Matemática do Ensino Fundamental

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 B~ 1 {zcgaczb~ gød|c{db~ la 60/

Lbc~ oøgazb~ of|qzfc~ ~ag{za |èg lcyc~bza~ nbgqo~/ [bz apag{db8 b~ lcyc~bza~ nbgqo~ la 6: a 60 ~îb 6$:$> a 9/ Lao|za ada~$ 9 ã b gfcbz/ Ao|îb n`fgfgb~ b 9 la gæpcgb lcyc~bz nbgqg la 6: a 60 a colcnfgb~ g/l/n/(6:$60# 7 9/ B gfcbz lcyc~bz nbgqg la lbc~ bq gfc~ oøgazb~ ã n`fgflb la gæpcgb lcyc~bz nbgqg la~~a~ oøgazb~/ Q~fgb~ f fjzaycfíîb g/l/n/ Fdmqo~ apag{db~8 gln (9$6:# 7 9 gln (6:$:;# 7 < gln (:;$:<# 7 < gln (6:$:;$:<# 7 < gln (9$6:$61# 7 > NÆDNQDB LB G/L/N/ Qg gblb la nfdnqdfz b g/l/n/ la lbc~ bq gfc~ oøgazb~ ã q|cdcxfz f lanbg{b~cíîb la~~a~ oøgazb~ ag if|bza~ {zcgb~/ 6# lanbg{bgb~ b~ oøgazb~ ag if|bza~ {zcgb~ 5 :# b g/l/n/ ã b {zblq|b lb~ if|bza~ {zcgb~ nbgqo~ / Fnbg{foà b nædnqdb lb g/l/n/ ao|za >9 a 3;8 >9 7 : p : p > p > 3; 7 :p>p>p1 B g/l/n/ ã b {zblq|b lb~ if|bza~ {zcgb~ nbgqo~ 7? g/l/n/(>9$3;# 7 : p > p > [bz|fo|b g/l/n/(>9$3;# 7 60/ A~nzayaolb f if|bzfíîb lb oøgazb of ibzgf la {b|èoncf |agb~8 >9 7 :: p >: 3; 7 : p >: p1 [bz|fo|b g/l/n/(>9$3;# 7 : p >: 7 60/ B g/l/n/ la lbc~ bq gfc~ oøgazb~$ vqfolb if|bzflb~$ ã b {zblq|b lb~ if|bza~ nbgqo~ f ada~$ nflf qg adayflb fb gaobz ap{bao|a/ 



NÆDNQDB LB G/L/N/ [ADB [ZBNA^^B LF^ LCYC^ÑA^ ^QNA^^CYF^ Oa~~a {zbna~~b aia|qfgb~ yæzcf~ lcyc~ña~ f|ã nàmfz f qgf lcyc~îb apf|f/ B lcyc~bz la~|f lcyc~îb ã b g/l/n/ Fnbg{foà b nædnqdb lb g/l/n/(<0$>;#/

Zamzf {zæ|cnf8 6¸# lcyclcgb~ b oøgazb gfcbz {adb oøgazb gaobz5 <0 " >; 7 6 (nbg za~|b 60# :¸# lcyclcgb~ b lcyc~bz >;$ vqa ã lcyc~bz lf lcyc~îb fo|azcbz$ {bz 60$ vqa ã b za~|b lf lcyc~îb fo|azcbz$ a f~~cg ~qna~~cyfgao|a5 >; " 60 7 6 (nbg za~|b 6:# 60 " 6: 7 6 (nbg za~|b 9# 6: " 9 7 : (nbg za~|b xazb ' lcyc~îb apf|f# F{b~|cdf la Gf|agæ|cnf lb ao~cob Iqolfgao|fd (conbg{da|b# Ycfof Coibz


66

>¸# B lcyc~bz lf lcyc~îb apf|f ã 9/ Ao|îb g/l/n/(<0$>;# 7 9/ 

OØGAZB^ [ZCGB^ AO\ZA ^C Lbc~ bq gfc~ oøgazb~ ~îb {zcgb~ ao|za ~c vqfolb b gæpcgb lcyc~bz nbgqg la~~a~ oøgazb~ ã 6/ Apag{db~8 B~ oøgazb~ >1 a :< ~îb oøgazb~ {zcgb~ ao|za ~c$ {bc~ gln (>1$:<# 7 6/ B~ oøgazb~ >1 a :6 oîb ~îb oøgazb~ {zcgb~ ao|za ~c$ {bc~ gln (>1$:6# 7 =/



[ZB[ZCALFLA LB G/L/N/

Lao|za b~ oøgazb~ 9$ 60 a >;$ b oøgazb 9 ã lcyc~bz lb~ bq|zb~ lbc~/ Oa~|a nf~b$ 9 ã b g/l/n/(9$60$>;#/ Bj~azya8 97:p> 60 7 : p > : >; 7 : p > p 1 [bz|fo|b g/l/n/(9$60$>;# 7 9 Lflb~ lbc~ bq gfc~ oøgazb~$ ~a qg lada~ ã lcyc~bz la |blb~ b~ bq|zb~$ ao|îb ada ã b g/l/n/ lb~ oøgazb~ lflb~/

Gçocgb Gød|c{db Nbgqg (GGN# 

GØD\C[DB LA QG OØGAZB OF\QZFD

Nbgb :< ã lcyc~çyad {bz > lcxagb~ vqa :< ã gød|c{db la >/ :< |fgjãg ã gød|c{db la 6$ :$ >$ <$ 9$ 0$ 6: a : $ =p< $ /// 7 ; $ = $ 6< $ :6 $ :0 $ /// Bj~azyfíña~ cg{bz|fo|a~8 6# Qg oøgazb |ag coicoc|b~ gød|c{db~ :# Xazb ã gød|c{db la vqfdvqaz oøgazb of|qzfd 

GÇOCGB GØD\C[DB NBGQG (G/G/N/#

Lbc~ bq gfc~ oøgazb~ ~ag{za |èg gød|c{db~ nbgqo~ f ada~/ Yfgb~ fn`fz b~ gød|c{db~ nbgqo~ la < a 98 Gød|c{db~ la 98 ;$ 9$ 6:$ 60$ :<$ >;$/// Gød|c{db~ la <8 ;$ <$ 0$ 6:$ 69$ :;$ :<$/// Gød|c{db~ nbgqo~ la < a 98 ;$ 6:$ :<$/// Lao|za a~|a~ gød|c{db~$ lciazao|a~ la xazb$ 6: ã b gaobz lada~/ N`fgfgb~ b 6: la gçocgb gød|c{db nbgqg la < a 9/ B gaobz gød|c{db nbgqg la lbc~ bq gfc~ oøgazb~$ lciazao|a la xazb$ ã n`fgflb la gçocgb gød|c{db nbgqg la~~a~ oøgazb~/ Q~fgb~ f fjzaycfíîb g/g/n/ F{b~|cdf la gf|agæ|cnf lb Ao~cob Iqolfgao|fd (conbg{da|b# Ycfof Coibz


6:



NÆDNQDB LB G/G/N/

[blagb~ nfdnqdfz b g/g/n/ la lbc~ bq gfc~ oøgazb~ q|cdcxfolb f if|bzfíîb/ Fnbg{foà b nædnqdb lb g/g/n/ la 6: a >;8 6¸# lanbg{bgb~ b~ oøgazb~ ag if|bza~ {zcgb~ :¸# b g/g/n/ ã b {zblq|b lb~ if|bza~ {zcgb~ nbgqo~ a oîb'nbgqo~8 6: 7 : p : p > >; 7 : p > p 1 g/g/n (6:$>;# 7 : p : p > p 1 A~nzayaolb f if|bzfíîb lb~ oøgazb~ of ibzgf la {b|èoncf$ |agb~8 6: 7 :: p > >; 7 : p > p 1 g/g/n (6:$>;# 7 :: p > p 1 B g/g/n/ la lbc~ bq gfc~ oøgazb~$ vqfolb if|bzflb~$ ã b {zblq|b lb~ if|bza~ nbgqo~ a oîb'nbgqo~ f ada~$ nflf qg adayflb fb gfcbz ap{bao|a/



[ZBNA^^B LF LANBG[B^CÍÎB ^CGQD\ÊOAF Oa~|a {zbna~~b lanbg{bgb~ |blb~ b~ oøgazb~ fb ga~gb |ag{b$ oqg lc~{b~c|cyb nbgb gb~|zf f icmqzf fb dflb/ B {zblq|b lb~ if|bza~ {zcgb~ vqa bj|agb~ oa~~f lanbg{b~cíîb ã b g/g/n/ la~~a~ oøgazb~/ Fb dflb yagb~ b nædnqdb lb g/g/n/(61$:<$9;# [bz|fo|b$ g/g/n/(61$:<$9;# 7 : p : p : p > p 1 7 6:;



[ZB[ZCALFLA LB G/G/N/

Ao|za b~ oøgazb~ >$ 9 a >;$ b oøgazb >; ã gød|c{db lb~ bq|zb~ lbc~/ Oa~|a nf~b$ >; ã b g/g/n/(>$9$>;#/ Bj~azya8

g/g/n/(>$9$>;# 7 : p > p 1 7 >; Lflb~ lbc~ bq gfc~ oøgazb~$ ~a qg lada~ ã gød|c{db la |blb~ b~ bq|zb~$ ao|îb ada ã b g/g/n/ lb~ oøgazb~ lflb~/ Nbo~clazfolb b~ oøgazb~ < a 61$ vqa~ ~îb {zcgb~ ao|za ~c/ B g/g/n/(<$61# ã cmqfd f 9;$ vqa ã b {zblq|b la < {bz 61/ Bj~azya8

g/g/n/(<$61# 7 : p : p > p 1 7 9; F{b~|cdf la Gf|agæ|cnf lb ao~cob Iqolfgao|fd (conbg{da|b# Ycfof Coibz


6>

Lflb~ lbc~ oøgazb~ {zcgb~ ao|za ~c$ b g/g/n/ lada~ ã b {zblq|b la~~a~ oøgazb~/

âzcf {b~~çyad ~qj~|c|qcz f da|zf P {bz qg oøgazb of|qzfd vqa |bzoa f ~ao|aoíf fjfcpb yazlflaczf2 1/P76 ^qj~|c|qcolb P$ |agb~8 P {bz ; |agb~8 1/; 7 ; P {bz 6 |agb~8 1/6 7 1/ [bz|fo|b$ ~qj~|c|qcolb P {bz vqfdvqaz oøgazb of|qzfd hfgfc~ aonbo|zfzagb~ b {zblq|b 6/ [fzf za~bdyaz a~~a {zbjdagf |agb~ vqa nzcfz obyb~ oøgazb~/ F~~cg$ ~qzmag b~ oøgazb~ izfncboæzcb~/ \blf izfíîb avqcyfdao|a za{za~ao|f b ga~gb oøgazb izfncboæzcb/ [bz|fo|b$ qgf izfíîb (o lciazao|a la xazb# a |blf~ izfíña~ avqcyfdao|a~ f adf za{za~ao|fg b ga~gb oøgazb izfncboæzcb / Za~bdyaolb fmbzf b {zbjdagf cocncfd$ nbondqçgb~ vqa P 7

$ {bc~

B~ oøgazb~ lancgfc~ ~îb ibzgflb~ {bz qgf {fz|a co|aczf a bq|zf izfncboæzcf bq ~bgao|a {adf {fz|a izfncboæzcf/ Fdmqo~ oøgazb~ lancgfc~ za{za~ao|fg izfíña~ vqa {b~~qag laobgcoflbz cmqfd f 6;$ 6;;$ 6;;;$ 6; ;;; a a|n/ Bj~azya8 Qg oøgazb lancgfd laya ~az dclb lf ~amqco|a gfoaczf8

Dac|qzf lb~ oøgazb~ lancgfc~8 ;$6 „ qg lãncgb ;$1: „ ncovqao|f a lbc~ nao|ã~cgb~ ;$:60 „ lqxao|b~ a laxbc|b gcdã~cgb~ 6$1< „ qg co|aczb a ncovqao|f a vqf|zb nao|ã~cgb~ F{b~|cdf la gf|agæ|cnf lb Ao~cob Iqolfgao|fd (conbg{da|b# Ycfof Coibz


6<

:$>9= „ lbc~ co|aczb~ a |zaxao|b~ a ~a~~ao|f a ~a|a gcdã~cgb~ 6:$<1 „ lbxa co|aczb~ a vqfzao|f a nconb nao|ã~cgb~ 0$93 „ bc|b co|aczb~ a ~a~~ao|f a obya nao|ã~cgb~ 6<$10= „ vqf|bzxa co|aczb~ a vqcoào|b~ a bc|ao|f a ~a|a gcdã~cgb~ =$30 „ ~a|a co|aczb~ a obyao|f a bc|b nao|ã~cgb~ 9$;;: „ ~ac~ co|aczb~ a lbc~ gcdã~cgb~ 6:1$6 „ nao|b a yco|a a nconb co|aczb~ a qg lãncgb <$3 „ vqf|zb co|aczb~ a obya lãncgb~

Za{za~ao|folb b~ oøgazb~ lancgfc~ mabga|zcnfgao|a

(qg lãncgb# Za{za~ao|f qgf {fz|a {co|flf la qgf icmqzf lcyclclf ag 6; {fz|a~ cmqfc~/

(vqf|zb lãncgb~# Za{za~ao|f vqf|zb {fz|a~ la qgf icmqzf lcyclclf ag 6; {fz|a~ cmqfc~/

A f~~cg {bz lcfo|a/

B{azfíña~ Ag gf|agæ|cnf$ qgf b{azfíîb ã vqfdvqaz |c{b la {zbnalcgao|b vqa ã zafdcxflb ~bjza naz|f vqfo|clfla la adagao|b~$ a vqa bjalana ~ag{za f qgf ga~gf dþmcnf (zamzf#/ Nboibzga b oøgazb la |azgb~ oana~~æzcb~ ag qgf b{azfíîb$ a~|f {bla ~az ndf~~cicnflf nbgb b{azfíîb qoæzcf$ b{azfíîb jcoæzcf$ b{azfíîb |azoæzcf a f~~cg {bz lcfo|a/ Qgf b{azfíîb jcoæzcf maoãzcnf obzgfdgao|a ã za{za~ao|flf nbgb8

PS

vqa ~a dè8 (pc~ f~|azc~nb c{~cdbo# bola ** ã b b{azflbz jcoæzcb$ *P* a *S* ~îb b~ b{azfolb~ (bq |azgb~ lf b{azfíîb#$ *P* ã b {zcgaczb |azgb a *S* ã b ~amqolb |azgb/ F{b~|cdf la Gf|agæ|cnf lb ao~cob Iqolfgao|fd (conbg{da|b# Ycfof Coibz


61

B~ lbc~ apag{db~ la b{azfíña~ jcoæzcf~ gfc~ ndæ~~cnb~ ~îb8 6/ P % S8 *%* ã b ~çgjbdb lb b{azflbz flcíîb$ b za~qd|flb lf b{azfíîb ã ~bgf a b~ |azgb~ ~îb f~ {fznadf~/ :/ P / S8 */* ã b ~çgjbdb lb b{azflbz gqd|c{dcnfíîb$ b za~qd|flb lf b{azfíîb ã b {zblq|b la P {bz S a b~ |azgb~ ~îb b~ if|bza~

[zb{zcalfla~ la b{azfíña~ jcoæzcf~ Fdmqgf~ b{azfíña~ jcoæzcf~ {b~~qag naz|f~ {zb{zcalfla~ ob|æyac~/ Nbo~clazfolb  a . nbgb lqf~ b{azfíîb jcoæzcf~8    



F~~bncf|cyclfla (F#8 [fzf vqfdvqaz P$ S a X$ (P  S#  X 7 P  (S  X#/ Nbgq|f|cyclfla (N#8 [fzf vqfdvqaz P a S$ P  S 7 S  P/ Adagao|b oaq|zb (O#8 Apc~|a qg a |fd vqa a  P 7 P {fzf vqfdvqaz P/ Adagao|b coyaz~b (C#8 Apc~|a qg {fz (P$ P-# |fd vqa P  P- 7 a $ bola a ã b adagao|b oaq|zb/ Yahf {bz nf~b lb coyaz~b gqd|c{dcnf|cyb/ Lc~|zcjq|cyclfla (L#8 [fzf vqfdvqaz P$ S a X$ P . (S  X# 7 (P . S#  (P . X#/

Bj~azyagb~ f izfíîb >"$ vqfo|b lb oøgazb a < ~îb oøgazb~ {zcgb~ ao|za ~c/ \blf izfíîb vqa {b~~qf oqgazflbz a laobgcoflbz {zcgb~ ao|za ~c ã n`fgflf la izfíîb czzalq|çyad/ F ~cg{dcicnfíîb la izfíña~ za~qga'~a f aonbo|zfz f izfíîb czzalq|çyad$ avqcyfdao|a ë izfíîb vqa czagb~ ~cg{dcicnfz/

[fzf vqa ~cg{dcicnfgb~ f~ izfíña~2

Of icmqzf fb dflb {blagb~ yaz f~ izfíña~ 0="669 a f ~qf izfíîb avqcyfdao|a czzalq|çyad >" {fzf "< lb~ fdqob~ la qg nqz~b ~azîb f{zbyflb~$ ob~ læ qgf gad`bz clãcf lf vqfo|clfla zafd la fdqob~ lf ndf~~a vqa ~azîb f{zbyflb~$ lb vqa ~a ifdfzgb~ vqa 0="669 lb~ fdqob~ la qg nqz~b ~azîb f{zbyflb~/ \þ{cnb zadfncboflb f \abzcf Qg bq|zb gb|cyb {fzf ifxazgb~ f ~cg{dcicnfíîb la izfíña~$ ã f {b~~cjcdclfla la |zfjfd`fzgb~ nbg oøgazb~ gaobza~ fb zafdcxfzgb~ b{azfíña~ la gqd|c{dcnfíîb nbg izfíña~/ \zfjfd`folb nbg izfíña~ czzalq|çyac~$ naz|fgao|a czagb~ zafdcxfz gqd|c{dcnfíña~ gaob~ |zfjfd`b~f~/



69

Izfíña~ Avqcyfdao|a~ Fb gqd|c{dcnfzgb~ bq lcyclczgb~ |fo|b b oqgazflbz$ vqfo|b b laobgcoflbz {bz qg oøgazb of|qzfd lciazao|a la xazb$ a~|fzagb~ {zblqxcolb qgf bq|zf izfíîb avqcyfdao|a/ Lqf~ izfíña~ ~îb avqcyfdao|a~ vqfolb adf~ za{za~ao|fg f ga~gf {fz|a lb co|aczb/ [blagb~ ficzgfz vqa :"< a 6": ~îb avqcyfdao|a~$ {bzvqa fgjf~ f~ izfíña~ za{za~ao|fg f ga|fla la qg co|aczb/ â zafdcxfzgb~ f lcyc~îb vqa a~|f~ lqf~ izfíña~ za{za~ao|fg$ czagb~ bj|az b ga~gb vqbncao|a ;$1 vqa avqcyfda f gacb/ \þ{cnb zadfncboflb Gæpcgb Lcyc~bz Nbgqg ' GLN Fb lcyclczgb~ fgjb~ b~ |azgb~ la qgf izfíîb {adb ~aq gæpcgb lcyc~bz nbgqg$ czagb~ bj|az qgf izfíîb czzalq|çyad/ Lf izfíîb 0="669 nbo~|fo|a of cdq~|zfíîb fncgf$ |agb~ vqa b GLN lb~ |azgb~ ã8 GLN(0=$ 669# 7 :3/ La bola nbondqçgb~ vqa8

Apaznçncb~ Za~bdyclb~ la ^cg{dcicnfíîb la Izfíîb ^cg{dcicvqa f izfíîb :<"=0/ Nbgb :< a =0 ~îb fgjb~ lcyc~çyac~ {bz : czagb~ {zcgaczfgao|a zafdcxfz a~|f b{azfíîb8

Bj~azyfgb~ fmbzf vqa |fo|b 6: vqfo|b >3 ~îb fgjb~ lcyc~çyac~ {bz >/ Zafdcxfolb a~|f b{azfíîb |azagb~8

Nbgb b øocnb lcyc~bz nbgqg f < a 6> ã b oøgazb 6$ oîb gfc~ {b~~çyad zafdcxfzgb~ vqfdvqaz ~cg{dcicnfíîb/ [bz|fo|b8 <

"6> ã f ~cg{dcicnfíîb czzalq|çyad lf izfíîb :<"=0/

^cg{dcicvqa f izfíîb <:"<0/ F~~cg nbgb ob apaznçncb fo|azcbz$ <: a <0 |fgjãg ~îb fgjb~ lcyc~çyac~ {bz : a >/ Bzf oa~|a nf~b ada~ ~azîb lcyc~çyac~ {bz : / >$ bq ~ahf$ ~azîb lcyc~çyac~ {bz 9/ Czagb~ ao|îb lcza|fgao|a zafdcxfz f lcyc~îb {bz 9 {fzf vqa f ~cg{dcicnfíîb ~ahf zafdcxflf la gfoaczf gfc~ iæncd8 F{b~|cdf la Gf|agæ|cnf lb ao~cob Iqolfgao|fd (conbg{da|b# Ycfof Coibz


6=

Nbgb oîb `æ bq|zb lcyc~bz nbgqg f = a 0 fdãg lb oøgazb 6$ |agb~ vqa8 =

"0 ã f ~cg{dcicnfíîb czzalq|çyad lf izfíîb <:"<0/

Qoclfla~ la galclf Qoclfla~ la galclf bq ~c~|agf~ la galclf ã qg |agf jf~|fo|a {za~ao|a ag nbonqz~b~ {øjdcnb~ a {bz c~|b ã gfc~ qg lb~ f~~qo|b~ |zf|flb~ ag ob~~b ~c|a/ [fzf {blazgb~ nbg{fzfz qg yfdbz nbg bq|zb$ q|cdcxfgb~ qgf mzfolaxf {zalaicoclf nbgb zaiazèoncf$ mzfolaxf a~|f n`fgflf la qoclfla {flzîb/ F~ qoclfla~ la galclf {flzîb vqa oþ~ jzf~cdaczb~ q|cdcxfgb~ nbg gfcbz izavqaoncf ~îb b mzfgf$ b dc|zb a b ga|zb$ f~~cg nbgb b ga|zb vqflzflb a b ga|zb nøjcnb/ Fdãg la~|f~ |fgjãg ifxagb~ q~b la bq|zf~ qoclfla~ la galclf {fzf zafdcxfzgb~$ {bz apag{db f galcíîb la |ag{b$ la |ag{azf|qzf bq la êomqdb/ La{aolaolb lf qoclfla la galclf vqa a~|fgb~ q|cdcxfolb$ f qoclfla ag ~c bq ã gqc|b mzfola bq gqc|b {avqaof$ oa~|a nf~b ao|îb q|cdcxfgb~ b~ ~aq~ gød|c{db~ bq ~qjgød|c{db~/ B mzfgf mazfdgao|a ã qgf qoclfla gqc|b {avqaof {fzf b q~b nb|clcfob$ {bz c~|b ag mazfd q|cdcxfgb~ b vqcdbmzfgf$ f~~cg nbgb ag mazfd q|cdcxfgb~ b gcdcdc|zb fb coyã~ lf {zþ{zcf qoclfla dc|zb$ vqfolb b f~~qo|b ã jajclf~ {bz apag{db/

Gød|c{db~ a ^qjgød|c{db~

B~ gød|c{db~ a ~qjgød|c{db~ gfc~ izavqao|agao|a q|cdcxflb~ a~|îb ap{b~|b~ of |fjadf f ~amqcz8

\fjadf la Gød|c{db~ a ^qjgød|c{db~ gfc~ Q|cdcxflb~ lf~ Qoclfla~ la Galclf Gød|c{db~ ^qjgød|c{db~ gød|c{db ~cmdf zadfíîb nbg f qoclfla ~qjgød|c{db ~cmdf zadfíîb nbg f qoclfla vqcdb e gcd yaxa~ f qoclfla lanc l lãncgf {fz|a lf qoclfla àn|b ` nag yaxa~ f qoclfla nao|c n nao|ã~cgf {fz|a lf qoclfla lanf lf lax yaxa~ f qoclfla gcdc g gcdã~cgf {fz|a lf qoclfla Fjfcpb |agb~ f |fjadf nbg{da|f nbg |blb~ b~ gød|c{db~ a ~qjgød|c{db~ laicoclb~8

\fjadf Nbg{da|f la Gød|c{db~ a ^qjgød|c{db~ lf~ Qoclfla~ la Galclf Gød|c{db~ ^qjgød|c{db~ gød|c{db ~cmdf if|bz gqd|c{dcnflbz ~qjgød|c{db ~cmdf if|bz gqd|c{dcnflbz F{b~|cdf la gf|agæ|cnf lb Ao~cob Iqolfgao|fd (conbg{da|b# Ycfof Coibz


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Vqfolb a~|fgb~ co|aza~~flb~ ag ~fjaz f vqfo|clfla la dçvqclb vqa nfja ag qg zanc{cao|a$ of yazlfla a~|fgb~ co|aza~~flb~ ag ~fjaz f ~qf nf{fnclfla/ B ybdqga co|azob la qg zanc{cao|a ã n`fgflb la nf{fnclfla/ F qoclfla la galclf q|cdcxflf of galcíîb la nf{fnclfla~ ã b dc|zb/ â a~|cyã~~agb~ co|aza~~flb~ ag ~fjaz b ybdqga lb zanc{cao|a ag ~c$ f qoclfla la galclf q|cdcxflf oa~|f galcíîb ~azcf b ga|zb nøjcnb/ [fzf dflzcd`fzgb~ qg nügblb la qgf nf~f$ ã oana~~æzcb vqa ~fcjfgb~ f æzaf la~|a nügblb/ Æzaf~ ~îb galclf~ ag ga|zb~ vqflzflb~/ [fzf ~fjazgb~ b nbg{zcgao|b la qgf nbzlf$ ã oana~~æzcb vqa f gaífgb~/ Oa~|f galcíîb f qoclfla la galclf q|cdcxflf ~azæ b ga|zb bq ga|zb dcoafz/ â ybnè ibz ifxaz qgf ~fjbzb~f |bz|f la n`bnbdf|a$ {zanc~fzæ nbg{zfz nfnfq a b ga~gb ~azæ {a~flb {fzf galczgb~ f gf~~f la~ahflf/ F qoclfla la galclf la gf~~f ã b mzfgf/ Yahf f |fjadf f ~amqcz of vqfd fmzq{fgb~ a~|f~ {zconc{fc~ qoclfla~ la galclf$ ~aq~ gød|c{db~ a ~qjgød|c{db~ lb ^c~|agf Gã|zcnb Lancgfd$ ~amqolb b ^c~|agf Co|azofncbofd la Qoclfla~ ' ^C8

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Apc~|ag yæzcf~ qoclfla~ la galclf la æzaf$ ~aolb f gfc~ q|cdcxflf b ga|zb vqflzflb (gº# a b~ ~aq~ gød|c{db~ a ~qj'gød|c{db~/U:W ^îb |fgjãg gqc|b q~flf~ f~ galclf~ fmzæzcf~8 fza$ vqa avqcyfda f nag ga|zb~ vqflzflb~5 a ~aq gød|c{db àn|fza$ vqa avqcyfda f lax gcd ga|zb~ vqflzflb~/ Bq|zf~ qoclfla~ la galclf la æzaf ~îb b fnza a b fdvqacza/ Of mabmzficf a nfz|bmzficf$ b |azgb *æzaf* nbzza~{bola ë {zbhaíîb oqg {dfob `bzcxbo|fd la qgf {fz|a lf ~q{aziçnca |azza~|za/ F~~cg$ f ~q{aziçnca la qgf gbo|fo`f {blazæ ~az condcoflf$ gf~ f ~qf æzaf ã ~ag{za galclf oqg {dfob `bzcxbo|fd/

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Matemática do Ensino Fundamental

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