1
UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN MARTÍN DE PORRES
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA COMUNICACIÓN, TURISMO Y DE PSICOLOGÍA ESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE PSICOLOGÍA
CURSO :
MANUAL DEL CURSO DE PRUEBAS PSICOMETRICAS DE EFICIENCIA IV CICLO - SEMESTRE 2005-II Elaborado por MAG. DANY ARAUJO ROBLES LIMA – PERU 2005 Centro de Reprod!!"#n de Do!$ento% de &' USMP
M'ter"'& d"d(!t"!o p'r' %o e)!&%"*o en !&'%e
UNIDAD I: FUNDAMENTOS BÁSICOS DE LA PRUEBAS PSICOMETRICAS 1. CONCEPTUALIZACION DE PSICOMETRIA. 1.1 INTRODUCCIÓN A LA PSICOMETRIA. El “conc!"o# $ %n c&'!o c(n")*(co+ co'o l& !,(co'"-)&+ , $,$ l%o &lo '/, $ lo 0% !%$ !-,&-, n %n& $*(n(c(2n '/, o 'no, "n,&. 3%(4/, ,ol&'n" %n& &!-o('&c(2n 5(,"2-(c& 6 conc!"%&l+ n "&n"o 0% -co %n& 7&-($&$ $ !-,!c"(7&,+ &!o-"&c(on, 6 ,%8c&'!o,+ o*-c n ,% -(0%4& 6 co'!l9($&$ %n& $l('("&c(2n &$c%&$&. A !,&- $ llo+ !&-c -con*o-"&-no, ncon"-&- *o-'%l&c(on, ,(n""(c&, 6 nc,&-(&'n" !&-c(&l, 0% con$n,n l conc!"o $ l&, $(,c(!l(n&,. “P,(co'"-)&# , l "-'(no '/, "n$($o 6 "-&$(c(on&l !&-& 5&c- -*-nc(& & l& '$(c(2n n !,(colo)&. Un 8%n n;'-o $ l&, $*(n(c(on,+ "&n"o !l)c("&, co'o ('!l)c("&,+ 0% , 5&n $&$o $ l& '(,'&+ co(nc($n 8/,(c&'n" n ,%, l'n"o, !-(nc(!&l,. R(7&, <1=>=? colcc(on2 %n -%!o $ $*(n(c(on, $ !,(co'"-)& $ &%"o-, co'o Yl&+ C-on8&c5+ @(l,on+ M%,,o+ C-$/+ N%nn&ll6+ So&n 6 C%-"on+ 6 -&l(42 %n &n/l(,(, l2(co $ ,%, con"n($o,. En &0%ll&, $*(n(c(on,+ Yl& <1=? ,%8-&6&8& 0% l& !,(co'"-)& , oc%!& $ "o$&, l&, '$($&, n l c&'!o !,(col2(co+ 5&8(n$o, $,&--oll&$o & "-&7, $ $o, -&'&, !-(nc(!&l,: l& $ lo, '"o$o, !,(co*),(co, 6 l& $l '"o$o $ lo, ",", C-on8&c5 -,&l"&8& 0% l& !,(co'"-)& !-"n$ o8"n- ,"('&c(on, c%&n"("&"(7&, @(l,on ,&l&8& 0% ,%!on l& &!l(c&c(2n $ l& '$(c(2n 6 l&, '&"'/"(c&, & l& !,(colo)&+ ($& 0% "&'8(n -,&l"& So&n <1=>? M%,,o <1=>? ,&l&8& 0% l& !,(co'"-)& , l& -&'& $ l& !,(colo )& c%6& *(n&l($&$ , con"-%(- lo, '$( o, $ "-&8&9o conc!"%&l, 6 '&"-(&l, nc,&-(o, !&-& con,"-%(- 7&-(&8l, c%&n"("&"(7&, C-$/ con,($-&8& 0% l& !,(co'"-)& , -*(- &l con9%n"o $ '"o$o, (n,"-%'n"o, $ '$($& N%nn&ll6 <1=>? $*(n l& !,(co'"-)& co'o l& “'"o$olo)& 0% , -*(- &l $,&--ollo 6 '!lo $ l&, "cn(c&, $ '$(c(2n n "o$o, lo, &,!c"o, $ l& !,(colo)&#+ 6 !o- ;l"('o+ "&'8(n -,%l"&8& ,'9&n" l& $*(n(c(2n $ C%-"on+ ,;n l& c%&l l& &c!c(2n '/, &'!l(& $ l& !,(co'"-)& &8&-c& & "o$o, lo, &,!c"o, $ l& '$(c(2n $ 7&-(&8l, !,(col2(c&,. R(7&, <1=>=? lo, con"n($o, $ ," con9%n"o $*(n(c(on, con &,(n&l& !-(nc(!&l 6 9%,"(*(c&$& concl%,(2n $ &'(n2 0% (," %n “con,n,o n-&l n"-$lo, &%"o-, n & l& !,(co'"-)& l& "&-& $ '$(c(2n $ co'!o-"&'(n"o, o8,-7&8l, 6 $ n&"%-&l4& !,(col2(c&# A%n0% , 8&,"&n" %,%&l 7("&- $&- %n& $*(n(c(2n *-on"&l 6 !l)c("&+ ,%-&'n" !o- l&, $,7n"&9&, 6 l('("&c(on, $ l&, $*(n(c(on,+ co';n'n" l& $l('("&c(2n $ con"n($o, 6 l n*o0% $ lo, "-&8&9o, &cl&-&n ,%*(c(n"'n" l& conc!c(2n $ l& !,(co'"-)& 0% , '&n"(n. L2!4 F&l <1=? + !o- 9'!lo+ ,&l& 0% n*oc&-/ ,% $l('("&c(2n $ lo, con"n($o, $ l& !,(co'"-)& $,$ l& !-,!c"(7& $ l& "o-)& !,(co'"-(c& “0% , oc%!& $ lo, !-(nc(!(o, 8/,(co, $ l& '$($& n n-&l# 6 $,$ “l& conc!c(2n $ l& !,(co'"-)& co'o '"o$o !&-"(c%l&- 0% ,% oc%!& $ l& con,"-%cc(2n $ ,c&l&, $ '$($&, !,(col2(c&, 6 !,(co*),(c&,+ "&n"o $,$ l& "o-)& cl/,(c& $ lo, ",", 'n"&l, co'o $,$ l&, "o-)&, &l"-n&"(7&, &c"%&l, “ S&n"(,"8&n <1=? con,($-& l “!-o8l'& n-&l $ l& '$(c(2n n !,(colo)&# (ncl%6n$o 8&9o ," !)-&* lo, *%n$&'n"o, $ l& "o-)& $ l& '$(c(2n lo, '"o$o, $ ,c&l&'(n"o 6 l& "o-)& $ lo, ",",+ (ncl%6n$o 8&9o ,"o, "-, -&n$, &!&-"&$o, l &'!l(o con9%n"o $ $,&--ollo, !,(co'"-(co, 0% lo, c&-&c"-(4&n. El conc!"o $ !,(co'"-)& !&-c (ncl%(- $ ," 'o$o+ l con9%n"o $ l&, "o-)&, 6 $,&--ollo, &c-c& $ l& '$(c(2n n !,(colo)& &,) co'o lo, “'"o$o, 6 !-oc$('(n"o, !&-& l& c%&n"(*(c&c(2n $ conc!"o, "&l, co'o &!"("%$,+ (n"l(nc(&+ ,n,&c(on,+ !-,on&l($&$+ &c"("%$,+ "c.# . D ," con9%n"o $ conc!"%&l(4&c(on, $ l& !,(co'"-)& , $,!-n$ 0% ,"& , %n& $(,c(!l(n& $(-c"&'n" &l c&'!o n "o$&l&,% "n,(2n '"o$ol2(c& 6 0% c&-c0% $ , %n -*(- con"n($o !,(col2(co !-o!(o+$ nl&l'$(c(2n ,n"($o !,(col2(c& n 0% lo "(nn !,(colo)& $%c&"(7& o l& !,(colo)& cl)n(c&+ !o- 9'!lo. L& P,(co'"-)& "(n co'o *(n&l($&$ ll7&- & c&8o l& '$(c(2n $ l& con$%c"&+ "&n"o n l ,5%'&no co'o n lo, &n('&l,+ lo 0% con,"("% 6 %no $ lo, !(l&-, *%n$ &'n"&l, $ l& c(nc(& !,(col2(c&+ 6& 0% l 5o'8- c&$& 74 '/, , (n"-,& !o- co'!-n$- ,% !-o!(& n&"%-&l4& 6 + !on$+ l& $ lo, $'/,.
1. DEFINICIÓN DE PSICOMETRHA. Po- n%,"-& !&-"+ !o$'o, $*(n(- l& !,(co'"-)& co'o l& "o-)& 6 l& '"o$olo)& &c-c& $ l& '$($& 6 ,%, "cn(c&, n !,(colo)&+ (ncl%6n$o ,%, con$(c(on,+ l('("&c(on, 6 *(n&l($&$,. L& !,(co'"-)& , -*(- &l c&'!o $ l& "o-)& 6 !-/c"(c& ,o8- l& l&8o-&c(2n+ 7&l%&c(2n 6 &!l(c&c(2n $ l&, '$($&, n !,(colo)&. E," , n&"%-&l'n" %n c&'!o '%6 &'!l(o 0% c&-c $ o89"o $ con"n($o !,(col2(co ,!c)*(co 0% l ,& cl%,(7o. E, %n& $(,c(!l(n& '"o$ol2(c& 0% ,(-7 6 *%n$&'n" l& '$(c(2n n lo, $(7-,o, c&'!o, !,(col2(co, con o89"o $ ,"%$(o !-o!(o+ n&"%-&l o c%l"%-&l. En "&n"o 0% c&$& %n& $ l&, !&-cl&, $ l& !,(colo)& <8/,(c&+ $(*-nc(&l+ $%c&"(7&+ ,oc(&l+ con("(7&+ "c.? nc,("& -&l(4&- '$(c(on, $ lo, con,"-%c"o, 0% l ,on !-o!(o,+ ('!l(c& 6 5&c %,o $ l& !,(co'"-)&. L& !,(co'"-)& !o- "&n"o , %n& $(,c(!l(n& '"o$ol2(c&+ cn"-&$& ,o8- &,!c"o, -l&"(7o, & l& '$(c(2n+ ,%, con$(c(on, 6 ,%, %,o,+ 0% ,"/ n l ,o!o-" '(,'o $ l& (n7,"(&c(2n 6 l& !-/c"(c& !-o*,(on&l $ c%&l0%(- c&'!o !,(col2(co. 1. CAMPO SUSTANTIO DE LA PSICOMETRHA. No $8 n"n$-, '&l l& &*(-'&c (2n $ 0% l& !,(co'"- )& c&-c $ %n con"n( $o !,(col2(co !-o!(o. E,"& &*(-'&c(2n no ,(n(*(c& 0% l& !,(co'"-)& no "n& %n c&'!o !-o!(o. Al con"- &-(o+ ,(n(*(c& 0% l c%-!o "2-(co 6 '!)-(co $ l& !,(co'"-)& no !%$ con*%n$(-, con n(n;n o"-o c&'!o !,(col2(co. L& !,(co'"-)& "(n %n c&'!o ,%,"&n"(7o !-o!(o -l&"(7o & l& "o-)& $ l& '$(c(2n n ,n"($o &'!l(o+ %n c&'!o 0% !%$ $no'(n&-, "o-)& !,(co'"-(c& 6 0% con"(n conoc('(n"o, *%n$&'n"&l, !&-& l& '$(c(2n !,(col2(c& 7(-"%&l'n" n "o$o, lo, c&'!o, !,(col2(co,. El c&-/c"- ,%,"&n"(7o $ l& !,(co'"-)& !%$ n"n$-, */c(l'n" '$(&n" %n 9'!lo. To''o, l& "o-)& $ l& *(&8(l($&$+ 0% , %n& !&-" !-(nc(!&l 6 8(n conoc($& $ l& "o-)& !,(co'"-(c& cl/,(c&. E,"& "o-)& , %n con9%n"o $n,o+ -l&"(7&'n" co'!l9o 6 8(n ,"-%c"%-&$o $ conoc('(n"o 0% no !%$ ,- &$,c-("o & n(n%n& !&-" $ l& !,(colo)&. No !%$ $c(-, 0% ,& !&"-('on(o $ l& !,(colo)& cl)n(c&+ n( $l !,(co$(&n2,"(co+ n( $ l& !,(colo)& ,oc(&l+ n( $ l& !,(colo)& $%c&"(7&+ n( $ n(n%n& o"-& -&'& $ l& !,(colo)&. S(n '8&-o+ n "o$o, ,o, c&'!o, , %"(l(4& l& "o-)& $ l& *(&8(l($&$ n l& con,"-%cc(2n 6 7&l%&c(2n $ (n,"-%'n"o, $ '$($& !,(col2(c&. L& "o-)& $ l& *(&8(l($&$ , %n 9'!lo '8l'/"(co $l c%-!o ,%,"&n"(7o $ conoc('(n"o, $ l& !,(co'"-)&. Con"n($o $ l& !,(co'"-)&: En n-&l+ l& %"(l($&$ '/, (n'$(&"& $ l& !,(co'"-)& !&-& %n& 8%n& !&-" $ lo, !,(c2loo, con,(," n l&8o-&- 6 7&lo-&- '$($&, !,(col2(c&,. E,"&, '$($&, !%$n -*-(-, & lo, $(7-,o, o89"o, & lo, 0% , -*(- l& !,(colo)&+ (ncl%6n$o ,")'%lo,+ !-,on&, 6 con$%c"&, n "o$&, ,%, 'o$&l($&$,. L& !,(co'"-)& , nc&-& !-c(,&'n" $ $"-'(n&-: &? L&, con$(c(on, $l $,&--ollo $ '$($&,+ 8? L&, c%&l($&$, $ 8on$&$ $ l&, '$($&, c? El %,o 0% ,&, '$($&, $8n c%'!l(- 6 $? L& l&8o-&c(2n '(,'& $ l&, '$($&, !,(col2(c&,. N%nn&ll6 <1=>? %"(l(4& l& "(0%"& “"o-)& !,(co'"-(c&# n con"-&!o,(c(2n & l& &!l(c&c(2n !,(co'"-(c&+ 0% co'!-n$ l $,&--ollo $ l&, '$($&, !,(col2(c&, conc-"&, 6 l& (n7,"(&c(2n ,o8- ,o, (n,"-%'n"o, $ '$($& !&-"(c%l&-,. D,$ l%o+ l& "o-)& !,(co'"-(c& co'!-n$ l& “"o-)& $ lo, ",", 'n"&l,# 6 l& “"o-)& 6 '"o$o, $ ,c&l&'(n"o# !&-& $c(-lo con lo, ")"%lo, $ l&, o8-&, 0%(4/, '/, '8l'/"(c&,. 1. NIELES DEL CAMPO PSICOMETRICO El c&-/c"- '"o$ol2(co $ l& !,(co'"-)& 6 ,% c&-nc(& $ %n c&'!o $ con"n($o !,(col2(co ,!c)*(co no ,(n(*(c&n 0% c&-4c& $ %n ,!&c(o $ con"n($o "2-(co !-o!(o. E(," 7($n"'n" $ %n c&'!o $ "o-)& !,(co'"-(c&. Co'o , $,!-n$ $ n%nc(&$o, &n"-(o-,+ ," c&'!o $ "o-)& !,(co'"-(c& no ,"/ -*-($o & con"n($o, !,(col2(co, ,!c)*(co,. El c&'!o $ l& "o-)& !,(co'"-(c& , -*(- & l&, "o-)&, ,o8- l& '$(c(2n !,(col 2(c&. Al con9%n"o $ n%nc(&$o, 0% con,"("%6n l c%-!o "2-(co $ *%n$&'n"&c(2n+ !l(c&c(2n 6 $,&--ollo $ l& '$(c(2n n !,(colo)&. L& ,"-%c"%-& $l c&'!o $ "-&8&9o $ l& !,(co'"-)& !%$ -*l9&-, $(,"(n%(n$o cl&-&'n" c%&"-o n(7l,+ o 4on&, $ "-&8&9o+ $(*-n", 6 ,"-c5&'n" -l&c(on&$&,: l&
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A. To-)& !,(co'"-(c&. P&-& '$(- %n& 7&-(&8l !,(col2(c& no ,2lo 5&c *&l"& %n& "o-)& ,o8- l& 7&-(&8l !,(col2(c& K"o-)& !,(col2(c&K + ,(no "&'8(n+ &$'/,+ %n& "o-)& ,o8- l& '$(c(2n !,(col2(c&. E,"& "o-)& ,o8- l& '$(c(2n !,(col2(c&+ "o'&n$o l&, !&l&8-&, con %n ,n"($o n-o,o+ con,"("%6 l& "o-)& !,(co'"-(c&. L& "o-)& !,(co'"-(c& ,"/ %8(c&$& n l n;clo !-(nc(!&l $ l& !,(co'"-)& 6 con,"("%6 l cn"-o $ ,% !-o!(o c%-!o "2-(co. Un c%-!o $ "o-)& '"o$ol2(c&+ 8/,(c&'n" ,c-("o n l ln%&9 $ l&, '&"'/"(c&,+ 0% no, !-'(" !l(c&- 6 &-"(c%l&- lo, '"o$o, $ '$(c(2n !,(col2(co,. L& "o-)& !,(co'"-(c& !%$ $(,"(n%-, ,2lo $,$ %n !%n"o $ 7(,"& !-/c"(co $ lo, '"o$o, !,(co'"-(co,. P%$ con,($-&-, 0% lo, '"o$o, !,(co'"-(co, ,"/n -*-($o, & lo, !-oc$('(n"o, !-/c"(co, conc-"o, 0% !-'("n o8"n- (n,"-%' n"o, $ '$($&+ *c"%&'$(c(on, 6 !on- & !-%8& l& c&l($&$ $ lo, (n,"-%'n"o, $ '$($& 6 $ l&, '$(c(on,. E,o, '"o$o, !,(co'"-(c o, con,"("%6n l& $('n,(2n con !-o6cc(2n !-/c"(c&+ !&-& $c(-lo $ &l;n 'o$o+ $ l&, "o-)&, !,(co'"-(c&,+ 0% ,on l&, 0% con*o-'&n l !(l&- $ l&8o-&c(2n 6 9%,"(*(c&c(2n "2-(c&. C%&n$o %,&'o, l& !&l&8-& !,(co'"-)& con %n %,o ,%,"&n"(7o+ co'o c(nc(&+ no, -*-('o, ,o8- "o$o & l& "o-)& !,(co'"-(c& (ncl%6n$o & lo, '"o$o, !,(co'"-(co, &,oc(&$o, & ,"&. Lo '/, co';n , %"(l(4&- l& "(0%"& “"o-)& !,(co'"-(c&# !&-& 5&c- -*-nc(& "&n"o & l& "o-)& co'o & lo, '"o$o, !,(co'"-(co, &,oc(&$o, & &0%ll& $ %n 'o$o *-c%n"'n" (n$,l(&8l. L& "o-)& !,(co'"-(c& , l& !&-" $ l& !,(co'"-)& 0% con,"("%6 ,% n;clo cn"-&l+ con"n(n$o l&, "o-)&, $ l& '$(c(2n !,(col2(c&+ n ,n"($o &'!l(o+ 6 lo, !-oc$('(n"o, '"o$ol2(co, &,oc(&$o,. E7($n"'n"+ l&, "o-)&, $ l& '$(c(2n !,(col2(c& , l&8o-&n %,%&l'n" con 7oc&c(2n $ ,-7(- & l& c-&c(2n $ (n,"-%'n"o, $ '$($& ,!c)*(co,. B. A!l(c&c(2n !,(co'"-(c&. E, n l& c-&c(2n $ (n,"-%'n"o, $ '$($& 6 n l ,"%$(o '!)-(co $ lo, '(,'o, $,$ l !%n"o $ 7(,"& $ l& '$(c(2n+ $on$ , &!l(c& 6 co8-& ,% ,n"($o '/, (n'$(&"&'n" ;"(l l& "o-)& !,(co'"-(c&. S( l& !,(co'"-)& , 5& $ -*-(- & l& '$(c(2n !,(col2(c& nc,&-(&'n" $8 (ncl%(- ," c&'!o $ &!l(c&c(2n !,(co'"-(c&. L& &!l(c&c(2n !,(co'"-(c& co'!-n$ l c&'!o $l $,&--ollo $ (n,"-%'n"o, $ '$($& !,(col2(co, $(-c"&'n" ;"(l, & lo, !-o!2,("o, $ '$(c(2n $ &c%-$o con l&, "o-)&, !,(col2(c&,. L& &!l(c&c(2n !,(co'"-(c& c%8- l c&'!o $ l& '$(c(2n !,(col2(c& !-/c"(c&. D ," 'o$o+ l& !,(co'"-)& , -*(- no ,2lo & l& "o-)& 6 *%n$&'n"o, $ l& '$(c(2n+ ,(no "&'8(n & l& '$(c(2n !,(col2(c& !-/c"(c& 0% , l& !-,(2n &!l(c&$& $ &0%ll&. L& &!l(c&c(2n !,(co'"-(c& (ncl%6 l c&'!o $ l& con,"-%cc(2n $ (n,"-%'n"o, $ '$($& 6 "&'8(n l con9%n"o $ ,o, (n,"-%'n"o, (ncl%6n$o ,%, con$(c(on, $ 8on$&$ 6 %,o. 3%(4/, l& &%"o-& '/, -!-,n"&"(7& $ ,"& *&c"& % o-(n"&c(2n $ l& !,(co'"-)& ,& Ann An&,"&,( <1=+ 1=>? 0% n l&, ,%c,(7&, $(c(on, -7(,&$&, $ ,% l(8-o “T,", !,(col2(co,# 5& "-&"&$o l& !,(co'"-)& $$(c&n$o %n& !&-" (n"-o$%c"o-(& $l ""o & lo, “*%n$&'n"o, $ lo, ",", !,(col2(co,#+ !-o l -,"o $ l&, !&-", $ l& o8-& & lo, ",", $ (n"l(nc(& & lo, ",", $ &!"("%$, $(*-nc(&l, 6 & lo, ",", $ !-,on&l($&$. C. F%n$&'n"&c(2n '&"'/"(c& 6 ,"&$),"(c&. L& "o-)& !,(co'"-(c& ,"/ &,n"&$& ,o8- l& 8&, $ %n& *%n$&'n"&c(2n '&"'/"(c& 6 ,"&$),"(c&. E*c"(7&'n"+ l& "o-)& 6 lo, '"o$o, !,(co'"-(co, ,"/n $(*(c&$o, 6 *%n$&'n"&$o, n l&, '&"'/"(c&, 6 n l& ,"&$),"(c&+ con l&, 0% "&'8(n '&n"(nn %n& $,(%&l -l&c(2n 8($(-cc(on&l. Po- %n& !&-"+ l& "o-)& !,(co'"-(c& , ,o!o-"& ,o8- l conoc('(n"o '&"'/"(co 6 ,"&$),"(co+ n , ,n"($o+ l& ,"&$),"(c& n !&-"(c%l&-+ 6 l&, '&"'/"(c&, n n-&l+ -,%l"&n (n,"-%'n"&l, !&-& l& "o-)& !,(co'"-(c&.L&, "o-)&, 6 lo, '"o$o, !,(co'"-(co, ,"/n ,c-("o, !-(nc(!&l'n" n ln%&9 '&"'/"(co 6 ,"&$),"(co+ o8"n(n$o con , llo&!l(c&n lo, *%-", 6 conc!"%&l, ,"&, $(,c(!l(n&, &!o-"&n n c%&n"o & "o$o,8n*(c(o, lo, c&'!o,*o-'&l, c(n")*(co,. E, $(*)c(l+ ,( no0% ('!o,(8l+ ncon"-&- %n 9'!lo $ '"o$o !,(co'"-(co *%n$&'n"&$o 6 "n$($o n l& co'%n($&$ c(n")*(c& 0% no ," &'!&-&$o ,o8- %n& *%n$&'n"&c(2n ,"&$),"(c& o '&"'/"(c&. Po- o"-& !&-"+ l& !,(co'"-)& "&'8(n 5& con"-(8%($o & ,%,c("&- !-o8l'&, 6 ,ol%c(on, 0% 5&n ,"('%l&$o l $,&--ollo $ l& ,"&$) ,"(c&. Un 9'!lo cl/,(co n ," "--no , l (n"n,o
$,&--ollo $ lo, '"o$o, *&c"o-(&l,+ n&c($o, n l c&'!o !,(co'"-(co 6 "n$($o, & "-&7, $ ,% (nco-!o-&c(2n & lo, '"o$o, $ l& ,"&$),"(c& '%l"(7&-(&$&+ & o"-&, c(nc(&, '!)-(c&,. D: U,o !,(co'"-(co. Po- ;l"('o 0%(4/, $8 l('("&-, lo 0% , n"(n$ !o- &!l(c&c(2n !,(co'"-(c&+ 0% , con,($-& !&-" $ l& !,(co'"-)&+ $(,"(n%(n$olo $l %,o $ l& !,(co'"-)&. P-/c"(c&'n"+ "o$& l& !,(colo)&+ 6 !-/c"(c&'n" n c%&l0%(- "-&8&9o '!)-(co+ %,& $ %no % o"-o 'o$o+ $ l& '$(c(2n !,(col2(c& !&-& o8"n- (n*o-'&c(2n !-c(,& $ l& -&l($&$+ !&-& !on- & !-%8& 5(!2",(,+ !&-& $(&no,"(c&-+ !&-& !-$c(-+ "c. J%,"&'n"+ l& '$(c(2n , %n& 7)& 0% -l&c(on& "o-)& 6 -&l($&$. S(n '8&-o+ ," %,o $ l& !,(co'"-)& , l('("& & %"(l(4&- lo, (n,"-%'n"o, $ '$($& o!o-"%no,+ $ 'o$o 0% l n*&,(, ,"/ !%,"o n l %,o $ l& (n*o-'&c(2n o8"n($& !&-& !-o!2,("o, !,(col2(co, !-/c"(co, o $ (n7,"(&c(2n 6 no n l $,&--ollo $l (n,"-%'n"o $ '$($&. 'o, -,-7&$o l& !-,(2n %,o !,(co'"-(co !&-& -*-(-no, & ," &'!l),('o c&'!o $l "-&8&9o !,(col2(co '!)-(co 0% %,& $ lo, (n,"-%'n"o, !,(co'"-(co, ,(n 0% lo, (n,"-%'n"o, '(,'o, ,&n l o89"o $l "-&8&9o. P&-& !-,&- con %n 9'!lo ,"& $(,"(nc(2n n"- &!l(c&c(2n !,(co'"-(c& 6 %,o !,(co'"-(co. El "-&8&9o $ l&8o-&c(2n+ ,"&8lc('(n"o $ l& *(&8(l($&$+ c&l(8-&c(2n+ 7&l($&c(2n+ &$&!"&c(2n+ 8&-'&c(2n+ (%&l&c(2n+ $"cc(2n $ ,,o,+ "c. $ %n (n,"-%'n"o $ '$(c(2n $ l&, &!"("%$, !-('&-(&, !-"nc &l c&'!o $ l& &!l(c&c(2n !,(co'"-(c& n "&n"o 0% ,"/ o-(n"&$o &l (n,"-%'n"o l "-&8&9o !o,"-(o- $ $(&n2,"(co $ ,%9"o, %"(l(4&n$o ," (n,"-%'n"o+ o+ !o- 9'!lo+ l "-&8&9o !o,"-(o- $ (n7,"(&c(2n &c-c& $ l& 7ol%c(2n $ l&, &!"("%$, !-('&-(&, con l& $&$+ n "&n"o 0% ,"/n cn"-&$o, ,o8- lo, ,%9"o, o ,o8- l&, &!"("%$, !-('&-(&, '(,'&, 6 no ,o8- l $,&--ollo $ %n (n,"-%'n"o !&-& ,% '$(c(2n+ ,-)&n con,($-&$o, co'o %,o !,(co'"-(co.
F(%-& 1 CONCEPTO DE PSICOMETRIA
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PSICOMETRÍA FUNDAMENTACIÓN MATEMÁTICA Y ES TADSTICA
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USO PSICOMÉTRICO L& %"(l(4&c(2n $ l& '$(c(2n !,(col2(c& n lo, $(7-,o, c&'!o, !,(col2(co, 6 0% no !%$ con,($-&-, co'o
TEORIA PSICOMÉTRICA To-)&, ,o8- l& '$(c(2n !,(col2(c&. C%-!o "2-(co $ l(c&c(2n $,&--ollo $ l& '$(c(2n ,%, '"o$o, n
APLICACIÓN PSICOMÉTRICA El&8o-&c(2n $ (n,"-%'n"o, $ '$($& !,(col2(c& A!l(c&c(2n $ l& "o-)& !,(co'"-(c& & l& '$(c(2n $ lo, $(7-,o, con,"-%c"o, 6 7&-(&8l, !,(col2(c&, $ (n"-,
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. PSICOMETRIA Y SU RELACION CON LA PSICOLOGIA Y CON OTRAS CIENCIAS .1 PSICOMETRIA Y SU RELACION CON LA PSICOLOGIA. L& !,(co'"-)& , oc%!& $ l& '$(c(2n !,(col2(c& n c%&l0%(-& $ lo, c&'!o, "'/"(co, $ l& !,(colo)&+ ,(n 0% !%$& -$%c(-, & l& con,($-&c(2n $ $"-'(n&$&, 7&-(&8l,+ con,"-%c"o, o "'&, !&-"(c%l&-,. E,"& o-(n"&c(2n ('!l(c& 0% l& !,(co'"-)& c&-c $ %n c&'!o !,(col2(co ,!c)*(co 6 & l& 74+ 0% l& !,(co'"-)& &co'!&& & l& !,(colo)& n c%&l0%(-& $ ,%, c&'!o, n "&n"o (,"n nc,($&$, $ '$(c(2n. L& !,(co'"-)& , (n"-,& !o- lo, con"n($o, 6 l&, "o-)&, !,(col2(c&, n "&n"o 0% !-,n"&n nc,($&$, $ '$(c(2n+ 6 con"-(8%6 &l *%n$&'n"o+ l&8o-&c(2n 6 con"-&," $ l&, '(,'&, !on(n$o l&, 8&,, !&-& *c"%&- '$(c(2n &$c%&$&, $ lo, con,"-%c"o, 6 7&-(&8l, 0% &0%ll&, "o-)&, con"(nn. S(n '8&-o+ no !%$ $c(-, 0% no (,"&n c&'!o, 6 "o-)&, !,(col2(c&, '/, &*(n, & l& !,(co'"-)&. D,$ %n& !-,!c"(7& 5(,"2-(c&+ &l%no, c&'!o, 6 "o-)&, $ l& !,(colo)& 5&n "n($o %n !&!l !-!on$-&n" n l $,&--ollo $ l& !,(co'"-)&+ 6 & ,% 74+ l& !,(co'"-)& 5& con,"("%($o %no $ ,%, !(l&-, *%n$&'n"&l,. El 9'!lo '/, 7($n" $ ,"&$ ,('8(o,(, , l& "o-)& l& (n"l(nc(&+ !-o !%$ $c(-, lo '(,'o $ %n n;'-o $ "o-)&, l& !-,on&l($&$+ $l$ $,&--ollo $ l& "o-)& $ l&, &c"("%$,+ 6 $ l& !,(co*),(c& cl/,(c&. En &l%no, !%n"o,+ l& !,(co'"-)& 6 ,"o, c&'!o, $ "-&8&9o !&-cn ll&- & con*%n$(-,+ 7ol7(n$o, (n$,l(&8l, l&, "o-)&, !,(col2(c&, 6 l&, "o-)&, 6 !-oc$('(n"o, !,(co'"-(co, $ '$(c(2n &,oc(&$o,. . FUNCIONES DE LA PSICOMETRHA EN SU RELACIÓN CON LA PSICOLOGHA. P%$ $c(-, 0% l& !,(co'"-)& c%'!l $o, *%nc(on, !-(nc(!&l, n -l&c(2n con l& !,(colo)&: 1. L& *%nc(2n (n,"-%'n"&l. L& !,(co'"-)& ,(-7 & l& !,(colo)& !on(n$o l&, 8&,, "2-(c&, !&-& l& '$(c(2n !,(col2(c& 6 ,(-7(n$o & l& l&8o-&c(2n $ '$($&, !,(col2(c&, &$c%&$&,. D,$ ,"& conc!c(2n+ l& !,(co'"-)& -,%l"& ,- %n col&8o-&$o- (n,!&-&8l $ l& !,(colo)& 0% !-'(" & ,"& o8"n- '$(c(on, ,o8- l '%n$o '!)-(co+ 6 n ," ,n"($o+ !-'("(n$o & l&, "o-)&, !,(col2(c&, n"-&- n con(2n con l& -&l($&$ '!)-(c&+ con"&- con $,c-(!c(on, -(%-o,&, $ ,& -&l($&$+ *c"%&- !-on2,"(co, 6 !l(c&c(on, 6 ,- !%,"&, & !-%8&. D,$ ," !%n"o $ 7(,"&+ l& !,(co'"-)& , %(&$& !o- l& "o-)& !,(col2( c& n %n& "&-& $ '$(c(2n 0% con,"("%6 %n& "&!& (n,"-%'n"&l $ l& (n7,"(&c(2n c(n")*(c&. . L& *%nc(2n conc!"%&l. A$'/,+ l& !,(co'"-)& c%'!l "&'8(n %n !&!l '/, ,%,"&n"(7o con -,!c"o & l&, "o-)&, !,(col2(c&,. En !-('- l%&-+ l $,&--ol lo !,(co'"-(co 5& "n($o 6 "(n %n *%-" ('!&c"o $(-c"o ,o8- l&, "o-)&, !,(col2(c&,. En ," ,n"($o+ l& !,(co'"-)& 5& con"-(8%($o & con*o-'&- l&, "o-)& , !,(col2(c&, '%c5o '/, &ll/ $ lo 0% !%$ ,!-&-, $ l& con$(c(2n $ l&8o-&c(2n $ (n,"-%'n"o, $ '$($&. En ,%n$o l%&-+ l& '$(c(2n "(n %n &,!c"o "2-(co &,oc(&$o 0% ll7& (n7("&8l'n" & l& !,(co'"-)& & con"-(8%(- & l& $l('("&c(2n $ l&, "o-) &,+ lo, con,"-%c"o, 6 lo, 5c5o , -l7&n",. La medició o e! !ólo co"ar# a!i$ar %mero! o re&le'ar c(a"i"a"i)ame"e# "ambi* implica de!)elar# ide"i&icar# dar ala l(+ , re)elar porcioe! de la realidad p!icoló$ica D ," 'o$o
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> !,(col2(co, 6 l&, "o-)&, !,(col2(c&,. C%&n$o+ & !-(nc(!(o, $ ,(lo+ B(n" l&8o-2 ,% ,c&l& $ (n"l(nc(& no ,2lo con,"-%62 %n (n,"-%'n"o !&-& %n& 7&-(&8l !,(col2(c& $*(n($& !o%n& "o-)& !,(col2(c&+ ,(no 0%+ &$'/ ,+ con,"("%62 6 $(o & l& l%4 K6 l+ &l !&-c-+ -& con,c(n" $ lloK %n 'o$o $ $*(n(- 6 n"n$ - l& (n"l(nc(& 0% 5& "n($o %n& $(l&"& $& 7($&. En n-&l+ ," !&!l n-&$o- 6 !l)c("&'n" conc!"%&l $l "-&8&9o !,(co'"-(co , '%6 !&"n" n "o$& l& '$(c(2n $ -&,o, l&"n",. E7($n"'n"+ llo no ,(n(*(c& 0% , $*(n& %n& conc!c(2n ./(mp", (mp",1 <1? $ l& '$(c(2n+ n( 0% l !-(nc(!(o $ (n$"-'(n&c(2n "-&)$o & l&, c(nc(&, ,oc(&l, "n& 0% ll7&- &l c%,"(on&'(n"o $ l& '$(c(2n '(,'&. S(n '8&-o+ $8 con,"&"&-, l l%&- $ l& '$(c(2n !,(col2(c& n l& $*(n(c(2n 6 &co"&'(n"o $ l&, 7&-(&8l, 6 $ l&, "o-)&, & l&, 0% , $8. En &'8o, c&,o,+ (n,"-%'n"&l 6 conc!"%&l'n"+ l& !,(co'"-)& con"-(8%6 &l $,&--ollo $ l&, "o-)&, !,(col2(c&,. E,"o, $o, !&!l, o *%nc(on, $ l& !,(co'"-)& -,!c"o & l&, "o-)&, !,(col2(c&, -!-,n"&n %n& $ l&, $(-cc(on, $ l& -l&c(2n 8($(-cc(on&l n"- &'8&,. Po- %n l&$o+ l& !,(co'"-)& ,"/ & l& 8&, 6 con"-(8%6 & l& *%n$&'n"&c(2n $ lo, $(7-,o, c&'!o, "'/"(co, $ l& !,(colo)&+ oc%!/n$o, $ l& '$(c(2n $ l&, 7&-(&8l, ('!l(c&$&, n &0%llo, c&'!o,. En ,"& $(-cc(2n $ l& -l&c(2n $ l& !,(colo)& %,& l& !,(co'"-)& !&-& ,%, *(n,. L& !,(co'"-)& , con*(%-& 6 $,&--oll& !&-& $&- ,o!o-" & l&, nc,($&$, $ '$(c(2n $ l&, "o-)&, !,(col2(c&, 6 con"-(8%6 &l $,&--ollo $ l&, '(,'&, (n,"-%'n"&l 6 conc!"%&l'n". Po- o"-& !&-"+ con,($-&n$o l o"-o ,n"($o $ l& -l&c(2n $ (n*l%nc(& n"- !,(co'"-)& 6 !,(colo)&+ l&, $'&n$&, $ l&, "o-)&, !,(col2(c&, 5&n con"-(8%($o $c(,(7&'n" &l $,&--ollo $ l& "o-)& 6 $ lo, '"o$o, !,(co'"-(co,. El $,&--ollo $ l& !,(colo)& 5& ,($o %n ,")'%lo !&-& l $,&--ollo $ l& !,(co'"-)& n l& '(,'& '$($& n 0% l& !,(co'"-)& 5& con,"("%($o %n (n,"-%'n"o !o,(8(l("&$o- $l $,&--ollo $ l& !,(colo)&. P,(co'"-)& 6 !,(colo)& , (n*l%6n '%"%&'n" n"- ,)+ ,% $,&--ollo 6 ,% !-o-,o ,on nc,&-(&'n" (n$,l(&8l,. P,(co'"-)& 6 '"o$o. E7($n"'n"+ l '"o$o $ l& !,(colo)& , l '"o$o $ l& c(nc(& '!)-(c&+ l '"o$o c(n")*(co+ o 5(!o""(coK$$%c"(7oK!-('n"&l+ co'o & 7c, , ll&'& !o- -&4on, '/, 5(,"2-(c&, 0% !-o!(&'n" $,c-(!"(7&,. En ," ,n"($o+ l& !,(co'"-)& n "&n"o 0% !&-"(c(!& $ l& &!l(c&c(2n & con"n($o, '!)-(co, 6 n "&n"o 0% con"-(8%6 & l&8o-&- 'o$lo, -*-($o, & con"n($o, '!)-(co,++ ,"/ ,%9"& o87(&'n" &l '"o$o c(n")*(co !-o!(o $ "o$& c(nc(& '!)-(c&. P&-& $c(-lo !-,&'n" l '"o$o $ l& !,(co'"-)& ,+ n "&n"o 0% -*-($& & con"n($o, '!)-(co,+ l '"o$o c(n")*(co. En l& '$($& !o9'!lo n 0% %n& "o-) & $ '$(c(2n o %n '"o$o $ ,c&l&'(n"o !%$n ,- o89 "o $ con"-&,"&c(2n '!)-(c&+ ,"o, 'o$lo, !%$n ,- o89"o $ l& '(,'& con,($-&c(2n 5(!o""(coK $$%c"(7& con l& 0% , 7&l;& c%&l0%(- "o-)& c(n")*(c&. P-o+ &$'/,+ co'o 5'o, !%,"o $ '&n(*(,"o &n"-(o-'n"+ l& !,(co'"-)& co'!o-"& %n *%-" co'!onn" ,"&$),"(co 6 '&"'/"(co. En l& '$($& n 0% , "-&" $l co'!onn" '&"'/"(co $ l& !,(co'"-)&+ ," ,"/ o87(&'n" &9%,"&$o & lo, c-("-(o, *o-'&l, $ l&, '&"'/"(c&,. Lo, 'o$lo, '&"'/"(co, *o-'&l, !,(co'"-(co,+ 0% !-"ncn & l& "o-)& !,(co'"-(c&+ 5&n $ 7&l%&-, n "&n"o 0% 'o$lo, *o-'&l, con l&, 5--&'(n"o, 6 c-("-(o, $ l&, '&"'/"(c&,+ 6 n "&n"o 0% 'o$lo, $ l& -&l($&$ '!)-(c&+ con l& $8($& con"-&,"&c(2n !-o!(& $ l&, c(nc(&, '!)-(c&,. <1? %'!"6 D%'!"6 , %n !-,on&9 $ L(, C&--oll 0% &!&-c n ,% o8-& “A "-&7, $l ,!9o# 0% , c&-&c"-(4&8& !o- $*n$- 0% l $c)& &c"&'n" lo 0% l 0%-)& $c(-+ $*(n(n$o ($(o,(nc-/"(c&'n" 0% ,(n(*(c&8&n ,%, !&l&8-&,. L& !o,"%-& $ %'!"6 D%'!"6 7("& "o$&, l&, $(*(c%l"&$, (n"-!-,on&l, $ l& co'%n(c&c(2n &l '(,'o %'!"6 D%'!"6+ 6 !o- l& '(,'& -&42n , l&, c-& &l -,"o $ ,%, (n"-loc%"o-,. &-ol$ G%ll(,n n %n (n"-,&n" &-")c%lo $ 1= &c%2 l "-'(no %'!"6 D%'!"6 !&-& c&-&c"-(4&- & &0%llo, c(n")*(co, 0% $*(nn ($(o,(nc-/"(c&'n" %n con,"-%c"o o %n&&l 7&-(&8l !o- l 'o$o$($(o,(nc-/"(co n 0% llo, l& c&$& o!-&"(7(4&n. E,"& !o,"%-& ll7&$& "-'o 9%,"&'n" con$%c & %n& ,%-" ,ol(!,(,'o c(n")*(co n 0% (n7,"(&c(2n ,2lo ,-)& 7&l%&8l n "-'(no, $ ,) '(,'&.
. PSICOMETRHA Y SU RELACIÓN CON OTRAS CIENCIAS. Un& !&-" $ lo, con"n($o, 0% %n !,(c2loo ,"/ &co,"%'8-&$o & 7- co'o !,(co'"-(co, ,-)&n c&l(*(c&$o, $ cono'"-(co, !o- %n cono'(,"& $ 8(o'"-(co, !o- %n '$(co o %n 8(2loo+ "c. E(," %n n;clo co';n $ "o-)& '"-(c& 6 $ !-oc$('(n"o, 0% , "(n$ *o-'&n$o !&-" $ lo, c('(n"o, nc,&-(o, !&-& l conoc('(n"o '!)-(co $ l&, c(nc(&, $l co'!o-"&'(n"o+ 8(ol2(c&,+ ,oc(&l, 6 $ l& ,&l%$. L& -l&c(2n '/, ,"-c5& , $& 0%(4/, con l& '$(c(2n n $%c&c(2n+ 0% %,%&l'n" !%$ con,($-&-, '%6 ,"-c5&'n" 7(nc%l&$& n ,% $,&--ollo & l& '$(c(2n !,(col2(c&. P-/c"(c&'n"+ lo, '(,'o, con"n($o, 0% %n !,(c2loo con,($-& !,(co'"-(co, *o-'&n !&-" !&-& %n !$&oo $l c&'!o $ l& '$(c(2n $%c&"(7&. El c&'!o $ l& '$(c(2n $%c&"(7& !&-c no $(*-nc(&-, $l c&'!o $ l& '$(c(2n !,(col2(c& '/, 0% n &l%n&, c%,"(on, $ &cn"o. L& -l&c(2n , "&'8(n '%6 ,"-c5& con l& '$(c(2n n ,oc(olo)&
= 7-(*(c&-,+ !on(n$o $ '&n(*(,"o l &9%," n"- l 'o$lo 6 l '%n$o -&l. Un 'o$lo '&"'/"(co , %n 'o$lo "2-(co !-,&$o n ln%&9 '&"'/"(co+ $ 'o$o 0% !%$ %"(l(4&- l&, 7n"&9&, $ l&, '&"'/"(c&, !&-& ,"&8lc- con,c%nc(&, 6 ,"%$(&- l *n2'no. P%$ c&-&c"-(4&-, & l& (n7,"(&c(2n co'o %n (n"n"o !o- con,"-%(- 'o$lo, $ l& -&l($&$ 0% 5&6 0% ,o'"- & con"-&,"&c(2n co'!&-&n$o ,%, con,c%nc(&, con lo, $&"o, o8,-7&8l,. D,$ %n !%n"o $ 7(,"& l2(co+ lo, $&"o, !%$n -*%"&- %n 'o$lo+ !-o n%nc& $'o,"-&-lo. Lo, 'o$lo, '&"'/"(co, ,on %n& *o-'& $ !-,(2n $ "o-)&, c(n")*(c&, 0% !-,n"&n 7n"&9&, !o- ,% n-&l($&$+ ,% !-c(,(2n 6 ,% !o$- $$%c"(7o. Dc)& R%8n A-$(l& n %n& con*-nc(& $(c"&$& n l& Un(7-,($&$ $ &lnc(& l 1 $ No7('8- $ 1=+ 0% “l& !,(colo)& , o-(n"& 5&c(& con7-"(-, n %n& $(,c(!l(n& '&"'/"(c&# n l ,n"($o $ 0% l !-o-,o $ l& c(nc(& 6 l& '&"'&"(4&c(2n $ ,%, !o,"%l&$o, co--n nc,&-(&'n" !&-9o,. E," !%n"o $ 7(,"o no , $,$ l%o n&$& "-&7&&n"+ 6 6& *% !-,&$o con "o$& cl&-($&$ !o- l '(,'o S"7n, n 1=1+ c%&n$o ,&l2 0% “l& ,"&"%-& $ %n& c(nc(& , '$($& co';n'n" !o- l -&$o n 0% 5&c %,o $ l&, '&"'/"(c&,. Con "o$o+ l&, '"'/"(c&, no ,on ll&, '(,'&, %n& c(nc(&+ n l ,n"($o '!)-(co+ ,(no %n ,(,"'& ,('82l(co+ l2(co+ *o-'&l K%n 9%o $ ,(no, 6 -l&,. L& 7(-"%$ 0% 5&c & l&, '&"'/"(c&, no "-(7(&l,+ , ,% c&!&c($&$ !&-& ,-7(- co'o 'o$lo !&-& 7n"o, 6 -l&c(on, n l '%n$o '!)-(co#. En l&, &*(-'&c(on, &n"-(o-, $ S"7n, , nc%n"-& %n& !&-" $l conc!"o $ !,(colo)& '&"'/"(c&. Coo'8,+ D&, 6 T7-,6 <1=1? 5&n c&-&c"-(4&$o & l& !,(colo)& '&" '/"(c& !o- l& %"(l(4&c(2n $ '"o$o, '&"'/"(co, n c%,"(on, !,(col2(c&,. F&7- <1=>? 6& 5&8)& $,"&c&$o l !&!l $ l&, '&"'/"(c&, co'o ln%&9 n l 0% , !*-,& l& !,(colo)& '&"'/"(c&. E,"& &!-o('&c(2n -,&l"& l& &!l(c&c(2n $ l&, '&"'/"(c&, & l& !,(colo)& 6 l& &%,nc(& $ con"n($o !,(col2(co !&-"(c%l&- $ l& !,(colo)& '&"'/"(c&+ 0% , c&-&c"-(4&-)& '/, !o- %n “,"(lo $ (n7,"(&c(2n#. T&'8(n L&'(n <1=>? 5&8)& &8%n$&$o n ," !%n"o $ 7(,"& c&-&c"-(4&n$o & l& !,(colo)& '&"'/"(c& !o- ,%, '"o$o, 6 no !o- ,%, c&'!o, $ &!l(c&c(2n. L& $*(n(c(2n $ !,(colo)& '&"'/"(c& 0% o*-c So&n <1=? -,&l"& "&'8(n l& no &$,c-(!c(2n $ con"n($o, "'/"(co, 6 l %,o $l ln%&9 '&"'/"(co co'o c&-&c"-),"(c& 0% !-('-o $(,"(n %(2 & ,"& $(,c(!l(n&. R,"l 6 G-no <1=>? 5&n $,"&c&$o c2'o n l& !,(colo)& '&"'/"(c& , l& !,(colo)& l& 0% %,& l&, '&"'/"(c&,+ $ 'o$o 0% ,"&, ;l"('&, c%'!ln %n !&!l (n,"-%'n"&l -,!c"o & l& !-('-&+ n l%&- $ con,($-&- 0% l&, '&"'/"(c&, ,on 9'!l(*(c&$&, con c%,"(on, !,(col2(c&,. S&n"(,"8&n <1=? $,"&c& cl&-&'n" l& c&-&c"-(4&c(2n $ l& !,(colo)& '&"'/"(c& !o- l '"o$o: “lo 0% $(,"(n% & l& !,(colo)& '&"'/"(c& $ o"-&, /-&, $ ,!c(&l($&$ !,(col2(c&+ no , l o89"o $ ,"%$(o+ 0% !o- ,%!%,"o , l& !,(colo)&+ ,(no l '"o$o ,(,"'/"(co $ (n7,"(&-lo+ con %n& '"o$olo)& 0%+ & -&n$, -&,o,+ con,(," n c-&- "o-)&, o 'o$lo, !-,&$o, n ln%&9 '&"'/"(co o $ o-$n&$o-+ 6 %"(l(4&- l& $$%cc(2n l2(coK'&"'/"(c& 6 l& ,('%l&c(2n !&-& !-$c(- 6 !l(c&- l&, !-o!($&$, $l o89"o $ ,"%$(o# A5o-& 8(n+ %n 'o$o $ 7- l&, co,&, 0% !&-c "n$($o , con,($-&- l& !,(co'"-)& co'o %n 8-&4o $ l& !,(colo)& '&"'/"(c&+ 0% ,"&-)& *o-'&$& !o- "-, -&n$, c&'!o,: l $ l& !,c(o,"&$),"(c& l $ l& !,(co'"-)& 6 l $ lo, 'o$lo,. Al $c(- $ So&n <1=? ,"& cl&,(*(c&c(2n , $,!-n$ $ %n& -7(,(2n $ lo, !-(nc(!&l, '&n%&l, ,o8- !,(colo)& '&"'/"(c&. E,"& , $,$ l%o %n& cl&,(*(c&c(2n &c&$'(c& 0%(4/, '/, -l&c(on&$& con l& ,"-%c"%-& 7n"%&l $ %n /-& $ conoc('(n"o 0% con l "(!o $ con"n($o, c&-&c" -),"(co, $ ,o, "-, -&n$, c&'!o,. A n%,"-o 9%(c(o+ l& ,"&$),"(c& co'o %n& -&'& $ l& '&"'/"(c&+ l& !,(co'"-)& co'o %n& c(nc(& '"-(c& ,!c)*(c& & (n"-$(,c(!l(n&- & l& 74+ 6 lo, 'o$lo, '&"'/"(co, co'o "o-)&, !,(col2(c&, *o-'&l,+ co'!&-"(n$o %n& -*-nc(&, '"o$ol2(c &, co'%n,+ "(nn "-, ,"&"%, no,ol2(co, $(,"(n"o,. S(n '8&-o+ 5&6 %n con9%n"o $ -*-nc(&, co'%n,: l '"o$o c(n")*(co+ lo, '"o$o, $ l& !,(colo)& '&"'/"(c& l ln%&9 co';n '&"'/"(coK,"&$),"(co l& o-(n"&c(2n '"o$ol2(c& 6 l l%&- $ lo, 'o$lo,.
1 . MEDICION PSICOLOGICA .1 LA MEDICIÓN EN LA CIENCIA : El o89"(7o $ ,"%$(o $ l& !,(colo)& , l ,"%$(o $ l& con$%c"&+ !o- lo n-&l ,on l&, !-,on&,+ !-o "&'8(n , nc&-& $l co'!o-"&'(n"o $ o"-o, ,-, 7(7o,+ Po- lo "&n"o , ,"%$(& l& con$%c"& $l 5o'8-+ o c%&l0%(- o"-o o89"o 7(7(n". A,('(,'o ,"%$(& lo, $&"o, *),(co, !-o$%c"o, $ l& con$%c"& $ $(c5o, ,-,. A ,"o, (n$(7($%o, 0% &--o9&n o !-,&n o !-,n"&n $&"o, lo ll&'&-'o, o89"o, $n"-o $l c&'!o $ l& '$(c(2n !,(col2(c&. N%nn&ll6+ J 6 B-n,"(n+ I. Con,($-&n 0% &%n0% , 5&n ,c-("o c(n"o, $ "o'o, n"-o, ,o8- l& n&"%-&l4& $ l& '$(c(2n+ &l *(n&l ,"& , -$%c & $o, conc!"o, 8&,"&n" ,('!l,: l& “'$(c(2n# con,(," n -l&, !&-& &,(n&- ,)'8olo, & o89"o, $ '&n-& 0% : 1? R!-,n"n c&n"($&$, o &"-(8%"o, $ *o-'& n%'-(c& <,c&l& $ '$(c(2n? o ? D*(n&n ,( lo, o89 "o, c&n n l&, '(,' &, c&"o-)&, o n o"-&, $(*-n", con -,!c"o & %n &"-(8%"o $"-'(n&$o
11 “&$&!"&c(2n# !%$ (ncl%(- ,&"(,*&cc(2n con l& 7($&+ 5%'o- !o,("(7o+ 5&8(l($&$, !&-& n*-n"&- l& "n,(2n 'oc(on&l 6 o"-o, ,(n(*(c&$ o, $l "-'(no. A%n0% "&l, '$( $&, conlo'-&$&, !%$&n ,- 9%,"(*(c&8l, n !&-" n c&'!o, !-/c"(co,+ ,% %,o !%$ ,oc&7&- & l& c(nc(& !,(col2(c&. L& !-('-& !&-" $ l& $*(n(c(2n $ '$(c(2n ,%8-&6& l %,o $ n;'-o, !&-& -!-,n"&c&n"($&$, n ,c&l&,. Tcn(c&'n"+ l& c%&n"(*(c&c(2n ('!l(c& 0% "&n"o $ %n &"-(8%"o ,"/ !-,n" n %n o89"o &,)+ lo, n;'-o, co'%n(c&n l& c&n"($&$. L& c%&n"(*(c&c(2n , n"-l&4& $ '&n-& "&n )n"('& con l& '$(c(2n+ 0% con *-c%nc(& lo, $o, "-'(no, , %,&n $ 'o$o (n$(,"(n"o. E,"o , $,&*o-"%n&$o+ 6& 0% l& ,%n$& !&-" $ l& $*(n(c(2n+ l& cl&,(*(c&c(2n+ , &l 'no, (%&l'n" ('!o-"&n" !&-& l& c(nc(&. Tcn(c&'n"+ l& c%&n"(*(c&c(2n ('!l(c& 0% "&n"o $ %n &"-(8%"o ,"/ !-,n" n %n o89"o &,)+ lo, n;'-o, co'%n(c&n l& c&n"($&$. L& c%&n"(*(c&c(2n , n"-l&4& $ '&n-& "&n )n"('& con l& '$(c(2n+ 0% con *-c%nc(& lo, $o, "-'(no, , %,&n $ 'o$o (n$(,"(n"o. E,"o , $,&*o-"%n&$o+ 6& 0% l& ,%n$& !&-" $ l& $*(n(c(2n+ l& cl&,(*(c&c(2n+ , &l 'no, (%&l'n" ('!o-"&n" !&-& l& c(nc(&. L&, -l&, '!l&$&, !&-& $*(n(- %n& '$($& !&-"(c%l&- $8n ,"&- n"&, $ &'8(Q$&$. P%$n $,&--oll&-, & !&-"(- $ %n co'!l(c&$o 'o$lo $$%c"(7o+ 8&,&-, n l& !-(nc(& !-7(&+ ,%-(- $l ,n"($o co';n o ,('!l'n" "n- o-(n n co-&4on&$&,+ !-o l !%n"o c-%c(&l , l& '&n-& n 0% lo, %,%&-(o, conc%-$&n $ '&n-& con,(,"n" n l& '$($& 6+ !o- ;l"('o+ 0% "&n 8(n !l(c& l '"o$o $ '$(c(2n *n2'no, ('!o-"&n",. En con,c%nc(&+ c%&l0%(- ,-( $ -l&, 0% c%&n"(*(0% !-o!($&$, $ o89"o, $ '&n-& no &'8(%&+ con,"("%6 %n '"o$o $ '$(c(2n l)"('o 6 "(n $-c5o & co'!"(- !o- l& %"(l($&$ c(n")*(c& con o"-&, '$($&,. Tn&,+ n .. ESCALAS DE MEDICION S"7n, $(,"(n% c%&"-o "(!o, $ ,c&l&, $ '$(c(2n: no'(n&l+ o-$(n&l+ (n"-7&lo 6 -&42n. L& cl&,(*(c&c(2n , 8&,& n l&, $(*-n", -l& , %,&$&, !&-& ,(n&- n%' -&l, & lo, o89" o,. L& &,(n&c(2n $ n%'-&l, $& l%&- & %n c(-"o (,o'o-*(,'o n"- l&, -l&c(on, c%&n"("&"(7&, $ lo, o89"o, 0% , '($n 6 l&, -l&c(on, n"- l&, c&n"($&$, -!-,n"&$&, !o- $(c5o, n%'-&l,. C&$& ,c&l& co--,!on$ & %n n(7l $ '$($& $(*-n"+ &,('(, 'o+ & l&, '$(c(on, -&l(4 &$&, con c&$& "(!o $ ,c&l& ,on &!l(c&8l, $"-'(n&$&, o!-&c(on, ,"&$),"(c&,. A ESCALA OMIAL.
D*(n(c(2n: L& ,c&l& no'(n&l -!-,n"& l n(7l '/, l'n"&l $ '$(c(2n. E, l& ,c&l& 0% &,(n& & lo, o89"o, n%'-&l, o ,)'8olo, co'o "(0%"&, con l& *(n&l($&$ : 1.K I$n"(*(c&- & %n o89"o $ o"-o o !&-& ($n"(*(c&- %n& c&-&c"-),"(c& $ o"-& $ %n o89"o o co,&. Lo, n;'-o, &,(n&$o, ,2lo $(,"(n%n & lo, o89"o,+ no !%$n ,%'&-,. S %,&n n;'-o, !&-& ($n"(*(c&- & lo, 9%&$o-, $ *;"8ol+ , %"(l(4&n l"-&, 6 n;'-o, !&-& (n$(c&- lo, &-")c%lo, $ %n c&"/loo .K Cl&,(*(c&- (n$(7($%o,+ co,&, 6 c&-&c"- ),"(c&,. +, $c(- , %,&n lo, ,)'8olo, o n%'-&l, 0% !%$n -!-,n"&- %n& c&n"($&$ o &"-(8%"o+ !&-& cl&,(*(c&- & o89"o, o co,&, 0% !-"ncn & %n& '(,'& ,!c( o cl&,. E,"& ,c&l& &$'/, $ !-'("(- ($n"(*(c&- l& cl&, 0% !-"ncn lo, (n$(7($%o, 6 & l&, co,&, ,"&8lc ,%8cl&,,+ $on$ & c&$& ,%8cl&, o -%!o !o$'o, &,(n&-l %n n;'-o o ,)'8olo 0% -;nn o89"o, $ ,('(l&-, c&-&c"-),"(c&,. . S cl&,(*(c& & l& n" !o- l ,o n 7&-on, 6 '%9-,+ & c&$& -%!o !o$'o, &,(n&-l %n n;'-o o ,)'8olo. S;n %n& "(!olo)&+ cl&,(*(c&'o, & l& n" n (n"-o7-"($&+ n%-2"(c& 6 "-o7-"($&. L& ,c&l& no'(n&l !-'(" ($n"(*(c&- & lo, (n$(7($%o, 6 & l&, co,&, 6 ,"&8lc- ,%8cl&,,+ 0% -;nn o89"o, $ ,('(l&-, c&-&c"-),"(c&,. Lo, n;'-o, &,(n&$o, ,2lo $(,"(n%n & lo, o89"o,+ no !%$n ,%'&-,. L& cl&,(*(c&c(2n , 5&c $ &c%-$o & &l;n &"-(8%"o+ !-o no (n*o-'& 0% l& $(,"&nc(& n"- l&, ,%8cl&,, 1 6 ,& (%&l & l& $(,"&nc(& n"- 6 . L&, o!-&c(on, 0% !%$n 5&c-, n ," n(7l ,on “con"&-# l n;'-o $ '('8-o, $ %n& cl&, 6 “co'!&-&-lo,#. P-o!($&$, L&, ,c&l&, $ '$(c(2n "(nn c(-"&, !-o!($&$, *o-'&l, 0% , n%nc(&n n *o-'& $ !o,"%l&$o, + 0% $l(n&n l&, o!-&c(on, !&-& l&8o-&- l&, ,c&l&, 6 l&, -l&c(on, n"- lo, o89"o, & 0% , &!l(c&n
?+ n l& ,c&l& no'(n&l l& ;n(c& -l&c(2n ('!l(c&$& , l& “(%&l$&$“ 0% , ,('8ol(4& !o- l ,(no <? . E,"o ,(n(*(c& 0% lo, '('8-o, $ %n& ,%8cl&, ,on (%&l, n l& !-o!($&$ '$(&$&. L& -l&c(2n $ (%&l$&$ $ l&, ,c&l&, no'(n&l, !%$n ,-:
1 R*l(7& <&&? E9'!lo: ,( , "(n 0% l(- & %n 9%&$o- !&-& $l 0%(!o c%&l0%(- 9%&$o,-/ -!-,n"&n". “,('"-)&# S( &8 l%o 8& El !o,"%l&$o 0% ,( “&# , (%&l & “8# 6 “8# , (%&l & “&# &*(-'& 0% %n o89"o , ($n"(co & o"-o. El "-'(no ($n"(co , ($n"(*(c& n %n ,n"($o '%6 -,"-(n($o + ,(n(*(c& ($n"($&$ con l &"-(8%"o 0% , '($+ &%n0% !%$ (,"(- $(*-nc(&, n"- o"-o, &"-(8%"o, . Y &;n '/,+ !%$ (,"(- (%&l$&$ c%&n"("&"(7& n"- $o, &"-(8%"o, 6 & l& 74 !-,n"&- $(*-nc(&, c%&l("&"(7&,. 6 “"-&n,("(7&# <,( &8 6 8c+ l%o &c? . O!-&c(on, #. M%6 !oc&, o!-&c(on, ,"&$),"(c&, !%$n 5&c-, n l& ,c&l& no'(n&l+ n"- l&, 0% , !%$n -&l(4&- con l&, ,c&l&, n%'-(c&, ,on: “co"ar1 el %mero de miembro! de (a cla!e , .compararlo!3 co"ar &rec(ecia! , de"ermiar ( )alor ce"ral# como el .modo1 o MOA Tambi* !e p(ede aprobar al$(a! 4ipó"e!i! rela"i)a a la di!"rib(ció de co!a! cla!i&icada! e ca"e$ora! , la a!ociació e"re ella!. E9'!lo: S( ($n"(*(c&'o, l -n$('(n"o &c&$'(co n 8%no
B.ESCALA ORDINAL. D*(n(c(2n: En %n& ,c&l& o-$(n&l lo, n;'-o, &,(n&$o, & lo, o89"o, -*l9&n %n o-$n 0% co--,!on$ & l& '&n("%$ $l &"-(8%"o 0% , '($ 6 0% c&$& ,%9"o !o,. ," o-$n , !-,& '$(&n" l "-'(no '&6o- 0% <?. E,"&, , !%$n o-&n(4&- $ &c%-$o &: Un& c&-&c"-),"(c& n ,!c(&l: E9'!lo: E!"a"(ra En l& ,c%l& lo, &l%'no, *o-'&n !o- o-$n $ ,"&"%-&+ -,%l"&$o, %n& -l&c(2n $ ,%9"o, $ ABCDn. Lo, &l%'no, "(nn %n& ,"&"%-& $ ABCCD.
E$&$,: Lo, $ n(o, $l ,"o $ -&$o "(nn $&$, $ JGA Lo, !%,"o, %n conc%-,o 8ll4& Un& 7&-(&8l : E9'!lo En '$(c(on, $ -&no, !,(col2(co, l&, !-,on&, !%$n 9-&-0%(4&-, n *o-'& $ l"-&,
T-&n,("(7&: “'&6o, "-&n,("(7& ,( “&# ,&n,(o,o '&6o- 0% “8# , '&6o“c#
'/, &n,(o,o 0% ?. Tambi* la e6pre!ió ma,or 7(e p(ede rempla+ar!e por la e6pre!ió .meor 7(e#. C&8 -,&l"&- 0% l &(o'& $ "-&n,("(7($&$ *%n$&'n"&l n l& ,c&l& o-$(n&l 0%$& ampliame"e !a"i!&ec4on: '$(c(on, *),(c& ,( “&# !,& '/, 0% “8# 6 “8# !,& '/, 0% “c# n"onc, “&# !,& '/, 0% “c#+
1 '$(c(on, $ $"-'(n&$&, 7&-(&8l, !,(col2(c&,: co'o &-,(2n+ $!-,(2n+ 5&8(l($&$+ o-$n&$o + "c. e'emplo: ,( ! , 'no, &-,(7o 0% 6 , 'no, &-,(7o 0% 4 n"onc, ! , 'no, &-,(7o 0% 4. P-o n &l%n&, 7&-(&8l, con$%c"%&l, no *%nc(on& con l& '(,'& n("($4. "o''o, l 9'!lo $ l& $o'(n&nc(& “& <,!o,&? $o'(n& “8# <,!o,o? 6 “8# <,!o,o? $o'(n& “c# <5(9o?+ !-o no ,('!- l& '&$- “&# !%$ $o'(n&- &l 5(9o “c# (ncl%,o !%$ oc%--(- 0% “c# $o'(n & “&#. O!-&c(on, L&, !-%8&, ,"&$),"(c&, &!-o!(&$&, !&-& "-&"&- $&"o, $ '$(c(2 n $ ,c&l& o-$(n&l ,on 7&-(&$&, : l& '$(&n& !&-& '$($&, $ "n$nc(& cn"-&l !&-& '$($&, $ co--l&c(2n + l co*(c(n" $ co--l&c(2n $ -&no $ S!&-'&n 6 - $ n$&ll !&-& l& 7-(*(c&c(2n $ 5(!2",(, l& !-%8& $ @(lcoon+ "," $l ,(no+ l& !-%8& $ ol'oo-o7KS'(-no7+"c. To$&, l&, !-%8&, ,on no !&-&'"-(c&,. S(l <1=>? ll&'& l& &"nc(2n 0% l&, !-o!($&$, $ l& ,c&l& o-$(n&l no ,on (,o'2-*(c&, &l ,(,"'& &-("'"(co !o- lo "&n"o +-,%l"& ('!-o!(o c&lc%l&- '$($&, &-("'"(c&, 6 $ $,7(&c(2n ,"&n$&- con $&"o, o-$(n&l,+ n lo, c%&l, lo, (n"-7&lo, n"- lo, o89"o, o-$n&$o, no ,on (%&l,+ &,) '(,'o , ('!-o!(o '!l&- !-%8&, !&-&'"-(c&, $ (n*-nc(& ,"&$),"(c& con $&"o, $ %n& ,c&l& o-$(n&l+ !%,"o 0% l&, $c(,(on, &c-c& $ l&, 5(!2",(, ,on $%$o,&,.
C. ESCALA DE INTERALOS D*(n(c(2n L& ,c&l& $ (n"-7&lo, o*-c %n o-$n&'(n"o $ lo, o89"o, '$($o, "&l co'o lo 5&c l& ,c&l& o-$(n&l. P-o+ & $(*-nc(& $ ,"&+ !o, $(,"&nc(&, o (n"-7&lo, n%'-(co, (%&l, n"- lo, 7&lo-, 0% , &,(n&n & lo, o89"o, + con -,!c"o & l& '&n("%$ $l &"-(8%"o '$($o+ E9: S( lo, n;'-o, 1+ 1+1 6 1n -!-,n"&n '&n("%$, $ %n& !-o!($&$ '$($&+ $ lo, ,%9"o, A+ B+ C 6 D+ !o$'o, $c(- 0% l& $(*-nc(& n"- A 6 B , l& '(,'& 0% 5&6 n"- C 6 D 6 "&'8(n 0% l& $(,"&nc(& n B 6 C , 'no- 0% l& %n($&$ & l&, $(*-nc(&, 0% 5(8n AKB 6 CKD. L& %n($&$ $ '$(c(2n n l&, ,c&l&, $ (n"-7&lo , &-8("-&-(&. En ,"o, c&,o, lo, ,%9"o, A+ B+ C+ D ,on (n"-7&lo, $ cl&,, o !o,n %n $(,"&nc(& !o- (%&l n"- llo, + 0% !o$-)& ,- $(,"&nc(& $ !%n"%&c(2n + , ll7&n !o- !%n"o, AVB 6 CVD + di!"acia de edade!+ , ll7&n !o- $o, &o,+ $(,"&nc(& n"- C.I (n"lc"%&l+ , ll7&n n 1 !%n"o, c&$& %no + $(,"&nc(& n"- -%!o "(nn no"& $ $(*-nc(& $ !%n"o, c&$& %no. E,"o, ,nc(llo, (l%,"-&- 0% l& ,c&l& $ (n"-7&lo, !-'(" ,"&8 lcco'!&-&c(on, !-c(,&, 9'!lo, n"- lo, ,(-7n 7&lo-,!&-& &,(n&$o, & 7&lo-, (n$(7($%o, n %n '(,'o &"-(8%"o '$($o +6+ n"- lo, 7&lo-, &"-(8%($o, & %n '(,'o (n$(7($%o n l& '$(c(2n $ $(*-n", &"-(8%"o,+ "&l, co'!&-&c(on, !%$ *c"%&-, !o-0% l& ,c&l& $ (n"-7&lo, !o, %n($&$, co'%n, 6 con,"&n",. S(n ," -0%(,("o no !o$-)& ,"&8lc-, co'!&-&c(on, 7&l($&, . L& ,c&l& $ (n"-7&lo, "(n "&'8(n “%n !%n"o $ c-o# &%n0% ," !%n"o %8(c &$o n l o-(n $ l& ,c&l& , &-8("-&-(o+ no , '($ %n &"-(8%"o $ 'o$o &8,ol%"o+ L&, ,c&l&, $ "'!-&"%-& F&5-n5(" 6 cn")-&$o, , (n(c(&n n %n !%n"o “c-o# &-8("-&-(o 6 l “c-o# no ,(n(*(c& “no# 5&6 "'!-&"%-& ,('!l'n" n %n& loc&l(4&c(2n &-8("-&-(& $ l& ,c&l&+ co'o o8,-7& B&l", <1=1?+ $l c-o &-8("-&-(o $"-'(n& 0% l&, -l&c(on, n"- l&, !o,(c(on, , ,"&8l4c&n n "-'(no, $ $(,"&nc(&, n"- ll&, 6 no n "-'(no, $ -&4on,. S( l& "'!-&"%-& $l l%n, *% $ -&$o, 6 l& $l 7(-n, *% 1 -&$o,+ no ,(n(*(c& 0% l& "'!-&"%-& $l $)& l%n, *% l $o8l 0% l& $l 7(-n,+ ,2lo (n$(c& 0% *% 1 -&$o, 'no-. Lo, !,(c2loo, , 5&n (n"-,&$o !o- con,"-%(- ,c&l&, $ (n"-7&lo,. El !-o8l'& !o- ,%!-&*% ncon"-&- l '"o$o !&-& ,"&8lc- %n($&$, (%&l,+ l ,*%-4o *% lo-&$o c%&n$o 'no,+ n &l%n&, /-&,. En *c"o+ lo, !%n"&9 , o-((n&l, $ l&, !-%8&, $ 9c%c(2n ,on con7-"($o, n “!%n"%&c(on, ,"/n$&-# 0% -!-,n"&n l& $(,"&nc(& $ %n !%n"&9 con -,!c"o &l -n$('(n"o '$(o $l -%!o+ n *%nc(2n $ l& $,7(&c(2n ,"/n$&- $ l& $(,"-(8%c(2n. S o8"(n+ $ ,"& '&n-&+ %n($&$, (%&l, 6 con,"&n", 0% *&c(l("&n ,"&8lc- co'!&-&c(on,. L& con,"-%cc(2n $ (n,"-%'n"o, !&-& '$(- 7&-(&8l, !,(col2(c&, ,o8- %n& ,c&l& $ (n"-7&lo,+ , &!o6& n l& 7-(*(c&c(2n '!)-(c& $ l& $(,"-(8%c(2n no-'&l 0% &$o!"&n lo, !%n"&9, $ l&, 7&-(&8l, $ 9c%c(2n. E,"& $(,"-(8%c(2n , o8"(nn c%&n$o , '($n &l%no, &"-(8%"o, 5%'&no, con ,c&l&, $ (n"-7&lo 6 $ -&42n+ !o- 9'!lo+ l& "&ll& $ %n &'!l(o n;'-o $ n(o, $ 1 &o,+ , $(,"-(8%6 ,;n l& c%-7& $ G&%,,. A !&-"(- $ l& '$(& $ l& $(,"-(8%c(2n 6 $ ,% $,7(&c(2n ,"/n$&- + "o'&$& co'o %n($&$+ , !%$ %8(c&- %n& !o,(c(2n n l& c%-7&. S( , con,"-%6n (n,"-%'n"o, 0% !-o!o-c(on&n %n&
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OPERACIONES IDENTIFICAR C LASIFICAR
ORDINAL
ESTABLECER UN ORDEN
DEINTERNALO
DE RANGO ENCONTRAR DIFERENCIAS O DISTANCIAS ENCONTRAR PORPORCIONES
PROPORCIONAL O RAZON
ESTADISTICOS NUMERO DE CASOS FRECUENCIA MEDIANA Y PERCENTILES MEDIA+ DESIACIÓN CORRELACION PORCENTAJES DE ARIACIÓN
1 UNIDAD II: LOS TESTS + CLASIFICACION Y PROPIEDADE PSICOMETRICAS DE LAS PRUEBAS PSICOMETRICAS
. LOS TEST PSICOLÓGICOS .1 LA TEORIA CLASICA DE LOS TESTS L&, "cn(c&, $ 7&l%&c(2n !,(col2(c& !-'("n+ n n-&l &l;n "(!o $ c%&n"(*(c&c(2n+ &%n0% con '&6o- *-c %nc(& no , ,& l& ;n(c& (n*o-'&c (2n 0% &!o-"&n. D 5c5o 6 co'o (n$(c & S%n$8- <1=>>? ,"& (n*o-'&c(2n n %n& co'8(n&c(2n $ $&"o, $%-o, < o c%&n"("&"(7o, ? o 8l&nco,
L& !%n"%&c(2n 7-$&$ -& <? , l& ,!-&n4& '&"'/"(c& $ l& '!)-(c&: V 9 E:;< + $on$ W , l& 7&-(&8l &l&"o-(& “!%n"%&c(2n '!)-(c& $l ,%9"o#. E," !-('- ,%!%,"o con,"("%6 n -&l($&$ %n& $*(n(c(2n $ l& !%n"%&c(2n 7-$&$-&. El lc"o- !oco *&'(l(&-(4&$o con l conc!"o $ ,!-&n4& '&"'/"(c& !%$ 5&c-, %n& ($& ('&(n&n$o 0% , &!l(c&, %n "," “(n*(n("&,# 7c, &l '(,'o ,%9"o. T&'8(n $8 ('&(n&- 0% c&$& &!l(c&c(2n no &*c"& & l&, o"-&, 6 0% l ,%9"o no c&'8(& n l c%-,o $ l&, &!l(c&c(on,. En ,"&, con$(c(on,+ l& !%n"%&c(2n 7-$&$-& $l ,%9"o n l "," ,-)& l& '$(& &-("'"(c& $ l&, !%n"%&c(on, '!)-(c&, o8"n($&, n l&, “(n*(n("&,# &!l(c&c(on,. L& !%n"%&c(2n 7-$&$-& ,+ !o- "&n"o+ %n conc!"o '&"'/"(co+ A !&-"(- $ lo, 7&lo-, $ W
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Lo, --o-, $ '$($& $ lo, ,%9"o, n %n "," no co--l&c( on&n con ,%, --o-, $ '$($& n o"-o "," $(,"(n"o. S( , &!l(c&n co--c"&'n" lo, ",",+ lo, --o-, ,-/n &l&"o-(o, n c&$& oc&,(2n+ no (,"(n$o -&42n & !-(o-( !&-& 0% co7&-)n ,(,"'/"(c&'n" %no, con o"-o,. &6 0% ,&l&- 0% n(n%no $ lo, ,%!%," o, $l 'o$lo , co'!-o8&8l '!)-(c&'n" $ %n 'o$o $(-c"o "&l co'o ,"/n !-,&$o,+ !o- "&n"o+ &%n0% !l&%,(8l, 6 ,n,&"&, & !-(o-(+ 5&8-/ 0% 5&c- $$%cc(on, 0% ,) , !%$&n con"-&,"&- 6 con*(-'n o *&l,n l 'o$lo. . PROPOSITOS Y USOS DE LOS TESTS Lo, ",", !,(col2(co, 6 o"-o, (n,"-%'n"o, $ 7&l%&c(2n , &!l(c&n n %n& &'!l(& 7&-($&$ $ con""o, $ o-&n(4&c(2n n l& ,oc($&$ con"'!o-/ n&: ,c%l&, 6 %n(7-,($&$, noc(o, (n$%,"-(&, cl)n(c&, !,(col2(c&, 6 cn"-o, $ &,,o-)& o-&n(4&c(on, %8-n&'n"&l, 6 '(l("&-, 6 con""o, $ (n7,"(&c(2n $ $(,"(n"o, "(!o,. D 'o$o 0% lo, !,(c2loo, $ !-,on&l+ !,(c2loo, cl)n(co,+ !,(c2loo, $ &,,o-)&+ !,(c2loo, ,col&-,+ con,9-o, '&"-('on(&l, 6 '%c5o, o"-o, ,!c(&l(,"&, &!l(c&$o, 6 con o-(n"&c(2n 5&c(& l& (n7,"(&c(2n ,o8- l co'!o-"&'(n"o $l ,5%'&no $$(c&n %n& !&-" ('!o-"&n" $ ,% "('!o !-o*,(on&l & l& &!l(c&c(2n+ c&l(*(c&c(2n (n"-!-"&c(2n $ ",", !,(col2(co,. En l& &c"%&l($&$+ l !-o!2,("o !-(nc(!&l $ lo, ",", 6 7&l%&c(on, !,(col2(c&, , l '(,'o 0% 5& !-7&lc($o $%-&n" "o$o ," ,(lo: 7&l%&- l co'!o-"&'(n"o+ l&, c&!&c($&$, 'n"&l, 6 o"-&, c&-&c"-),"(c&, !-,on&l, con l o89"o $ &6%$&- n lo, 9%(c(o,+ !-$(cc(on, 6 $c(,(on, $ l&, !-,on&,. En *o-'& '/, ,!c)*(c&+ lo, ",", , %"(l(4&n !&-&: 1? O8,-7&- & l&, !-,on&, 0% ,ol(c("&n '!lo, 6 $,&n !&-"(c(!&- n !-o-&'&, $%c&"(7o, 6 $ c&!&c("&c(2n ? Cl&,(*(c&- 6 %8(c&- & l&, !-,on&, $n"-o $ con""o, $%c&"(7o, 6 $ '!lo ? A,,o-&- 6 %(&- & lo, (n$(7($%o, con !-o!2,("o, $%c&"(7o,+ 7oc&c(on&l, 6 !-,on&l, ? R"n- o ,%,!n$-+ !-o'o7- o c&'8(&- & ,"%$(&n", o '!l&$o, n lo, !-o-&'&, $%c&"(7o, 6 $ c&!&c("&c(2n+ &,) co'o n ,("%&c(on, l&8o-&l, ? D(&no,"(c&- 6 !-,c-(8(- "-&"&'(n"o, !,(col2(co, 6 *),(co, n cl)n(c&, 6 5o,!("&l, ? E7&l%&- lo, c&'8(o, cono,c("(7o, (n"-& (n"-!-,on&l, $8($o, & !-o-&'&, $ (n"-7nc(2n $%c&"(7o,+ !,(co"-&!%"(co, 6 con$%c"%&l, 6 >? R&l(4&- (n7,"(&c(on, ,o8- lo, c&'8(o, n l co'!o-"&'(n"o & "-&7, $l "('!o 6 ,o8- l& *c"(7($&$ $ lo, !-o-&'&, 6 "cn(c&, n%7&,. A$'/, $ ,%, &!l(c&c(on, n l& $,c-(!c(2n 6 &n/l(,(, $ l&, c&-&c"-),"(c&, (n$(7($%&l,+ lo, ",", , %"(l(4&n !&-& 7&l%&- l n"o-no !,(col2 (co+ lo, 'o7('( n"o, ,oc(&l, 6 o"-o, 7n"o, !,(co,oc(&l,. N&$( ,&8 con &c"("%$ c%/n"o, ",", $(,!on(8l, co'-c(&l 6 no co'-c(&l'n" $ c&$& "(!o , &!l(c&n n( n 0% ,("%&c(on,+ con 0% !-o!2,("o, 6 !&-& 0%(n $%-&n" %n &o $"-'(n&$o. S(n '8&-o+ !%$ o8"n-, %n (n$(c&"(7o $ l& n&"%-&l4& $ l& (n"nc(2n $l %,o $ lo, ",", & !&-"(- $ lo, -,%l"&$o, n lo, $(,"(n"o, ,"%$(o, @&$ 6 B&-+ 1=>> &--(,on o"-o,+,"%$(o, 1= P(o"-o,( ll-+ 1== $ A-c56 o"-o,+ 1==1?. Co'o , o87(o+ lo, $,c%8-('(n"o, $6,"o, $!n$n6 $ l&, cl&,, !-&c"(c&n", 6Vo (n7,"(&$o-, 0% , (ncl%6n n l& '%,"-&. . DEFINICION DE TEST El "-'(no "e!" , %n& $ l&, !&l&8-&, '/, co'%n, 0% "o$o, c-'o, co'!-n$- 6 !on$+ -&-&'n" "o'&'o, l "('!o nc,&-(o !&-& $*(n(-l& $ '&n-& !-c(,&. D*(n(-'o, %n "e!"
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. P-o!($&$, P,(co'"-(c&, $ lo, ",", !,(col2(co, CONFIABILIDAD
1 D,$ l !%n"o $ 7(,"& !,(co'"-(co+ l& !-%8& "(n 0% !o,- $o, c&-&c"-),"(c&, !&-& 0% , l !%$& con,($-&- %n 8%n (n,"-%'n"o $ '$(c(2n: $8 ,- con*(&8l 6 7/l($o. L& con*(&8(l($&$ & 'n%$o , ll&'&$& "&'8(n *(&8(l($&$ o con,(,"nc(& $ %n ",". El !-o8l'& $ l& con*(&8(l($&$ !l&n"& $(7-,&, *o-'&, $ !-%n"&,: X&,"& 0% !%n"o '($ %n& !-%8& $ 'o$o con,(,"n"+ , $c(-+ Xo8"n$-'o, -,%l"&$o, ,'9&n", n c&,o $ '$(l '(,'o -%!o $ o89"o, %n& 6 o"-& 74 con l '(,'o (n,"-%'n"o $ '$(c(2n Xco--,!on$n l&, '$(c(on, o8"n($&, !o- '$(o $ %n (n,"-%'n"o & l&, “7-$&$-&,# o “-&l,# '$($&, $ l& !-o!($&$ n c%,"(2n. En -,!%,"& & ,"&, !-%n"&, , ,%,c("&n l&, 7&-(&$&, $*(n(c(on, $ con*(&8(l($&$. L& con*(&8(l($&$ n "-'(no, n-&l,+ !%$ ,- $*(n($& co'o l -&$o $ conco-$&nc(& 0% (," n"- $o, '$($&, $ %n '(,'o o89"o
& VK .1= & VK .= & VK .= & VK .>= & VK .== 1 TIPOS DE CONFIABILIDAD : DEESTABILIDAD+ DE
N%l& -l&c(2n D8(l -l&c(2n Mo$-&$& -l&c(2n F%-" -l&c(2n M%6 *%-" -l&c(2n P-*c"&-l&c(2n E3UIALENCIA Y DE CONSISTENCIA
COEFICIENTE DE ESTABILIDAD. LA CONFIABILIDAD TESTKRETEST. El !&-&$('& $ ," "(!o $ con*(&8(l($&$ , '%6 ,nc(llo. S &!l(c& l& !-%8&+ "-&n,c%-- c(-"o !-)o$o $ "('!o 6 , l &!l(c& n%7&'n". A con"(n%&c(2n+ , c&lc%l& l& co--l&c(2n n"- l&, c&l(*(c&c(on, n l& !-%8& 6 n l& -&!l(c&c(2n. E," '"o$o -0%(- l& &!l(c&c(2n $ %n '(,'o (n,"-%'n"o $o, 7c, & %n '(,'o -%!o $ (n$(7($%o,. El "('!o "-&n,c%--($o n"- l& !-('-& 6 l& ,%n$& &!l(c&c(2n !%$ 7&-(&- n"- %no, '(n%"o, 6 7&-(o, &o,. El 7&lo- $ l& co--l&c(2n ncon"-&$& , %n co*(c(n" $ con*(&8(l($&$ 0% -!-,n"&-/ l -&$o $ ,"&8(l($&$ $ l&, c&-&c"-),"(c&, '$($&, $ lo, ,%9"o, *-n" & l& '(,'& &c"%&c(2n (n$&&$& $o, 7c,. A$'/,+ ," 7&lo- ,&l& l -&$o $ con,(,"nc(& o ,('(l("%$ $ lo, !-oc$('(n"o, '!l&$o, !&-& -co- $(c5&, (n*o-'&c(on, n l&, $o, o!o-"%n($&$,. L& ,"&8(l($&$ $*(n($& co'o l& con,(,"nc(& $ lo, !%n"&9, & "-&7, $l "('!o+ &,%' 0% &0%llo 0% , ,"%$(&$o , ,"&8l n l "('!o+ $ &5) 0% l --o- 0% (," ,-)& !o- l *c"o $ l&, *l%c"%&c(on, "'!o-&l, n"- %n& 6 o"-& &!l(c&c(2n. COEFICIENTE DE E3UIALENCIA: FORMAS PARALELAS. P%,"o 0% c%&l0%(- "," con"(n ,2lo %n& '%,"-& $ "o$o, lo, -&c"(7o, !o,(8l,+ , !%$ con,"-%(- *o-'&, !&-&ll&, $ l& !-%8&. En l $,&--ollo $ *o-'&, 0%(7&ln",+ co'!&-&8l, o !&-&ll&, 5&6 0% &,%-&-, $ 0% 7-$&$ -&'n" lo ,on+ !%, c&$& *o-'& $8-)& ,con,"-%($& (n$!n$(n"'n"+ !-o $8 ,"&- $,"(n&$& & ,&"(,*&c- l&, '(,'&, ,!c(*(c&c(on,. Lo, ",", $8n con"n$- l& '(,'& *o-'& 6 &8&-c&- l '(,'o "(!o $ con"n($o &,('(,'o+ l& &'!l("%$ "o"&l 6 l n(7l (%&l,?. $ $(*(c%l"&$ $ lo, l'n"o, $8 ,- (%&l <'$(&, (%&l ,? &,) co'o ,% 7&-(&8(l($&$ <7&-(&n4&, C%&n$o l&, $o, *o-'&, $l (n,"-%'n"o ,on &!l(c&$o, %n& "-&, o"-& & lo, ,%9"o,+ l 7&lo,"&$),"(co ncon"-&$o -!-,n"& l co*(c(n" $ 0%(7&lnc(& $ $(c5o, (n,"-%'n"o, &,) co'o l -&$o $ con,(,"nc(& $l co'!o-"&'(n"o '$($o con llo,. P&-& 0%(!&-&- l *c"o $ l& !-/c"(c& 0% &c";& ,o8- lo, -,%l"&$o, $l (n$(7($%o n c&$& %n& $ l&, *o-'&, $l ","+ , con7n(n" &$'(n(,"-&- & %n& '("&$ $ lo, ,%9"o, l& *o-'& %no+ l%o
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1 E, l "(!o '/, &!-o!(&$o !&-& c(-"o, %,o, $ lo, ",", !,(col2(co,+ 6 !%$ 9%,"(*(c&-, !o$-c5o !-o!(o. E,!c(&l'n"+ , -co'n$&8l n lo, ",", $ !-,on&l($&$+ o n lo, ",", '!l&$o, !&-& l $(&n2,"(co $ l& ,("%&c(2n &c"%&l+ 0% !&-& l& !-$(cc(2n $ ,%c,o, *%"%-o,. B. ALIDEZ DE CONTENIDO. S l& 5& $*(n($o co'o l -&$o n 0% lo, ("', 0% con,"("%6n l& !-%8& ,on %n& '%,"-& -!-,n"&"(7& $l $o'(n(o $ con"n($o+ $on$ l "-'(no $o'(n(o+ , -*(- & lo, "'&, o &,%n"o 0% , ,"/ '($(n$o. En"onc,+ co'o ,% no'8- lo (n$(c&+ , oc%!& $l con"n($o $ l& !-%8& !,(col2(c&. El con"n($o ,(n(*(c& lo, con,"("%6n", ,%,"&n"(7o,+ l "'& n ,) $ l& !-%8&. U,%&l'n"+ , 5& -co'n$&$o 0% ," "(!o $ 7&l($4 ,& &,(n&$o & l&, !-%8&, $ -n$('(n"o ,col&- 6 "&'8(n , 5& ,%-($o !&-& l&, ,c&l&, $ &c"("%$, 6 o"-&, '$(c(on, $ -&,o,. Po- 9'!lo+ &l 7&lo-&- lo, ",", $ -n$('(n"o+ $on$ , '($ l -&$o $ $o'(n(o $l (n$(7($%o n %n& 5&8(l($&$ ,!c)*(c& o %n c%-,o $ ,"%$(o. E,"o (n$(c& 0% , conoc 8(n lo, l)'(", $l %n(7-,o $l con"n($o+ o $o'(n(o. Po- lo n-&l+ ,"& *o-'& $ 7&l($4 , 5& $"-'(n&$o '$(&n" l& co'!&-&c(2n ,(,"'/"(c& $ lo, ("-', $ l& !-%8& con l $o'(n(o $l con"n($o ,"%$(&$o. E," &n/l(,(, , *&c"(8l $ ,ll7&$o & c&8o $ $o, *o-'&,: &.K L& !-('-& con,(," n ,"%$(&- $ '&n-& l2(c& 6 -&c(on&l lo, ("', !l(c("&n$o l !o-0% , (ncl%6 n l& !-%8& 8.K L& ,%n$& , -*(- & 0% con l& &6%$& $ %n -%!o $ 9%c, co'!"n", 6 c&l(*(c&$o,+ , 7&l;& l -&$o n 0% lo, -&c"(7o, conc%-$&n con lo, !l&n"&'(n"o, $l con,"-%c"o- $l (n,"-%'n"o ,(n$o $no'(n&$& ,"& "cn(c& co'o l c-("-(o $ 9%c,. El c-("-(o $ 9%c, 5& ,($o n '%c5o, c&,o, l& ,"-&"(& !&-& 7&l%&- l& 7&l($4 $ con"n($o. L& 'o$&l($&$ '/, co';n !&-& ," "(!o $ 7&l($4 con,( ," n ,ol(c("&- l& &!-o8&c(2n o $,&!-o8&c(2n $ l& (ncl%,(2n $ %n )"' n l& !-%8&+ !o- !&-" $ 7&-(o, 9%c,+ c%6o n;'-o !%$ 7&-(&- ,;n lo, -0%(,("o, $l &%"o- $l (n,"-%'n"o. 3%(4/, l !-o8l'& '/, ('!o-"&n" $-(7&$o 0% l %,o $ ,"& "cn(c& 5& n-&$o , l -*-($o & l& c%&n"(*(c&c(2n $ ,%, -,%l"&$o,. Po- llo+ %n (n"n"o $ ,ol%c(2n 5& ,($o c&lc%l&- %n )n$(c $ &c%-$o n"- lo, 9%c, &l 7&l%&- l ("'+ ,(n$o n ," c&,o+ l -&$o $ &c%-$o l 0% (n$(c&-)& l& con*(&8(l($&$ $ lo, 9%(c(o, 6 !o- n$ l& 7&l($4 $l '(,'o 6& 0% 7&l%&-)& l con,n,o 0% (," !&-& l& (ncl%,(2n $l ("' n l& !-%8&. C. ALIDEZ DE CONSTRUCTO. E," "(!o $ 7&l($4 , ('!o-"&n" ,('!- 0% , $(,& %n& !-%8& !,(col2(c& !&-& '$(- &l;n &"-(8%"o o &l%n& c%&l($&$
An/l(,(, *&c"o-(&l. E, %n !-oc$('(n"o ,"&$),"(co $ !&-"(c%l&- ('!o-"&nc(&. E, %n& "cn(c& %,&$& !&-& &n&l(4&- l&, (n"-!-"&c(on, $ $&"o, !,(col2(co,. S !-o!2,("o !-(nc(!&l , l $ ,('!l(*(c&- l& $,c-(!c(2n con$%c"%&l -$%c(n$o l n;'-o $ c&"o-)&, !&-"(n$o $ %n& '%l"(!l(c($&$ $ 7&-(&8l, $ '$(c(2n 5&,"& o8"n- %no, c%&n"o, -&,o,. I$n"(*(c&$o, ,"o,+ !o$-/n %,&-, !&-& $,c-(8(- l& co'!o,(c(2n *&c"o-(&l $ %n ","+ !o- lo "&n"o+ %n "," !%$ ($n"(*(c&-, "&n"o n "-'(no, $ lo, *&c"o-, !-(nc(!&l, 0% $"-'(n&n ,%, !%n"%&c(on,+ co'o $l !,o $ c&$& *&c"o-. El n*o0% '/, co--(n" !&-& 7&l%&- l& 7&l($4 $ con,"-%c"o 5& ,($o 7- ,( lo, $(*-n", (n,"-%'n"o, 0% , ,%!on '($n lo '(,'o "(nn %n& &l"& co--l&c(2n n"- ,). P-o+ co'o l& l7&$& (n"-co--l&c(2n 8(n !%$ (n$(c&- 0% no 5&6 ,ol&'n" %n& 7&-(&8l -&,o n co';n+ ,(no 7&-(&,+ n"onc,+ l& '9o- -,!%,"& & ,"& !-%n"&: X0% '($ ,"& !-%8&+ , !-,n"& n *o-'& $ %n& l(,"& $ *&c"o-, con lo, c%&l, , co--l&c(on&. Po- llo+ !&-& ," "(!o $ (n*o-'&c(2n+ l '"o$o 0% o*-c l&, '9o-, -,!%,"&, , l& 7&l($4 *&c"o-(&l. En -&l($&$+ ," no , ,(no %n& $ l&, *o-'&, '/, &'!l(&, !&-& 7&l%&- l& 7&l($4 $ con,"-%c"o. L& 7&l($4 con-%n" 6 *&c"o-(&l ,on $o, 8%no, 9'!lo, $ '"o$o, con7-n",+ , $c(-+ 0% "-&"&n $ ,"&8lc- 0% $o, !-%8&, '($n l '(,'o *&c"o-. S(n '8&-o+ %n& !-%8& !,(col2(c& no ,2lo $8 co--l&c(on&-, con o"-&, 0% "n&n co'o *(n '$(- l '(,'o *&c"o-+ ,(no 0% "&'8(n $8-/ c&-c- $ -l&c(2n con !-%8&, 0% '($&n o"-o, con,"-%c"o, $(*-n",. E," , l &,!c"o “$(7-n"#. Po- 9'!lo+ l&, c&l(*(c&c(on, $ %n& !-%8& !-o!%,"& co'o '$($& $ c-&"(7($&$ no $8-/n "n- %n& &l"& co--l&c(2n con l&, c&l(*(c&c(on, $ %n& !-%8& $ (n"l(nc(&. E, $c(-+ !&-& 0% ,& 7/l($&+ %n& !-%8& !,(col2(c& $8 '$(- %n con,"-%c"o 0% !%$& $'o,"-&0% , (n$!n$(n" $ o"-o, con,"-%c"o, ,"&8lc($o,. &l($4 !-('n"&l: E*c"o, (n$%c($o, !-('n"&l'n". S &7-(%& c2'o -,!on$-/ %n& !-%8& & lo, c&'8(o, $ l&, con$(c(on, "-n&, c%&n$o ,"n !-,n", l&, 7&-(&8l, (n$%c($&, !-('n"&l'n". Po- 9'!lo+ !o$-)& &$'(n(,"-&-, %n "," $ &n,($&$ & %n (n$(7($%o n %n ,"&$o $ "n,(2n (n$%c($o !-('n"&l'n"+ 6 l&, !%n"%&c(on, $ &n,($&$ $l "," , co--l&c(on&n con o"-&, '$($&, $ &n,($&$ $%-&n" 6 $,!%, $l ",". Co--l&c(2n ("', \"," : An/l(,(, $ ("', Lo, )"', o -&c"(7o, ,on %n($&$, 8/,(c&, 0% con*(%-&n l '&"-(&l o con"n($o $ %n (n,"-%'n"o $ '$(c(2n. E,"& %n($&$ , co'!on $ l& *o-'%l&c(2n $l !-o8l'& o ,("%&c(2n 6 $ l& o l&, -,!%,"&, &l '(,'o. El &n/l(,(, $ ("', , %n !-oc$('(n"o & "-&7, $l c%&l , 7&l;& l& *(c&c(& $l ("' 6 ,"o , 5&c ,"%$(&n$o l&, -,!%,"&, & c&$& ("'. P&-& conoc- l co'!o-"&'(n"o $ c&$& %n& $ ,"&, %n($&$, 8/,(c&, 6 l $ ,% con9%n"o+ , %"(l( 4&n -c%-,o, ,"&$),"(co, 6 l& (n"-!-"&c (2n $ ,"& (n*o-'&c(2n ,(-7 !&-& &,%-&- l& 7&l($4 6 l& con*(&8(l($&$ $l (n,"-%'n"o. El &n/l(,(, $ ("', no, $& l& (n*o-'&c(2n &c-c& $ lo, ,(%(n", !%n"o,: 1. L& $(*(c%l"&$ $l ("'.+ . El !o$- $(,c-('(n&"(7o $l ("' 6 . L& *(c(nc(& $ c&$& o!c(2n. D ,"& '&n-&+ l& (n*o-'&c(2n $l &n/l(,(, $ ("', no, !%$ $c(- ,( l ("' *% $'&,(&$o */c(l o $'&,(&$o $(*)c(l 0% "&n 8(n $(,c-('(n2 n"- lo, ,%9"o, con !%n"%&c(on, &l"&, 6 &0%llo, con !%n"%&c(on, 8&9&, n l ","+ 6 ,( "o$&, l&, o!c(on, *%nc(on&-on $ l& '&n-& $,&$&. Un ("' con"-(8%6 & l& con*(&8(l($&$ 6 & l& 7&l($4 $ %n ",". Po- llo+ ,"&, !-o!($& $, $!n$n $ lo, ("', (n$(7($%&l, 0% con*o-'&n l ","+ & l& 74 l& con*(&8(l($&$ 6 l& 7&l($4 $ lo, $&"o, $"-'(n&n l 7&lo- $l ",". Un ("' con"-(8%6 & l& con*(&8(l($&$ $l "," c%&n$o '($ l& '(,'& cl&, $ !%n"&9 7-$&$-o 0% lo, o"-o, ("', $l "," , $c(-+ ,( %n ("' "(n %n& co--l&c(2n !o,("(7& con lo, $'/, ("',. Un ("' con"-(8%6 & l& 7&l($4 $l "," ,( '($ l& '(,'& cl&, $ !%n"&9 7-$&$-o 0% l& '$($& $ c-("-(o , $c(-+ ,( %n ("' "(n %n& co--l&c(2n !o,("(7& con l& '$($& $ c-("-(o. S;n M&n%,on <1=>=?+ lo, '"o$o, %,&$o, !&-& l &n/l(,(, $ ("', !%$n $(7($(-, n $o, -%!o, !-(nc(!&l,: 1. M"o$o $ &"&9o+ l c%&l (n7,"(& l&, $(*-nc(&, n"- lo, -%!o, "-'o, n l&, $(,"-(8%c(on, 6 $l c-("-(o -,!c"(7&'n"+ n -l&c(2n & ,% c&!&c($&$ !&-& -,ol7- c(-"o ("'+ 6 . M"o$o, 0% $"-'(n&n l -&$o $ -l&c(2n+ '$(&n" %n co*(c(n" $ co--l&c(2n.
NORMAS En l&, !-%8&, !,(col2(c&, , !oco *-c%n" "-&8&9&- con l&, c&l(*(c&c(on, $(-c"&, o8"n($&, !o%n ,%9"o o !o- %n -%!o+ ,(no '/, 8(n , !-oc$ & "-&n,*o-'&- ,o, !%n"&9, con l& *(n&l($&$ $ 5&c-lo, (n"-!-"&8l,. &6 $o, "(!o, 8/,(co, $ !%n"&9, $-(7&$o, o "-&n,*o-'&$o,: 1? L&, c&l(*(c&c(on, -l&c(on&$&, con l&, no-'&,. En l&, c%&l, , co'!&-& l -n$('(n"o $l ,%9"o con l o8"n($o !o- o"-&, !-,on&, 0% con*o-'&n l -%!o $ -*-nc(& no-'&"(7o 6 ? L&, c&l(*(c&c(on, -l&c(on&$&, con l&, con,c%nc(&,. E,"/n con,"("%($&, !o- &0%llo, "(!o, $ !%n"&9, 0% !-,&n l& 9c%c(2n $ %n ,%9"o n *%nc(2n $ %n& con$%c"& o c&l(*(c&c(2n !-ono,"(c&$&. A0%) con,($-&-'o, $(*-n", 7&-(&n", $ l&, c&l(*(c&c(on, -l&c(on&$&, con l&, no-'&,. M$(& 6 $,7(&c(2n ,"/n$&- $l -%!o. C%&n$o l& !%n"%&c(2n 8-%"& ,%*- %n& "-&n,*o-'&c(2n ,"&$),"(c& "n(n$o co'o 8&, l& '$(& 6 l& $,7(&c(2n ,"/n$&- $l -%!o+ , $(c 0% l&, !%n"%&c(on, 8-%"&, 5&n ,($o con7-"($&, & !%n"%&c(o n, ")!(c&, o ,"/n$&-. L&, !%n"%&c(on, ")!(c&, ,on ('!o-"&n", !o-0%: <&? !&-& "o$& !-%8& 6 !&-& "o$o -%!o !-o!o-c(on&n l& '(,'& '$(& 6 $,7(&c(2n ,"/n$&- '%,"-&n l& '(,'& ,"-%c"%-& $ l& $(,"-(8%c(2n $ l&, c&l(*(c&c(on, 8-%"&, <8? + (n$(c& 0% l > ] $ l&, !-,on&, $l -%!o no-'&"(7o o8"%7(-on c&l(*(c&c(on, '/, 8&9&,. En o"-&, !&l&8-&,+ l !-cn"(l (n$(c& l& cl&,(*(c&c(2n -l&"(7& $ l& !-,on& n !o-cn"&9,. Un !-cn"(l -!-,n"& %n o-$n n l& 9c%c(2n+ !-,&$o n !o-cn"&9,. Po- ," '"o$o $ c/lc%lo+ l& !-,on& 0% , 5&ll& &c"&'n" n l '$(o $l -%!o -c(8 l !-cn"(l . E," !-cn"(l , ll&'& '$(&n&+ (n$(c&n$o l -n$('(n"o $ lo, '('8-o, '/, -!-,n"&"(7o, $l -%!o. Un& $ l&, $,7n"&9&, , 0% co'o ,ol&'n" ,on -&no,+ no -!-,n"&n %n($&$, (%&l, $ $(*-nc(&, (n$(7($%&l,.
. CLASIFICACION DE LOS TESTS Co'o ,%c$ n o"-&, !-o*,(on,+ lo, ",", !,(col2(co, "(nn ,% !-o!(o 7oc&8%l&-(o ,!c(&l. Lo, ",", !%$n cl&,(*(c&-, co'o p!icom*"rico! o co'o pro,ec"i)o! E, l& $(7(,(2n '/, ('!o-"&n" 6 ,(n(*(c&"(7&. Lo, !,(co'"-(co, , &9%,"&n & no-'&, c%&n"("&"(7&,+ ,%, l'n"o, ,on 7&lo-&$o, (n$!n$(n"'n" %no, $ o"-o, con %n& !%n"%&c(2n n%'-(c&+ ,% -,%l"&$o *(n&l , %n& '$($&. Lo, !-o6c"(7o, , &9%,"&n & no-'&, !-(nc(!&l'n" c%&l("&"(7&,+ ,%, l'n"o, ,on 7&lo-&$o, c%&l("&"(7&'n" n -l&c(2n con l "," "o"&l+ ,% -,%l"&$o , %n $(&n2,"(co. Lo, ",", !,(co'"-(co, , -*(-n & c&-/c"-),"(c&, !,(col2(c&,+ conc8($&, co'o %n($&$, '/, o 'no, (n$!n$(n",. Lo, !-o6c"(7o, , -*(-n n n-&l & l& !-,on&l($&$ "o"&l. Un '"o$o $ cl&,(*(c&c(2n , l& $(co"o')& e!"adari+ado con"-& o e!"adari+ado Un "," e!"adari+ado "(n (n,"-%cc(on, *(9&, !&-& l& &!l(c&c(2n 6 l& c&l(*(c&c(2n+ ,"/ $(,&$o !o- c-&$o-, $ ",", <!-"o, n l c&'!o? 6 , &!l(c& & %n -%!o -!-,n"&"(7o $ l& !o8l&c(2n+ !&-& 0%(n, ,"/ $(-(($o l ",". D(,"(n"o, "(!o, $ c&l(*(c&c(on, "-&n,*o-'&$&,+ o orma!+ !%$n c&lc%l&-, & !&-"(- $ l&, c&l(*(c&c(on, 8-%"&, $ lo, ",", $ ," -%!o $ '%,"-& <l $r(po de e!"adari+ació? n !-,on&, & 0%(n, , l, &!l(c& ,"&, no-'&, ,(-7n co'o 8&, !&-& (n"-!-"&- l&, c&l(*(c&c(on, & !-,on&, & 0%(n, , l, &!l(c& ,%8,c%n"'n". Incl%,o '/, co'%n, 0% lo, ",", ,"&n$&-(4&$o, !%8l(c&$o, ,on lo, ",", o (n,"-%'n"o, no ,"&n$&-(4&$o, $ lo, ,&lon, $ cl&,,+ 0% !o- lo n-&l ,"/n $(,&$o, $ '&n-& (n*o-'&l !o- lo, '&,"-o, $ ,c%l&. Lo, "," "&'8(n , cl&,(*(c&n co'o idi)id(ale! o $ $r(po Un (n,"-%'n"o (n$(7($%&l+ co'o l& E,c&l& $ In"l(nc(& $ B(n"KS('on+ , &!l(c& & %n& !-,on& & l& 74. Un (n,"-%'n"o $ -%!o+ co'o l T," Al*& $l E9-c("o <$ E,"&$o, Un($o,?+ !%$ &!l(c&-, $ '&n-& ,('%l"/n& & 7&-(&, !-,on&,. En "&n"o 0% l& $(co"o')& (n$(7($%&l con"-& $ -%!o , -l&c(on& con l& *(c(nc(& $ l& &!l(c&c(2n l& )elocidad con"-& poder , -*(- & lo, l)'(", $ "('!o $ %n (n,"-%'n"o. Un (n,"-%'n"o $ 7loc($&$ !%-o con,(," n 7&-(o, conc!"o, ,nc(llo,+ !-o lo, l)'(", $ "('!o ,on '%6 ,"-(c"o, 6 c&,( n&$( lo "-'(n& n l "('!o !-'("($o. Lo, l)'(", $ "('!o n %n (n,"-%'n"o $ !o$- ,on "n,o, !&-& l& '&6o-)& $ l&, !-,on&, 0% lo !-,n"&n+ !-o l "," con"(n conc!"o, '/, $(*)c(l, 0% lo, $ 7loc($&$. Un& "-c-& $(co"o')& $ l& cl&,(*(c&c(2n ob'e"i)o con"-& o ob'e"i)o+ "-&"& $l '"o$o !&-& c&l(*(c&- %n (n,"-%'n"o. Un (n,"-%'n"o o89"(7o "(n ,"/n$&-, $ c&l(*(c&c(2n *(9o, 6 !-c(,o, 6 !%$ c&l(*(c&-lo c%&l0%(- !-,on&. Po- o"-& !&-"+ l& c&l(*(c&c(2n $ lo, ",", $ n,&6o 6 c(-"o, "(!o, $ ",", $ !-,on&l($&$ , 8&,"&n" ,%89"(7& 6 lo, $(,"(n"o, c&l(*(c&$o-, !%$n o8"n- -,%l"&$o, $(*-n",. Lo, ",", "&'8(n !%$n cl&,(*(c&-, $ &c%-$o con l con"n($o o l& "&-& 0% , !-,n"& & 0%(n, , ,o'"n & ,"o,. Al%no, ",", con"(nn ,2lo '&"-(&l )erbal
&!"("%$, 'c/n(c&, o !&-& l "-&8&9o $ o*(c(n& ,"/n $(,&$&, !&-& 7&l%&- l& 5&8(l($&$ 6 !&-& 8n*(c(&-, $ %n& c&!&c("&c(2n &7&n4&$& n l&, l&8o-, 'c/n(c&, o $ o*(c(n&+ -,!c"(7&'n". S(n '8&-o+ l lo-o 6 l& &!"("%$ no ,on n"($&$, ,!&-&$&, lo 0% %n& !-,on& lo-2 n l !&,&$o !o- lo n-&l , %n (n$(c&$o- 8&,"&n" &$c%&$o $ lo 0% !%$ ,!-&-, $ ll& n l *%"%-o. D 5c5o+ &l%no, !,(c2loo, !-*(- n no %"(l(4&- lo, "-'(no, $ lo$ro 6 ap"i"(d co'o *o-'&, $ cl&,(*(c&- ",",+ , -*(-n & &'8o, "(!o, $ (n,"-%'n"o, co'o $ 4abilidade! Lo, i!"r(me"o! a&ec"i)o! ,"/n $(,&$o, !&-& 7&l%&- lo, (n"-,,+ &c"("%$,+ 7&lo-,+ 'o"(7o,+ -&,o, $l "'!-&'n"o 6 o"-&, c&-&c"-),"(c&, no cono,c("(7&, $ l& !-,on&l($&$. Con ," !-o!2,("o+ , 5&n $(,&$o $(,"(n"&, "cn(c&,+ co'o l& o8,-7&c(2n con$%c"%&l+ lo, (n7n"&-(o, $ l/!(4 6 !&!l 6 l&, "cn(c&, o $(8%9o, !-o6c"(7o,. C(-"&, (n,"("%c(on, 6 o-&n(4&c(on, 0% con,-7&n &-c5(7o, $ ",", !,(col2(co, 6 $%c&"(7o, "(nn ,(,"'&, *o-'&l, !&-& cl&,(*(c&- ,"o, (n,"-%'n"o,. Uno $ lo, ,(,"'&, $ cl&,(*(c&c(2n '/, co'!-n,(7o, , l $ T4e Me"al Mea!(reme" ?earboo@. En ," ,(,"'&+ lo, ",", , cl&,(*(c&n n 1= c&"o-)&, &'!l(&, $ con"n($o.
>. CLASIFICACION DE LAS PRUEBAS PSICOMETRICAS DE EFICIENCIA Lo, ",", $ *(c(nc(& ,on (n,"-%'n"o, $,"(n&$o, & l& !lo-&c(2n $ l& c&!&c($&$ (n"lc"%&l 6 !,(co'o"-(4 $ l& !-,on&l($&$ $l (n$(7($%o+ co'o "&'8(n+ ,% -n$('(n"o+ ,% *(c&c(& 6 ,% &$&!"&c(2n. Co'!-n$n+ & ,% 74+ $o, ,%8-%!o,: A. T," $ A!"("%$, 6 B. T," $ (n"l(nc(& !-o!(&'n" $(c5o. A. TESTS DE APTITUDES. M($n l -n$('(n"o !o"nc(&l $l ,%9"o+ o l -n$('(n"o !-$(c5o $l ,%9"o n $"-'(n&$&, /-&,. Ll&'&$o, "," $ &!"("%$,+ & "o$o, &0%l 0% , -*(- & l&, c&!&c($&$, cono,c("(7&, 6 !,(co'o"o-&, !o"nc(&l, $l ,%9"o 6 no & ,% &c"%&l -&$o $ conoc('(n"o o co'!"nc(&. E,"o, "," !%$n $*(n(-, 8(n n -l&c(2n con l& ,"-%c"%-& $(7($n !,)0%(c& $l ,%9"o+ 6 lo, ll&'&-'o, "," $ &!"("%$, !,(co l2(c&, co'o ,on lo, $ (n"l(nc(& $ (,!o,(c(2n+ $ (,!o,(c(2n 7(,o'o"o-&+ "c. O 8(n n -l&c(2n & l&, (nc(&, $ %n& $"-'(n&$& (,!o,(c( "-n&+ n c%6o c&,o lo, ll&'&-'o, "," $ &!"("%$ !-/c"(c& + co'o ,on lo, $ &!"("%$ !&-& l&, '&"'/"(c& + !&-& l& (nn(-(& + !&-& "o-n-o o ('!-,o- o &7(&$o-+ "c. En"- lo, "," $ &!"("%$, !,(col2(c&, $,"&c&n n !-('- l%&- lo, ",", ll&'&$o, "," $ (n"l(nc(& n-&l 6 n ,%n$o l%&- \& !,&- $ l& !oc& ('!o-"&nc(& 0% , l $/ \ & lo, "," 0% '($n $(*-n", c&-&c"-),"(c&, $ ,& (n"l(nc(& n-&l o co'o ,%l $c(-, +lo, "," $ *&c"o-, con("(7o, 6 $ &!"("%$, !-('&-(&,+ co'o ,on lo, $ -&4on&'(n"o &8,"-&c"o+ co'!-n,(2n 7-8&l+ *l%($4 7-8&l+ *&c(l($&$ ($&"(7&+ -&4on&'(n"o c%&n"("&"(7o + (,!o,(c(2n ,!&c(&l + *&c(l($&$ 6 (,!o,( ,!&c(&l + (,!o,(c !-c!"(7&+ ''o-(& l2(c&+ ''o-)& (n'$(&"&+ "c. Con -,!c"o & l&, &!"("%$, !-/c"(c&, (,"n n%'-o,o, "," 6 -%!o, $ ","
5&8(l($&$,+ $&$&, l&, o!o-"%n($&$, &$c%&$&,. Po- ,o l&, &!"("%$, ,on ('!o-"&n", 6& 0% l& !-o8&8(l($&$, $ 0% , &$0%(-&n o &!-n$&n o"-&, con$%c"&, ,!c(*(c&,. Lo 0% , !%$& &!-n$- !%$ 7&-(&, $,$ %n& 5&8(l($&$ (n"lc"%&l co'!l9& co'o %n c/lc%lo '&"'/"(co. A.1K1: TEST DE FACTORES ESPECIFICOS: . En %n !-('- -%8-o ,"/n lo, 0% '($n lo, *&c"o-, ,!c)*(co, 0% '($n l& '&$%-4 7(,%&l 'o"-(4 (n"lc"%&l. E9'!lo: El T," G,"/l"(co (,o'o"o- $ Bn$- l T," $ Goo$no%5K&--(, A.1K: TEST DE CONDUCTAS ESPECIFICOS : En %n ,%n$o -%!o+ ,"/n lo, 0% '($n &!"("%$, !&-& con$%c"&, ,!c)*(c&,+ co'o l& B&"-)& $ A!"("%$, !&-& l A!-n$(4&9
BK TESTS DE INTELIGENCIA PROPIAMENTE DICOS. E!lo-&n l n(7l (n"lc"%&l o &l%n&, $ l&, *%nc(on, (n"lc"%&l, n !&-"(c%l&- <''o-(&+ 9%(c(o+ -&4on&'(n"o+ "c.? 6 l -&$o $ c(-"o, conoc( '(n"o, &$0%(-($o,. En ," -%!o , !%$n $(,"(n%(-: B.1 ESCALAS O PRUEBAS DE DESARROLLO. Son (n,"-%'n"o, $ '$($& 0% 8%,c&n ($n"(*(c&- l& $&$ 'n"&l 6 l coc(n" (n"lc"%&l n n(o, 6 &$ol,cn",+ &,) co'o 5&c- co'!&-&c(on, n"- l& $&$ 'n"&l 6 l& $&$ c-onol2(c&+ con l& *(n&l($&$ $ ,("%&- &l ,%9"o n l%&-, '/, &7&n4&$o, o '/, -"-&,&$o, n -l&c(2n &l !-o'$(o. E9'!lo $ ,"&, !-%8&, ,on l& E,c&l& $ In"l(nc(& S"&n*o-$KB(n" P-%8& $ Slo,,on $ In"l(nc(& P-%8& $ D,&--ollo $ G,,ll E,c&l& $ In"l(nc(& !&-& N(o, $ @c5,l- <@ISCK R?. B. ESCALAS POR PUNTOS O INTELIGENCIA GENERAL. M($n l n(7l (n"lc"% &l $,$ %n !%n"o $ 7(,"& ,"/"(co 6 no $,$ %n& !-,!c"(7& $ $,&--ollo. E9'!lo: l& E,c&l& $ In"l(nc(& !&-& A$%l"o, $ @c5,l- l& E,c&l& Mc C&-"56 $ &8(l($&$, In*&n"(l, l& P-%8& G-/*(c& $ In"l(nc(&
. ESCALA DE MADUREZ ISOMOTOR DE BENDER
> 1. FUNDAMENTOS DE LA ESCALA L& P,(colo)& $ l& G,"&l" Lo, *%n$&'n"o, c(n")")co, $l B.G. 0% ,on lo, '(,'o, 0% &$o!"2 MQn,"-8- !&-& ,% ,c&l&+ , nc%&$-&n n l& !,(colo)& $ l& !-c!c(2n "&l 6 co'o 5& ,($o conc8($& !o- l& P,)colo)& G,"/l"(c&. En "&l ,n"($o+ Bn$- "%7o co'o '&-co "2-(co lo, !-(nc(!(o, ,"/l"(co,+ lo, conc!"o, $ ,"&l"+ %" ,"&l"+ "&l 6 co'o *%-on "-&8&9&$o, !o- @-"5('- <1=? 0%(n o-((n&l'n" 5&8)& %"(l(4&$o lo, $(,o, K 0% !o,"-(o-'n" &$&!"2 Bn$- !&-& l&, l/'(n&, 0% co'!-n$ ,% "," K !&-& $'o,"-&- l&, l6, $ l& P,(colo)& $ l& G,"&l" &,oc(&$&, & l& !-c!c(2n. Lo, !,(c2loo, $ l& G,"&l"+ n"- llo, on E5-n*l, <1=K1=? M& @-"5('- <1K 1=? %-" o**& <1K1=1? 6 @ol*&n 25l- <1>K1==? &,%'(n$o %n& !o,(c(2n ^&n"(&"o'),"(c&^+ (n"-o$%9-on l conc!"o $ ,"&l" ,%,"n"&n$o l& ",(, $ 0% l "o$o no , (%&l & l& ,%'& $ ,%, !&-",+ ,(no &lo '/,+ %n& ,"-%c"%-& !-o!(& 6 !o- "&n"o+ 0% l "o$o , n &l%n& '$($& (n$!n$(n" $ ,%, '('8-o,. D "&l '&n- &+ -&n o!%, "o, & l& ($& $ 0% l& conc(nc(& !%$(-& ,- ,"%$(&$& !o- l $ ,%, l'n"o,+ ,("%&c(2n "&l 0% $,"-%)& l& %n($&$ $ lo, *n2'no, 0% , ,"%$(&8&n. L& P,(colo)& $ l& G,"&l"+ n lo -*-n" &l c&'!o $ ,"%$(o $ l& !-c!c(2n+ , o-(n"2 *%n$&'n"&l'n" & -,ol7- c%,"(on, -l&c(on&$&, & l& o-&n(4&c(2n $ lo, $&"o, 2!"(co, n *(%-&, &l &n/l(,(, $l 'o$o c2'o , $(,"(n%n 6 !-o$%cn l& o-&n(4&c(2n $ l&, *(%-&,+ 6 & $"-'(n&- l&, l6, o8-n&n", $ l& con*(%-&c(2n $ l&, *o-'&,. L&, 5(!2",(, $ "-&8&9o con"'!l&-on !l&n"&'(n"o, $,"(n&$o, & co'!-o8&- 0% l&, *(%-&, , o-&n(4&n $ %n& '&n-& ,!on"/n& 6 0% l& con*(%-&c(2n $ l&, '(,'&, , $& co'o %n& !-o!($&$ & %n "('!o (n5-n" & l&, *(%-&, 6 & l& n&"%-&l4& $ l& !-c!c(2n+ ,!c(*(c&n$o 0% l&, *(%-&, '-n ,o8- %n *on$o n 7(-"%$ $ l& 5o'on($&$+ $(,"&nc(&+ -("'o 6 ,('"-)& $ lo, '('8-o, $ l& con,"l&c(2n $ $&"o, & lo, 0% "(n$ l& !-c !c(2n '(,'&. E, &,) 0% l&, 5(!2",(, *%-on con*(-'&$&, !o- '$(o $l '"o$o $ (n7,"(&c(2n !-('n"&l+ concl%6n $o, 0% l& con*(%-&c(2n (n"-&c(2n $ l&, *(%-& , no , !-o$%cn !o- &$(c(2 n. ,%,"-&cc(2n o co'8(n&c(2n $ ll&,+ ,(no !o- $(*-nc(&c(2n+ &%'n"o o $(,'(n%c(2n $ l& co'!l9($&$ (n"-n& $l !&"-2n ,"('%l&n". Po- lo l "&n"o+ , $ l -,!%,"&. c%&$ -o "o"&lPo$lo"-& ,")' %lo n%nc(&-on 6 l ,"&$ol&, $l6, (n"-o &c(2n $l o-&n(,'o lo 0% $"-'(n& !&"-2n !&-"+ !-(nc(!(o, ,o8- lo, c%&l, , -( l& !-c!c(2n. n"- llo,+ l& !-o('($&$+ ,'9&n4&+ 8%n& *o-'&. $o'(n&nc(&+ c(-- 6 8%n& con"(n%&c(2n lo, c%&l, , 5&cn !-,n", n c&$& %n& $ l&, l/'(n&, $l B.G. P&-& Bn$-+ l '!lo $ l&, con,"l&c(on, ,"('%l&n", $ @-"5('-+ n '%,"-&, $ n(o, Y &$%l"o,+ "%7o co'o o89"o ,"%$(&-+ l& *%nc(2n ,"/l"(c& n $(*-n", con$(c(on, $ no-'&l($&$ K &no-'&l($&$. L& *%nc(2n ,"/l "(c& , $*(n($& co'o &0%l l& *%nc(2n $l o-&n(, 'o (n"-&$o !o- l& c%&l ," -,!on$ & %n& con,"l&c(2n $ ,")'%lo, $&$& co'o %n "o$o+ ,(n$o l& -,!%,"& '(,'& %n& con,"l&c(2n+ %n !&"-2n+ %n& ,"&l". E7($n"'n"+ lo &n"-(o- , &,%' &l o8,-7&- 0% l& -,!%,"& con*(%-&$& no , o"-& co,& 0% %n !&"-2n 7(,o'o"o- 0% '%,"-& $(*-nc(&,. con l !&"-2n K ,")'%lo !o- l& &cc(2n $ lo, !-oc,o, (n"-&$o-, $l ,(,"'& n-7(o,o $l ,%9"o 0% lo 5& 7(,o!-)nc(&$o. L& P-c!c(2n El &!&-&"o ,n,o-(&l $l 5o'8- *(9& l&, cl&,, $ con"&c"o & ,% $(,!o,(c(2n con lo, o89"o,+ ,& 7(,%&l+ "/c"(l+ ol*&")7o+ %,"& "(7o+ "c. S(n '8&-o+ l& n&"%-&l4& $l con"&c"o con lo, o89"o, 6 ,o8- "o$o l& $ l& $(,c-('(n&c(2n 6 ,(n(*(c&$o $ lo, '(,'o,+ ,"/ $"-'(n&$& !o- l &n/l(,(, $l ,"&$o $L& l& &"nc(2n &"nc(2n 6,l&l!-c!c(2n+ !-oc,o $-,!c"(7&'n". l& ,lcc(2n $ o89"o, o $ co'!l9o, $ o89"o,+ 7n"o,+ *n2'no,+ "c.+ 0% ('!l(c& '!4&- %n &con"c('(n"o $ l& con$%c"& o l &c"o $ !on-, n con"&c"o !,(col2(co con %n o89"o+ $ 'o$o "&l 0% ," c%'!l ,% *%nc(2n co'o o89"o ,"('%l&n". C%&n$o l 5o'8- 9c%"& %n& -,! %,"& $(,c-)'(n&$o-& &l 5&8- ,"&8l c($o l con"&c"o con l o89"o+ ,"/ o"o-/n$ol, ,(n(*(c&$o. Po- lo "&n"o+ ," &c"o 7(n & -!-,n"&- l& *&, !-c!"(7& $ %n &con"c('(n"o !,(col2(co.
L& !-c!c(2n , $*(n($& co'o l !-oc,o $ (n"-!-"&c(2n $ lo, ,")'%lo, 0% I'!l(c& -conoc-lo,+ "n- cl&-& conc(nc(& $ llo, 6 !-(nc(&-lo, co'o 7(7nc(&, "-n&, &l Yo. A,('(,'o+ , conc8($& co'o %n !-oc,o $ c&-/c"- con,"-%c"(7o !o- l c%&l l (n$(7($%o o-&n(4& lo, $&"o, 0% l !-o!o-c(on&n ,%, ,n"($o,+ lo, (n"-!-"& 6 con*(%-& !o- '$(o $ lo 0% 5& &!-n$($o & "-&7, $ ,%, ! -(nc(&, !-7(&, 6 lo, -c%-$o, $l !&,& $o. Al -,!c"o Con$'&-)n+ 1=>=+ ,o,"(n 0%+ l !-oc,o "o"&l $ !-c(8(- , %n& con$%c"& !,(col2(c& 0% -0%(- &"nc(2n+ o-&n(4&c(2n+ $(,c-('(n&c(2n 6 ,lcc(2n 6+ 0% , !-,& K(n$(-c"&'n" K & "-&7, $ -,!%,"&,+ 7-8&l,+ 'o"-(c, 6 -/*(c&,. L& !-c!c(2n &,%' %n& ,-( $ c&-&c"-),"(c&,+ & ,&8-: &? C%'!l %n& *%nc(2n $ &$&!"&c(2n !o- c%&n"o !-o7 & l& !-,on& $ l& o-(n"&c(2n nc,&-(& n ,% '$(o &'8(n" 8? E, l& -,%l"&n" $ l& (n"-&cc(2n $ l&, con$(c(on, $l o89"oK,")'%lo 6 $ lo, *&c"o-, 0% &c";&n $n"-o $ no,o"-o, '(,'o, 6 $ lo, *&c"o-, ,oc(&l, "-no, c?E, '/, o 'no, ,"&8l -,!c"o $ %n ,")'%lo c%&n$o ," c&'8( o 5&6&n 7&-(&$o n &l%n& '$($& l&, c(-c%n,"&nc(&,+ $?S $& n "-'(no, $ !-o8&8(l($&$,+ $&$o 0% c(-"o, ,%c,o,+ !o- l& !-(nc(& 0% "n'o, $ llo,+ 7&n ,%c$(n$o, con9%n"&'n" con c(-"o -&$o $ !-o8&8(l($&$ ? S%l ,- ,lc"(7&+ lo, ,")'%lo, & lo 0% !on'o, n%,"-& &"nc(2n con,"("%6n $ !o- ,) l *oco !-c!"(7o *? Po, o-&n(4&c(2n <,"/ ,%9"& & l7,? ? In*l%6n n ll& l& '&$%-&c(2n+ l &!-n$(4&9+ l ln%&9 6 ,%, 'o"(7&c(on, <'o"(7o, *(,(ol2(co, 6 ,oc(&l,? n"- o"-&,. L& P-c!c(2n (,%&l E, $*(n($& co'o l& c&!&c($&$ !&-& $(,c-('(n&- 6 $&- ,(n(*(c&$o & lo, ,")'%lo, $ )n$ol 7(,%&l+ (n"-!-"/n$olo, n -l&c(2n con !-(nc(&, &n"-(o-,. L& !-c!c(2n 7(,%&l no , ,('!l'n" l& *&c%l"&$ $ “7- n *o-'& co--c"&^ !o- c%&n"o l& (n"-!-"&c(2n $ lo, ,")'%lo, 7(,%&l, oc%--n n l c-8-o 6 no n lo, o9o,. S&8'o, 0% l& l%4 &l n"-&- &l o9o , n*oc& n l& -"(n&+ $on$ cono, 6 8&,"on, <2-&no, $ l& 7(,(2n? ,on ,"('%l&$o, !-o$%c(n$o, n ,"o, %n c&'8(o $ co'!o,(c(2n 0%)'(c& 0% $,nc&$n& l ('!%l,o n-7(o,o 5&c)& l c-8-o+ lo-/n$o, l& ,n,&c(2n $ l& l%4+ l colo- 6 l& !-c!c(2n $ lo, o89"o,. F-o,"(+ <1=? 5& ,&l&$o c(nco *&c%l"&$, $ l& !-c!c(2n 7(,%&l+ l&, '(,'&, 0% l&, 5& con,($-&$o ('!o-"&n", !&-& ,"&8lc- l& c&!&c($&$ $ &!-n$(4&9 n lo, n(o,. Coo-$(n&c(2n (,o'o"-(4+ , l& c&!&c($&$ $ coo-$(n&c(2n $ l& 7(,(2n con lo, 'o7('(n"o, a) $l c%-!o o $ ,%, !&-",. P-c!c(2n $ F(%-&KFon$o+ , l& c&!&c($&$ $ &8,"-&- $l c&'!o !-c!"(7o lo 0% b) con,"("%6 l cn"-o $ n%,"-& &"nc(2n <*(%-&? $ &0%llo 0% , ,c%n$&-(o <*on$o? c) Con,"&nc(& P-c!"%&l+ , l& c&!&c($&$ $ n-&l(4&- l& !-c!c(2n $ %n o89"o &l $&-no, c%n"& 0% ," !o, !-o!( $&$, (n7&-(&8l, "&l, co'o+ *o-'& + "&'&o 6 !o,(c(2n ,!c)*(co,+ &%n0% (," 7&-(&8(l($&$ $ ,% ('&n n l& -"(n& $l o9o. Po,(c(2n n l ,!&c(o+ , l& c&!&c($&$ $ -l&c(2n n"- %n o89"o con -*-nc(& & no,o"-o, d) '(,'o, co'o o8,-7&$o-,+ c%&n$o co'!-n$'o, l ,(n(*(c&$o $ lo, "-'(no, 0% (n$(c&n %n& !o,(c(2n ,!&c(&l <n+ *%-&+ &--(8&+ &8&9o+ &n",+ $"-/,+ (40%(-$&+ $-c5&+ "c?. e) Rl&c(on, E,!&c(&l,+ , l& c&!&c($&$ $l o8,-7&$o- $ !-c(8(- l& !o,(c(2n -l&"(7& $ $o, o '/, o89"o, n -l&c(2n con,(o '(,'o 6 n"- &0%llo,. L& P-c!c(2n (,o'o"o-& E, $*(n($& !o- MQn,"-8- <1==?+ co'o %n& co'!l(c&$& *%nc(2n (n"-&"(7& 0% co'!-n$ "&n"o l& P-c!c(2n co'o l& !-,(2n 'o"o-& $ l& P-c!c(2n. Conc8($& co'o !-oc,o+ co'!-n$ c%&"-o "&!&,: &? $l ,")'%lo <,n,&c(2n?$ lo 7),%&l(4&$o
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ALIDEZ DE LA ESCALA DE MADURACION ISOMOTORA DE BENDER L& 7&l($4 $ %n "," , 9%4&$& !o- lo, !-o!2,("o, ,!c)*(co, 0% ," , !-o!on. Co'o MQn,"-8- $(,2 ,% ,c&l& & *(n $ 7&l%&- l& '&$%-4 $ l& !-c!c(2n 7(,o'o"o-& 6 $(&no,"(c&l& !o,(8(l($&$ $ l,(2n c-8-&l &8o-$&-'o, ," !%n"o+ n $o, !&-", 0% co'!-n$n lo, $o, !-o!2,("o, &n", 'nc(on&$o,. A. &l($4 $l B.G. !&-& l& 7&l%&c(2n $ l& P-c!c(2n (,o'o"o-& L& E,c&l& $ M&$%-&c(2n con*o-'&$& !o- )"', $ !%n"%&c(2n $(co"2'(c& $"-'(n&$& !o- l& !-,nc(& o &%,nc(& $ --o-, n l& -!-o$%cc(2n+ !l&n"& "2-(c&'n" 0% %n n(o !%$& -c(8(%n !%n"&9 co'!-n$($o n"- & + (n$(c&n$o %n !%n"&9 &l"o %n !o8- -n$('(n"o 6 l 8&9o !%n"&9 %n 8%n $,'!o. P&-& l& 7&l($&c(2n $ l& E,c&l&+ MQn,"-8- %"(l(42 l '"o$o $ 7&l($4 -l&c(on&$o con l c-("-(o 1+ -,!c"(7&'n"?+ lo c%&l &,oc(&$o con lo, -,%l"&$o, ncon"-&$o, &l 7&l($&- l& ,c&l&+ l !-'("(2 !o,"%l&- l& 5(!2",(, ,(%(n": ^Lo, P%n"&9, $l B.G. !%$n K!-$c(- no ,2lo l -n$('(n"o n lo, $o, !-('-o, -&$o, ,(no "&'8(n n Io, ,(%(n",#. E,"& 5(!2",(, *% 7-(*(c&$& !o- "-, (n7,"(&c(on, c%($&$o,&'n" $(,&$&, 0% -&l(4&-on MQn,"-8- 6 col&8o-&$o-,+ n "-, '%,"-&, $(*-n", $ n(o, n $&$ ,col&- 6 c%6&, concl%,(on, *%-on l&, ,(%(n",: 1. El !%n"&9 o8"n($o n l B.G. &l co'(n4o $l !-('- -&$o !-'(" !-ono,"(c&- l -n$('(n"o $ , n(o n !-('-o+ ,%n$o 6 "-c- -&$o+ '$($o !o- l "," M"-o!ol)"&n $ Rn$('(n"o
,col&-. A,('(,'o+ "(n %n& &l"& co--l&c(2n con l 9%(c(o $l !-o*,o- ,o8- l -n$('(n"o $l &l%'no &l "-'(no $l !-('- -&$o . El !%n"&9 o8"n($o n l B.G. &l co'(n4o $l ,%n$o -&$o , co--l&c(on& ,"-c5&'n" con lo, !%n"&9, $ lo, ",", $ -n$('(n"o $ ,%n$o 6 "-c- -&$o 6 con l& ,"('&c(2n $l !-o*,o- &l *(n&l $l ,%n$o -&$o. . El B.G. &$'(n(,"-&$o n "-c- -&$o , co--l&c(on& con l& ,"('&c(2n $l -n$('(n"o 5c5& !o- l !-o*,o- &l *(n&l $l ,%n$o -&$o. . Lo, !%n"&9, $l B.G. n c%&-"o -&$o ,on (n$(c&$o-, $*(c(n", $l -n$('(n"o &c"%&l n , -&$o+ n "-'(no, $ l& ,"('&c(2n $l !-o*,o-. . Lo, !%n"&9, o8"n($o, n l B.G. &l co'(n4o $l 9&-$)n $ (n*&n", ,on !oco con*(&8l, !&-& !-ono,"(c&- c%/l, ,-/n lo, n(o, 0% , cl&,(*(c&-/n co'o '%6 8%no, &l *(n&l $l &o lc"(7o+ n 8&, & l& ,"('&c(2n $ ,%, !-o*,o-,. C&8 'nc(on&-+ 0% MQn,"-8- 6 col&8o-&$o-, -&l(4&-on %n& ,-( $ ,"%$(o, co--l&c(on&l, 0% $(-c"& (n$(-c"&'n" "(nn 0% 7- $on l& 7&l($4 $ lo, )"', $ l& ,c&l&+ 6 0% 'o,"-&-on 0% l B.G. , %n (n,"-%'n"o ;"(l !&-& 7&l%&- l& '&$%-4 !&-& l &!-n$(4&9 6 0% ,% *(c&c(& &%'n"& c%&n$o , lo '!l& n co'8(n&c(2n con o"-o, ",", $ '&$%-4 !&-& l &!-n$(4&9. Po- o"-& !&-"+ &n&l(4&-on lo, !%n"&9, n l B.G. 6 ,% -l&c(2n con l& (n"l(nc(& &,) co'o con lo, !-o8l'&, $ lc"%-& 6 &-("'"(c&+ (n$(c&n$o 0% l B.G. !%$ ,- %"(l(4&$o co'o %n "," 8-7 $ (n"l(nc(& no 7-8&l+ !&-& $"-'(n&- 0% n(o, $ 9&-$)n $ (n*&n", ,"/n n con$(c(on, $ &!-n$- & l- &,) co'o !&-& (n$n"(*(c&- l&, !-o8&8l, $(*(c%l"&$, n &-("'"(c&. En L('&+ C5&n <1==? co'!-o82 l& 7&l($4 $ l& E,c&l& $ '&$%-&c(2n 5&c(n$o %,o+ &l !&-c- $l '"o$o $ 7&l($4 conc%--n"+ l((n$o co'o c-("-(o "-no $o, ",", $ (n"l(nc(& : El T," $ M&"-(c, P-o-,(7&, $ R&7n+ ,c&l& ,!c(&l 6 l T," $ Goo$no%5K&--(,. P&-& $(c5o ,"%$(o ,lcc(on2 1 7&-on, 6 n(&,+ $ %n "o"&l $ + n(o, 0% con,"("%6n l& '%,"-&
1 7&-(o, *&c"o-,+ n"- lo, 0% *(%-&n: l l%&- 6 "n,(2n $ I& l,(2n c-8-&l+ l n(7l $ '&$%-&c(2n !-7(o & l& l,(2n 6 l &9%," 'oc(on&l 6 ,oc(&l $ l& !-,on&. T&'8(n , 5&n -&l(4&$o '%c5o, ,"%$(o, $ c&-/c"- (n"n,(7o+ n n(o, 6 &$%l"o, l,(on&$o,+ %"(l(4/n$o, $(7-,o, -&c"(7o, !,(col2(co,+ ncon"-/n$o, n"- llo, l B.G.+ con l& *(n&l($&$ $ &(,l&- ,(no, &,oc(&$o, & l& l,(2n c-8-&l. Al%n&, -,%l"&$o, 5&n $'o,"-&$o 0% (,"n ,(no, $ l,(2n ,!c)*(co, <-o"&c(2n+ $(,"o-,(2n+ (n"-&c(2n !o8-+ !-,7-&c)2n+ ,%,"("%c(2n $ !%n"o, !o- l)n&,+ $,!l&4&'(n"o+ "c?+ '(n"-&, 0% o"-o, -,%l"&$o, (n$(c&n 0% l& 7&l%&c(2n co'!l"& $ c&$& (n,"-%'n"o '!l&$o , ('!-,c(n$(8l !&-& l $(&n2,"(co $ l,(2n c-8-&l 6 0% no $8n con,($-&-, ,(no, &(,l&$o, co'o (n$(c&$o-, $ $(c5& l,(2n. MQn,"-8- con l o89"o $ 7&l($&- ,% ,c&l& $ '&$%-&c(2n $(,2 %n ,"%$(o !&-& $"-'(n&- ,( l B.G. co'o %n "o$o o n !&-" !o$-)& $(,c-('(n&- n"- n(o, con l,(2n c-8-&l 6 ,(n ll&+ co'!-n$($o, n"- lo, 6 lo! 1 &o, $ $&$ -l&c(on&$o, con lo, -,%l"&$o, $ l&, 7&-(&8l, $&$ (n"l(nc(&. P&-& "&l *(n+ ,lcc(on2 %n& '%,"-& $ &l%'no, $ $%c&c(2n !-('&-(&+ $ lo, c%&l, 1 5&8)&n ,($o $(&no,"(c&$o, con l,(2n c-8- &l 6 1 no l& !-,n"&8&n. El -%!o co'!-n$ )& l& ,col&-($&$ $,$ 9&-$)n $ (n*&n", 5&,"& 0%(n"o -&$o+ con l& c!c(2n $ 1 &l%'no, 0% conc%--)&n & cn"-o, $ $%c&c(2n ,!c (&l !&-& n(o, con l,(2n c-8- &l. A "o$o, lo, n(o, con l,(2n c-8-&l , l, !-&c"(c2 l $(&n2,"(co ,(n %"(l(4&- !-%8&, !,(col2(c&,+ '!l/n$o, lo, c-("-(o, '$(co,. T&'8(n , !-oc$(2 & ,"&8lc- lo, co*(n", (n"l c"%&l, $-(7&$o, $ l& &!l(c&c(2n $ l&, ,c&l&, $ (n"l(nc(& $ @c5,l- <@ISC? 6 S"&n*o-$KB(n"+ -,!c"(7&'n"+ o8"n(n$o, !&-& ," -%!o coc(n", (n"lc"%&l, n"- > 6 1 con %n !-o'$(o $ =. El B.G. *% &$'(n(,"-&$o (n$(7($%&l'n" 6 "o$o, lo, !-o"ocolo, *%-on "&8%l&$o, con l& ,c&l& $ '&$%-&c(2n. Lo, !%n"&l, o8"n($o, !o- lo, n(o, $ c&$& -%!o *%-on co'!&-&$o, $ "-, '&n-&,: A? An&l(4/n$o, l !%n"&9 "o"&l o8"n($o !o- c&$& n(o+ !&-& lo c%&l , %,2 l ,"&$),"(co C5( c%&$-&$o & *(n $ ,"&8lc- l&, co'!&-&c(on, $l n;'-o $ n(o, $ c&$& -%!o+ c%6o, !%n"&l, -&n ,%!-(o- o (n*-(o- & l& '$(& $ ,% n(7l $ $&$+ ncon"-/n$o, 7&lo-, ,(n(*(c&"(7o, &l n(7l $l 1]. B? E&'(n/n$o, c&$& )"' $ !%n"%&c(2n -,!c"o & ,% ('!o-"&nc(& $(&no,"(c& n -l&c(2n con l& $&$ $l n(o. S &!l( c2 "&'8 (n l& !-% 8& $ c5(K c%&$-&$o !&-& ,"&8lc- l&, co'!&-&c(on, $l n;'-o $ n(o,+ n c&$& -%!o+ c%6o, !-o"ocolo, !-,n"&8&n %n )"' $ !%n"%&c(2n n "-'(no, $ !-,n" o &%,n". S o'("(-on lo, )"', 18 <*(.? 18 6 1= <*(.?+ !o-0% l&, *-c%nc(&, "2-(c&, no ll&-on & l& *-c%nc(& c-)"(c& nc,&-(& !&-& '!l&- l c5) c%&$-&$o. C? In7,"(/n$o, l& -l&c(2n n"- CI 6 lo, !%n"&9, n l B.G. $ lo, n(o, con l,(2n c-8-&l. L& !-%8& c5)Kc%&$-&$o !-'("(2 co'!&-&- l n;'-o $ n(o, con %n Cl !-o'$(o o (n*-(o- &l !-o'$(o 6 con !%n"&9, n l Bn$- ,%!-(o-, o (n*-(o-, & l& no-'& !&-& ,% n(7l $ $&$. S ncon"-&-on $(*-nc(&, ,"&$),"(c&'n" ,(n(*(c&"(7&, n"- &'8o, -%!o,+ &l n(7l $l 1 ]. L&, concl%,(on,+ !&-& l& (n7,"(&c(2n $ l&, co'!&-&c(on,+ *c"%&$&, , !-,&n & con"(n%&c(2n n l o-$n &n"-(o-'n" !-o!%,"o. A? &.1. L& -&n '&6o-)& $ lo, n(o, con l,(2n c-8-&l 'o,"-&-on %n& !o8- !-c!c(2n 7),o'o"o-&+ !-o &l-$$o- $ %n c%&-"o $ lo, n(o, $l -%!o con"-ol "&'8(n lo !-,n"&-on. &.. Un Bn$- !o8- (n$(c& l& !o ,(8(l($&$ $ $& o c-8-&l ,!c(&l'n" ,( l !%n "&9 o8"n($o ,"/ & '/, $ %n& $,7(&c(2n ,"/n$&- $ l& no-'& !&-& %n $"-'(n&$o n(7l $ $&$. &.. Un !%n"&9 !o8- !%$ ,- -, %l"&$o $ 7&-( &$o, *&c"o-,+ n"- llo,+ n*-'$&$+
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*&"(&+ !-o8l'&, 7(,%&l,+ln"&. !-"%-8&c(2n 'oc(on&l+ $8(l($&$ n"(c& l& !-c!c(2n 7(,o'o"o-&+ '&$%-&c(2n S(n '8&-o+ l '/, ('!o-"& n" , n l& (n'&$%-4 o $(,*%nc(2n n l& !-c!c(2n 7(,o'o"o-&. N%nc& $8 5&c-, %n $(&n2,"(co $*(n("(7o $ l,(2n c-8-&l 8&,/n$o, ,2lo n l !%n"&9 $(-c"o "o"&l. Y $ (%&l 'o$o+ no !%$ $,c &-"&-, l& (,"nc(& $ l,( 2n c-8-&l !o-0% , $ %n 8%n $,'!o n l B.G.
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8.l. N(n%n& $,7(&c(2n , $(o cl%,(7&'n" n l -%!o $ lo, n(o, con l,(2n c-8-&l 6 n l -%!o $ con"-ol. S(n '8&-o+ $(,"(n"o, )"', $ !%n"%&c(2n &$0%(-n ,(n(*(c&c(2n $(&n2,"(c& n $(*-n", n(7l, $ $&$+ $!n$(n$o ,"o $ l& $(*(c%l"&$ $ %n $(8%9o o !&-" $l '(,'o. 8.. El n;'-o $ )"', 0% !%$ $(,c-('(n&- n"- n(o, con l,(2n c-8-&l o ,(n ll&+ &%'n"& & '$($& 0% &%'n"& l& $&$. Poco, )"', "(nn 7&lo- $(&n2,"(co n l n(7l $ lo, c(nco o ,(, &o, $ $&$. El '(,'o &'(n&$o- !%$ con*-on"&- ,"&, concl%,(on, -'("(n$o, &l c&!)"%lo III+ !&-" E: $(&n2,"(co $ (n$(c&$o-, $ l,(2n c-8-&l: &,('(,'o+ o8,-7&n$o lo, )"', $ !%n"%&c(2n c&"o-(4&$o, -,!c"o & l& ,(n(*(c&"(7($&$ $ c&$& %no $ llo, co'o (n$(c&$o-, $ l,(2n c-8-&l C.
c.1. L& -l&c(2n n"- l CI 6 l Bn$- no , '%6 ,"Rc5& n l c&,o $ n(o, con l,(2n c-8-&l. c.. Lo, n(o, con l,(2n c-8-&l+ co'o -%!o+ "(n$n & co'!o-"&-, !o8-'n" n l Bn$- (n$!n$(n"'n" $l CI 0% 5&6&n o8"n($o. C.. Gn-&l'n" %n 8%n $,'!o n l Bn$-+ (n$(c& l& !-o8&8(l($&$ $ %n Cl !o- lo 'no, !-o'$(o !&-& lo, n(o, con l,(2n.
Factoe! "#e $%ce&e%ta% 'a (a'$de de 'a E!ca'a de Mad#ac$*% +aa e' d$a,%*!t$co de Le!$*% Ceeba'- MQn,"-8- 5& -&l(4&$o 7&-(o, ,"%$(o, &c-c& $ %n& ,-( $ *&c"o-, o 7&-(&8l, $ con$%c"& 0% , -l&c(on&n con l& "&-& $ 9c%"&- l&, -!-,n"&c(on, $l Bn$- 6 0% ,(-7n $ c-("-(o, &l &'(n&$o- !&-& &%'n"&- l& 7&l($4 $l $(&n2,"(co $ lo, )n$(c&$o-, &,oc(&$o, & l,(2n c-8-&l. F&c"o- T('!o O8,-7&c(on, *c"%&$&, $%-&n" l& &$'(n(,"-&c(2n $l B.G. -,!c"o & l& -&n *&c(l($&$+ -&!($4 o ln"("%$ n l& c&n"($&$ $ "('!o 0% '!l&8&n &l%no, n(o, &l co'!l"&- l& !-%8&+ ll7&-on & MQn,"-8- & !n,&- 0% l *&c"o- "('!o !&-c)& "n- &l%n& ,(n(*(c&c(2n $(&n2,"(co. E, &,) 0% !l&n(*(c2 %n ,"%$(o con l o89"o $ ,"('&- l "('!o !-o'$(o -0%-($o !o- lo, n(o, !&-& "-'(n&- l& !-%8&. L& '%,"-& $ ,"%$(o l& con*o-'&-on = n(o, co'!-n$($o, n"- &o, 6 = &o, ',, $ $&$+ !-oc$n", $ 1 &%l&, c%6& ,col&-($&$ *l%c"%&8& $,$ 9&-$)n $ (n*&n", 5&,"& c%&-"o -&$o & 0%(n, , l, &$'(n(,"-2 l "," $ Bn$- ,(n ,&8- 0% , l, -(,"-&8& l "('!o. Lo, -,%l"&$o, , !-,&n n "('!o, !-o'$(o, <n '(n%"o, 6 ,%n$o,? 6 n l)'(", c-)"(co, $ "('!o <'(n%"o, -$on$&$o,?+ ,"o, ;l"('o, ('!l(c&n %n& $,7(&c(2n ,"/n$&- !o- nc('& o !o$8&9o $ l& '$)& !o- c&$& (n"-7&lo $ $&$. <- T&8l& 1? Lo, -,%l"&$o, (n$(c&n 0% l "('!o , ,(n(*(c&"(7o ,2lo c%&n$o l n(o "-'(n& n '/, o 'no, "('!o 0% &0%l 0% , (n$(c&$o !o- lo, l)'(", c-)"(co, $ "('!o !&-& %n (n"-7&lo $ $&$ $&$o. L&, (n"-!-"&c(on, ,%ln 5&c-, n $o, ,n"($o,: %no+ c%&n$o l "('!o , $'&,(&$o co-"o+ lo c%&l , &,oc(& & ('!%l,(7($&$ 6 *&l"& $ concn"-&c(2n &$c%&$& o "&'8(n & *&l"& $ ,*%-4o ,o,"n($o !&-& ll7&- & c&8o l& !-%8& $'&,(&$o $ '&n-& 2!"('& o"-o+ c%&n$o l "('!o , l&-o+ c%6& ('!l(c&c(2n $(&no,"(c& ,"-(8& n l !-*cc(on(,'o o l& co'!%l,(7($&$ n l& !-c!c(2n 7(,o'o"o-&+ o &'8&, co,&,. TABLA 1 EDAD & &. &. &. >&.
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L& c&n"($&$ $ "('!o 0% '!l&n l& '&6o-)& $ lo, n(o, con l,(2n c-8-&l+ co'o -%!o+ ,;n o8,-7&c(on, -&l(4&$&, !o- MQn,"-8-+ , l& '(,'& 0% %"(l(4&n lo, n(o, no-'&l, co8-&n$o ('!o-"&nc(& $(&no,"(c& c%&n$o l l&!,o n l 0% "-'(n& %n n(o , "-'&$&'n" co-"o o !-olon&$o. MQn,"-8- &*(-'& 0%+ lo, n(o, con l,(2n c-8 -&l , c&-&c"-(4&n !o- ,% ('!%l,(7($&$ 6 !o- l& "n$nc(& & "n- ,c&,o, con"-ol , $8(n$o, con,($- &- l& !-o8&8(l($&$ $ ('!%l,(7($&$ &,oc(&$& con l,(2n c-8-&l co'8(n&$&'n" con o"-o, *&c"o-, c%&n$o lo, $(8%9o, ,&n -&l(4&$o, n 'no, $ c%&"-o '(n%"o, . A,('(,'o+ c%&n$o l n(o , -(9& !o- %n& con$%c"& co'!%l,(7&+ l& '(,'& 0% !%$ ,-7(- &l con"-ol $ l& )'!%l,(7($&$+ , $8-/ !lo-&- l& !-,nc(& $ !-o8l'&, ,%86&cn", &l con"-ol $ lo, ('!%l,o, &,oc(&$o, con l,(2n n%-ol2(c&. F&c"o- E,!&c(o E," *&c"o- , o89"(7&$o !o- l (n$(c&$o- $no'(n&$o+ “!&n,(7($&$^+ l '(,'o 0% , $*(n co'o l %,o 0% , 5&c $ $o, 5o9&, o '/,+ &l $(8%9&- l&, *(%-&, $l Bn$-. MQn,"-8- lo 5& o8,-7&$o '%6 & 'n%$o n n(o, n $&$ !-,col&- 6 "&'8(n n &0%llo, n(o, n $&$ ,col&0% ,on $'&,(&$o, -!%l,(7o, 6 con ,c&,o, con"-ol, (n"-no,. A *(n $ $'o,"-&- 0% l (n$(c&$o- $ !&n,(7($&$ -& c&-&c"-),"(co $ lo, n(o, con l,(2n c-8-&l+ , $(,2 %n ,"%$(o n %n -%!o $ n(o, con l,(2n n%-ol2(c& 6 n %n -%!o con"-ol+ c%6&, concl%,(on, $'o,"-&-on 0% l& !&n,(7($&$+ , $& n lo, P-o"ocolo, $ lo, n(o, l,(on&$o, $ c%&l0%(- $&$+ 6 n l -%!o con"-ol ,2lo n lo, n(o, n $&$ !-,col&-. S -co'(n$& (n7,"(&- l& !o,(8l (,"nc(& $ %n& l,(2n c-8-&l c%&n$o , o8,-7 l '!lo $ $o, o '/, 5o9&, $ !&!l !&-& co'!l"&- l Bn$- n lo, n(o, n $&$ ,col&-. In$&&c(2n $ lo, --o-, co'"($o, E, &con,9&8l con l o89"o $ $(,"(n%(- ,( l&, $(*(c%l"&$, !o- !&-" $l n(o+ , $8n !-('o-$(&l'n" & !-o8l'&, n l& *%nc(2n -c!"(7& o !-,(7& o n &'8&,. El !-oc$('(n"o con,(," n '%,"-&- lo, --o-, co'"($o, !o- l n(o+ ,ol(c("/n$ol $(8%9&n%7&'n" 6 &7-(%&n$o ,) l , $& c%n"& $ lo, --o-, 0% 5&6 n ,%, -!-,n"&c(on,. S( l &'(n&$o !-,& 0% l $(8%9o --&$o , (%&l &l $ l& "&-9"&K,")'%lo+ !n,&-'o, $,!%, $ &n&l(4&- o"-o, ,(no, conc%--n", $ 0% , "-&"& $ %n "-&n,"o-no !-c!"%&l ,(n '8&-o+ ,( l n(o c-("(c& ,% !-o$%cc(2n -/*(c& ,"&-'o, &n" %n& $(*(c%l"&$ $ )n$ol 'o"o-&. O8,-7&c(2n $ l& Con$%c"& D%-&n" l& &$'(n(,"-&c(2n $ l& !-%8& , '%6 con7n(n" -(,"-&- l&, o8,-7&c(on, !-"(nn", & l&, con$%c"&, $ lo, &'(n&$o,+ !o- c%&n"o con"-(8%6n & -,&l"&- l&, $(*(c%l"&$,+ 0% $ %n& % o"-& '&n-& "(nn 0% 7- con l $(&n2,"(co $ l& '&$%-4 $ l& !-c!c(2n 7),o'o"o-& 6 0% ,on %"(l(4&$o, co'o '$(o, !&-& co'!n,&- c(-"o, !-o8l'&, l(&$o, & &0%ll& *%nc(2n. En"- l&, con$%c"&, ,%,c!"(8l, $ ,- o8,-7&$&,+ "n'o,: &? El "-&4o $ l& *(%-& con l $$o &n", $ '!4&- & $(8%9&-. 8? L& !%,"& $l $$o n c&$& !&-" $ l& l/'(n& & '$($& 0% 7& -&*(c&n$o l& *(%-&. c? L& o8,-7&c(2n $ l& l/'(n& ,2lo %n& 74 6 !o- co-"o "('!o+ !&-& l%o !-oc$- & $(8%9&- $ ''o-(&. $? Ro"&c(2n $ l& l/'(n& 6 $l !&!l n l 0% l $(8%9o , co!(&$o n !o,(c(2n -o"&$&+ -"o-n&n$o l%o l !&!l & ,% !o,(c(2n o-((n&l &l "-'(n&- l $(8%9o. ? -(*(c&c(2n con"(n%&$o $l n;' -o $ !%n "o, 6 c)- c%lo, ,(n 'o, "-&- ,%-($&$ & !,&- $l n;'-o co--c"o. *? D(8%9o, &!%-&$o,+ ('!%l,(7o,. Bo--&$o ,!on"/no con co--cc(2n !o,"-(o- 0% conll7& '%c5o "-&8&9o. ? E!-,(2n $ $(,%,"o !o- lo, $(8%9o, '&l -&l(4&$o, con -!"(c(on, con,c%"(7&, !oco--(-lo,+ ,(n ("o. E,"&, con$%c"&,+ lo, *&c"o-, &n", 'nc(on&$o,+ l ,(,"'& $ 7&lo-&c(2n $ l& ,c&l& $ '&$%-&c(2n !o- '$(o $l !%n"&9 "o"&l In$(7($%&l $ lo, )"',+ '/, l conoc('(n"o 6 !-(nc(& cl)n(c& $l &'(n&$o-+ 5&-/n $l Bn$- %n In,"-%'n"o 7&l(o,),('o !&-& l& (n"-!-"&c(2n $ lo, -,%l"&$o, con *(n, $(&n2,"(co,.
. CONFIABILIDAD DE LA ESCALA DE MADURACION L& con*(&8(l($&$ I'!l(c& l& 7-)*(c&8(l($&$ $ l& ,"&8(l($&$+ con,(,"nc(& o 0%(7&lnc(& $ %n (n,"-%'n"o $ '$($&+ %,&n$o %n '(,'o "," n $(*-n", oc&,(on,+ *o-'&, !&-&ll&,+ c&l(*(c&c(on, (n$!n$(n", o "-&"&'(n"o, ,"&$),"(co, ,!c)*(co,. P&-& l ,"%$(o $ l& con*(&8)l($&$ $ l& ,c&l& $ '&$%-&c(2n MQn,"-8- con,($-2 $o, '"o$o,: &? D con,(,"nc(&+ 8? T,"K-",". &? L& con,(,"nc(& $ lo, -,%l"&$o, *% $"-'(n&$& n 8&, & l& 7 &lo-&c(2n (n$!n$(n" $ !-o"ocolo, $ n(o,+ !o- !&-" $ c%&"-o &'(n&$o-,+ lo, c%&l, n7(&-on co!(&, $ l&, -!-o$%cc(on, $l "," $ Bn$- & MQn,"-8- !&-& ,% -,!c"(7& 7&l%&c(2n. Lo, -,%l"&$o, $ lo, !%n"&9, &,(n&$o, !o- lo, c(nco c&l(*(c&$o-, *%-on &n&l(4&$o, n 8&, &l %,o $ l& co--l&c(2n !-o$%c"oK'o'n"o $ P&-,on+ 0% 'o,"-2 co*(c(n", $ co--l&c(2n &l"&'n" ,(n(*(c&"(7o, < .=1 .= .= .= .=+ -,!c"(7&' n"? co'!-o8&n$o l& &l"& Kcon*(&8(l($&$ $l ,(,"'& $ !%n"%&c(2n $ l& ,c&l&. 8? L& ,"&8(l($&$ $ lo, -,%l"&$o, , ,"&8lc(2 &$'(n(,"-&n$o l& ,c&l& & %n -%!o $ n(o, lo, c%&l, *%-on -","&$o, c%&"-o ',, $,!%,+ (n"-7&lo $ "('!o con,($-&$o ^8%no^ !&-& -$%c(- lo, *c"o, $ l& !-/c"(c& &,) co'o lo, *c"o, $ l& '&$%-&c(2n n l& !-c!c(2n 7(,o'o"o-&. El !-oc$('(n"o con"'!l2 l& ,lcc(2n $ n(o, !-o7n(n", $ $o, &%l&, $ 9&-$)n $ (n*&n", 6 $o, &%l&, $ !-('- -&$o . L%o $ &$'(n(,"-&-, l& !-%8&+ l&, '%,"-&, $ con$%c" & *%-on 7&lo-&$&, ,;n l& ,c&l& $ '&$%-&c(2n. A *(n $ o8"n- l co*(c(n" $ con*(&8(l($&$ $ ,"&8(l($&$ n"- lo, !%n"&9, o8"n($o, n l& !-('-& 6 ,%n$& &!l(c&c(2n , '!lo l co*(c(n" $ co--l&c(2n $ -&no, $ n$&ll . To$&, l&, co--l&c( on, *%-on ,(n(*( c&"(7&, &l n(7l $l .1 -,%l"&$o, 0% 5&cn $ ,"& ,c&l& %n (n,"-%'n"o &l"&'n" con*(&8l. Po- o"-& !&-"+ MQn,"-8- -&l(42 7&-(o, ,"%$(o, $ -K"," n n(o, con l,(2n n%-ol2)c& con l o89"(7o $ (n*-( - l -("'o $ '&$%-&c(2n $ l& !-c!c(2n 7(,o 'o"o-&. Lo, (n"-7&lo, $ "('!o n"- l "," 6 l -"," *l%c"%&-on n"- "-, ',, & "-, &o,. Lo, -,%l"&$o, ncon"-&$o, 'o,"-&-on 0% l '&6o- 7&lo- $l -K"," n lo, n(o, l,(on&$o, ,"-(8& n $,c%8-(- !o,(8l, --,(on, &,) co'o l& (,"nc(& $ n*-'$&$, c-8-&l, !-o-,(7&,. En L('&+ C5&n <1==? co'!-o82 l& con*(&8(l($&$ $ l& E,c&l& $ '&$%-&c(2n+ %"(l(4&n$o $o, '"o$o,: &? $ con,(,"nc(&+ 6 8? ","K-",". El !-('- '"o$o+ *% ,"&8lc($o !o- l -&$o $ &c%-$o n l& c&l(*(c&c(2n n"- $o, !,(c2loo, 0%(n, n *o-'& (n$!n$(n" !%n"%&-on 1 !-o"ocolo, < $ 7&-on, 6 $ n(&,?+ n 8&, & l&, -l&, $ c%&n"(*(c&c(2n ,"&8lc($&, !o- MQn,"-8- !&-& c&$& %no $ lo, )"', $ l& E,c&l&. Lo, !%n"&9, &,(n&$o, !o- &'8o, !,(c2loo, , co--l&c(on&-on !o- '$(o $l co*(c(n" !-o$%c"oK'o'n"o $ P&-,on+ o8"n(n$o, %n co*(c(n" $ con,(,"nc(& $ .+ $ &l"& ,(n(*(c&c(2n ,"&$),"(c&. El ,%n$o '"o$o+ con,(,"(2 n $"-' (n&- l& ,"&8(l($&$ $ lo, !%n"&9 , n 8&, & l& &!l(c&c(2n $ l& E,c&l& & 1 n(o, < 7&-on,+ '%9-,? n %n l&!,o $ > $)&, n"- l& !-('-& 6 ,%n$& &$'(n(,"-&c(2n. El co*(c(n" $ co--l&c(2n *% o8"n($o !o- l '"o$o !-o$%c"oK'o'n"o $ P&-,on+ o8"n(n$o, ,2lo %n -&$o 'o$-&$o $ ,"&8(l($&$ <.?. Al !&-c- 5& (n*l%($o l co-"o l&!,o $ "('!o n"- %n& 6 o"-& &!l(c&c(2n+ 6& 0% n ,(" $)&, lo, n(o, !%$n -co-$&cl&-&'n" lo, $(8%9o, 0% -&l(4&-on 6 'n%&- ,% (n"-, 6 'o"(7&c(2n &l "n- 0% -!"(- lo, $(8%9o,. . DATOS NORMATIOS En E,"&$o, Un($o,+ lo, $&"o, no-'&"(7o,+ !&-& l& E,c&l& $ M&$%-&c(2n $l Bn$-+ , o8"%7(-on l &o 1==+ n '%,"-& no-'&"(7& con*o-'&$& !o-$ 1+1 &l%'no, <> 6n(o, 6 > n(&,?+n 0% !-o7n)&n $ %n& 4on&, %-8&n&,+ ,%8%-8&n&, 6 -%-&l, ,"&$o, $l E," '$(o O,". El -%!o no-'&"(7o ,"%7o con,"("%($o !o- ,%8K-% !o, $ $&$, co'!-n$ ($&, n"- lo, &o, & 1 &o, 11 ',,+ $,$ 9&-$)n $ (n*&n", 5&,"& l 0%(n"o -&$o ,col&-. L& &$'(n(,"-&c(2n $l Bn$- *% -&l(4&$& n *o-'& (n$(7($%&l+ -((n$o, l& c&l(*(c&c(2n ,;n l&, -l&, $ l& ,c&l& $ '&$%-&c(2n.
Lo, -,%l"&$o, , !-,&n n: A? No-'&, $ E$&$: !o- !%n"&9, !-o'$(o, $ --o- 6 $,7(&c(on, ,"/n$&-,+ con ,%, -,!c"(7o, l)'(", c-)"(co, !&-& l& '%,"-& "o"&l n c&$& n(7l $ $&$+ 0% !-'("n *c"%&- l&, co'!&-&c(on, $l !%n"&9 $(-c"o $l n(o &'(n&$o con l $ o"-o, n(o, $ ,% '(,'& $&$ c-on ol2(c& 6 n(7l !-c !"%&l. S o8,-7& 0% no , o*-cn $&"o, no-'&"(7o, ,!&-&$o, !&-& n(o, 6 n(&,+ !o- c%&n"o no , $(-on $(*-nc(&, ,(n(*(c&"(7&, n"- llo,. B? No-'&, $ -&$o: !-,&n lo, !%n"&9, '$(o,+ $,7(&c(on, ,"/n$&-, 6 l)'(", c-)"(co, $ $,7(&c(2n no-'&l $ lo, n(o, 0% '!(4&n 9&-$)n $ (n*&n", 5&,"& l c%&-"o -&$o+ & *(n $ co'!&-&- l -,%l"&$o $l n(o &'(n&$o con lo, $ ,% !-o!(o -%!o $ -&$o ,col&-. En L('&+ C5&n <1.==? ,"&n$&-)42 l& E,c&l& $ M&$%-&c(2n n %n& '%,"-& $ + n(o, <1+ 7&-on, 6 1+ n(&,? c%6&, $&$, *l%c"%&8&n n"- lo, &o, & 1 &o, 11 ',,+ !-oc$n", $ Cn"-o, $%c&"(7o, $l n(7l (n(c(&l 6 !-('&-(o+ !-"nc(n", & l& cl&, ,oc(&l &l"&+ '$(& 6 8&9&. R,!c"o & l& ,lcc(2n $ l& '%,"-&+ no , ,&l& l& "cn(c& $ '%,"-o %"(l(4&$&+ no !%$(n$o, (n*-(- ,% &$c%&$& -!-,n"&"(7($&$+ ,2lo , &!-c(& l& $(,"-(8%c(2n '%,"-& !o- $&$+ cl&, ,oc(&l 6 ,o+ 0% l n;'-o $ !&-"(c(!&n", !o- ,o , l& '(,'& <1+?+ 0% !o- c&$& -%!o $ $&$ $(*-nc(&$o c&$& ',,+ , 5& &,(n&$o n(o, n n;'-o ($n"(co !o- cl&, ,oc(&l < Al"& 1+ M$(& + B&9& ?. Lo, $&"o, no-'&"(7o, <7&, T&8l& ? , !-,&n n -,%l"&$o, ,"/n$&-, n "-'(no, $ l&, '$)&, &-("'"(c&, $ --o-, co'"($o, 6 $,7(&c(on, ,"/n$&-,+ n $oc -%!o, $ $&$ $(*-nc(&$o, n (n"-7&lo, $ c(nco ',,. No ncon"-2 $(*-nc(&, ,(n(*(c&"(7&, !o- n-o 6 cl&, ,oc(&l. S;n C5&n <1==? l& 7($n" $(,'(n%c(2n o8"n($& n lo, !%n"&9, !-o'$(o, "&n"o n 7&-on, co'o n '%9-, n"- lo, 6 = &o, $ $&$+ !-,&n l *c"o $ l& '&$%-&c(2n $ l& *%nc(2n !-c!")7& 7),o'o"o-& $ lo, n(o,. A,('(,'o+ (n*o-'& 0% & lo, = &o, $ $&$+ l& '&6o-)& $ lo, n(o, !%$n co!(&- l&, *(%-&, $l Bn$- ,(n co'"- ^-%,o,^ --o-,+ 6 0% & !&-"(- $ ,"& $&$ %n !%n"&9 $ c-o ,2lo (n$(c& 0% l& !-c!c)2n 7(,o'o"o-& $ %n n(o , nc%n"-& $n"-o $ l& no-'& !&-& ,% -%!o $ $&$. R/4 " &l <1=? -&l(4&-on %n& (n7,"(&c(2n 5&c(n$o %,o $ l& E,c&l& $ '&$%-&c(2n $ MQn&"-8-+ con l o89"(7o $ ,"&8lc- l& -l&c(2n n"- '&$%-&c(2n 6 $&$+ ,o 6 n(7l ,oc(ocon2'(co+ n 1+1= n(o, co'!-n$($o, n"- &o, & 1 &o, 11 ',,. Lo, &%"o-, no ncon"-&-on $(*-nc(&, ,(n(*(c&"(7&, n"- '&$%-&c(2n+ ,o 6 n(7l ,oc(ocon2'(co+ -,%l"&$o, co(nc($n", con lo, *c"%&$o, !o- MQn,"-8- <1=? 6 C5&n <1==?. L&, -l&c(on, ,"&8lc($&, n"- '&$%-&c(2n 6 $&$ !-'("(-on co'!-o8&- l c&-/c"7ol%"(7o $ l& E,c&l& 5&,"& lo, = &o, $ $&$+ "&l co'o lo ,&l& n l&, (n7,"(&c(on, $ MQn,"-8- 6 C5&n. En"- l&, concl%,(on, $ $(c5o ,"%$(o R&4 " &l !l&n"&n l& nc,($&$ $ %,&- no-'&, 0% co--,!on$&n & n%,"-& !o8l&c(2n+ !o- l&, '&-c&$&, $(*-nc(&, ncon"-&$&, n lo, !%n"&9, !-o'$(o, $ l& '%,"-& $ n(o, $ L('& con lo, $ lo, n(o, $ E,"&$o, Un($o,. A,('(,'o+ ,&l&n 0% l& "&8l& con*cc(on&$& con lo, -,%l"&$o, ,"/n$&-, $ l& '%,"-& $ ,"%$(o no $8 ,- %"(l(4&$& !&-& *(n, $(&n2,"(co,+ $8(n$o l('("&-, ,% %,o & l& $"cc(2n $ $*(c(nc(&, n l !-oc,o $ '&$%-&c(2n 7(,o'o"o-&. No,o"-o, !l&n"&'o, 0% $(c5o, -,%l"& $o, ,"/n$&-, 0% ,'9&n $&"o, no-'&"(7o,+ no $8(-&n ,- %"(l(4&$o, !&-& l *(n $ $"cc(2n !l&n"&$o n( '%c5o 'no, !&-& %n *(n $(&n2,"(co 6& 0% lo, -,%l"&$o, no ,on !-o$%c"o $ %n& ,"&n$&-(4&c(2n. E, !-c(,o "n- n c%n"& 0% l& ,"&n$&-(4&c(2n $ %n "," , %n !-oc,o !,(co,"&$),"(co !o- l c%&l , ,"&8lcn no-'&, $ &$'(n(,"-&c(2n+ c&l(*(c&c(2n 6 $ co'!&-&c(2n+ !-7(& co'!-o8&c(2n '!)-(c& $ l& 7&l($4 6 con*(&8(l($&$ !&-& %n -%!o c%l"%-&l $"-'(n&$o+ 6 0% l $(,o $ (n7,"(&c(2n '!l&$o $8 ,- '(nn"'n" !,(co'"-)co.
UNIDAD :
PRUEBAS PSICOMETRICAS DE EFICIENCIA : CONDUCTAS ESPECIFICAS PRUEBA DE MADUREZ MENTAL DE CALIFORNIA SERIE PRE PRIMARIA FACTORES MEMORIA RELACIONES ESPACIALES RAZONAMIENTO LÓGICO RAZONAMIENTO NUMERICO CONCEPTOS ERBALES
SECCIÓN NO VERBAL TEST N / T$e&+o e"#e$do- a'ededo de 0 &$%#to!. D1,a!e: “Pon&n l& 5o9& $ !&!l $ '&n -& 0% ,ol &'n" , 7& l& !-(' -& 5(l-& $ *( %-&,+ $on$ ,"/ l& !lo"&. C%&n$o 6o $(& '&-0%n+ U$,. &-/n %n &,!&
> Conc$& ,%n$o,. 0. 8Po%,a% #%a &aca !obe e' o3o $"#$edo de 'a %$6a:. Conc$& ,%n$o. >. 8Po%,a% #%a &aca !obe e' +$e $"#$edo de' 7o&be:. Conc$& ,%n$o,. “M%7&n ,% 5o9& 5&,"& 0% , 7&n "-, '&no,#. ?. 8Po%,a% #%a &aca !obe cada &a%o deec7a:. Conc$& ,%n$o,. “M%7&n l& 5o9& 5&,"& 0% , 7&n "-, !(,#. @. 8Po%,a% #%a &aca !obe cada +$e $"#$edo: Conc$& ,%n$o,. C%&n$o l -%!o 5& "-'(n&$o lo, ,(" )"',. D1,a!e- “Al"o. ol"n l& !/(n& &l N` #. El &'(n&$o- $8 co'!-o8&- 0% "o$o, lo, n(o, "n&n %n c%&$-n(llo co--c"&'n".
TEST Nº 4 T$e&+o '1&$te !#,e$do- 0 &$%#to!. “Pon&n ,% 5o9& $ !&!l $ 'o$o 0% , 7& ,2lo l& !-('-& 5(l-& $ $(8%9o,. M(-n D1,a!el& !-('-& *(%-&+ 6 $,!%, '(-n l&, o"-&, *(%-&, 0% 5&6 n l& '(,'& 5(l-&#. El &'(n&$o- $8 'o,"-&- & lo, &l%'no, lo, $(8%9o, $ l& 5(l-& n;'-o 1. D1,a!e“L& !-('-& *(%-& ,"/ n"- l&, *(%-&, 0% ,(%n+ !-o ,"/ 7ol"&$&+ n o"-& !o,(c(2n. B%,0%n ,"& *(%-& 6 !2n&nl %n& '&-c&#. P-')"&, ,%*(c(n" "('!o !&-& '&-c&- l& *(%-& 6 &6%$ (n$(7($%&l'n" & lo, n(o, ,( *%-& nc,&-(o. El &'(n&$o- $8 c-c(o-&-, $ 0% lo, n(o, 5&n '&-c&$o l& *(%-& o7&l. L&, no-'&, "o'&n n c%n"& l& &6%$& 8-(n$&$& & lo, &l%'no, n %n )"'. D1,a!e“M%7&n ,% 5o9& 5&c(& &8&9o+ $on$ ,"/n lo, $(8%9o, $ l&, c&9&,. En ,"& 5(l-& 5&-/n lo '(,'o 0% 5(c(-on &n"-(o-'n". B%,0%n l& *(%-& 0% , (%&l & l& !-('-& 6 l !onn %n& '&-c&#. Co%ceda 0 !e,#%do!. “A5o-& ,(&n $ l& '(,'& '&n-& con lo, o"-o, 9-c(c(o, 0% , nc%n"-&n n ,"& D1,a!e!/(n&. B%,0%n l& *(%-& 0% , (%&l & l& !-('-& 6 l !onn %n& '&-c&. L(,"o,[ E'!(cn[. D,!%, $ '(n%"o,. “Al"o. A5o-& 7ol"n l& 5o9& &l N` #. D1,a!eTEST N > T$e&+o !#,e$do- 0 &$%#to! . D1,a!e“Pon&n ,% 5o9& $ '&n-& 0% , 7& l& !-('-& 5(l-& $ *(%-&,#. 1. “A0%) 5&6 c%&"-o '%c5&c5o,. M(-n l& !-('-& *(%-&%n '%c5&c5o !&-&$o. A5o-& '(-n l&, o"-&, *(%-&, $ l& '(,'& 5(l-& 6 ncon"-&-/n 0% %n& , $(*-n"+ o!%,"& & l& !-('-& *(%-&. XC%/l , E,!- l& -,!%,"& $ lo, n(o,. “S)+ , l '%c5&c5o 0% ,"/ !&-&$o $ c&84&. Pon&n %n& '&-c& ,o8- ,"& *(%-& !o-0% , o!%,"& & l& !-('-&#. Conc$& ,%n$o,. . “M%7&n ,% 5o 9& 5&c(& l& 5(l-& n;'-o . M( -n l& !- ('-& *(%-& 6 8% ,0%n o"-& 0% ,& o!%,"& o $(*-n" & ,"& *(%-& 6 l& '&-c&n#. Conc$& ,%n$o,. D,!%, 0% lo, n(o, 5&n "n($o "('!o !&-& '&-c&- l ,%n$o )"'. D1,a!e“A5o-& !&&n lo, o"-o, 9-c(c(o, 0% 5&6 n ,"& !/(n& $ l& '(,'& '&n-& 0% lo 5(c(-on &n"-(o-'n". B%,0%n l& *(%-& 0% , o!%,"& & l& !-('-& 6 c%&n$o l& 5&n ncon"-&$o l !onn %n& '&-c&. L(,"o,[ E'!(cn[#. D,!%, $ '(n%"o,. “Al"o. A5o-& 7ol"n l& 5o9&#. D1,a!e-
TEST N ?
T('!o l)'(" ,%-($o: '(n%"o,. D1,a!e- “&n l& !-('-& 5(l-& $ *(%-&,. A0%) 5&6 + !-('-o+ $o, *(%-&, 0% , !&-cn n &lo+ 7(n %n& -&6& 6 $,!%, o"-&, *(%-&,. L& c5o'!& 6 lo, 4&!&"o, , !&-cn n &lo. XEn 0% , !&-cn. P&%,&. S)+ ,on co,&, 0% ,(-7n !&-& 7,"(-no,. U$,. D8n 8%,c&- n"- l&, *(%-&, 0% l ,(%n n l& '(,'& 5(l-&+ o"-& *(%-& 0% , !&-4c& n &lo & l&, $o, !-('-&,. XC%/l ,. S)+ , l& o--&. M&-0%n l& o--&. L& o--&+ l& c5o'!& 6 lo, 4&!&"o, ,on co,&, 0% ,(-7n !&-& 7,"(-no,#. “A5o-& '(-n 5&c(& &8&9o+ $on$ ,"/ l ,ol+ l& l%n& 6 o"-&, *(%-&, 0% l ,(%n. Pon&n %n& '&-c& ,o8- l& *(%-& 0% , !&-c($& &l ,ol 6 l& l%n&. Pa#!a. “&&n $ l& '(,'& '&n-& lo, $'/, 9-c(c(o, 0% 5&6 n ,"& !/(n&. Ponn %n& '&-c& ,o8- l& *(%-& 0% , !&-c($& & l&, $o, !-('-& *(%-&, $ c&$& 5(l-&. L(,"o,[ E'!(cn[.
C(-c%ln !o- l ,&l2n 6 7& ,( lo, n(o, ,"/n 5&c(n$o ,%, '&-c&, \8(n o '&l\. D,!%, $ '(n%"o,. D1,a!e-
“Al"o+ &5o-& 7ol"n l& !/(n& &l n;'-o >. Do8ln l c%&$-n(llo &,)+ !&-& 0% !%$&n 7- ,2lo l&, *(%-&, $ ,"& !-%8&#.
TEST N @ T('!o l)'(" ,%-($o: '(n%"o,. D1,a!e“Pon&n l& 5o9& $ !&!l $9&n$o 0% , 7& ,ol&'n" l& !-('-& 5(l-& $ *(%-&,. En ,"& 5(l-& U$,. 7n %n& n(&+ %n n(o+ %n& '%9-+ %n &8-(o+ $o, %&n", 6 %n 5o'8-#. 1. “En ," 9-c(c(o U$,. 8%,c&-/n &lo 0% 7& c on l& '%9-+ co'o n(& 7& c on n(o. XC%/l ,-/. S)+ , l 5o'8-. Po-0% n(& , & n(o co'o '%9- , & 5o'8-. Pon&n !%,+ %n& '&-c& ,o8- l 5o'8-. Conc$& ,%n$o,. . “A5o-& '(-n l& 5(l-& 0% ,(%. L& 88 , & '&'/ co'o '%c& , &
TEST N T('!o -0%-($o &l-$$o- $ '(n%"o,. D1,a!e1. “M(-n &--(8& ,ol&'n" lo, "-, /-8ol,. Pon&n %n& '&-c& ,o8- l '/, &l"o $ lo, "-, /-8ol,#. Conc$& 1 ,%n$o,. . “A5o-& '(-n lo, !oll("o,. Pon&n %n& '&-c& n l -%!o $on$ 5&6 '/, !oll("o,#. Conc$& 1 ,%n$o,. . “A5o-& '(-n lo, &"("o,. Pon&n %n& '&-c& ,o8- l &"("o 0% ,"/ n '$(o $ "o$o,#. Conc$& 1 ,%n$o,. . “A5o-& '(-n lo, 8&-0%(llo, $ 5l&$o, o "-o'!("o,. Pon&n %n& '&-c& n l -%!o 0% "(n '/, 8&-0%(llo, o "-o'!("o,#. Conc$& 1 ,%n$o,. . “M(-n &5o-& l !-('- coll&-. En %n& !&-" $l coll&- *&l"& %n& !-l&. Pon&n %n& '&-c& n l l%&- $on$ *&l"& ,& !-l&#. . >.
Conc$& “M(-n1 l ,%n$o,. , %n$o coll&-. A ," coll&- "&'8(n l * &l"& %n& !-l&. Pon&n %n& '&-c& n l l%&- $on$ *&l"& l& !-l&#. Conc$& 1 ,%n$o,. “M(-n l ;l"('o coll&-. A ," coll&- "&'8(n l *&l"& %n& !-l&. Pon&n %n& '&-c& n l l%&$on$ *&l"& l& !-l&#. Conc$& ,%n$o,.
= C%&n$o l -%!o 5& "-'(n&$o l )"' >. “Al"o. Pon&n ,%, l/!(c, ,o8- l& c&-!"&#. D1,a!eEl &'(n&$o- "o'&-/ %n (n"-7&lo $ c(nco <? '(n%"o, &n", $ o*-c- l& Scc(2n -8&l $ l& P-%8& $ M&$%-4 Mn"&l $ C&l(*o-n(&.
SECCIÓN ERBAL C#e%toD1,a!e-
TEST N < T('!o !&-& l& lc"%-& $l c%n"o: &l-$$o- $ '(n%"o,. “S(n"n, c2'o$&'n"+ $9n ,%, l/!(c, ,o8- l& c&-!"&. Yo l, 7o6 & l- %n c%n"o. E,c%c5n c%($&$o,&'n" !&-& 0% !%$&n -co-$&- lo 0% lo+ !o-0% '/,
"&-$ U$,. -,!on$&l%n&, !-%n"&, -l&c(on&$&, con l c%n"o. El no'8- $l $8-/n c%n"o 0% l, 7o6 && l,: “L& '&'/ &"& 6 ,%, &"("o,#. El &'(n&$o- l-/ ,%($&'n" l c%n"o con 7o4 cl&-&+ n *o-'& !&%,&$& 6 n "ono $ 7o4 %,%&l. L& l ")"%lo $ n%7o &n", $ '!4&-.
8La &a&4 ,ata 5 !#! ,at$to!: “Yo l, 7o6 & con"&- %n c%n"o &c-c& $ %n& '&'/ 6 ,%, c(nco &"("o,. Ello! per"eeca a do! iBo!# (ai"a , L(i! La mam> $a"a , !(! 4i'i"o! )i)a e (a caa!"a 7(e e!"aba e el 'ard de la ca!a de lo! iBo! La mamá gata siempre estaba preocupada cuando los niños jugaban con sus gatitos. U da 7(e L(i! , (ai"a &(ero a '($ar co lo! $a"i"o!# eco"raro 7(e la caa!"a e!"aba )aca La mam> $a"a , !(! cico pe7(eBo! $a"i"o! !e 4aba ido L(i! di'o3 .Vamo! a )i$ilar a la mam> $a"a# ella "iee 7(e )eir por comida1 Lo! iBo! )i$ilaro , e!peraro lar$o "iempo 4a!"a 7(e "()iero 4ambre C(ado !e iba a comer# )iero 7(e la mam> $a"a )ea por la e!7(ia de la ca!a La mam> $a"a "ambi* )io a lo! iBo!# , corrió 4acia a&(era (ai"a , L(i! 7(e e!"aba e!codido! de"r>! de ( >rbol# )iero 7(e la $a"a e"ró e ( barril 7(e e!"aba cerca a la ca!a (ai"a di'o3 .Pobre mam> $a"a# debe e!"ar co m(c4a 4ambre# ella "iee miedo de o!o"ro! o p(ede )eir a beber !( lec4e1 L(i! p(!o (a "a+a de lec4e '("o al barril para ella e!p(*! 7(e lo! iBo! almor+aro# (ai"a di'o3 .Vamo! a )er !i la mam> $a"a )io por !( lec4e1 Cier"ame"e# la $a"a e!"aba bebiedo !( lec4e La mam> $a"a !e dio c(e"a imedia"ame"e 7(e L(i! , (ai"a era !(! ami$o!# , decidió "raer a !(! $a"i"o! a la caa!"a dode "ea l(+ , calor La $a"a "omó (o de !(! $a"i"o! e !( boca# "repó &(era del barril , lo lle)ó a la caa!"a Uo por (o &(e !acado a lo! o"ro! $a"i"o! &(era del barril Pro"o "odo! lo! $a"i"o! e!"aba e la caa!"a# L(i! , (ai"a 7(e e!"aba mirado de!de la )e"aa de la cocia apla(diero co ale$ra (ai"a p(!o (a "a+a de lec4e &re!ca '("o a la caa!"a. La mam> $a"a e a$radecimie"o !e paró , )ol)ió a 4acer cariBo a (ai"a ,a 7(e compredió 7(e lo! iBo! era !(! ami$o! , podra !er b(eo! co !(! $a"i"o!
D,!%, $ *(n&l(4&- l c%n"o+ “A5o-&+ 7ol"n l& !/(n& &l N` 1#. El &'(n&$o- &6%$&-/ & lo, &l%'no, & ncon"-&D1,a!el "," 1+ ,( *%-& nc,&-(o#. TEST N / T('!o -0%-($o+ &l-$$o- $ '(n%"o,. D1,a!e#Pon&n ,% 5o9& $ '&n-& 0% , 7& ,2lo l& !-('-& *(l&. En ,"& *(l& 5&6 7&-(o, n($o, con 5%7o,#. 1. “Pon&n %n& '&-c& n l n($o 0% "(n 5%7o,#. Conc$& 1 ,%n$o,. . “M%7&n l& 5o 9& 5&, "& 0 % 7&n lo , cn"&7o,. S( "; "( n, %n c n"&7o 6 " - &l&n $o , cn"&7o, '/,. XC%/n"o, cn"&7o, "n$-/,. Pon %n& '&-c& n l c&9onc("o 0% '%,"-& c%/n"o, cn"&7o, "n$-/,. Conc$& 1 ,%n$o,. . “M(-n &5o-& l&, c-&6ol&,. S( "; "(n, $o, 6 l& '&,"-& " -&l& "-, '/,+ !on %n& '&-c& n l c&9onc("o 0% '%,"-& c%/n"&, c-&6ol&, "n$-/,#. Conc$& 1 ,%n$o,.
.
“M%7&n ,% 5o9& 5&,"& 0% 7&n l&, *lo-,. Pon&n %n& '&-c& n l c&9onc("o $ *lo-, 0% "(n %n& *lo- 'no, 0% l c&9onc("o 0% "(n '/, *lo-,#. Conc$& ,%n$o,. . “En l& 5(l-& ,(%(n" !%$n 7- 7&-(o, !&"("o, 0% ,(%n & ,% '&'/. Pon&n %n& '&-c& ,o8- l c%&-"o !&"("o 0% ,"/ $,!%, $ l& '&'/. Conc$& 1 ,%n$o,. . “A5o-& '(-n l& 5(l-& $ lo, &nc5("o, $ col&- -o!&. Pon&n %n& '&-c& ,o8- l& '("&$ $l -%!o $ &nc5("o,. En l ,("(o 0% $(7($ l& 5(l-& n $o, !&-", (%&l,#. Conc$& 1 ,%n$o,. >. “En l& ;l"('& *(l& 5&6 %n&, "o-"&,. &&n %n& '&-c& ,o8- l& "o-"& 0% "(n ,%*(c(n", !&-", !&-& n(o, 6 0% !%$n 0%$&- "o$&7)& !$&4o, '/, n l !l&"o#. Conc$& ,%n$o,. D,!%, 0% lo, n(o, 5&n co'!l"&$o l )"' >. D1,a!e“Al"o. A5o-& 7ol"n l& 5o9& &l n;'-o 11#.
TEST N // T('!o -0%-($o+ &l-$$o- $ '(n%"o,. D1,a!e1. “Pon&n ,% 5o9& $ 'o$o 0% , 7& ,ol&'n" l& !-('-& 5(l-& $ *(%-&,. U$,. '&-c&-/n l&, *(%-&, 0% 6o $(&. Peo. Pon&n %n& '&-c& ,o8- l !--o. . “M%7&n ,% 5o9& 5&c(& &8&9o. Sobe. Pon&n %n& '&-c& n l ,o8-. Co'!-%8 0% lo, n(o, ,"/n 5&c(n$o l&, '&-c&,+ &%n0% ,"n 0%(7oc&$&,. L&, (n,"-%cc(on, & $&- & lo, &l%'no, c&$& 74 ,on: “M(-n l&, *(%-&, $ &8&9o#. P-on%nc( 8(n l& !&l&8-& 6 $(& “Pon&n %n& '&-c& ,o8-+ !-on%nc( l& !&l&8-& $o, 7c,. && %n& !&%,& $ ,%n$o, $,!%, $ c&$& !&l&8-&. Te!t de ocab#'a$o . B&n$-& . P&0%" . J(-&*& . P%l,-& >. P&-& "(-&- &l 8l&nco D1,a!e-8A5o-&+ !on&n o"-& 74 ,% 5o9& n l& !&-" $ &--(8& $ l& !/(n&#. . R%$& =. To-- 1. E,"&"%&11. C&,( &lc&n4& l& n(& 1.M$($& 1.C&-!"&7&c)& 1.B-&4o,"n$($o, C%&n$o l -%!o 5& "-'(n&$o l )"' 1+ D1,a!e- “Al"o+ &5o-& 7ol"n l& 5o9&. To$o, n l N` #.
TEST N T('!o -0%-($o+ &l-$$o- $ '(n%"o,. D1,a!e“Pon&n ,% 5o9& !&-& 0% , 7& ,ol&'n" lo, $o, '%c5&c5o,. E," , %n 9%o !&-& 7- c2'o U$,. !%$n !n,&-. E,c%c5n+ c%&n$o 6o $(& '&-0%n+ U$,. '&-c&-/n l& -,!%,"& co--c"&#. El &'(n&$o- l-/ c&$& o-&c(2n $o, 7c, &n", $ $c(- & lo, &l%'no, 0% 5&&n l& '&-c& $/n$ol, "('!o !&-& 0% lo 5&&n 6 c%&n$o llo, $8n !-oc$- & "-&8&9&n l& !-2('& o-&c(2n. D1,a!e“Yo 7o6 & l- c&$& co,& $o, 7c, !&-& 0% U$,. l& co'!-n$&n 8(n. No '&-0%n 5&,"& 0% $(& 0% lo 5&&n#. 1. “J%&n , '/, &l"o 0% P$-o. Pon&n %n& '&-c& ,o8- P$-o.
“El 4&!&"o $ C&-lo, , '/, '(-n c5(co 0% l $ L%(,. Pon&n %n& '&-c& ,o8- l 4&!&"o $ L%(,.
1 .
“M(-n lo, "-, !--o,. F($o !%$ ,&l"&- '/, &l"o 0% R(n")n. D% , '/ , &l"o 0% F($o. Pon&n %n& '&-c& ,o8- F($o. . “A5o-& '( -n lo, "-, '% c5&c5o, ,n"&$o, ,o 8- l& 8& nc&. B n("o , "/ '/ , c- c& $ l& !%-"& 0% S&'%l. J%&n ,"/ '/, c-c& & l& !%-"& 0% Bn("o. Pon&n %n& '&-c& ,o8- Bn("o.
TEST N < T('!o -0%-($o+ &l-$$o- $ '(n%"o,. “En ,"& !/(n& 5&6 7&-(&, *(%-&, 0% "(nn -l&c(2n con l c%n"o 0% l, l) D1,a!e&n"-(o-'n". M(-n l& !-('-& 5(l-& $ *(%-&,. 1. “En l !-('- c%&$-o 5&6 %n !--o+ %n& &ll(n& 6 %n& &"& con ,%, &"("o,. Pon&n %n& '&-c& ,o8- l &n('&l 0% , 'nc(on& n l c%n"o#. Conc$& ,%n$o,. . “M(-n l c%&$-o N` . Pon&n %n& '&-c& ,o8- l& *(%-& 0% '%,"-& & 0%(n, !-"nc)& l& &"& 6 lo, &"("o,#. Conc$& ,%n$o,. . “A5o-& ! on&n %n& ' &-c& ,o 8- l& *( %-& 0% '% ,"-& $o n$ 7(7 )&n '9 o- l& &"& 6 ,%, &"("o,#. Conc$& ,%n$o,. . “&n l c%&$-o N` . Pon&n %n& '&-c& ,o8- l& *(%-& 0% '%,"-& $on$ l& '&'/ &"& 6 ,%, &"("o, , ,con$)&n#. Conc$& ,%n$o,. . “Pon&n ,% 5 o9& n l & !&-" $ &- -(8&+ n l c%&$-o N` . P on&n %n& '&-c& ,o8- l& * (%-& 0% '%,"-& $2n$ lo, n(o, , ,con$)&n !&-& '(-&- & l& '&'/ &"&#. Conc$& ,%n$o,. . “M(-n l c%&$-o N` . Pon&n %n& '&-c& ,o8- l& *(%-& 0% '%,"-& $2n$ L%(, !%,o l& "&4& $ lc5 !&-& l& '&'/ &"&#. Conc$& ,%n$o,. >. “M(-n l c%&$-o $ &8&9o. Pon&n %n& '&-c& ,o8- l& * (%-& 0% '%,"-& c2'o l& '&'/ &"& ll7&8& & ,%, &"("o,#. Conc$& ,%n$o,. . “&n l ;l"('o c%&$-o. Pon&n %n& '&-c& ,o8- l& *(%-& 0% '%,"-& lo 0% 5(4o l& '&'/ &"& c%&n$o J%&n("& l "-&9o lc5#. Conc$& ,%n$o,. D,!%, 0% lo, n(o, 5&n "-'(n&$o $ '&-c&- l ;l"('o )"'+ “Al"o. El &'n 5& "-'(n&$o. Pon&n ,%, l/!(c, ,o8- l& c&-!"&#. D1,a!eP-oc$& & -co- lo, ",",. UNIDAD I:
PRUEBAS PSICOMETRICAS DE EFICIENCIA : FACTOR G TEST DE INTELIGENCIA DOMINO DK BASES TEORICAS El T," Do'(n2 $ P(-- P(c5o" , 8&,& n l& "o-)& 8(*&c"o-(&l <$ C5&-l, S!&-'&n+ !,(c2loo (nl, 0%(n 5&c)& 1= ,"&8lc(2 l '"o$o $ &n/l(,(, *&c"o-(&l !&-& l ,"%$(o $ l& ,"-%c"%-& $ l& In"l(nc(& con 7(,"& & l& nc,($&$ $ con"&- con $&"o, '!)-(co, 0% , ,%,"n"&-&n n %n& ,2l($& 8&, c(n")*(c&. A *(n $ co'!-n$,"& "o-)& !&,&-'o, & !on- 8-7'n" l '"o$o $ An/l(,(, F&c"o-(&l. El o-(n $ ," '"o$o -c& n l& !-,on& $ &-l P&-,on 6 ,% con,ol($&c(2n n C5&-l, S!&-'&n c%&n$o 5&c(& 1= !%8l(c& $o, &-")c%lo, &l -,!c"o. S l !%$ n"n$- co'o %n !-oc$('(n"o !-('n"&l '&"'/"(co !&-/ &n&l(4&- l co'!l9o con9%n"o $ -l&c(on, 0% , !%$n $&- n"- -%!o, $ 7&-(&8l, '$($&, & "-&7, $ %n -&n n;'-o $ ",",+ 0% , !-,& n %n& "&8l& $ co--l&c(on, $ c&$& %n& con l&, $'/,+
$"-'(n&n$o l n;'-o 6 n&"%-&l4& $ l&, '(,'&,+ !o- l& "-&cc(2n $ l&, 7&-)&n4&, *&c"o-(&l, co'%n,. A ,"&, 7&-(&8l, ,%86&cn", ($n"(*(c&$&, 0% $8-/n ,- n 'no- n;'-o 0% l con9%n"o $ '$($&, , l, $no'(n& ^*&c"o-,^+ lo, '(,'o, 0% &l%$n & conc!"o, !,(coK'&"'/"(co, 0% no ,on o"-& co,& 0% con,"-%cc(on, 5(!o""(c&, (n*-($&, $ l&, co--l&c(on, n"- %n con9%n"o $ ",",+ 0% no $8n ,- n"n$($o, co'o n"($&$, -&l, '$($&, $(-c"&'n" o &8,"-&cc(on, '&"'/"(c&, no 7-8&l, o -l&c(on, $ !l(c&c(2n c&%,&l. El &n/l(,(, *&c"o-(&l+ -,!c"o & l& (n"l(nc(&+ "(n !o- *(n&l($&$ &n&l(4&- 6 $(*-nc(&- l& o-&n(4&c(2n 6 ,"-%c"%-& $ l&, c&!&c($&$, 5%'&n&, ($n"(*(c&n$o l&, %n($&$, o !-o!($&$, *%n$&'n"&l, ,o8- l&, 0% , 8&,&n lo, ",", 6 '$($ &,. E, &,) 0% no, (n*o- '& 0% !-%8 &, o '$($&, !-"ncn &l '(,'o -%! o+ c%&l, '($n (%&l , c&!&c($&$, 6 l -&$o n 0% lo 5&cn. S% !-oc$('(n"o+ !%,"o &0%) '%6 ^-%,&'n"^ conll7& lo, ,(%(n", !&,o,: 1. Slcc(on&- 6 o-$n&- "o$o, lo, ",", 0% , 5&n $ '!l&-. . A$'(n(,"-&- lo, ",", & %n& '%,"-& -&n$ $ ,%9"o, <'/, $ ? . C&l(*(c&- lo, ",",. . C&lc%l&- l&, co--l&c(on, n"- lo, !%n"&9, $ c&$& !-%8& 6 l&, $'/,+ . S("%&- l&, co--l&c(on, n %n& '&"-(4 $ co--l&c(on,. . I$n"(*(c&- lo, *&c"o-,+ ,"o, ,on l&, %n($&$, n 0% , *%n$& l& -,ol%c(2n $ ",", 6 0% , -*l9&n n l&, co--l&c(on,. S( 5&6 co--l&c(2n ,(n(*(c&"(7& n"- $o, o '/, !-%8&, "n$-/n l& 7&-(&n4& co'o *&c"o- co';n 6 '($n %n l'n"o co';n. Cl&-o ,"/ 0% lo, !-oc$('(n"o, (,"n", , co--,!on$n con lo, '"o$o, $ &n/l(,(, *&c"o-(&l 5&8($o,+ co'o l $ lo, *&c"o-, !-(nc(!&l, n 0% , "-& %n& c&n"($&$ '/('& $ 7&-(&n4& & '$($& 0% , c&lc%l& c&$& *&c"o- &0%) l&, 7&-(&8l, , conc(8n co-no !%n"o, n %n ,!&c(o $ n $('n,(on,+ l&, 0% "(nn co--l&c(on, ,(n(*(c&"(7&, $8n %&-$&!-o('($&$ n"- ,) 6 ,"&- &l9&$&, $ lo, 0% no l&, "(nn+ El "-&8&9o $ S!&-(n&n , $,n7ol7(2 n $o, !l&no,Kc%&n"("&"(7o 6 c%&l("&"(7o $&n$o l%&- & %n &n/l(,(, !-o8&8(l),"(co $ lo, *&c"o-, In"lc"%&l, 6 & %n &n/l(,(, $ l& non,(,+ -,!c"(7&'n". An/l(,(, !-o8&8(l),"(co $ lo, *&c"o-, S!&-'&n !&-"(2 $ l& 5(!2",(, ,(%(n": S( $o, o '/, 5&8(l($&$, ,"/n co--l&c(on&$&, n"- ,)+ n &l%n& '$($& 5&n $ ,"&- n $!n$nc(& $ %n *&c"o- co';n 0% $"-'(n& l&, co--l&c(on, 6+ %n *&c"o- ,!c(*(co 0% $"-'(n& l& $(*-nc(& n"- ,&, 5&8(l($&$,. L& 8&, $ ,"& (!2",(, , ,%,"n"& n l !l&n"&'(n"o: L&, &!"("%$, ,"/n co--l&c(on&$&, n"- ,) o ,on n"-&'n" (n$!n$(n",. S!&-'&n &(,l2 lo, *&c"o-, !o- %n !-oc,o $ $$%cc(2n l2(c& n 8&, l &'n $ l&, &,oc(&c(on, n"- l&, 5&8(l($&$, In*(-(n$ol&, 6 no c&!"/n$ol&, !o- o8,-7&c(2n $(-c"&+ ll&n$o & ($n"(*(c&- $o, *&c"o-,: l *&c"o- n-&l: “# 6 l ,!c)*(co ^^. El *&c"o- ^^ , conc8($o co'o %n conc!"o !,(co'&"'/"(co 0% con*(- %n c&-/c"%n("&-(o & l& In"l(nc(& n l ,n"($o $ ,- con,($-&$o %n *&c"o- co';n 6 *%n$&'n"&l !&-& "o$&, l&, *%nc(on, con("(7&, $ %n '(,'o In$(7($%o+ $ &5) 0% ,% '&n("%$ , (n"-&(n$(7($%&l'n" con,"&n" l(n"-(n$(7($%&l'n" 7&-(&8l. S con,($-& 0% ,"/ !-,n" n "o$&, l&, &c"(7($&$, $l ,%9"o n '&6o- o 'no- In"n,($&$ $!n$(n$o $l "(!o $ "&-& 6 lo, 'c&n(,'o, & "-&7, $ lo, c%&l, o!-&+ ^# & n(7l 5(!o""(co ,-(& l& n-)& 'n"&l ,%86&cn" 6 con,"&n" & "o$&, l&, o!-&c(on, 'n"&l, $l ,%9" o. Al -,!c"o+ S!&n n&n <1=? ,o,"% 7o^ ... l& con,"&nc(& $l -n$('(n"o "o"&l $'%,"-& 0% "o$& l& &c"(7($&$ 'n"&l &c"&'n" $l '(,'o 'o$o 0% l& *),(c& con,(," n l&, '&n(*,"&c(on, ,('!- c&'8(&n", $ %n& '(,'& n"($&$ ,%86&cn" & l& c%&l !%$ $&-, l no'8- $ n-)&^ El *&c"o- ^^ "&'8(n , con,($-&$o c%&n"("&"(7o+ 7&-(&8l n %n '(,'o (n$(7($%o 6 n"- (n$(7($%o,. S^^. l con,($-& !-o!(o $ c&$& 5&8(l($&$ !&-"(c%l &-+n"o, no '%,"-& “#n(6 con con o"-o, (!o""(c&'n" ,on &, '/0%(n&, (n,"-%' & "-&7,co--l&c(on, $ lo, c%&l ,con &c";& o!-& l& n-)& 'n"&l ^^. N(n%n& n-)&+ ,(n '8&-o+ !%$ "-&8&9&- n l 7&c)o+ ,(no '$(&n" %n ^'o"o- % o"-o... lo, 'o"o-, !o$-)&n &$l&n"&- '%c5o n l& !l(c&c(2n $ lo, *&c"o-, “^ L& ",(, $ S!&-"'&n &c-c& $ l& n-)& 'n"&l 6 ,%, 'o"o-, , *%-"'n" $"n($& !o- l n 8&, & %n& co!(o,& *%n$&'n"&c(2n &!o6&$& n l& *),(c&+ *(,(olo)&+ l& !,(colo)& n-&l 6+ n l "-&8&9o !-('n"&l.
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, nc,&-(o con"&- con !%n"%&c(on, "(!(*(c&$&,+ l&8o-&$&, con (nc(&, "cn(c&, !&-& In$(c&- con !-c(,(2n l& !o,(c(2n -l&"(7& $l ,%9"o n l& !o8l&c(2n & l& 0% !-"nc. L& !%n"%&c(2n "(!(*(c&$& 0% , %,& n l "," DK , l& no-'& !-cn"(l+ ,"& (n$(c& l "&n"o !oc(n"o $ ,%9"o, $l -%!o no-'&"(7o & 0% l ,%9"o , ,%!-(o- n l "," n c%,"(2n. Po- 9'!lo+ ,( %n &'(n&$o oc%!& l !-cn"(l >+ , ,%!-(o- &l >] $ lo, ,%9"o, 0% con,"("%6n ,% !o8l&c(2n $ -*-nc(&. &c- %,o $ l& "&8l& !&-& l& cl&,(*(c&c(2n $ lo, ,%9" o, n n(7l, $ c&!&c($ &$ (n"lc"%&l. N(7l, $ C&!&c($&$ In"lc"%&l ,;n R&no, bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb R&no N(7l $ C&!&c($&$ In"lc"%&l I In"lc"%&l'n" S%!-(oII D*(n($&'n" S%!-(o- &l P-o'$(o II S%!-(o- &l P-o'$(o III P-o8&8l'n" S%!-(o- &l P-o'$(o I II P-o'$(o II I P-o8&8l'n" In*-(o- &l P-o'$(o I In*-(o- &l P-o'$(o I D*(n($&'n" In*-(o- &l P-o'$(o In"lc"%&l'n" D*(c(n" No"&.K
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PUNTAJE
PERCENTIL
RANGO
CATEGORHAINTELCTUAL
D
CLAE DE RESPUESTA ITEMS 1 > = 1 11
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CRITEROS DE INTERPRETACIÓN
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UNIDAD I:
PRUEBAS PSICOMETRICAS DE EFICIENCIA : TESTS DE INTELIGENCIA PROPIAMENTE DICA
ESCALA DE INTELIGENCIA DE @ECSLER: @PPSIKR + @ISCKIII Y @AIS III ANTECEDENTES T-, '$($&, $(*-n", $ l& (n"l(nc(& *%-on l&8o-&$&, !o- D&7($ @c5,l-. @c5,l-,%'(2 ,%, con,($-&c(on, ,o8- l conc!"o $ (n"l(nc(& ,&l&n$o 0% ^l& (n"l(nc(& , l& c&!&c($&$ lo8&l $ %n (n$(7($%o !&-& n"n$- 6 n*-n"&-, &l '%n$o 0% lo -o$&# <@c5,l-+ 1=>+ !. ?. @c5,l- ,&l& 0% ,% $*(n(c(2n $ l& (n"l(nc(& $(*(- $ l&, conc!c(on, $ o"-o, , $o, &,!c"o, ('!o-"&n",: 1. Conc(8 & l& (n"l(nc(& co'o %n& n"($&$ "o"&l o lo8&l+ , $c(-+ %n& n"($&$ '%l"($"-'(n&$& 6 '%l"(*&c"(c&+ '/, 0% %n -&,o (n$!n$(n" 6 $*(n($o &(,l&$&'n". . E7("& ,!&-&- c%&l0%(- 5&8(l($&$ & ,% *o-'& &c"%&l 6 , l ll&'& E,c&l& @c5,l- $ In"l(nc(& !&-& N(o,KR7(,&$& <@ISCKR?. En 1=>+ @c5,l- $,&--oll2 %n& "n,(2n $,cn$n" $l @ISC+ l& E,c&l& @c5,l- !&-& lo, N(7l, P-K,col&- 6 P-('&-(o <@PPSI?. L&, ,c&l&, @c5,l- ,on !-%8&, $ &!l(c &c(2n (n$(7($%&l. A%n0% l&, "-, E,c&l&, ,on ,('(l&-, n *o-'&$6 $&$. con"n($o+ ,on ,"/ ,c&l&, $(,"(n"&, !&-& %"(l(4&-, $ $ $(*-n", n(7l, El @AIS $(,&$o !&-&$(,&$&, %,&-, con (n$(7($%o, $con '/,!-,on&, $ 1 &o, $&$ l @ISCKR ,"/ $(,&$o !&-& 7&l%&- l& (n"l(nc(& $ !-,on&, $ & 1 &o, l @PPSI , %"(l(4& con n(o, $ & &o, 6 '$(o. L&, "-, ,on ,c&l&, !o- !%n"o,+ (ncl%6n ,%8!-%8&, "&n"o 7-8&l, co'o $ 9c%c(2n. L&, ,%8!-%8&, $ l&, "-, ,c&l&, , -,%'n n l ,(%(n" c%&$-o: Ac"%&l'n" ,"&, '(,'&, 7-,(on, 5&n ,($o -7(,&$&, 6 $ ll& , 5&n l&8o-&$o l&, n%7&, 7-,(on, 0% -'!l&4&n c&$& %n& $ l&, ,c&l&,+ &,( "n'o, l& 7-,(2n $ @&(, III+ @(,c III 6 @!!,( K-. CLASIFICACION DE LAS ESCALAS DE @ECSLER ESCALA@AIS ESCALA@ISCR 1 1 1
ESCALA@PPSI 1
CONSIDERACIONES SOBRE EL ISCR; ESCALA DE INTELIGENCIA REISADA PARA EL NIEL ESCOLAR P&-"(n$o $ %n& &*(-'&c(2n &$'("($& 6 &'!l(&'n" &"n$($&+ lo, (n,"-%'n"o, !,(co'"-(co, $ (n"l(nc(& n c&l($&$ ,on -c%-,o, o ,"-&"'&, !,(co'"-(co, n l& "/c"(c& l& -&l(4&c(2n $ "&-&, 6 !-%n"&, ,"&n$&-(4&$&, !&-& 7&l%&- l !o"nc(&l $ %n (n$(7($%o $ &c%-$o & ,% con$%c"& *c"(7& n c%,"(2n+ 8-(n$&n l& o!o-"%n($&$ $ $,(n&- & ," co'o (n"l(n". C(-"&'n" (,"n $(*-n", $*(n(c(on, $ (n"l(nc(&+ !-o n -&l($&$ "o$&, l&, ,c&l&, $ (n"l(nc(& l& conc(8n $ l& '(,'& '&n-&+ , $c(-+ !-(nc(!&l'n" !o- l& 7&l%&c(2n $ l&, 5&8(l($&$, 'n"&l, $l o89"o o $ ,%, c&!&c($&$, (n"lc"%&l, n n-&l. Con7(n $9&- cl&-o 0% %n (n,"-%'n"o !,(co'"-(co $ (n"l(nc(& o , &c"&'n" %n (n,"-%'n"o $ 5&8(l($&$, 'n"&l,+ 6 , ,% *%nc(2n n( ,% (n"nc(2n l 7&l%&- &l%n&, 5&8(l($&$, con("(7&, $l ,%9"o+ &,) co'o "&'!oco !-on%nc(&-, !o- ,( '(,'o con"-& 0%(n, , o!onn &l “Coc(n" $ In"l(nc(&# o &l conc!"o lo8&l $ (n"l(nc(& !&-& &!-c(&- l& co'!"nc(& $%c&c(on&l o 7oc&c(on&l. A%n0% lo, (n,"-%'n"o, o'"-(co, $ (n"l(nc(& (n7("&8l'n" 5&cn "o$o lo &n"-(o-+ n o!(n(2n $l &%"o-+ l& (n*o-'&c(2n 0% , o8"(n $ llo, , -l7&n" ,ol&'n" !&-& 5&c-, "n,(7o lo 0% ,"&8lc o $*(n !o- nc('& $ l& con$%c"& (n"lc"(7&. LA EDAD MENTAL , %n n(7l 'n"&l $ ,(" !&-& "o$o, lo, n(o, 0% o8"n&n ,"& cl&,(*(c&c(2n? 6 ,%n$o+ n,/n$ol, 0% $,!%, $ "o$o ,"o no , c(-"o no "(n l '(,'o "(!o $ 'n"&l($&$ 0% %n n(o $ 1 &o, con %n& EM $ >?.
> O"-o !-o8l'& $ (n"-!- "&c(2n $ l& EM ,%- c%&n$o , c&lc%l& l CI '$(&n" l& *2-'%l& &co,"%'8-&$o CI 1
EM EC
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Un n(o $ &o, con %n& EM $ + "(n %n CI $ 1. "&'8(n %n n(o $ 1 &o, con %n& EM $ 1+ "(n %n CI $ 1. P-o l !-('- n(o "(n %n &o $ &$l&n"o n ,% $&$ 'n"&l+ '(n"-&, 0% l ,%n$o "(n $o, &o, $ &$l&n"o n ,% EM. E,"o 0%(- $c(- 0% %n CI 0% no 7& &co'!&&$o !o- l& $&$ n l& c%&l , CI *% o8"n($o+ , !-,"& & $(*-n", (n"-!-"&c(on,. En con,c%nc(& & %n ,%9"o %n CI 8&,&$o n ,% EM+ , $8 con,(n&- l& $&$ 0% "n)& c%&n$o , 5(4o l& &!l(c&c(2n $l (n,"-%'n"o !&-& 0% , CI ,& ,(n(*(c&"(7o. L& $(*(c%l"&$ n l %,o $ l&, $&$, 'n"&l, , 5(4o 7($n" n lo, !-('-o, (n"n"o, !o$*(n(- l& no-'& !&-& lo, &$%l"o, l& !-%n"& 5&8("%&l -& ,( l& $&$ 'n"&l $ lo, &$%l"o, $8-)& ,$ 1 &o,
,"&n$&-(4&c(2n+ $8($o & 0% l&, $,7(&c(on, ,"/n$&- $ l&, %n($&$, $ CI+ &,) co'o l&, '$(&, $ "o$o, lo, -%!o, $ $&$,+ ,on ($n" (c&,. Y& no , "-&"& $ $,c%8-( - c%/n"o, n(o, !%n"; &n &--(8& o $8&9o $ %n CI $"-'(n&$o $n"-o $ l& !o8l&c(2n+ $&$o 0% l CI !o- $,7(&c(2n ,+ !o$*(n(c(2n+ $!n$(n" $ l& $(,"-(8%c(2n no-'&l $ l&, !%n"%&c(on, $ l& E,c&l&. A c&$& !-,on& &'(n&$& , l &,(n& %n CI l c%&l+ & ,% $&$ -!-,n"& ,% cl&,(*(c&c(2n -l&"(7& $ (n"l(nc(&. E," CI co'o "o$o, lo, o8"n( $o, $ '&n-& ,('(l&-+ , CI !o- $,7(&c(2n+ $&$o 0% (n$(c& l -&$o '$(&n" l c%&l l ,%9"o , $,7)& !o- &--(8& o !o- &8&9o $l -n$('(n"o !-o'$(o $ lo, (n$(7($%o, $l -%!o $ ,% '(,'& $&$. El CI $ 1 n l @ISC , 0%(7&ln" & l& !%n"%&c(2n "o"&l !-o'$ (o !&-& c&$& $&$ 6 l& $,7(&c(2n ,"/n$&- 0%( 7&l & 1 !%n"o, $ CI. En "-'(no, $ l)'(", !-cn"(l&-,+ &l !-('- !-cn"(l ,%!-(o- co--,!on$ %n CI $ o 'no-. C(nc%n"& !o- c(n"o $ lo, n(o, $ c&$& $&$ o8"n$-/n %n CI $ = & 11. Con -,!c"o &l ,%n$o !%n"o+ no , 5& 5c5o n(n;n (n"n"o !o- $*(n(- & !-(o-( l ,(n(*(c&$o cl)n(co 6 ,oc(&l $l CI. El ,(n(*(c&$o &c"o $ c%&l0%(- $ ,"o, 7&lo-, $ $,7(&c(2n+ co'o l $ c%&l0%(- o"-& '$($& $ (n"l(nc(&+ ,-/ conoc($o '$(&n" l& &c%'%l&c(2n $ ,"&$),"(c&, ,oc(&l, 6 $ !-(nc(& cl)n(c& "&n"o con -%!o, no-'&l, co'o cl)n(co,. D 5c5o+ l& '$(& <1? 6 l& $,7(&c(2n ,"/n$&- <1? 0% , ,co(-on+ $&n Coc(n", $ In"l(nc(&+ lo, 0% n ,% con9%n"o , nc%n"-&n n%'-(c&'n" '%6 c-c&no, & lo, CI $ o"-o, (n,"-%'n"o, "&'8( n ,"&n$&-(4&$o,+ co'o !o- 9'!l o l S"&n*o-$KB(n". E,"o !-'(" l& co'!&-&c(2n $ lo, CI o8"n($o, n l @ISC con lo, CI $ o"-&, ,c&l&,+ !o- lo 'no, & n(7l n%'-(co. S(n '8&-o+ co'o l&, ,c&l&, no ,on ($n"(c&,+ l& (n"-!-"&c(2n (n$(7($%&l $8 5&c-, ,('!- n "-'(no, $l (n,"-%'n"o 0% , 5& '!l&$o. Lo, 0% ,"/n &co,"%'8-&$o, & !n,&- n "-'(no, $ !-cn"(l,+ -conoc-/n !o- ,%!%,"o 0% lo, CI !o- $,7(&c(2n ,on */c(l'n" "-&$%c(8l, & -&no, !-c n"(l&-,. El c%&$-o > $l C&!)" %lo III ,-/ ;"(l c%&n$o , "n&n lo, -,%l"&$o, $ o"-o, (n,"-%'n"o, !-,&$o, n 8&, & !-cn"(l,. EDAD DE ESCALA Al &8&n$on&- l& E$&$ Mn"&l co'o (n$(c&$o- no &!"o $l n(7l 'n"&l+ & *&7o- $l Coc(n" $ In"l(nc(& !o- $,7(&c(2n+ l &%"o- no (n"n"& !-,&- 0% , c&-n" $ ('!o-"&nc(& l conoc('(n"o $ lo 0% , !%$ ,!-&- 0% 5&& %n n(o n $(*-n", ,"&$(o, $ ,% $,&--ollo 'n"&l. P&-& c(-"o, !-o!2,("o,+ ,%-&'n" , ;"(l ('!o-"&n" l conoc- 0% , lo 0% %n n(o !%$ o no 5&c- & c(-"& $&$. P-o ,"& (n*o-'&c(2n !%$ ,- o8"n($& -/!($&'n" !o- %n& co'!&-&c(2n 6 7&l%&c(2n $(-c"& $ ,%, 5&8(l($&$,+ co'o lo -7l&n ,%, !%n"%&c(on, n l&, ,%8,c&l&,+ n l%&- $ %n (n*-nc(& (n$(-c"& !-o7n(n" $ %n )n$(c "o"&l. P&-& lo-&- ," *(n , -&l(42 %n &n/l(,(, ,(,"'/"(co $ "o$&, l&, !%n"%&c(on, ,%8,c&l&-, $l @ISCKR !o- $&$,. Lo, -,%l"&$o, o8"n($o, $ ,"o, &n/l(,(, , !-,n"&n n l c%&$-o 1 <&!n$(c D?. P&-& c&$& %n& $ l&, ,%8,c&l&,+ l c%&$-o '%,"-& lo, $(*-n", n(7l, $ 9c%c(2n
CONCEPTO GLOBAL DE INTELIGENCIA El @ISCKR no !-,c-(8 %n& $*(n(c(2n !&-"(c%l&- $ (n"l(nc(&+ !-o co'o "o$o (n"n"o !&-& &8o-$&- l& (n"l(nc(&+ !-o co'o "o$o (n"n"o !&-& &8o-$&- l& (n"l(nc(&+ -,%l"& nc,&-(o $(,c%--(,o8- lo, conc!"o, $l &,) co'o lo, %"(l(4&$o , 7n"%&l'n" !o- l %,%&-(o. Lo, !%n"o,
= $ 7(,"& 0% l &%"o- ,%,"n"& & ," -,!c"o , !-,n"&n &'!l(&'n" n “M&,%-'n" &n$ A!!-&(,&l o* A$%l" In"ll(nc# <1=? 6 n o"-o, ""o,. M%6 8-7'n"+ ,"o, 0%$&n co'!-n$($o, n l& ,(%(n" $*(n(c(2n "&l 74 !%$& ('!-,(on&- &l lc"o- no $ %n& '&n-& "&n -&$(c&l+ co'o '%c5&, o"-&, $*(n(c(on, 0% , !o$-)&n c("&-. S(n '8&-o+ n %n &'n c%($&$o,o $ ,"& $*(n(c(2n+ ncon"-&'o, 0% $(*(- '%c5o $ o"-&, + n $o, &,!c"o, ('!o-"&n", <1? Conc(8 & l& (n"l(nc(& co'o & %n& n"($&$ ,"o ,+ co'o %n& n"($&$ '%"($"-'(n&$& 6 '%l"(*&c"(c& '/, 8(n 0% %n -&,o $*(n(8l $ %n& '&n-& ;n(c&. <? E7("& $(,"(n%(- c%&l0%(- 5&8(l($&$+ no o8,"&n"+ !o- 9'!lo+ l -&4on&'(n"o &8,"-&c"o , ,"('& co'o $ c-%c(&l ('!o-"&nc(&. En -&l($&$ , 7("& 0%(!&-&- l& (n"l(nc(& n-&l con l& 5&8(l($&$ (n"lc"%&l. Po- ;l"('o+ l& (n"l(nc(& no , %n& cl&, $ 5&8(l($&$ "o"&l+ n( n -&l($&$ , !%$ con,($-&- n l '(,'o ,n"($o co'o l& ''o-(&+ l& *l%($4 7-8 &l+ "c. '/, 8(n &lo 0% (n*(- $ &0%ll&, 5&8(l($&$, 0% , '&n(*(,"&n 8&9o $(*-n" , c(-c%n,"&nc(&, 6 con$(c(on ,. S !%$ (n*-(- l& (n"l(nc(& $ %n& !-,on& & !&-"(- $ lo 0% !(n,&+ 5&8l& 6 l& *o-'& $ con$%c(-, con -,!c"o & ,%, $(,"(n"&, *o-'&, $ -&cc(on&- & $"-'(n&$o, ,"'%lo,. En -&l($&$+ $,$ 5&c "('!o+ l& &!-c(&c(2n $ "&l, -,!%,"&, 5& ,($o %n& *o-'& o-$(n&-(& !&-& $"-'(n&- l& (n"l(nc(&. L& c-&c(2n $ l&, ,c&l&, 'n"&l, <“'n"&l ",",#? co'o %n& (n7nc(2n -l&"(7&'n" -c(n" 6 %n n%7o '"o$o+ , ,;n lo, !,(c2loo, con '9o- !-oc$('(n"o o &l 'no, '/, c(n")*(co. To$o, lo, (n,"-%'n"o, $ “5&8(l($&$,# ,on ,nc(&l'n" %n& ,-( $ "&-&, 0% , l !-,n"&n &l ,%9"o !&-& 0% '("& %no % o"-o "(!o $ -,!%,"& 0% !%$ c&l(*(c&-, con *&c(l($&$ ,"o ,+ %n& ,"-&"&'& c-&$& !&-& !-'("(- & %n ,%9"o 0% , co'%n(0% $ %n& '&n-& ,(n(*(c&"(7& con l &'(n&$o-. E, &,) 0% l& ,%8,c&l& $ co'!-n,(2n 7-8&l , %n& ,"-&"&'& 0% !-'(" & %n ,%9"o -,!on$ & $"-'(n&$&, !-%n"&, !o- '$(o $ l& %"(l(4&c(2n $ !&l&8-&, o ,)'8olo, 7-8&l, l& ,%8,c&l& $ -&4on&'(n"o &-("'"(co l !-'(" co'%n(c&-, con l &'(n&$o- '$(&n" l& '&n(!%l&c(2n n%'-(c& o lo, ,)'8olo, n%'-(co, n l& ,%8,c&l& 7(,o'o"o-&+ !o- 9'!lo D(,o, con C%8o,+ , %n& "&-& 0% !-'(" conoc- ,% co'!-n,(2n $ lo, !&"-on, 7(,%&l, !o- %n& '&n(!%l&c(2n no 7-8&l $ lo, '&"-(&l, ,"o ,%c$ n *o-'& ,('(l&n o"-&, ,%8,c&l&,. En *o-'& &'!l(&+ l&, ,%8,c&l&, ,on 'o$o, !&-"(c%l&-, $ co'%n(c&c(2n 6 %no , !%$ -*-(- & ll&, co'o $(*-n", ln%&9,. E,"o, ln%&9, !%$n ,- ,c&,& o co'!l"&'n" $(*-n", n"- lo, ,%9"o,+ !-o ,"o no 0%(- $c(- 0% %n ln%&9 , nc,&-(&'n" '/, 7/l($o 0% o"-o. L& (n"l(nc(& !%$ '&n(*, "&-, $ '%c5&, *o-'&,+ , &,) 0% %n& ,c&l& $ (n"l(nc(& ,-/ '9o- '(n"-&, %"(l(c '/, 7&-($&$ $ ln%&9, <,%8,c&l&,?. E, !o- ,"& -&42n 0% l @ISCKR 5&c n*&,(, n l& ('!o-"&nc(& $ !-o8&- l& (n"l(nc(& !o- $(,"(n"&, 7)&, 6 lo lo-& &l -%n(- & l&, $(,"(n"&, ,%8,c&l&,. E,"o "&'8(n , 5&c !o-0% , &,%'+ co'o 6& , 'nc(on2 &n"-(o-'n"+ 0% , ,"('& '9o- & l& (n"l(nc(&+ no co'o %n -&,o ;n(co 6 &(,l&$o+ ,(no co'o %n& n"($&$ co'!%,"& o lo8&l. FACTORES NO INTELECTIOS L& (n"l(nc(& n-&l n "o$o, lo, c&,o, , con"'!l& co'o %n con,"-%c"o '%l"(*&c"(co. M%c5&, $*(n(c(on, ,2lo co'!-n$n %n ,c%"o -&no $ '%c5&, 5&8(l($&$, 6 &!"("%$, 0% !%$n &8&-c&- o $"-'(n&- l& con$%c"& (n"lc"(7& ,"&, , -*(-n !-(nc(!&l'n" & $,"-4&, con("(7&,
5&c- 0% %n& !-,on& "o-! , &l-" 6 0% o"-& 8-(l l&n" ,& 'no, !-c!"(7&. E,"o !%$ con,($-&-, $ -&n (n"-, n l& 7&-(&8(l($&$ o8,-7&$& n l& 9c%c(2n $ &l%no, (n$(7($%o,. No o8,"&n" %no $8 7("&- l& "n"&c(2n $ &,(n&- "o$&, l&, $(*-nc(&, o8,-7&$&, & l& !-,nc(& $ "&l, *&c"o-,. Lo, *&c"o-, no (n"lc"(7o, ,on (n-$(n", nc,&-(o, $ l& con$%c"& (n"lc"(7& 6+ ,(n '8&-o+ no ,on ,%8,"("%"o,
1 &l%n& $ l&, -,!%,"&, $,7(&n", o ($(o,(nc-/,(c&, !%$n "n- %n& ('!o-"&nc(& $(&n2,"(c& ,(n(*(c&"(7&. D,$ l%o '%c5o $! n$ $ 0% , lo 0% , con,($ -& co'o $,7(&$o. Al -,!c"o , $ ,nc(&l ('!o-" &nc(& l conoc('( n"o 6 *&'(l(&-($& $ con l& l("-&"%-& (,"n". A,) '(,'o , $ ('!o-"&nc(& 0% l &'(n&$o- ," &l-"& $l -&$o n 0% l&, -,!%,"&, $l ,%9"o !%$&n ,"&- (n*l %($&, o con$(c(on &$&, !o- ,%, &n"c$n" , c%l"%-&l, 6 ,oc(oc on2'(co,. En l& -7(,(2n $l @ISC+ , !-,"2 con,($-&8l &"nc(2n !&-& !o$- l('(n&- o &l"-&- &0%llo, -&c"(7o, 'nc(on&$o, n l& l("-&"%-& o -!o-"&$o, !o- l &%"o- co'o (n9%,"(*(c&$o, o c&-&$o, c%l"%-&l'n" <7&, c&!)"%lo II?. ORGANIZACIÓN DE LA ESCALA El @ISCKR . =.
In*o-'&c(2n. S'9&n4&,. A-("'"(c&. oc&8%l&-(o. Co'!-n,(2n.
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D,!%, $ &no"&- l&, !%n"%&c(on, n&"%-&l, n l& !o-"&$& $l P-o"ocolo+ ,"&, $8n con7-"(-, n !%n"%&c(on, no-'&l(4&$&, $ &c%-$o & l& $&$ $l n(o. El c%&$-o 1=
OBTENCIÓN DE LAS SUMAS DE LAS PUNTUACIONES NORMALIZADAS L& !%n"%&c(2n $ l& E,c&l& -8&l , (%&l & l& ,%'& $ l&, !%n"%&c(on, no-'&l(4&$&, $l n(o n l&, c(nco ,%8,c&l&, 7-8&l, -%l&-'n" &!l(c&$&,. A,) '(,'o+ l& !%n"%&c(2n $ l& E,c&l& $ E9c%c(2n , o8"(n ,%'&n$o l&, !%n"%&c(on, no-'&l(4&$&, $l n(o n l&, c(nco ,%8,c&l&, $ E9c%c(2n -%l&-'n" &!l(c&$&,. Co'o , 5& (n$(c&$o+ ,('! - , !-'("($o 0% l &'(n&$o, ,%8,"("%6& L&8-(n"o, !o- Cl&7, co'o 0%(n"& ,%8,c &l& $ E9c%c(2n. L& !%n"%&c(2n no-'& l(4&$& "o"&l , l& ,%'& $ l&, !%n"%&c(on, $ l& E,c&l& -8&l 6 l& E,c&l& $ E9c%c(2n 6 ,"/ 8&,&$& n $(4 ,%8,c&l&,. S( , &!l(c&n &l n(o "o$&, l&, ,%8,c&l&, 7-8&l, o $ 9c%c(2n+ no $8 %,&-, l& !%n"%&c(2n no-'&l(4&$& n R"nc(2n $ D)("o, 6 L&8-(n"o, !&-& c&lc%l&- l& ,%'& $ !%n"%&c(on, no-'&l(4&$&,.
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CONSIDERACIONES SOBRE EL PPSI;
Lo, n(o, ,on n(o, $,conoc($o, \ A. F-&nc ESTUDIO CRHTICO DE LA ESCALA L& "&!& $ lo, & &o, ,+ n c(-"o 'o$o+ %n ,(n(*(c&"(7o !-)o$o n l &7&nc (n"lc"%&l $l n(o. A%n0% & 'n%$o ,"/ con,( $-&$o $(c5o !-o' $(o co'o -c&c(2n *o-'&l 6 %(&$& $l(8-&$&'n" & -l&c(on, ,oc(&l, '/, &'!l(&, con o"-o, n(o, $ l& '(,'& $&$. A lo, 2 &o, &!-o('&$&'n"+ l n(o 6& no , %n 88+ ,(no %n !0%o 5o'8-. En c%&n"o & !-(nc(& ($(o'& 0% lo con,"("%6n co'o "&l+ !%$ !n,&- !o- ,) 6 &!-o7c5&- $ ,%, --o-,. A ,& $&$+ no !o$-)& !l(c&- lo 0% , '%7 & l&, n%8,+ 6 l *&l"&n &;n 7&-(o, &o, !&-& 8&,&-, n "o-)&, + !-o ,( ,&8+ 0% ,( c-%4& l& c&ll con"-& l& l%4 $ !l(-o+ !o$-)& ,- &"-o!ll&$o+ 6 ,( , co-"& %n& '&n4&n& !o- l& '("&$ , o8"(n $o, !$&4o, . A$'/,+ l n(o 5& ll&$o & l& $&$ $ -&l(4&$ $(*(c%l"&$ -&4on&8l. ,n,o-(&l L& (n"l(nc(& $ %n n(o $ \ d &o, no ,+ co'ono,,"/n $(c &c(-"&, 7c,+"&-&, 8/,(c&'n" %n 'c&n(,'o n( ,nc(&l'n" o"-o n". S%, 5&8(l($&$, -,"-(n($&, & n(n%n& 'o$&l($ &$ ,!c)*(c&. Al con"-&-(o+ !%$ !-,&-, n $(*-n", *o-'&, !%$ -&l(4&- '%c5&, co,&, $ $(*-n" '&n-&+ con "&l $ 0%+ !o- ,% !%,"o+ &c"; con (n"-, 6 &"nc(2n. El @PPSI , 8&,& n l& ,%!o,(c(2n $ 0% l n(o $ \ &o, no ,olo !o, l&, *%"%-&, !o"nc(&l($&$,+ ,(no "&'8(n !%$n ,- 7&l%&$o, ,(,"'/"(c&'n" '$(&n" %n& 8&"-)& &$c%&$& $ ,%8",",+ lo, 0% ,(-7(-on co'o !-(nc(!(o, !&-& l& con,"-%cc(2n $l @ISC. A ,'9&n4& $ ,"+ con,(," n %n& 8&"-)& $ ,%8",",+ c&$& %no $ lo, c%&l,+ "-&"&$o !o- ,!&-&$o+ !%$ ,con,($-&$o co'o 7&l%&$o- $ %n& 5&8(l( $&$+ 6 c%&n$o , lo, co'8(n & !&-& %n& 7&l%&c(2n co'!l"&+ $"-'(n&n "o$& l& c&!&c($&$ (n"lc"%&l <1?. A,) '(,'o+ co'o l @ISC+ , l& $(7(,(2n $ l& 8&"-)& $ ,%8n",", n -%!o,: 7-8&l 6 $ 9c%c(2n+ no !o-0% l &%"o- !-,& 0% -!-,n"&n $(*-n", "(!o, $ (n"l(nc(&+ ,(no !o-0% l& $(co"o')& 5& -,%l"&$o $(& n2,"(c&'n" ;"(l. Lo '(,'o !%$ $c(-, $ l& $,co'!o,(c(2n $ l& ,c&l& n ,%8",", 0% 7&l;&n 5&8(l($& $, $(*-n",. El o89"(7o no , ,2lo ,"&8lc- !o,(8l, $(*-nc(&, $ l& '&$%-4 o &!"("%$,+ ,(no !on- n &l-"& &l &'(n&$o- ,o8- l 'o$o co'o &!"("%$, o $*(c(nc(&, !%$n (n*l%nc(&- n l&, &c"("%$,. L& -&l(4&c(2n $ %n& ,c&l& !-K,col&- ,;n l&, !&%"&, !-o!%,"&, $!n$n $ l& *&c"(8(l($&$ $ 7&l%&c(2n $ l&, 5&8(l($$, $l n(o $ \ d &o,+ co'o "&'8(n n c&,o $ n(o, $ '&6o- $&$+ con %n !o-cn"&9 $ '&6o-)& o '(no-)&+ '/, 8(n 0% $ !-,nc(& o &%,nc(&+ & 0% %no ,"/ o8l(&$o & 5&c- c%&n$o , "-&"& $ (n*&n",. Un& -,!%,"& &*(-'&"(7& ,(n(*(c& 0% l&, 1
5&8(l($&$, 'n"&l, $l n(o !-K,col&- ,on ,nc(&l'n" l&, '(,'&, 0% l&, $ lo, n(o, $ $&$, '&6o-,. S !-,%' ,ol& 'n" 0% l&, 5&8(l($&$, 'n"&l, ,on con"(n%&, 6 no $,(%&l,+ 6 0% n con,c%nc(& , !%$ %,&- l&, '(,'&, o ,'9&n", "&-&, &l 7&l%&-lo,. L& !-%n"& !-/c"(c& 0% ,%- , X& 0% $&$ , !%$ '!4&- & &c"%&- &,). C-c& $ "-, &o, , 5& (n7,"(&$o lo 0% -,!c"& & $(c5& !-%n"&+ 6 , o8"%7o -,%l"&$o, (n"-,&n", n l ,n"($o $ 0% l& '&6o-)& $ lo, ,%8"," @ISC+ con l7, 'o$(*(c&c(on,+ !o$-)&n ,- '!l&$o, con n(o, $ &o,. E,"o, ,%8",", *%-on !-('n"&$o, n ,"%$(o, !-l('(n&-, $ n(o,+ 6 $,!%, $ &l%n&, '9o-&, *%-on -,%'($o, con l& co'!l'n"&c(2n $ o"-o, "-, ,%8",", n%7 o, n l& 8&"-)& 0% &5o-& co'!-n$ l @PPS I. El ("o+ ,(n '8&-o+ no , c(*-& ,ol&'n" n l @ISC+ ,(no 0% -&$(c& n l& c-&c(2n $ %n& ,c&l& (n$!n$(n"+ $ &$c%&c(2n '&n(*(c& & l& 7&l%&c(2n 'n"&l $ lo, n(o, n"- 6 d &o,. EL CONCEPTO DE DESARROLLO MENTAL Lo, !-('-o, &o, $l n(o ,on no"o-(o, !o- ,% c-c('(n"o !-o-,(7o 6 l& *o-'&c(2n $ ,%, $(7-,o, &"-(8%"o,+ -&,o, *),(co, 6 5&8(l($&$, 0% "(n$n & con,"("%( - &l (n$(7($%o co'o "&l. Lo, !-oc,o, 6 lo, &lc&nc, n lo, 0% ,"&, 5&8(l($&$, , $,&--oll&n+ n c%&n"o ,on (n"-!-"&$o, co'o 5&8(l($&$, (n"lc"%&l, &$&!"&8l,+ ,"/n CI&,(*(c&$&, con l "-'(no $ D,&--ollo Mn"&l. L&'n"&8l'n"+ $%-&n" lo, !-('-o, &o, $l $,&--ollo $l n(o+ no ,('!- , */c(l $(*-nc(&- n *o-'& (n0%)7oc& n"- lo (n"lc"(7o 6 lo !-('&-(&'n" n%-&l+ 'c/n(coK,n,o-(&l % o"-o, &,!c"o, $l !-oc,o $ '&$%-4. Po- 9'!lo+ & l&, ,'&n&, %n n(o !%$ ,n"& -, 6 &lc&n4&- %n o89"o . XS "-&"& !-$o '(n&n"'n" $ %n co'!o-"&'(n"o (n(c(&l 'c/n(co o &$&!"&8l+ 2 X%no $ lo, $o, &$9"(7o, n '&6o- -&$o. A lo, 1 ',,+ ,;n lo, !-o-&'&, $ $,&--ollo 'n"&l $ G,ll+ l n(o , 7&l%&$o n ,% 5&8(l($&$ !&-& &c%&- c%8o, n %n& "&4&+ 6 !&-& &lc&n4&- %n !l&"o 7&c)o &l &'(n&$o-. L& !-('-& 5&8(l($&$ , CI&,(*(c& co'o “'&n%& l($&$ &$&!"&8l#+ l& ,%n$&+ co'o
coo-$(n&c(2n 'c/n(c& 6 & '$($& 0% &7&n4& n $&$+ "c. Po- o"-& !&-"+ c(-"&, 5&8(l($&$, 0% !%$n ,-7(- $ (n$(c&$o-, $l n(7l 'n"&l $ %n& $&$ no !%$ %"(l(4&-, n %n& !oc& !o,"-(o!o-0% ,&, 5&8(l($&$, 7&-)&n -/!($&'n". Po- 9'!lo+ %n n(o , c&!&4 $ co- %n o89"o *(-''n" con l $$o !%l&- )n$(c & lo, ,(, ',,+ 6 con '&6o- *&c(l($&$ & lo, oc5o ',, !-o $ &5) n &$l&n"+ l& 5&8(l($&$ , 'o$(*(c& %n "&n"o+ ,(no $l "o$o . D(c5&, $(*-nc(&, &!&-n"'n" 0%(4/ no "n&n %n& -l&c(2n ('!o-"&n" con lo, n(7l, $ '&$%-&c(2n $ o"-&, 5&8(l($&$, n $,&--ol lo. P&-& &,%-&-, $ 0% , ,"/ "-&"&n$o l&, '(,'&, 5&8(l($& $, $ %n n(o 0% , $,& 7&l%&-+ , nc,&-(o $(,!on- $ ",", 0% no ,olo ,&n &!-o!(&$o, ,(no "&'8(n *(c&c, !&-& 7&l%&- l&, 5&8(l($&$, n *o-'& con,"& n". L& *%nc(2 n $ ,%8", ", n l @PPSI ,&"(,*&c lo, c-("-(o, &l%$($o,. En -&l($&$+ l& '&6o-)& $ ,"o, ,%8",", &8&-c&n lo, '(,'o, 2 ,on l&, &'!l(&c(on, n l @ISC. P-o7n no ,2lo %n& 8&, !&-& $,c-(8(- lo, n(7l, $ $,&--ollo+ ,(no "&'8(n %n '$(o !&-& co'!&-&- l& 9c%c(2n $ l&, '(,'&, 5&8(l($&$, 0% l&, 7&l%&$&, n l&, $&$, &7&n4&$&,. EL CONCEPTO DE EDAD MENTAL Co'o $*(n(-& n %n !-(nc(!(o B($"+ l& E$&$ Mn"&l
EL CI
> @PPSI+ & ,'9&n4& $ lo, !-7(,"o, !o- l @ISC+ ,on CI, $ $,7(&c(2n+ , $c(-+ '$($&, $ !o,(c(2n -l&"(7& c&lc%l&$&, n 8&, &l !%n"&9 $ 7&l%&c(2n (n*&n"(l 6 ,% $(*-nc(& $l !-o'$(o o $ l& $l '(,'o -%!o $ $&$+ 6 no ,;n l !-oc$(' (n"o "-&$(c(on&l EM \ EC <$&$ 'n"&l K $&$ c-onol2(c&?. El '"o$o %,&$o !&-& co'!%"&- lo, CI, @PPSI <$,c-("o, '/, &'!l(&'n" n l C&!. ? (nCI%6 l& con7-,(2n $ lo, !%n"&9, $(-c"o, n !%n"&9, 0%(7&ln", 0% "(nn lo, '(,'o, !-o'$(o, 6 l&, $,7(&c(on, S"&n$&-$ n c&$& n(7l $ $&$. L&, ,%'&, $ ,"o, !%n"&9, 0%(7&ln", *%-on l%o con7-"($&, & CI, $ $,7(&c(2n '$(&n" %n& ,ol& "&8l& %,&$& !&-& "o$&, l&, $&$, co'!-n$($&, !o- l& E,c&l&. Co'o n l @ISC+ l !-o'$(o CI 6 l& $,7(&c(2n S"&n$&-$ 7&ln *c"(7&'n" 1 6 1 -,!c"(7&'n" n c&$& $&$. S( l&, $,7(&c(on, S"&n$&-$ $ lo, CI, no *%-&n l&, '(,'&, n "o$&, l&, $&$, %n CI (n*&n"(l !o$-)& 7&-(&- con,($-&8l'n" &o "-&, &o+ &;n c%&n$o ,% 5&8( l($&$ -l&"(7& !-'&nc(-& con,"&n". S(n '8&-o+ '&n"n(n$o l&, $(,"-(8%c(on, $ lo, CI, co'!&-&8l, n c&$& $&$+ l CI $l n(o no c&'8(&-)& '%c5o <&!&-" $ l& $,con*(&8(l($&$ $l T,"?+ & 'no, 0% 7&-) ,% $,'!o n l "," co'!&-&$o con lo, $ ,% $&$. Co'!&-&n$o l -"," $ lo, CI, no ('!l(c&+ !o- ,%!%,"o+ 0% l n(o o8"n$-/ nc,&-(&'n" %n CI ($n"(co c%&n$ o , &'(n&$o con l& '(,'& ,c& l& & %n& ,'9&n". El c-("-(o $ 0% &,) ,+ no co--,!on$ & lo, $"-&c"o-,+ lo, 0% , o!onn & ,% %,o. L& -l& &$'(" c(-"&, 'o$(*(c&c(on, '/, 8(n 0% c!c(on,+ !-o l& c&n"($&$ !&-& l& '&6o-)& no , &8%n$&n" n( ('!o-"&n". L& c&n"($&$ $l c&'8(o $!n$ $l (n"-7&lo n"- lo, ",", ,%c,(7o, 6 l&, $&$, n l&, 0% , lo, 5& &$'(n(,"-&$o+ c%&n"o '/, l&-o l (n"-7&lo 6 '/, 9o7n l ,%9"o & l& 5o-& $l "," (n(c(&l+ "&n"o '&6o- &l c&'8(o. Al co'n4&- con 2 + 6 & (n"-7&lo, 0% 7&-)&n n"- %no 6 $o, &o,+ l& $(*-nc(& !-o'$(o $ lo, CI $ ","K-",", !&-& '%c5o, ",", $ (n"l(nc(& , &!-o('&$&'n" $ & > !%n"o,. %n ,"%$(o $ -"," con l @PPSI (n$(c& 0% l '(,'o o-$n $ $(*-nc(& !-o'$(o !%$ ,!-&- , $ ,"& E,c&l&+ 6& 0% l& $(*-nc(& &0%) *% %n& &n&nc(& $ -"," $ &!-o('&$&'n" !%n"o, CI $ l& E,c&l& "o"&l. S-/ $ (n"-, 0% $ lo, n(o, n ," ,"%$(o+ l& '("&$ &n2 $ & = !%n"o, CI n l -","+ 6 l& o"-& '("&$ $ l& '%,"-& , $(7($(2 n"- lo, 0% !-$( -on !%n"&9, CI n l -","+ 6 lo, 0% &n& -on 1 !%n"o , o '/,. A'!l(&, $(*-nc(&, < !%n"o,+ o '/,?+ &%n0% -l&"(7&'n" no *-c%n",+ !-,n"&n %n& 7n"&9& (n"-!-"&"(7& 6 $8n ,- -(,"-&$ o,. Gn-&l'n" , o8,-7& 0% lo, *&c"o-, ($n"(*(c&8l, ,on !-7(o, &l &'n o & l& 5o-& $l '(,'o+ lo, c%&l, $*(nn l&, -&n$, $(*-nc(&, o8,-7&$&,. S(n '8&-o+ l 5c5o $ 0% %n CI $ %n (n$(7($%o !%$ o,c(l&- ,(n(*(c&"(7&'n"+ no 9%,"(*(c& %n ,c!"(,'o !lno con -,!c"o & l& 7&l($4 $l CI. D8 "n-, n c%n"& 0% , con,($-& &l%n&, '$($&, &l"-n&"(7&, $ c&!&c($&$ 'n"&l 0% 5&n ,($o !-o!%,"&,. S;n l &%"o-+ l CI o8"n($o $ %n "," $ (n"l(nc(& (n$(7($%&l &$'(n(,"-&$o &$c%&$&'n" , &;n l& '9o- '$($& $ !-%8& $l !o"nc(&l (n"lc"%&l. CAPHTULO CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES DE LA PRUEBA El @PPSI 6 '/,+ lo, '&"-(&l, 6 o-(n"&c(on, *%-on ,lcc(on&$o, !&-& ,% ,"&8(l($&$ 6 *c"(7($&$ !&-& l !-('- -&no $ $&$, 6 l&, no-'&, ,on $&$&, !&-& ,&, $&$, ,ol&'n". En n-&l+ , -co'(n$& 0% l @PPSI , %, n 74 $l @ISCKR n n(7l, $on$ l&, $o, ,c&l&, , "-&,l&!n. PROCEDIMIENTO NORMALIZADOS L& &$'(n(,"-&c(2n 6 c&l(*(c&c(2n $l @PPSI $8 ,- nc&-&$& & %n &'(n&$o- co'!"n" !-!&-&$o 6 con !-(nc(&. El $8 ,%(- c%($&$o,&'n" l&, (n$(c&c(on, $ ," '&n%&l. E,"o, !-oc$('(n"o, *%-on ,"-(c"&'n" &$5-($o, $%-&n" l& ,"&n$&-(4&c(2n 6 ,%, -,%l"&$o, 7/l($o,
$!n$n $l -&$o $ &c&"&'(n"o $l &'(n& $o-. L&, $,7(&c(on, n ,"&, (n,"-%cc( on, ,2lo conll7&n & ,"('&$o, --2no, $ l& (n"l(nc(& $l n(o. A%n0% , -co'n$&-/ 0% l &'(n&$o- ,('!- "n& l '&n%&l & ,% l&$o+ ,% *&'(l(&-($&$ con l&, (n$(c&c(on, 6 con$(c(on, ,!c(&l, !-"(nn", & lo, ,%8",", $8-)&n ,,%*(c(n", !&-& !-'("(-l o8,- 7&- !-(nc (!&l'n" &l n(o &n", 0% l ""o ('!-,o. En ," ,n"($o+ l &'(n&$o- no $8-)& "o'&- l "('!o &$(c(on&l !o- l !%n"&9 $%-&n" l& &$'(n(,"-&c(2n $ l&, !-%8&,+ '(n"-&, 0% !o- %n l&$o l&, $(,"-&cc(on, $8-/n ,- 7("&$&,+ l &'(n&$o- !%$ con *-c%nc(& $,!-"&- l (n"-, $l n(o !-%n"/n$ol o !($(n$ol 5&c- &lo 0% no , !&-" $l ","+ '(n%"o, !&-& %n &'n -%l&- $ lo, 1 ,%8",",. P&-& l& '&6o-)& $ lo, n(o,+ %n& ,('!l ,,(2n $ ,"& $%-&c(2n no , "&n l&-&. S( %n n(o , c&n,&+ l &'n $8-/ ,- $,con"(n%&$o 6 5&c- %n& ,%n$& c("&. D%-&n" l& ,"&n$&-(4&c(2n $l @PPSI l&, !-%8&, -&n (n"--%'!($&, !o- %n& (n&$c%&$& 'o"(7&c(2n o *&ll& $ (n"-,+ 0% !o- l& -&l *&"(& n ,). E,"o ,%c$)& -&-&'n"+ !-o , &lo 0% "(n 0% ,- con,($-&$o+ ,!c(&l'n" c%&n$o , &'(n& & n(o, $(,"-&)$o, o con ('!$('n"o,. El 5c5o 0% & 7c, , -0%(-& '/, $ %n& ,,(2n+ no $8-)& ,- %n& -&42n !&-& -$%c(l n;'-o $ ,%8",", "o'&$o,. Po- -l& n-&l , $8n "o'&- "o$o, lo, 1 ,%8",",+ &%n0% & 7c, 5&6 ,("%&c(on, $on$ c(-"o, ,%8",", no !%$n ,- &$'(n(,"-&$o, !o- ('!$('n"o, 0% (n"-*(-n+ "&l, co'o+ %n& (n,%*(c(n" co'!-n,(2n $l ln%&9+ ('!$('n"o, $l 'o"o- ,n,o-(&l. S(n '8&-o+ l& -$%cc(2n n l n;'-o $ ,%8",", , (n9%,"(*(c&8l 6 no $8 ,- (ncn"(7&$o !o- l& !-%n"& $ lo 0% %no $8 5&c- c%&n$o no 5&6 ,%*(c(n" "('!o !&-& "o'&- lo, 1 ,%8",",. L&, ,c&l&, &8-7(&$&, no ,on -co'n$&8l,+ %no no !n,&-)& n -$%c(- l n;'-o $ !-%8&, !&-& co'!l"&- %n &'n *),(co. AMBIENTE ADECUADO PARA LAS PRUEBAS D%-&n" l& ,"&n$&-(4&c(2n & lo, n(o, , l, "o'2 l "," n ,%, 5o&-,+ (n"-n&$o,+ n($o, 6 ,c%l&, !-('&-(&,+ "c. <1?. E,"o, 6 o"-o, l%& -, $on $ lo, n(o, $, &n ,- !-o8 &$o,+ ,on ,%*(c(n"'n" 7&-(&$o, co'o !&-& &-&n"(4&- lo, *c"o, 0% lo, $(*-n", &'8(n", !%$n "n,o8- l& 9c%c(2n $l "," !o- l n(o. En n-&l+ lo, *&c"o-, 0% '/, (n"-*(- n con l& &c"(7($&$ ,!on"/n& $l n(o ,on l& *&l"& $ *&'(l(&-($&$ con ,% &'8(n"+ -,"-(cc(2n $l 'o7('(n"o 6 !-,nc(& $ "-&o,. S( %n n(o 5& ,"&$o n &"nc(2n !o- %n "('!o con,($-&8l+ co'o ,%c$n n lo, n(o, 6 ,c%l&, !-('&-(&,+ 0% %,%&l'n" !-,n"&n %n &'8(n" *&'(l(&-+ !-o & 'n%$o c&-n" $ ," &'8(n" n lo, c%&-"o, $ !-%8&. El 5o&- !%$ ,- l l%&- !oco &!-o!(&$o !&-& &'(n&- & l& !-%8& , &;n '/, $(*)c(l $ 7("&- $(,"-&cc(on,+ l& !o- $ ll&, , l& (no!o-"%n& !-,nc(& $ '('8-o, $ l& *&'(l(&. L&, *&c(l ($&$, $ l&, CI)n( c&, 6 5o,!("&l,+ ,(n '8&- o c2'o$o, 6 8(n 0%(!&$o,+ ,on &!"o, !&-& l& !-%8& &l n(o.
ESTABLECIENDO RAPPORT CON EL NIeO T&n ('!o-"&n" co'o l &'8(n" n 0% l "," "(n l%&- ,on l& !&c(nc(&+ l& -l&c(2n 6 &c"("%$ n n-&l $l &'(n&$o- 5&c(& l n(o. L& &!&-(nc(& $l &'(n&$o- $8 ,- o89"(7&+ 6 $ ,('!&")& 6 l "," $8 ,- "o'&$o n %n& &"'2,*-& &'(&8l+ !-o , $8 7("&- "o$& CI&, $ '&n(*,"&c(on, $ *%,(7($&$ 6 “,o8-,ol(c("%$#. E, !-o!2,("o n-&l ,"&8lc- %n& &-'on)& l& c%&l 1
( 1) Un núme ro de niño s fue ron eval uado s en hos pita les mentale casos no fueron usados en normas establecidas.
s pero estos
= '&n"n$-/ &l n(o (n"-,&$o n lo 0% ,"/ 5&c(n$o 6 &n('&-lo & 0% lo 5&& con l '/('o ,*%-4o. Lo, ,*%-4o, $l &'(n&$o- !&-& ,"&8lc- , -&!!o-" $8-)& ,- -&$%&l+ l !0%o no $8 ,- &!%-&$o+ ,( l -&!!o-" no !%$ ,- ,"&8lc ($o n %n "('!o -l&"(7&'n" co-"o+ , '9ono con"(n%&- 6 ,!-&- o"-& o!o-" %n($&$. Co'o n l c&,o $ n(o, '&6o- ,+ %no $8 $(,"( n%(n"- l n&"(7(,'o 6 l& "('($4. L& ,o8-&c"(7($&$ !%$ ,- '9o- "o'&$& con 9%(c(o 6 "&c"o. Po,%!%,"o+ 0% no !%$ !-'(")-,l $,"-%(- lo, '&"-(&l, $ l& !-%8&+ !-o !%$ ,- !-'("($o 'o7-, !o- l ,&l2n 6 *&'(l(&-(4&-, con l &'(n&$o-. A 7c, con l !0%o no , !o,(8l "-&"&- $ "o'&- l co'&n$o $ l& ,("%&c(2n $l &'n. El !%$ 0%-- "o'&- lo, '&"-(&l, $l "," !-o con %n !0%o n&o , $8 lo-&- -,"&%-& ,% coo!-&c(2n. El &'(n&$o- $8 n "o$o 'o'n"o '&n"n - ,%*(c(n" con"-ol !&-& !-'("( -l ,%(- &$l&n" 6 co'!l"&- l &'n n *o-'& *c"(7&. An", $ '!4&- l ","+ %n& *c"(7& (n"-o$%cc(2n+ , $c(- &l n(o 0% l &'(n&$o- $,& co'!&-"(- lo, 9%o, con l. L& '&6o-)& $ n(o, &c!"& ,"o co'o %n& !l( c&c(2n &$c%&$& !&-& ,% n"-&$& &l ,&l2n $ &'n+ con "&l 0% llo, no 5&6&n ,($o &$7-"( $o,. A 'n%$o , nc,&-(o (n7,"(&- 6 $"-'(n&- ,( , 0% %n &'n 5& ,($o &$7-"($o,. A 'n%$o , nc,&-(o (n7,"(&- 6 $"-'(n&- ,( , 0% %n &'n 5& ,($o !-o!%,"o &l n(o co'o %n !-'(o o co'o %n& &l"-n&"(7& !&-& c&,"(&-lo. S( ," , l c&,o+ l o89"(7o $l "," $8-)& ,- -(n"-!-"&$o con '%c5o "&c"o. Y& n l ,&l2n $ !-%8& l n(o $8-)& ,- ,n"&$o c2'o$&'n" &n" %n& ',& o ,c-("o-(o $ ,%!-*(c( l(,&+ &$c%&$& & ,% &l"%-& 6 ,o8- %n& ,(ll& l& c%&l l !-'("(-/ 'o7-, l(8-'n" 6 '&n9&- lo, '&"-(&l, $l "," */c(l'n". E,"o, '&"-(&l, $8-)&n ,"&con7n(n"'n" $(,!%,"o, !&-& 0% l &'(n&$o- !%$& !-,n"&-lo, ,(n $'o-&+ !-o no $8n ,"&- 'o,"-&$o, o !%,"o, &l n(o &n", 0% lo, %,. S(n '8&-o+ l &'(n&$o- $8 7("&c%&l0%(- &!&-(nc(& $ ,c-"o+ !o-0% l& '&6o-)& $ lo, n(o, -&cc(on&n $,*&7o-&8l'n" & !-oc$('(n"o, 0% l ,%(-n nc%8-('(n"o. Al%no, $ lo, '&"-(&l, $l "," ,on 8&,"&n" !0%o,+ 6 &l%no, n(o, !%$n "-&"&- $ ll7/-,lo, & l& 8oc&. El &'(n&$o- $8 7((l&- ,"o !&-& !-7n(- &cc($n",. Po- ;l"('o+ l ,"&8lc('(n"o $ %n '9o- -&!!o-" nc,&-(o !&-& c%&l0%(- &'n (n$(7($%&l+ , ,!c(&l'n" ('!o-"&n" n l c&,o $ lo, n(o, !0%o,. An", $ !-o,%(- con l ","+ l &'(n&$o- $8-/ ,"&- -&4on&8l'n" n"-&$o 0% l n(o no ,(n"& &n,($&$+ n( '($o 6 0% ," *&'(l(&-(4&$o con ,% &'8(n". ADMINISTRACIÓN DE LA PRUEBA 1. . . . . . >. .
Lo, ,(%(n", '&"-(&l, ,on (nCI%($o, n l 0%(!o @PPSI: ElM&n%&l. P-o"ocolo,
C&"o-c 8lo0%, -o9o, 6 8l&nco, !&-& $(,o $ 8lo0%, 6 !&-& !-o8l'&, &-("'"(co, K. El &'(n&$o- "&'8(n nc,("&-/ %n c-on2'"-o 6 $o, l/!(c, con !%n"& -o9&
El !-o"ocolo 5& ,($o $(,&$o !&-& &6%$&- &l &'(n&$o- n &no"&- 6 c&l(*(c&- l&, -,!%,"&, $l n(o 6 !&-& ,c-(8(- o"-& (n*o-'&c(2n !-"(nn" $ &c%-$o & ,% !-(nc(& 6 ,% con$%c"& $%-&n" l& !-%8&. Uno, c%&n"o, ,%8",", !%$n ,- c&l(*(c&$o, $ l& '&n-& c2'o l n(o 9c%"& lo, ,%8",", 7-8&l,+ lo, c%&l, -0%(-n 0% l&, -,!%,"&, $l n(o ,&n -(,"-&$&, &c"&'n" co'o ,on $&$&,. E," -(,"-o !-'(" l ,"%$(o 6 7&l% &c(2n !o,"-(o-. P&-& ,%8",", $ &c(-"o
El o-$n !-*-($o $ l& &$'(n(,"-&c(2n $ lo, ,%8",", n l @PPSI , &,): 1. . . . . .
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