ÍNDICE: 1.
INTRODUC INTRODUCCIÓN CIÓN........... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................... ........................ 2
2.
RESUMEN. RESUMEN........... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........................ ............. 3
3.
OBJETIVOS.. OBJETIVOS............ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... 4 1.
OBJETIVO OBJETIVO GENERAL: GENERAL:........... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......................4 .............4
2.
OBJETIVOS OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFIC ESPECÍFICOS:..... OS:............... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........................................ .............................. 4
4.
SISTEMAS SISTEMAS DE TRANSMISI TRANSMISIÓN.... ÓN............... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............................. .................... 4 1.
SISTEMAS SISTEMAS TRIFÁSICOS. TRIFÁSICOS........... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............................5 ...................5
2.
SISTEMAS SISTEMAS MONOFÁSIC MONOFÁSICOS....... OS.................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................5 .......5
3.
SISTEMAS SISTEMAS DE ALT ALTA TENSIÓN TENSIÓN DE CORRIENTE CORRIENTE CONTINUA CONTINUA.................... .................... ....5
4.
TORRES.. TORRES............. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......................................... ................................ 5
5.
TRANSMISI TRANSMISIÓN.... ÓN............... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................................. ....................... 6 1.
CONSIDERA CONSIDERACIONE CIONES S ECONÓMICA ECONÓMICAS:..... S:................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................... ......................... 6
2.
ECONOMÍA ECONOMÍA DE LOS CONDUCTO CONDUCTORES.. RES............ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........................... ................. 6
3.
LONGITUD LONGITUD DEL VANO........... VANO..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ............
4.
TENSIÓN TENSIÓN MECÁNICA MECÁNICA DE LOS CONDUCTO CONDUCTORES. RES............ ..................... ..................... ..................... ......................! ............!
5.
ALTURA ALTURA DE LAS ESTRUCTUR ESTRUCTURAS AS DE APO"O.......... APO"O.................... ..................... ......................................! ...........................!
6.
OTROS DATOS DATOS DEL COSTO..... COSTO................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ....................................... ............................ !
.
EFECTO EFECTO CORONA... CORONA.............. ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................... ......................... #
6.
MANTENIMIE MANTENIMIENTO NTO A LINEAS LINEAS DE DE TRANSM TRANSMISION ISION........... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...............1$ ....1$
.
NORMAS NORMAS DE DE SEGURID SEGURIDAD AD PAR PARA A TRABAJO TRABAJOS S EN LINEAS LINEAS DESEN DESENERGI% ERGI%ADAS ADAS....... ........11 .11 1.
LÍNEA LÍNEA VIVA............ VIVA...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...........................12 ................12
2.
AISLAMIENTO AISLAMIENTO DE LAS LÍNEAS....... LÍNEAS.................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...............................12 ....................12
3.
MATER MATERIALES IALES AISLANTE AISLANTES....... S.................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................................. ....................................... 13
4.
AISLADORES AISLADORES DE SOPORTE SOPORTE O AISLADORE AISLADORES S RÍGIDOS.... RÍGIDOS............... ..................... ..........................13 ................13
5.
AISLADORES AISLADORES DE SUSPENSIÓN SUSPENSIÓN.......... .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................................... .......................... 13
6.
AISLADOR AISLADOR PIRE&........... PIRE&..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................................ ...................................... 14
.
AISLADORES AISLADORES DE TENSIÓN TENSIÓN O AMARRE. AMARRE............ ..................... ..................... ..................... .................................14 .......................14
!.
DISPOSITIVO DISPOSITIVOS S DE PROTECCIÓN PROTECCIÓN.......... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........................... ................ 15 1.
ELEMENTO ELEMENTOS S DE PROTECCION PROTECCION PERSONAL PERSONAL........... ..................... ...............................................15 .....................................15
2.
NORMAS NORMAS DE SEGURIDAD SEGURIDAD PARA ARA TRABA TRABAJOS JOS EN LINEA LINEA VIVA.... VIVA...............................1 ...........................1
#.
ETAPA ETAPA DE OPERAC OPERACIÓN IÓN " MANTENIM MANTENIMIENT IENTO....... O................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ........................1! .............1! 1.
ACTIVIDAD ACTIVIDADES ES DE MANTENIM MANTENIMIENT IENTO O " PERIODICID PERIODICIDAD..... AD................ ....................................1! .........................1!
ÍNDICE: 1.
INTRODUC INTRODUCCIÓN CIÓN........... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................... ........................ 2
2.
RESUMEN. RESUMEN........... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........................ ............. 3
3.
OBJETIVOS.. OBJETIVOS............ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... 4 1.
OBJETIVO OBJETIVO GENERAL: GENERAL:........... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......................4 .............4
2.
OBJETIVOS OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFIC ESPECÍFICOS:..... OS:............... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........................................ .............................. 4
4.
SISTEMAS SISTEMAS DE TRANSMISI TRANSMISIÓN.... ÓN............... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............................. .................... 4 1.
SISTEMAS SISTEMAS TRIFÁSICOS. TRIFÁSICOS........... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............................5 ...................5
2.
SISTEMAS SISTEMAS MONOFÁSIC MONOFÁSICOS....... OS.................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................5 .......5
3.
SISTEMAS SISTEMAS DE ALT ALTA TENSIÓN TENSIÓN DE CORRIENTE CORRIENTE CONTINUA CONTINUA.................... .................... ....5
4.
TORRES.. TORRES............. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......................................... ................................ 5
5.
TRANSMISI TRANSMISIÓN.... ÓN............... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................................. ....................... 6 1.
CONSIDERA CONSIDERACIONE CIONES S ECONÓMICA ECONÓMICAS:..... S:................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................... ......................... 6
2.
ECONOMÍA ECONOMÍA DE LOS CONDUCTO CONDUCTORES.. RES............ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........................... ................. 6
3.
LONGITUD LONGITUD DEL VANO........... VANO..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ............
4.
TENSIÓN TENSIÓN MECÁNICA MECÁNICA DE LOS CONDUCTO CONDUCTORES. RES............ ..................... ..................... ..................... ......................! ............!
5.
ALTURA ALTURA DE LAS ESTRUCTUR ESTRUCTURAS AS DE APO"O.......... APO"O.................... ..................... ......................................! ...........................!
6.
OTROS DATOS DATOS DEL COSTO..... COSTO................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ....................................... ............................ !
.
EFECTO EFECTO CORONA... CORONA.............. ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................... ......................... #
6.
MANTENIMIE MANTENIMIENTO NTO A LINEAS LINEAS DE DE TRANSM TRANSMISION ISION........... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...............1$ ....1$
.
NORMAS NORMAS DE DE SEGURID SEGURIDAD AD PAR PARA A TRABAJO TRABAJOS S EN LINEAS LINEAS DESEN DESENERGI% ERGI%ADAS ADAS....... ........11 .11 1.
LÍNEA LÍNEA VIVA............ VIVA...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...........................12 ................12
2.
AISLAMIENTO AISLAMIENTO DE LAS LÍNEAS....... LÍNEAS.................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...............................12 ....................12
3.
MATER MATERIALES IALES AISLANTE AISLANTES....... S.................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................................. ....................................... 13
4.
AISLADORES AISLADORES DE SOPORTE SOPORTE O AISLADORE AISLADORES S RÍGIDOS.... RÍGIDOS............... ..................... ..........................13 ................13
5.
AISLADORES AISLADORES DE SUSPENSIÓN SUSPENSIÓN.......... .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................................... .......................... 13
6.
AISLADOR AISLADOR PIRE&........... PIRE&..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................................ ...................................... 14
.
AISLADORES AISLADORES DE TENSIÓN TENSIÓN O AMARRE. AMARRE............ ..................... ..................... ..................... .................................14 .......................14
!.
DISPOSITIVO DISPOSITIVOS S DE PROTECCIÓN PROTECCIÓN.......... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........................... ................ 15 1.
ELEMENTO ELEMENTOS S DE PROTECCION PROTECCION PERSONAL PERSONAL........... ..................... ...............................................15 .....................................15
2.
NORMAS NORMAS DE SEGURIDAD SEGURIDAD PARA ARA TRABA TRABAJOS JOS EN LINEA LINEA VIVA.... VIVA...............................1 ...........................1
#.
ETAPA ETAPA DE OPERAC OPERACIÓN IÓN " MANTENIM MANTENIMIENT IENTO....... O................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ........................1! .............1! 1.
ACTIVIDAD ACTIVIDADES ES DE MANTENIM MANTENIMIENT IENTO O " PERIODICID PERIODICIDAD..... AD................ ....................................1! .........................1!
1.
I'()*++, I'()*++,-' -' /0......... /0................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......................................... ............................... 1#
2.
I'()*++, I'()*++,-' -' *':...... *':................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................. ....................... 1#
3.
P// P//* * ,'()* ,'()*++,++,-' ' /7*/ /7*/:........ :................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. ...1# 1#
4.
I'()*++, I'()*++,-' -' 8* 9*+/( 9*+/( / *+*(: *+*(:........... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ......................... .............. 2$
5.
M*8,+,-' M*8,+,-' 8* *(,(*' *(,(*'+,/ +,/ / ,*/:... ,*/:.............. ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ...................................2$ .........................2$
6.
M*8,+,-' M*8,+,-' 8* +(,+(,-':..... ':................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................................ ..................................... 2$
.
C/9, C/9, 8* /,(/,* /,(/,*' ' +' ;'*/ ;'*/ *'*< *'*<,=/8 ,=/8/:..... /:................ ..................... ..................... ..................................2$ .......................2$
!.
C/9, C/9, 8* /,(/,* /,(/,*' ' +' ;'*/ ;'*/ 8*(*'*<, 8*(*'*<,=/8/ =/8/:......... :................... .............................................2$ ...................................2$
#.
S(,+,S(,+,-' ' 8* *)/* *)/* 8* +'8 +'8+ + </8/ </8/:......... :.................... ..................... ..................... ..........................2$ ...............2$
1$.
R*/), R*/),** ** 8* */ */*(: *(:.... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........... ............... ............... .............2$ ......2$
11.
S(, S(,+, +,-' -' 8* +'*+ +'*+* *(( 8* </8 </8/:. /:..... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......... ............. ..........2$ ...2$
12.
S(, S(,+, +,-' -' 8* +/9* +/9* 8* </8/ </8/:.. :...... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......... ............21 ......21
13.
S(, S(,+, +,-' -' 8* +/9* +/9* +/ 8* //: //:.... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ......... ............ ............... ............... ..............21 .......21
14.
M/'*' M/'*',, ,,*' *' / +'*>, +'*>,' '*( *( +/9, +/9, 8* )*'*: )*'*:.... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......... ............. .............. ............21 .....21
15.
R*)// R*)//+,+,-' ' 8* +'8+ +'8+ , 8* </8 </8/:. /:..... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........... .............. .............. ............... ..........21 ..21
16.
C*++, C*++,-' -' / (,(*/ (,(*/ 8* ,*/(:.. ,*/(:............. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......................21 ............21
1.
C* C*++, ++,-' -' 8* + +(,(,-':. ':..... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ............ ............21 ....21
1!.
C*++, C*++,-' -' 8* 9*+/:.. 9*+/:............ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ................. .......21 21
1#.
L,),* L,),*=/ =/ 8* 9*+/ 9*+/ ) *+* *+*(: (:.... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ......... ........21 ...21
2$.
M/'*' M/'*',, ,,*' *' 8* *?,) *?,) 0 */ */,* ,*'/ '/(:.. (:...... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......... ............. .............. ...........21 ....21
1$. 1$.
PROCE PROCEDIM DIMIEN IENTOS TOS ESPEC ESPECIAL IALES ES.... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ......... ............21 .......21
1.
LAV LAVADO ADO DE AISLADOR AISLADORES.... ES............... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...............................21 .....................21
L,),*=/ ' *'*<,=/8/:............................................................................................22
L,),*=/ *'*<,=/8/:.................................................................................................22
2.
B?,/ B?,/ / +' +' *...... *................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ....................... ............. 22
3.
B?,/ B?,/ 8* /()*(,/()*(,-' ' @,/.......... @,/..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... ........22 22
4.
L,),*=/ L,),*=/ +' /,* +),, +),,8..... 8................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......................... ................ 22
5.
F/+,-' F/+,-' +' 9/ *' *?,) *?,) ,.......... ,..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......................... .............. 23
6.
*,+-)* *,+-)*..... ................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................................. ........................ 23
.
B?,/ B?,/ @,/.......... @,/.................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............................. ................... 23
!.
B?,/ B?,/ -, -, *' '/ /,/ /,/ @,/.. @,/............. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................23 ......23
#.
B?,/ B?,/ @,/ *' '/ '/ /, /,/ / -, -,......... .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ....................23 ..........23
11. 11.
FRECUENC FRECUENCIA IA DEL LAV LAVADO........ ADO................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............... ....23 23
12. PRIN PRINCI CIPA PALE LES S AFE AFEC CTACI TACION ONE ES EN EN LOS ELEMENTOS COMPONENTES DE LAS LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. ...24 24 1.
NIVEL DE AISLAMIEN AISLAMIENTO TO DE LAS LÍNEAS....... LÍNEAS.................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ........................26 ..............26
2. 13. 13.
GRADO DE AISLAMIENT AISLAMIENTO O DE LAS LÍNEAS........ LÍNEAS.................. ..................... ..................... ...............................26 .....................26 PROTEC PROTECCIÓ CIÓN N CONTRA CONTRA DESC DESCARG ARGAS AS ATM ATMOSF OSFRI RICA CAS.. S...... ......... ............ .............. .............. ..............2 .......2
1.
SISTEMAS SISTEMAS DE PROTECCIÓN PROTECCIÓN........ ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......................2 ............2
2.
COND CO NDUC UCTOR TORES ES AREOS AREOS DE TIERRA TIERRA CABLES CABLES DE TIERRA TIERRA.... ........ ............ ............... ..............2 .......2
14. 14.
NORMA NORMAS S REGLAM REGLAMENT ENTAR ARIAS IAS.... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......... ............. ............2! .....2!
TENSIONES :....................................................................................................................2! 1.
LÍNEAS LÍNEAS AREAS AREAS DE ALTA ALTA TENSIÓN... TENSIÓN.............. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......................... ............... 2!
FUNDACIONES DE TIERRA:............................................................................................34 2.
REVES REVESTIMI TIMIENT ENTOS OS DE PROTEC PROTECCIÓ CIÓN N PARA PARA ESTRUC ESTRUCTUR TURAS AS DE ACERO ACERO...........35 ...........35
3.
ACCESORIOS ACCESORIOS PARA LAS LÍNEAS...... LÍNEAS................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................................... ........................... 35
15. 15.
CONCL CONCLUSI USIONE ONES.. S...... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......... .........36 ...36
16. 16.
RECOME RECOMEND NDAC ACION IONES. ES..... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........... .............. ............... ...............36 .......36
1. 1.
REFERE REFERENC NCIAS IAS.... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......... ............. ......... 3
1!. 1!.
ANE&O ANE&OS... S....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........... ............... ............... .......... ...3 3
1.
INTRODUCCIÓN
L/ *'*<;/ <*'*/8/ 0/ (*/ hidroeléctrica o térmicamente (* /'()/ *' </'8*( 9?*( / /7( 8* /( Líneas de Transmisin /( +/*( (* ,'*+'*+/' ) *8, 8* (9*(/+,'*( 9,+/8/( /' *' ( +*'( 8* <*'*/+,-' + *' ( (,,( 8'8* (* /+* / *8++,-' ?* )*,* 8,(,9, / *'*<;/ / ( +'(,8*( @,'/*(. E /'()* 8* </'8*( 9?*( 8* *'*<;/ +*()'8* / '*<+, 8* T/'(,(,-' * +/ (* /+* / /( ',**( 8* /*. L/ /+,,8/8 8* +*+,/,=/+,-' (* *'+/
/
(
<*'*/8*(
)/
* (*,+, 8* /'()* / T/'(,(*( 0
D,(,9,8*( 0 *'8*/ / (/, @,'/. L/ T/'(,(,-' *7+,+/ <*'*/*'* (* /'(,* *8,/'* ( (,(*/( 8* +,*'* /*'/ )* /9,7' se !"eden "tili#ar los sistemas de corriente contin"a )* /( m$s con%enientes son mediante la corriente alterna. 0 *' 8;/ * ',* 8* /*( 8* /'(,(,-' (' <*'*/*'* +'(,8*/8( 11$ HV 0 ()*,*(. V/*( I'@*,*(
+ 66 HV 0 33 HV <*'*/*'* (* +'(,8*/'
/*( 8* (9 /'(,(,-' )* ?* (' +/(,'/*'* (* ,,=/ (9* // // *'(,-' 0 *?,**' 8,@**'*( 8,(*( *' +)//+,-' +' ( *?,)( ,,=/8( *' V/*( ( 9/(. L;'*/( 8* /'(,(,-' /7*/ (' 8* //9* ' /,(/8 ) ?* * 8,(* 8* *(/( ;'*/( *?,** ;', /,=/+,'*( / 9(*/(* )// /'*'* / (*<,8/8. U'/ ;'*/ 8* (9*+/,'*( 8* 8,(,9+,-' 0 8* 9/ /* )// ,'(//+,'*( 8* +,*'*.
&.
RE'U(EN
C )/* 8* / +'@,/9,,8/8 0 / +/,8/8 8* (*,+, ?* )*(/' /( *)*(/( 8,(,9,8/( 0 /'(,(/( 8* *'*<;/ (* 8*9*
P// * @'+,'/,*' /8*+/8 8* /( *8*( 8* *'*<;/ *7+,+/ *( '*+*(/, */,=/ )+*8,,*'( )*/+,'*( 0K +,8/8( *' *(/( /' )// / )**'+,-' + +*++,-' 8* ,'+'*',*'*( ?* (* )*8/' )*(*'/. L( /'*',,*'( +'*'* 8*(//8( *' /( *8*( 8* *'*<;/ *7+,+/ (' ( (,<,*'*(: •
•
•
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•
I'(//+,-' +/9, *' / ;'*/ 8* )*(/ / ,*/ 8* ' ,'*).
•
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•
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).
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O*+ETI,O -ENERL:
C'+* (,(*/( 8* /'*',,*' )**', +'(,(*'*( *' '/ (*,* 8* 7+',+/( ?* *8,/'* +'*( +','( )*,-8,+( )*,*' 8**+/ ( *?,)( ,'(//+,'*( ((+*),9*( 8* @// ,,/'8 /( ,'**'+,'*( / ( ,((. E /'*',,*' )*8,+, (* /8+* *' '/ ((/'+,/ *8++,-' 8* /( ,'8,()',9,,8/8*( 8* *?,)( ) /'*',,*'.
&.
O*+ETI,O' E'/ECÍ0ICO':
D*(+,9, / ,)/'+,/ 8* ' 9*' /'*',,*' )**', 0 )*,-8,+/*'* ?* (* /,(* / )9/9,,8/8 8* ?* /<' ***' @/* ) **) ) '/ 8*(+/
•
M/'*'*(* / 8;/ *' * 8*(/ *+'-<,+ 0 +/)/+,/ +','/*'* / )*('/. O 8*(/@; *( (**++,'/ /8*+/8/*'* /( ,'(//+,'*( ) 8*',=/ /'8 *' +*'/ * )*()*( 8,()',9*. T/9,7' +)*'8* + /+* @*'* / /( **<*'+,/(.
'I'TE(' DE TRN'(I'IÓN
.
L( (,(*/( 8* /'(,(,-' *(*'+,/*'* +'(/' 8* ( (,<,*'*( ***'(: •
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1.
'I'TE(' TRI02'ICO'
S* *)*/' 8* 8 +/(, *>+(, )// / /'(,(,-' 8* *'*<;/ </+,/( / ( (,),+,8/8 0 / /0 *'8,,*' 8* ( +'8+*( *()*+ / ( 8*( (,(*/( 8* +,*'* /*'/.
&.
'I'TE(' (ONO02'ICO'
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).
'I'TE(' DE LT TEN'IÓN DE CORRIENTE CONTINU
E(( (,(*/( )*,*' *8+, / *'(,-' *' +)//+,-' +' ( (,(*/( ,@(,+( + )*8* 8*8+,(* 8* )*( */, 8* +'8+ )// '/ *'(,-' >,/ 8/8/. L( 78( )// +'(*<, </'8*( )*'+,/( / *'(,'*( **/8/( *' +,*'* +','/ ' /' )<*(/8 / ,( , ?* ( /8*/'( *' +,*'* /*'/ 0 0 8;/ +/(, ' *>,(*' (,(*/( +*+,/*( 8* // *'(,-' *' +,*'* +','/.
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TORRE'
L;'*/( /7*/( 8* /'(,(,-' 8* AC +)/*' '/ +//+*;(,+/: Lle%an )34ase de corrientes. L( /*( /;/' (*<' * (,(*/ 8* *8 *' )/,+/ 0 *(' /8/)/8/( )// /*( 8* /'(,(,-' ?* /;/' *'* 6# V /(/ 65 V /)>,/8/*'*. L( (,<,*'*( (' **)( 8* *(+/( 8* ;'*/ 8* /'(,(,-' /7*/ 8,@**'*( *' ( 0 *' 8;/. El %olta5e DC Torre de transmisin ,*'* ;'*/( *' )/*( *'
6.
TRN'(I'IÓN 1.
CON'IDERCIONE' ECONÓ(IC':
L/ **++,-' 8* *'(,-' *( <*'*/*'* */ )), 8* )0*+ 8* (,(*/ 0/ ?* * +( 8* / ;'*/ 8* /'(,(,-' *( (/*'* ' 8* ( +( @/+*( 8* ,)/'+,/ / +'(,8*/. E' ;'*/( ,)/'*( / **++,-' (* /+* * *8,/'* )*()*(( +)//,( 0 /'*( *()*+ / '/ 8**,'/8/ (*,* 8* /()*+( ?* ,'+0*' / /,8/8 8* *?,) )*(/'8 / 8*9,8/ /*'+,-' / /( *'(,'*( *>,(*'*( / /( +/,'*( 0 / ,'*+/9,/9,,8/8 8* *?,). T/*( +)//+,'*( *(/' 0 /9,(/( 0 (,@,+/' ' )<// +,8/8(/*'* )/'*/8. La eleccin de la tensin 7"eda 8eneralmente limitada dentro de m$r8enes relati%amente !e7"e9os !or la necesidad de conse8"ir "na re8"lacin satis4actoria sin !rodi8ar ecesi%amente el e7"i!o re8"lador. Esto de!ende en 8ran escala del n;mero de en ser transmitidos a "n n;mero determinado de ?ilmetros. E' <*'*/ 8*' '( ;,*( 8/8( 8* *'(,-' +' / ,(/ +/,8/8 8* +'(++,-' * +( 8* / ;'*/ (/ 8,(,'0* ,<*/*'* / /*'/ / *'(,-'. E( *( 8*9,8 / / *8++,-' +'(*<,8/ *' * )*( 8* +'8+ ?* *( <*'*/*'* * @/+ ( ,)/'* /'?* /*'* * +( 8* /,(/,*' ) /*' 8* *'(,-'. S,' *9/< 8,*(/( +'(,8*/+,'*( /*( + * *@*+ +'/ 0 / *(,(*'+,/ *+',+/ )*8*' /*/ *(/ +'+(,-' *-,+/. E +( 8* / ;'*/ (,' ,'+, * *?,) 8* (( *>*( ' *( )*( '/ <;/ (*< /. U'/ )/* 8* /0 +( 8* /( ;'*/( 8* *'(,'*( ( **/8/( *()*+,/*'* (, (* +'(,8*/' *'(,'*( 0 8,@**'*( (* 8*9* / / * +/,8/8 8* +'(++,-' 0 * (*,+, ?* <*'*/*'* /+)//' 0 +' /=-' (**' *>,<,(* / /( *'(,'*( ( **/8/(. &.
ECONO(Í DE LO' CONDUCTORE'
E +'8+ ( *+'-,+ (* 8**,'/ ) /'* (9* 8,*(/( (*++,'*( 0 *( /?* )// * +/ *(/ ;',/ / (/ 8* +( /'/ 8* /( )78,8/( 8* *'*<;/
0 8* /( +/,/+,-' , 8* / (*++,-' 8* +'8+ ( *+'-,+ *8,/'* /( (,<,*'*( @-/( *' /( +/*( * +( / ,'+0*'8 / **++,-' 0 '/* 0 /( /,/+,'*( *' * +( 8* /( *(+/( *( ,'+,8 *' +( ) ',8/8 8* )*( 8* +'8+. A(; *>)*(/8 * +( /'/ / 8* +'8+ )*8* *>)*(/(* *' '/ *+/+,-' / +/: C C( ) H,// 8* *'*<;/ )*8,8/ *(,(*'+,/ ) ',8/8 8* '<,8 I ,'*'(,8/8 8* / +,*'* ) +( ) ',8/8 8* )*( 8* +'8+ / /' ) +,*' 8* ,'*7( 0 /,=/+,-' )*( 8* / ',8/8 8* '<,8 8* +'8+.
E +( / /'/ *( E +'8+ ( *+'-,+ )// '/ +/
E( 8,@;+, // *' 8,'* /( *'//( * ,'+'*',*'*( 8* ( /,( ,)( 8* *(+/( 8* /)0 8* / /'*/ ?* / +)//+,-' 8* +(( /'/*( *>)*(* *8/8*/*'* * / */, / +/8/ ,). T/*( +)//+,'*( 8* +( 8*9*' (* *',8/( ) ,'+)*/( 0 (/*'* +'(,8*/8/( + ' 8* ( @/+*( 8* ,)/'+,/ / *'* *' +*'/ / /+* / **++,-'. P **) / +'(++,-'
@*>,9* / 9/(* 8* )(*( 8* /8*/ +' //='*( *' 0 *( 8* /+* 8* 9/(* *(*+/ *' (*',8 '<,8,'/ ?* ' *(' +/+/8/( )// *(,(, *' +/( 8* / 8* +'8+*( *(/ +/(, (,*)* ( 9/// ?* /( *(+/( ;<,8/( )0*+/8/( )// *(,(, *' +/( 8* / 8* ' +'8+ (,' *9/< /'?* 8* *>+**'* (*,+, *' +( +/(( / +'(++,-' @*>,9* ' / (,8 /+*)/8/ )// /( ;'*/( ( ,)/'*(. ).
LON-ITUD DEL ,NO
P// / +'(++,-' 8* ;'*/( *+/( * +( *' +*()'8* <*'*/*'* / /'( ( /<( 8* ?* (* / +'(,8*/8 /+*)/9* *' / )+,+/. E' ( ,( /( / '<,8 8* ( /'( / (,8 /*'/8/ </8/*'* / *8,8/ ?* */' *(8,/8( 0 *(*( *-,+/*'* 0 *>)*,*'/8( )+,+/*'* )9*/( /*( + ( 8*9,8( / (+,/+,'*( 8*)-(,( 8* ,* ,9/+,'*( 0 8*(*?,,9, 8* *'(,'*(. C' /'( 0 /<( / *+';/ *(/ )*?*/ ) '*+*(,/(* /0*( +,8/8( *' * )0*+ 8,()(,+,-' 0 +'(++,-'. .
TEN'IÓN (EC2NIC DE LO' CONDUCTORE'
E ( 8* +'8+*( 8* 0 // *(,(*'+,/ *+',+/ 0 / /8,(,-' 8* *(@*=( **/8( 8* *'(,-' *+',+/ +'8+* / / /8)+,-' 8* /( /<( +' / +*()'8,*'* 8,(,'+,-' 8* '* 8* *(+/( 8* /)0 0 @'8/+,'*( (,*'8 <*'*/*'* ( *'/( *' ( +/(( *' ?* /( @'8/+,'*( 0 *(+/( (' 0 +//(. L/ *'// 8* ( /( /<( (* 9,*'* (,' *9/< / *>)*'(/( 8* *(+/( ( +((/( '*+*(/,/( )// ((*'* * +'8+ *' +/( 8* /. E' +'8,+,'*( (/*( ' *(8, +)//, 8*(/ <*'*/*'* ?* / *+';/ 8* ( /( /<( (* /+/'=/ * /*'/'8 / // 8* /( *(+/( 8* /)0 ?* ) * ( 8* +'8+*( 8* 0 // *(,(*'+,/ *+',+/. E' ='/( +)/+/( 8'8* *>,(*' +( '<( 0 (* '*+*(,/' *(+/( //( )// +=/ ) *'+,/ 8* 9(+( )*8* *(/ *+'-,+ /8)/ *(@*=( 8* *'(,-' 8* +'8+ ,'@*,*( / ( '/*(. 6.
LTUR DE L' E'TRUCTUR' DE /OBO
E /*' 8* +( 8*9,8 / ' /*' 8*/8 8* / // 8* /( *( ' *( /' **/8 + <*'*/*'* (* ()'*. .
OTRO' DTO' DEL CO'TO
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E0ECTO CORON
E *@*+ +'/ (* )*(*'/ +/'8 * )*'+,/ 8* ' +'8+ *' * /,* (* **/ /(/ /*( /*( ?* (9*)/(/' / ,<,8*= 8,*7+,+/ 8* /,* ?* 8*/ / +'8+. E *@*+ +'/ (* /',@,*(/ ) ,',(+*'+,/( )*'/+( /=/8( ?* /)/*+*' /*8*8 8* +'8+ ( *'( +'+*'/8( *' /( ,*</,8/8*( 8* ( ()*@,+,*. L/ 8*(+/, 8* 3$ HK+ ?* +*()'8* / 21.1 HK+ (,'(,8/. E' * +/( 8* /( ;'*/( /7*/( 8* /'(,(,-' 8* *'*<;/( (* / 8*(/8 ?* * @*'-*' 8*)*'8* 8* /8, 8* +'8+. E / 8* </8,*'*
8* )*'+,/ )// * +/ /)/*+* / ,',=/+,-' *' / ()*@,+,* 8* +'8+ (* // </8,*'* ()*@,+,/ +;,+ 0 /,( ,'*(,,(*' @-/( ?* '( (,',(/' *(* / *' @'+,-' 8* / )*(,-' 9/7,+/ 0 / *)*// /9,*'*. P* *(/( @-/( (,*' )// +'8+*( 8* (*++,-' +,+/ 0 )*@*+/*'* ,(/. L( +'8+*( 8* ;'*/( /7*/( *(' @/8( ) /,( //9*( +/9*/8( 0 *'/8( *' 7,+* 0 ,*'*' /()/8/( )),/( 8* ( @/9,+/+,-' * ,'(//+,-'. E( /+* /*'/ * </8,*'* +;,+ ) *'+,/ 8* /( *(,/+,'*( *-,+/(. L( @*'-*'( 8*(+,)( *' @/ (*/ /(/ /?; '( )*,*' /@,/ ?* / ()*@,+,* 8* ' +'8+ ,9*/ ,'*( 8* /9( (,<'(. C / *'(,-' *( /*'/ /<'( (' //;8( /+,/ * +'8+ +'@* ( )/,8/8 *' * *' *' ?* (* +'(,8** ,*'/( ?* ( (' *+/=/8( 0 (* /*/' /+,/ 7+/( '*/( )// @/ ,'*( )*(/8(. L( ?* (* /*/' 8*9,8 / ?* 8,(,'0* * </8,*'*. A +/9,/ / )/,8/8 8* +'8+ (* *,',+,/ / ,',=/+,-' ) +?*. E(/ ,<*/ 8*(+,)+,-' ,'8,+/ ) ' /8 ?* / *'*<;/ '*+*(/,/ )// )8+, / ,',=/+,-' 0 ) / '*+*(/,/ )// )8+, ( ,,*'( 8* /( +/
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(NTENI(IENTO LINE' DE TRN'(I'ION
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1.
LÍNE ,I,
E /9/ *' ;'*/ ,/ (* */,=/ +' '/ +/8,/ <) 8* +/ +,'+ )*/,( ( +/*( 8*9*' )*(*'/ ' / </8 8* +8,'/+,-' 0 /9,,8/8 /'/ /(; + (* )*('/( 8* *)*/*' /'?, /8*( *(( )*/,( (' +/)/+,/8( 0 *'*'/8( )// */,=/ *(* ,) 8* /9/. E /'*',,*' *' ;'*/ ,/ (,*)* (* 8*9* */,=/ *' +,+,( ,9*( 8* @//( 0 *' +'8,+,'*( +,,+/( /8*+/8/( *( 8*+, ?* * ,*) ' ,'8,?* )(,9*( ,/( * +/ +/'/(,/ (* 8*9* *'+'/ )*@*+/*'* /,(/8 0 8*9* (* /',)/8 ',+/*'* ) * )*/, *'*'/8 )// */,=/ *(/ /+,,8/8. P// * /'*',,*' 8* *8*( 8* 8,(,9+,-' *' ;'*/ ,/ *>,(* ' *'+/
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I'L(IENTO DE L' LÍNE'
E @'+,'/,*' 8* '/ ;'*/ 8* /'(,(,-' 8*)*'8* *' </' *(+// 8* ( /,(/,*'. E' 9*'/ )+,+/ (* *?,** ?* / *'(,-' 8* /+ *' (*+ 8* ( /,(/8*( +)*( (*/ 8* *( / +,'+ *+*( /0 ?* / *'(,-' ','/ 8* @'+,'/,*' 0 ?* / '<,8 8* / ;'*/ 8* @,/8/*'* * 89* 8* / *' 8,(/'+,/ *'* )'( +' *'(,'*( * /,*. L/( 8*'/( ,*'/+,'*( ,*'8*' /+,/ ( ;,*( ()*,*( *()*+,/*'* +/'8 (* // 8* *'(,'*( 0 **/8/(. L( +/(( *()*+,/*( 8* ',*9/( (/,'/( )( /,* ?;,+/*'* +/+*)+,-' 8* /0 +/*(?,*/ ?* (*/' /( +'8,+,'*( 8* *8/8 *)*// ,/ ',** 0 +' / +/',8/8 8* ) ?* /9,/*'* (* /+/ /(/ (* ,),/8/ ) /( ,/(. ).
(TERILE' I'LNTE'
L( /,(/8*( (* +'(0*' +' ,8, )/(/( W+)'8X )/*'/8/( 0 )+*/'/. P// ;'*/( 8* /'(,(,-' ( /,(/8*( 8* ,8, ( (' *+*'8/9*( (, *(' +'(,8( +' ,8, *()*+,/ *(,(*'* / +/ / + * P;*>. L( )8+( <',+( ,'+0*'8 ( +)*(( )/(/ W+)'8X 8* ,<*' <',+ ' *(,(*' / /++,-' )'
*'(,'*( *()*+,/*'* (, *(' *>)*(( / / ,'*)*,* ) +/ ( ( ?*8/ ,,/8 / ,'(//+,'*( 8* 9// *'(,-' / ,'*, 8* *8,@,+,(. .
I'LDORE' DE 'O/ORTE O I'LDORE' RÍ-IDO'
E(( /,(/8*( (* +'(0*' )// *'(,'*( 8* /+ /(/ 2$$ H / 6$ = (, 9,*' *( / (/( )// *'(,'*( 8* /+ ()*,*( / 1!$ H *'(,-' ','/ 5 H. E(( ,( (' *?,/*'*( *' *'(,-' 8* /+ / /< *'( 8* *( ***'( 8* +/8*'/ 8* (()*'(,-' 8* ,) 8* 5 Y 8* )
I'LDORE' DE 'U'/EN'IÓN
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I'LDOR /IREF
E /,(/8 8* (()*'(,-' 8* +/)*=/ 0 )*' +' 8,(+ P,*> *)*/ '/ /*/+,-' *,+/ *' ((,+,-' 8* +**'. L( +'(+*( /@,/' ?* </+,/( / *(8, 8* / 8,(,9+,-' 8* *(@*=( ?* ( *( )(,9* ) / /'()/*'+,/ 8* (**/'* /*,/ 0 /9,7' ) * +,8/8( //,*' 7,+ *(( /,(/8*( /+/'=/' *(@*=( 8* /++,-' )->,( / 89* 8* ( +'(*<,8( +' ( /,(/8*( +,*'*( 8* ,) 8* +/)*=/ 0 )*'.
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I'LDORE' DE TEN'IÓN O (RRE
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0 +'+,8/( ) ( 8*','/+,-' ,'<*(/ W0H*X. S* +'(0*' ),*=/( 8* *(/ +/(* )// 89* 0 ,)* +/8*'/ + /++*(,( */*( +,*'*( 8* /,(/8*(. P// *(@*=( ()*,*( (*;/ )*+,( ' *(8, *()*+,/.
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11
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1J. /ROCEDI(IENTO' E'/ECILE' 1.
L,DO DE I'LDORE'
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0I-UR H: Tornillos corroídos en el c"er!o de torre.
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1: islador de !orcelana con descar8a A ca!er"#a !er4orada.
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1.
NI,EL DE I'L(IENTO DE L' LÍNE'
E ',* 8* /,(/,*' (* 8*@,'* ) /( *'(,'*( ()/8/( 9/ ,/ / 5$ = 8/'* ' ,' 0 +' '8/ 8* ,)( 8* 1.2K5$ ,+(*<'8( (*<' N/( 8* / C,(,-' E*+*+',/ I'*'/+,'/. L( ',**( 8* /,(/,*' ;',( +*()'8,*'* / / *'(,-' ( **/8/ 8* / ;'*/ (*' (/8( *' / /9/ (,<,*'*:
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0 8;/ (* *( 8* /+*8 *' ?* )// ?* / )*++,-' +' +/9*( 8* ,*/ (*/ *@*+,/ *( '*+*(/, ?* *(( +/9*( /)/'/*' / 8( ( +'8+*( 8* / ;'*/ ?* / *(,(*'+,/ 8* )*(/ / ,*/ (*/ 9// ?* * /,(/,*' (*/ */,/*'* **/8 0 ?* *' <*'*/ / 8,(/'+,/ *'* ( +/9*( 8* ,*/ 0 ( 8* ;'*/ (*/ /< /0 8* / ?* (* /+(9/9/ /+* /<'( /(.
0I-UR 1: CONDUCTORE' KREO' TIERR
1. NOR(' RE-L(ENTRI' TEN'IONE' :S* *',*'8* ) W*'(,-' ','/X * / +'*'+,'/ 8* / *'(,-' *@,+/= *'* @/(*( +' ?* (* 8*(,<'/ / ;'*/ 0 / / +/ (* *@,**' 8**,'/8/( +//+*;(,+/( 8* @'+,'/,*' 0 ) W*'(,-' ( **/8/X 8* / ;'*/ / /0 / 8* *'(,-' *@,+/= *'* @/(*( ?* )*8* )*(*'/(* *' ' ,'(/'* *' ' )' +/?,*/ 8* / ;'*/ *' +'8,+,'*( '/*( 8* *>)/+,-' (,' +'(,8*/ /,/+,'*( 8* *'(,-' 8* +/ 8/+,-' 8*9,8/( / 8*@*+( / 8*(+'*>,'*( 9(+/( 8* +/*'(,-' 8* '/ *8 0/ *>,(*'* )8 /8,,(* / ,,=/+,-' 8* '/ *'(,-' ','/ 8,@**'* 8* /( /'*,*'* (*//8/(. D* *'* */( (* *+,*'8/ / ,,=/+,-' 8* /( *'(,'*( ?* / +','/+,-' (* ,'8,+/': 2$ 66 132 22$ 0 3!$ V.
NOT: C/9* 8*(/+/ ?* *' '*( )/;( ' (* ,,=/ / *'(,-' 8* 3!$ V (,' ?* (* )/(/ 8,*+/*'* 8* 22$ V / 5$$ V. S*<' ,'8,+/8 *' * +/8 /'*, /( ;'*/( ?*8/' +/(,@,+/8/( *' / (,<,*'* @/: •
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LÍNE' KRE' DE LT TEN'IÓN
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
0I-UR 1:
TORRE' DE LT TEN'IÓN
0I-UR 1G
0I-UR 1H: TORRE DE RETENCIÓN N-ULR
0I-UR &J : TORRE DE 'U'/EN'IÓN (ET2LIC
E' / @,</ 1# *'*( / (,*/ 8* '/ * / )/'* 8* **'+,-'.E' / @,</ 2$ *'*( '/ * 8* (()*'(,-' /,*'8/8/ ?* *( ( *+'-,+/. E' 8( ( +/(( /( @'8/+,'*( *)*(*'/' ' )/)* ,)/'* *' / (*<,8/8 0 *' * +( 8* '/ ;'*/ 8* /'(,(,-' 0 8*9*' )*,, / @+, ++/+,-' 8* /( /( 8* ,*/ ?* *( *' / @,</ 21.
0I-UR &1: COLOCCIÓN DE TO(' DE TIERR
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
L/ ),*/ +,@/ *( / (*++,-' , 8* /,', 0 ?* +'8+* / +,*'*. L/ (*<'8/ *( * /+*. E( 0 +' ?* )// +/8/ @/(* (* ,,+* ( 8* ' +'8+. E' /( @,</( 1# 0 2$ (* )*8* /)*+,/ ?* +/8/ @/(* (* +)'* 8* 4 +'8+*( + ( 8* / @,</ 15. E( /+* '*+*(/, * *)* 8* /++*(,( *,+( / (**;/ </)*;/ ?* *' *'(,'*( 0 // *?,**' ' 8*,+/8 8,(*.
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0I-UR &): E+E(/LO DE TR /R EL CRUCE DE UN RÍO
U'/ ;'*/ ,)/'* 8* /'(,(,-' 8* *'*<;/ *( '/ 9/ 8* ,'<*',*;/ ?* ,*'* + ?* * +' / ,'<*',*;/ *7+,+/ 0 / ,'<*',*;/ +,,. C/'8 (* 8*+,8* **+/ *(/ 9/ *'* 8( )'( 8,(/'*( ),* ?* (* 8*9* *>/,'/ *( / /=/ (*/ * *+,8. E( ,),+/ ' +,8/8( *(8, )<@,+ )// *'+'/ / * (+,-' ' +' * *(8, 8* (*( )// )8* 8,*'(,'/ /( @'8/+,'*(. C' ( ***'( (* ),,=/ * )9*/ 0 (* 8**,'/ * /' *+'-,+ ?* (* / 8* (/ ?* /+* ;', * +(. E' / @,</ 23 *( ' **) 8* /=/ *' ?* )// * ++* 8* ' ; 0 / (9,8/ 8* '/ (,*/ /0 ?* /8/)/(* / **' ?* 9,/+ 8'8* (* ,'(/// +/8/ *. S* *,/' ( +/9,( 8* 8,*++,-' )?* * 9,
*>)*( / ,*' @*+* '/ ()*@,+,* /*/ /)*+,/9*. T8( *(( 8*@*+( (/8( +)'*' /( (,+,/+,'*( (9* / *. P / )/* * )0*+ 8* '/ ;'*/ ,),+/ * /8*+/8 8,(* 8* , +'8+ ?* *( '/ +/*'/,/ ?* (* *(/ *' * **) 8* / @,</ 25 *' ?* * , +'8+ /)/*+* (()*'8,8 *'* 8( )'( 8* 8,(,'/ +/. L/ 8,(/'+,/ *'* * )' ( **/8 0 * )' ( 9/ (* // @*+/ 0 *( ' '* ,)/'* (*/ )// * 8,*'(,'/8 8* +'8+ + *' ( /9/( 8* ,'(//+,-' 0 '/*.
0I-UR &: CROUI' DE UN TORRE
C / *)*// 8* /9/ +/9,/ ,( ?* * ,*' / ?* *( (*,8 * +'8+ / @*+/ *( ' '* /,/9*. L/ *;/ 8* *(/( +/*'/,/( )*,* +'+* * / 8* / *'(,-' T> *' +/8/ )' 8* ( *+,8 & +/(,'/8/ ) (( +)'*'*( ,='/*( 0 *,+/*( +' +/ (* 8**,'/ / (*++,-' *(,(*'* 0 * / 8* / *'(,-' T *' * )' 8* /)0 )*,* +'+* * *(@*= ?* /(,*' / / </)*;/ 8* (*+,-' / / *.
0I-UR &6: DECUDO DI'EO DE ILO CONDUCTOR
0UNDCIONE' DE TIERR: L( /'+/*( 8* /+* ++/8( +' **(,,*'( 8* )*++,-' (' *+'-,+( 0 (* /' (/8( +' 7>, )// *( 8* ((*'/+,-' /,'*/+,-'. E ,) ( (/,(@/+, 8* /'+/* 8* /+* *( * ),/,8/ 9,*' (*/ ,/'</ 9,*' (*/ +/8/8 +'(,8 +' ,* '< 0 +' '/ */ /9'/8/ *' / +// ,'*,. L( /'+/*( 8* /+*
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RE,E'TI(IENTO' DE /ROTECCIÓN /R E'TRUCTUR' DE CERO
G//',=/+,-' : P// /( ;'*/( 8* /'(,(,-' 8* ,)/'+,/ *' /( ?* (* 8*(*/ '/ /
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CCE'ORIO' /R L' LÍNE'
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16. CONCLU'IONE'
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M*8,/'* * )*(*'* ,'@* )8 8*/ *' +/ ?* * @'+,'/,*' 8* '/ ;'*/ 8* /'(,(,-' 8*)*'8* 8* +( @/+*( ' (- +'(+, /,(/,*' 8* ( +'8+*( ,)( 8* * (,' /9,7' (+,*+'-,+(. P +/ (* 8*9*' *@*+/ 8,*(( *(8,( )// )8* */,=/ ' +*+ )0*+ 8* '/ ;'*/ 8**,'/8/. T/9,7' *( 8* (/ ,)/'+,/ *(8,/ 8 * *,, ) 8'8* )/(/ / ;'*/ 0/ ?* (, *' * /'(+( 8* *(/ (* *'+*'/ '/ ='/ 9/'/ 0 +'+,8/ (* 8*9* /8)/ '/ ;'*/ (9*'*/ ) (* *' *(( +/(( / ( +'*',*'* ) /='*( 8* (*<,8/8. O @/+ ,)/'* ?* (* 8*9* 8*(/+/ *( * 8* )*<* / ;'*/ +'/ @/+*( *>*'( * ,'*'( 0/ ?* *(( 8**,'/' *' </' *8,8/ * *'8,,*' +',' 0 /8*+/8 8* / ,(/. C )/* 8* / -),/ )*(/+,-' 8* (*,+, ) )/* 8* /( *)*(/( 8,(,9,8/( 8* *'*<;/ *7+,+/ *( ,'8,()*'(/9* / /),+/+,-' 8* )<//( 8* /'*',,*' 8,,<,8 /( *8*( 8* /'(,(,-'.
