,*01*ri *n*rgi/(*naga #n(#' '*gia(an

i4#, 0an#sia. Ma'anan -ang 0*ngan4#ng a( (*naga an(ara lain  1*ras6 0i*6 '*n(ang6 sing'+ng6 2ag#ng6 r+(i 4an sag#.

2 !at Pengatur

Ma'anan s*1agai a( ,*nga(#r 7Fi(a0in 4an Min*ral9 a4ala 0a'anan -ang 1*r8#ngsi s*1agai ,*nga(#r +rgan5+rgan (#1# #n(#' 0*la'sana'an 8#ngsin-a s*:ara (*ra(#r. Za( ,*nga(#r  4ala0 (#1# 1isa 'i(a 4a,a('an 4ari sa-#r50a-#r 4an 1#a51#aan. #ngsi #(a0a 4ari a(  ,*01ang#n a4ala #n(#' 0*01*ri (#1# ,*rlin4#ngan 0a'si0al (*ra4a, s*rangan ,*n-a'i(. Ma'anan -ang 0*ngan4#ng a( ,*nga(#r an(ara lain  'ang'#ng6 4a#n sing'+ng6 1a-a06 sa3i i2a#6 'a:ang ,an2ang6 2*r#'6 ,*,a-a6 nanas6 nang'a6 0angga 4an lain5lain.

3 !at Pembangun

Ma'anan s*1agai a( ,*01ag#n 7Pr+(*in9 a4ala 0a'anan -ang 1*r8#ngsi #n(#'   ,*r(#01#an 4an ,*r'*01angan. Za( ,*01ang#n 4i 4ala0 (#1# 1isa 'i(a 4a,a('an 4ari ,r+(*in *3ani 4an na1a(i s*,*r(i 'a:ang5'a:angan6 s#s#6 '*-#6 -+g#r(6 4an lain5lain. Za( ,*01ang#n sanga( 1*rg#na #n(#' 0*r*g*n*rasi s*l5s*l -ang 0a(i agar 1isa 1*rgan(i 4*ngan -ang 1ar#. Ma'anan -ang 0*ngan4#ng a( ,*01ang#n an(ara lain  (*0,*6 (a#6 i'an asin6 #4ang6 (*l#r6 a-a06 4aging6 a(i6 'a:ang i2a# 4an lain5lain.

". Man#aat Pemenuhan Gizi Seimbang B*ri'#( ini 1*1*ra,a 0an8aa( -ang 4i4a,a('an 4ari ,*0*n#an gii s*i01ang ,a4a s*(ia,

 ,*ri+4* '*i4#,an 0an#sia  %9  Masa Kehamilan   P*0*n#an gii 4ala0 0asa '*a0ilan sanga( 0*0,*ngar#i '#ali(as 2anin -ang a'an 4ilair'an6 gii -ang s*i01ang 1isa 0*n:i,(a'an 2anin -ang s*a(6 (i4a' :a:a( 4an (i4a' 0#4a sa'i(.

$9 Usia Bayi   D*ngan gii -ang s*i01ang6 a'an (*r1*n(#' ana' -ang s*a( 4an ,*r(#01#an 8isi'6  ,si'+0+(+ri'6 4an in(*l*'(#al -ang +,(i0al. C#'#, ASI sa2a sa0,ai #sia ) 1#lan '*0#4ian 0a'anan ,*n4a0,ing ASI s*2a' ) 1#lan sa0,ai 4*ngan $ (a#n. B*ri'an MP5ASI

s*:ara

 1*r(aa, 4ari 0a'anan -ang ala0i. !9 Usia 1 - 3 Tahun    Pa4a #sia ini ana' 0#lai 4i'*nal'an 4*ngan 0a'anan +l* '*l#arga. K*lainan 4an '*(*rla01a(an ,*r(#01#an 4an ,*r'*01angan +(a' ,a4a #sia sa0,ai 4*ngan ! (a#n (i4a' 1isa 4i,*r1ai'i ,a4a #sia s*lan2#(n-a6 s*ingga '*1#(#an gii -ang +,(i0al sanga( 4i,*rl#'an ,a4a #sia ini. &9 Usia Prasekolah dan Sekolah  '*1#(#an gii sanga( 4i,*rl#'an #n(#' '+ns*n(rasi 1*la2ar6  1*ra'(ii(as6 1*rs+sialisasi6 4an #n(#' '*s*0,#rnaan 8isi'. >9 Usia Remaja   Di1#(#'an ,*0*n#an gii -ang +,(i0al agar 4a,a( 0*n:a,ai '*0a(angan 8#ngsi s*'s#al 4an (*r:a,ain-a 1*n(#' 4*3asa. )9 Usia Dewasa  Gii +,(i0al 4an s*i01ang ,a4a #sia 4*3asa 4i,*rl#'an agar (*r:a,ai '*0a(angan 8isi'6 ,si'+0+(+ri'6 0*n(al6 s,riri(#al6 4an s+sial.

$. Akibat Ti%ak Terpenuhin&a Gizi Seimbang Tabel. 'elebihan %an 'ekurangan !at Gizi (o. 1

2 3

!at Gizi 'arbohi%rat

Protein )emak  

'elebihan G#la 4ara 0*ning'a(6 Dia1*(*s6

'ekurangan Maln#(risi6 K#r#s6 L*0a6 Ti4a' a4a

O1*sis(as6 Jan(#ng6 Gangg#an ,a4a

*n*rgi6 Gangg#an 0*(a1+lis0* +(a'6

 ,*01#l# 4ara 7Car4i+as'#l*r96

B#s#ng la,ar 

Hi,*r(*nsi Gangg#an gin2al 1*1an '*r2a a(i

M#4a sa'i(6 Gangg#an 0*(a1+lis0*

O1*si(as6 K+l*s(*r+l (inggi6

(#1# B#s#ng la,ar6 K*'#rangan i(a0in -ang

P*n-*0,i(an ,*01#l# 4ara.

lar#( 4al0 l*0a' 7A6 D6 E6 K96 P*n#r#naan 4a-a (aan (#1#6 K#rang (*naga6 Gangg#an (#01# '*01ang

*

+

Mineral

,itamin A

P*n#0,#'an a( 1*si 1*ra'i1a( ,a4a

K#rang a( 1*si 1*ra'i1a( ,*n#r#nan

gangg#an '*r2a +rgan6 4iar*6 0#n(a5

'+ns*n(rasi 4an I6 M#4a sa'i( 4an

0#n(a6 (alas*0ia6 4an Gangg#an

Ti4a' na8s# 0a'an

0*(a1+lis0* (#1#.

K#rang

-+4i#0

1*ra'i1a(

,*n-a'i(

g+n4+'  Sa'i( '*,ala 4an gangg#an ,a4a s*n4i6 Gangg#an ,*01*n(#'an +r0+n s*'s 4an ,a4a (ing'a( -ang sanga( 1*ra( -ang (*r'ai( 4*ngan ,r+4#'si s,*r0a

-

,itamin B

4a,a( 0*n-*1a1'an gangg#an 2i3a

0*n2a4i *4i'i(6 Ma(a 0*ra4ang6 M#4a

Da,a( 0*nga'i1a('an '*r#sa'an +(a'

l*0a6 K#li( '#sa0 Gangg#an a'(ii(as *ni0 4an

4an 4a,a( 0*n-*1a1'an 0#al 71ila

0*(a1+lis0*6 Gangg#an ,r+4#'si

4i0in#0 4*ngan 4+sis 1*rl*1ian9

(*s(+s(*r+n* 7+r0+n* s*'s -ang 0*01ang'i('an li1i4+9

 /

,itamin $ ,itamin E

Da,a( 0*r#sa' gin2al 4an a(i

Da,a( 0*n-*1a1'an ,*n-a'i( (#lang

Da,a( 0*ning'a('an (*'anan 4ara

-ai(# ra'i(is 4an +s(*+0alasia Gangg#an ,*01*n(#'an +r0+n s*'s -ang 0*01#a( 1*r'#rangn-a gaira s*'s#al

10

,itamin '  

Da,a( 0*n-*1a1'an 0#al

M*nga01a( ,r+s* ,*01*'#an 4ara 4an ,*n-*01#an l#'a

E. Pe%oman mum Gizi Seimbang PGS P*4+0an #0#0 gii s*i01ang 7PUGS9 a4ala s#s#nan 0a'anan s*ari5ari -ang

0*ngan4#ng a( gii 4ala0 2*nis 4an 2#0la -ang s*s#ai 4*ngan '*1#(#an (#1#. Gii s*i01ang 0*0*ra(i'an *0,a( ,rinsi,6 -a'ni ariasi 0a'anan6 ,*n(ingn-a ,+la i4#, 1*rsi6  ,*n(ingn-a ,+la i4#, a'(i8 4an +laraga6 s*r(a ,*0an(a#an 1*ra( 1a4an i4*al. Un(#' 0*nangg#langi 0asala s(a(#s gii 'i(a 2#ga ,*rl# ,*4+0an (*n(#n-a. B*ri'#( ini  ,*4+0an giin-a  %. Agar 1a4an (*(a, s*a(6 0a'anla an*'a raga0 0a'anan. $. Ma'anla 0a'anan -ang 0*ngan4#ng s#01*r 'ar1+i4ra(6 ,r+(*in6 l*0a' #n(#' 0*0*n#i !.

'*:#'#,an *n*rgi 7(*naga9. Ma'anla ! 5 & ,iring nasi s*ari6 4*ngan la#' ,a#'6 sa-#r 4an 1#a a(a# 1aan 0a'anan

 ,*n#'arn-a #n(#' 0*0*n#i  4ari '*1#(#an *n*rgi. &. Ba(asi '+ns#0si l*0a' 4an 0in-a' s*:ara 1*rl*1ian. >. G#na'an gara0 1*r-+4i#0 4ala0 s*0#a 0*n# 0a'an s*ari. ). Ma'anla sa-#ran i2a#6 'a:ang5'a:angan6 i'an 'ar*na 0*ngan4#ng a( 1*si agar 1a4an (*(a, s*a( 4an 1*1as 4ari an*0ia 7'#rang 4ara9.

@. ?. =. %". %%. %$. %!.

Min#0la (a1l*( (a01a 4ara/sir#, E6 agar ,*n -*ra,an 1*si 4ala0 (#1# 4a,a( 0a'si0al. B*ri'an ASI sa2a ,a4a 1a-i sa0,ai 1*r#0#r ) 1#lan agar 1a-i s*a( 4an '*1al ,*n-a'i(. Biasa'an 0a'an ,agi agar 1a4an (*(a, s*a( 4an 1#gar. Min#0la air 0a(ang s*'#rang5'#rangn-a ? g*las s*ari. La'#'anla +laraga s*:ara (*ra(#r agar 4a,a( 0*n:aga '*g*0#'an 4an 0*ng#a('an 2an(#ng. Hin4ari 0in#0 0in#0an '*ras 1*r5al'++l agar (i4a' (*r'*na ,*n-a'i( 1*r1aa-a. T*li(ila 0a'anan -ang 4i'*0as 7'al*ng #(#  1ai'6 (anggal 'a4al#arsa9 4an 1a:ala la1*l 0a'anan agar '*s*a(an 4a,a( 4i2a0in 4an (*rin4ar 4ari 1aa-a.

$ATA4 PSTA'A

An+ni0. $"%%. La,+ran P*n4a#l#an Gii S*i01ang. ((,//n*rs.1l+gs,+(.:+0/$"%%/"?/la,+ran5,*n4a#l#an5gii5s*i01ang.(0l 7 4ia's*s ,a4a %@ J#ni $"%& 9

An+ni0 . $"%%. La,+ran P*n-#l#an Gii S*i01ang I1# Ha0il. ((,//n*rs1l+g.1l+gs,+(.:+0/$"%%/%"/sa(#an5,*n-#l#an5gii5s*i01ang5i1#%!.(0l 7 4ia's*s  ,a4a %@ J#ni $"%& 9

An+ni0. $"%%. Ar(i D*8inisi/P*ng*r(ian Gii S*i01ang Pa4a Man#sia 7Za( T*naga6 P*nga(#r6 4an P*01ang#n. ((,//+rganisasi.+rg/ar(i54*8inisi5,*ng*r(ian5gii5s*i01ang5,a4a50an#sia5a(5(*naga5,*nga(#r5  ,*01ang#n 74ia's*s ,a4a (anggal %@ J#ni $"%& 9

An+ni0. $"%%. T*n(ang Gii S*i01ang. ((,//333.4an+n*n#(rin4+.+rg/(*n(anggiis*i01ang.,, 74ia's*s ,a4a (anggal%@ J#ni $"%& 9

An+ni0. $"%%. P*n(ingn-a Gii S*i01ang Dala0 Masa P*r(#01#an. ((,//333.1i01i*.:+0/gii5 s*i01ang.(0l. 74ia's*s ,a4a (anggal %@ J#ni $"%& 9

Sri L*s(ari6 En4ang 4an Kis(inna6 I4#n. $""@.  Biologi 2 Makhluk idu! Dan "ingkungannya . S#ra'ar(a  CF P#(ra N#graa