MAKALAH TEKNOLOGI SEDIAAN FARMASI FARMASI EKSIPIEN DALAM SEDIAAN SEMI SOLID
Disusun Oleh : Rezky Bela Putri
(G1F014007)
Yulia Febrianti
(G1F014013)
Dina a!i "ru! #estari
(G1F01401$)
u%i Ra!a&hani
(G1F0140'3)
lin Buna *urani
(G1F014031)
Den&y "rikasan&i
(G1F014047)
+atarina
(G1F0140,1)
-uha!!a& Y. Y.ie Pr Prast./.
(G1F0140,3)
+elas : "
JURUSAN FARMASI FAKULTAS ILMU-ILMU KESEHATAN UNIVERSITAS UNIVERSITAS JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN PURWOKERTO 2016
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BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
" #ata #atarr Belak Belakan an eirin eirin &enan &enan se!akin se!akin berke!b berke!bann annya ya sains sains &an tekn.l. tekn.l.i i 2erke!banan &i &unia ar!asi 2un tak ketinalan e!akin hari se!akin se!akin banyak enis 2enyakit yan !un%ul Perke!banan Perke!banan 2en.batan 2un terus &ike!bankan Berbaai !a%a! bentuk se&iaan .bat baik itu li5ui& s.li& &an se!i s.li& telah &ike!bankan .leh ahli ar!asi &an in&ustri Penunaan suatu eksi2ien &ala! se&iaan ar!asi &ilakukan ber&asarkan karakteristiknya %.nt.hnya eksi2ien untuk tablet enterik harus harus !e!ilik !e!ilikii siat siat yan tahan tahan terha&a terha&a2 2 26 la!bun la!bun Pe!aha! Pe!aha!an an terha&a2 karakteristik tia2 eksi2ien sanat 2entin &ala! suatu taha2 .r!ulasi !isalnya suatu eksi2ien tablet enterik harus !e!iliki siat yan sensiti terha&a2 26 basa se&ankan untuk se&iaan el &i2erlukan eksi2ien yan !e!iliki &aya !enyera2 air &an !ene!ban baik aar &i&a2atkan siat el yan baik "hli ar!asi !ene!bankan .bat untuk 2e!enuhan kebutuhan !asyarakat yan bertuuan untuk !e!berikan eek tera2i .bat &.sis yan sesuai untuk &ik.nsu!si .leh !asyarakat +elebihan &ari se&iaan se!i s.li& yaitu 2raktis !u&ah &iunakan 2a&a baian luar tubuh serta &a2at !eninkatkan ke2atuhan 2asien &ala! 2enunaannya e&iaan se!i se!i s.li& s.li& !e!ili !e!iliki ki kekuran kekuranan an salah salah satu &iantar &iantarany anyaa yaitu yaitu !u&ah !u&ah &itu!buhi &itu!buhi !ikr.ba !ikr.ba ntuk !e!ini!alisir !e!ini!alisir kekuranan tersebut tersebut 2ara ahli ar!asis harus bisa !e!.r!ulasikan &an !e!2r.&uksi se&iaan se%ara te2at te2at Denan Denan &e!ikia &e!ikian n ar!asis ar!asis harus harus !enet !enetahui ahui lankah lankah8lan 8lankah kah yan te2at untuk !e!ini!alisir !e!ini!alisir kea&ian yan ti&ak &iininkan Denan %ara !enentukan .r!ulasi yan baik &an benar &enan !e!2erhatikan k.n k.nsent entrasi asi
serta rta
karak rakteris ristik
bah bahan
yan
&i &iuna unakan kan
&an &an
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• •
"2akah 2eran &an %.nt.h eksi2ien &ala! se&iaan se!i s.li&9 "2akah unsi eksi2ien &ala! suatu .r!ula se&iaan se!i s.li&9
;uua uan -enetahui 2eran &an %.nt.h eksi2ien &ala! se&iaan se!i s.li& • -enetahui unsi eksi2ien &ala! suatu .r!ula se&iaan se!i s.li& •
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PEMBAHASAN
" Dein Deinisi isi ksi2 ksi2ie ien n ksi2ien atau bahan 2en.l.n a&alah !ateri yan ter&a2at &ala! .bat na!un ti&ak !e!iliki zat akti Funsinya a&alah sebaai 2e!ba/a atau 2elarut zat akti sehina !e!unkinkan 2enya!2aian .bat ksi2ien !eninkatkan kualitas isik .bat &enan !e!2enaruhi !e!2enaruhi trans2.rt .bat &ala! tubuh !en%eah keru kerusa saka kan n
sebe sebelu lu! !
sa! sa!2ai 2ai
ke
sasa sasara ran n
!enin enink kat atka kan n
kela kelaru ruta tan n
&an &an
bi.a
=) ksi2ien a&alah zat ta!bahan yan ti&ak !e!2unyai eek ar!ak.l.i -a%a!8! -a%a!8!a%a! a%a! unsi unsi &an %.nt.h %.nt.h eksi2ie eksi2ien n yaitu yaitu 2enyalut 2enyalut 2eli%in 2eli%in 2enisi 2enisi 2enhan%ur 2e/arna 2e!anis 2enikat &an 2ena/et +riteria eksi2ien yaitu harus netral se%ara isi.l.is stabil ti&ak !e!2enaruhi bi.a=) ksi2ien ksi2ien ar!asetika ar!asetika a&alah bahan (substansi) yan ter&a2at &ala! 2r.ses 2e!buatan se&iaan yan ti&ak !e!iliki akti>) : • 1 -e!2en -e!2enaruh aruhii trans2. trans2.rt rt .bat .bat &ala! &ala! tubuh tubuh ' -en%eah -en%eah .bat ru&ak ru&ak sebelu! sebelu! sa!2ai sa!2ai ke taret taret 3 -eninka -eninkatkan tkan kelar kelarutan utan &an &an bi.a -en%e -en%eah ah &is.s &is.sia iasi si zat zat akti akti = -e!2 -e!2erb erbaik aikii 2ena!2 2ena!2il ilan an se&iaa se&iaan n ksi2ien 2entin karena (#ieber!an 1=>>) : • 1 ntuk ntuk kea! kea!an anan an
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(#ieber!an 1=>>) : 1 ' 3 4 $
tabil tabilitas itas 2r.&u 2r.&uk k teruta! teruta!aa ika ter&a2a ter&a2att air Pr.&uk &uk a&i Pr.s Pr.ses es 2el 2ele2 e2as asan an .ba .batt -e!2en -e!2enaruh aruhii akti>) : • 1 -eni -enin nka katk tkan an la lau u alir alir ' +.! +.!2res 2ressi sibi bili lita tass 3 Penh Penh.! .!.e .eni nisas sasian ian !assa !assa 4 -enin -eninka katka tkan n kelar kelaruta utan n $ -eninka -eninkatkan tkan sensiti sensitiita itass lubrikan lubrikan , eba ebaai ai su2er su2er&i &isin sinte teran ran 7 -enu -enuba bah h 2r.i 2r.ill lau lau &is. &is.lus lusii .82r.%esse& %.!2.un& (#ieber!an 1=>>) : • 1 -enu -enura rani ni siat siat lenk lenket et ' -enin -eninka katka tkan n ret retens ensii air air 3 -en. -en.nt ntr.l r.l kan&u kan&una nan n u&ar u&araa 4 -eninka -eninkatkan tkan 2r.se 2r.sess 2e!basa 2e!basahan han &an &an kelaruta kelarutan n $ -ena! -ena!ba bah h hi&r hi&r.. ..bis bisit itas as
B Funsi Funsi &an .nt.h .nt.h ksi2i ksi2ien en Funsi eksi2ien u!u! • ksi2ien atau bahan 2en.l.n a&alah !ateri yan ter&a2at &ala! .bat na!un ti&ak !e!iliki zat akti Funsinya a&alah sebaai 2e!ba/a atau 2elarut zat akti sehina !e!unkinkan 2enya!2aian .bat ksi2ien !enink !eninkatka atkan n kualita kualitass isik isik .bat &enan &enan !e!2en !e!2enaruh aruhii trans2. trans2.rt rt .bat &ala &ala! !
tubu tubuh h !en%e en%ea ah h
keru kerusa saka kan n
sebe sebelu lu! !
sa! sa!2ai 2ai
ke sasa sasara ran n
!eninkatkan kelarutan &an bi.a
1==4) Funsi eksi2ien se!i s.li&
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Berunsi sebaai 2e!ba/a untuk !elarutkan suatu enis .bat atau lebi lebih h yan yan ke!u&i ke!u&ian an &iun &iunaka akan n seba sebaai ai .bat .bat &ala! &ala! .bat .bat luar luar !au2un untuk &i!asukkan ke &ala! r.na tubuh (De2kes R? 1=7>) b) Penental Bahan 2enental &iunakan aar &i2er.leh struktur yan lebih kental (!eninkatkan
serta
2.li!er
sintetik
se2erti
karb.2.l
(karb.!er
karb.ksi2.li!etilen) ("nsel '00$) %) Pe!ba/a 1) Basis Basis hi&r.kar hi&r.karb.n b.n se2ert se2ertii baian !ala! 2utih %a!2uran 30 baian !ala! kunin &an 70 baian !inyak /ien 3) Basis yan &a2at &a2at &i%u%i &enan air air !isalnya !isalnya e!ulsi !inyak &ala! air (-C") 4) Basis larut &ala! &ala! air air !isalnya !isalnya PG PG atau atau %a!2urannya %a!2urannya (ya!suni '00,) &) Pena/ na/et et Berunsi sebaai sebaai 2elin&un se&iaan se!i s.li& khususnya yan yan !enan& !enan&un un se&iaan se&iaan yan yan ter&iri ter&iri &ari air terha&a2 terha&a2 seranan seranan !ikr.ba (ya!suni '00,) e) !ul ulat.r !ul !ulat at.r .r a&ala a&alah h suatu suatu bahan bahan yan yan &ala! &ala! strukt strukturn urnya ya !e!i !e!ili liki ki baian yan ly.ilik !au2un ly..bik yan !a!2u !enak.!.&asi &r.2 &r.2le let8 t8&r &r.2 .2le lett %air %airan an yan yan ti&a ti&ak k sali salin n %a!2 %a!2ur ur untu untuk k &a2a &a2att ter&i ter&is2e s2ersi rsi &ena &enan n stabi stabil l .nt. .nt.h h &ari &ari e!ul e!ulat at.r .r a&ala a&alah: h: Pul
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Funsi : -e!2erla!bat 2enen&a2an !en%eah 2enurunan 2artikel &an !en%eah 2enu!2alan resin &an bahan berle!ak us2en&n aent bekera &enan %ara !eninkatkan kekentalan +ekentalan yan berlebihan akan !e!2ersulit rek.nstitusi &enan 2en.%.kan us2ensi yan baik !e!2unyai kekentalan yan se&an &an 2artikel yan yan terlin& terlin&un un &ari u!2alanC u!2alanCal al.!e .!erasi rasi 6al ini &a2at &a2at &i%a2ai &i%a2ai &enan !en%eah !uatan 2artikel biasanya biasanya !uatan 2artikel a&a 2a&a !e&ia !e&ia air atau se&iaan se&iaan hi&r.il hi&r.il .nt.h .nt.h sus22en& sus22en&in in aent yaitu .!arab traakan stra%h karaen *a- *a alinat (#a%h!an 1==4) ) 6u!e u!ektan tan 6u!ektan yan &ita!bahkan &ala! suatu 2r.&uk berunsi sebaai 2enikat air yan !a!2u !eninkatkan !enin katkan kek.!2akkan kek .!2akkan ikatan ikata n arinan !atriks (ikatan hi&r.en) sehina akan !eninkatkan ka&ar air &ari 2r.&uk ("r
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*a!a Res!i *a!a #ain Pe!erian
: "ethan.lu! "ethan.lu! : tan.l alk.h.l : a airan ta tak be ber/arna e ernih !u !u&ah !e !enua2 &a &an !u&ah u&ah ber berer erak ak bau bau khas khas rasa rasa 2ana 2anas s -u&a -u&ah h terbakar &enan !e!berikan nyala biru yan ti&ak
+elarutan +elarutan
berasa2 : anat !u&ah larut &ala! air &ala! kl.r..r! P
B.b.t Aenis ;itik &i&ih ;itik lebur 2+a Penyi nyi!2ana 2anan n
&an &ala! eter P : 0>11= sa!2ai 0>13 : 7 > ' = E : 811414 : 1$= : Dala! /a&ah tertu rtutu2 ra2a a2at terlin&un n&un &ari ari
%ahaya &ite!2at seuk auh &ari nyala a2i +euntunan ("nie '00') : "lk.h.l ren&ah &a2at larut &ala! air &enan ti&ak terbatas • ;itik &i&ih !au2un kelarutan alk.h.l &ala! air %uku2 tini • Penuran rasa sakit • +eruian ("nie '00') : • •
-u&ah !enua2 ;i&ak tahan 2anas
b) "ir
Pe!erian
: airan ernih ti&ak ber/arna ti&ak berbau ti&ak !e!2unyai rasa (De2kes R? 1=7=)
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+euntunan (+ari! '014) : • •
#e!butClunak &an elastis sehina !e!ini!alkan iritasi ;eanan 2er!ukaan yan ren&ah &iban&in %airan bi.l.i &an arinan sehina !e!ini!alkan kekuatan a&s.rbsi a&s .rbsi 2r.tein &an a&hesi sel
+eruiannya (+ari! '014) : •
"2abila &iberikan se%ara ti&ak hati8hati &an se%ara sebaian8
•
sebaian akan !enakibatkan k.nta!inasi !ikr.ba Pena!bahan air se%ara berlebihan &a2at !e!2enaruhi stabilitas &ari bebera2a kri!
' Penen ental a) Gela Gelati tin n (R./ (R./e e '00 '00=) =)
Pe!erian
: e e&ikit ber berbau &an &an ber berasa be/ be/arna 2ut 2utihC kre kre! 2utih berbentuk ranul +erin stabil &i u&ara teta2i terurai .leh !ikr.ba ika le!bab atau &ala! bentuk
+elarut +elarutan an
larutan : ;i&ak ;i&ak larut larut &ala! &ala! air &inin &inin !ene! !ene!ban ban &an lunak bila &i%elu2kan &ala! air 2anas &an &ala! asa! asetat &an &ala! %a!2uran liserin &an air
26 +.nsentrasi tabilitas
serta ti&ak larut &ala! etan.l : 3>87, : '0 : Gelatin kerin stabil &ala! air
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•
Da2at !enurani resik. 2enyakit kanker kulit yan &iti!bulkan &ari &ari 2en 2enuna unaan an bahan bahan 2enen 2enental tal .l.n .l.nan an akril akrila! a!i& i& &ala! &ala!
•
anka /aktu 2anan 2anan ela ela! !a tran trans s.r .r! !asi asi &ari &ari bent bentuk uk s.l s.l !en !ena& a&ii el el ter tera& a&ii 2eninkatan
elastisitas
&enan
2eninkatan
k.nsentrasi
2e!bentukan el +ekuranan ("nsel 1=>=) : • •
Bentuk struktur el resisten terha&a2 2erubahan De.r!asi &an !e!2unyai aliran
b) Parain
Pe!erian
: 6ablur te te!bus %a %ahaya at atau a aak bu bura! ti ti&ak ber/arna atau 2utih ti&ak berbau ti&ak berasa aak a ak ber!inyak (De2kes R? 1==$) 1==$ )
+elarutan
: ;i&ak larut &ala! air &an &ala! etan.l !u&ah larut &ala! kl.r..r! &ala! eter &la! !inyak !enua2 &ala! ha!2er se!ua enis !inyak le!ak hanat sukar larut &la! etan.l !utlak (De2kes R?
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+eruian (@a&e 1==4) :
•
anat lenket 2a&a kulit &an sukar &i%u%i -u&ah tenik karena .ksi&asi kuran sesuai &enan k.n&isi kulit
•
&an &a2at !enyebabkan iritasi Da2at ter.ksi&asi .leh 2anas &an %ahaya
•
3 Pe!ba/a a) "&e2s "&e2s #anae #anae C #e!ak #e!ak Bulu Bulu D.!ba D.!ba C #an.l #an.lin in Pe!eria Pe!erian n : -assa -assa se2erti se2erti le!ak le!ak lenket lenket /arna /arna kuni kuni bau +elarutan +elarutan
khas : ;i&ak ;i&ak larut &ala! air &a2at ber%a!2ur ber%a!2ur &enan air lebih kuran ' kali beratnya aak sukar larut &ala! etan.l &inin lebih larut &ala! etan.l 2anas !u&ah
;itik lebur Penyi!2anan Penyi!2anan
larut &ala! eter &an &ala! kl.r..r! : 3>844 : Dala! /a&ah tertutu2 baik sebaiknya sebaiknya 2a&a suhu ka!ar terken&ali
(De2kes R? 1==$) ?nk.!2a ?nk.!2atibi tibilit litas as : #an.li #an.lin n !unkin !unkin !enan& !enan&un un 2r..ksi& 2r..ksi&an an yan yan &a2at !e!2enaruhi stabilitas bahan akti .bat (R./e '00=) +euntunan ("nsel 1=>=) : -eninkatkan siat sera2 air • -e!u&ahkan sale2 !elekat 2a&a !uk.sa yan basah • +eruian ("n.ni! 1=7>) : •
Praktis ti&ak larut &ala! air aar sukar larut &ala! etan.l
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atsi atsiri ri 2rakt 2raktis is ti&a ti&ak k larut larut &al! &al! etan. etan.ll &inin &inin &an &an etan.l 2anas &an &ala! etan.l !utlak &inin ;itik lebur : 3>8,0 Peny enyi!2a i!2ana nan n : Dal Dala! a! /a&ah a&ah tert tertut utu2 u2 baik baik +euntunan ("si '01') : -e!2er2anan k.ntak bahan .bat &enan kulit &an bertin&ak • • • •
sebaai 2e!balut 2enutu2 ;i&ak ber%a!2ur &an ti&ak larut &ala! air ;i&ak tenik ;i&ak terabs.bsi 2a&a kulit
+eruian ("si '01') : •
ukarnya ber%a!2ur atau ti&ak larut &ala! air sehina sukar &ihilankan atau &i%u%i bila !elekat 2a&a kulit sehina yan
•
!enunakan kuran !enyenaninya Berle!ak &an ti&ak &a2at &ik.!binasikan &enan %airan yan !enan&un air hanya &a2at !enyera2 air $ aran &i2enaruhi .leh u&ara kele!baban kebanyakan bahan .bat &an bahan ki!ia
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O;;
: uraktan n.n8i.nik se2erti 2.lis.rbat >0 bent.nit !anesi !anesiu! u! trisili trisilikat kat talk talk traaka traakan n &an s.&iu! s.&iu! alinat : "ntiuni
+eunaan +euntunan : -en%eah kri! ti&ak !ena&i busuk -aksu& busuk &isini a&alah • •
aar kri! ti&ak %e2at rusak &an kri! !ena&i a/et ("nie 1==>) "ktiitas "ktiitas anti!ikr.ba anti!ikr.ba &ari !etil2araben !etil2araben atau .l.nan 2araben yan yan lain lain sana sanatt &a2at &a2at !enu !enuran rani i eekt eektii iitas tas &ari &ari sura surakta ktan n
• •
n.ni.nik se2erti 2.lys.bate >0 Diunakan sebaai ase air -e!2ertahankan 26 se&iaan Pele!bab (R./e '003)
+ekuranan : •
"kti0 ;eta2i eta2i a&anya a&anya 2r.2ilen 2r.2ilenlik lik.l .l (10) !enunukkan 2eninkatan 2.tensi akti
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;itik lebur
: 140 (R./e '00=)
2+a
: >4 (R./e '00=)
Penyi!2anan
: Dala! /a&ah tertutu2 baik (De2kes R? 1==$)
+euntunan (yaiullah '00>) : -e!2ertahankan 26 se&iaan 2ele!bab • "nti.ks "nti.ksi&an i&an untuk untuk !en%eah !en%eah keteni ketenikan kan akibat akibat .ksi&asi .ksi&asi .leh • •
%ahaya 2a&a !inyak tak enuh ntuk ntuk !en%ea !en%eah h tera&i tera&inya nya 2ertu!bu 2ertu!buhan han !ikr..r !ikr..ran anis!e is!e &i se&iaan yan berasal &ari bahan baku
+eruian ("n.ni! 1=7>) : ukar larut &ala! air ukar larut &ala! air !en&i&ih • $ !ulat at.r a) P.liet P.lietilen ilenlik lik.l .l 400 ("n.ni! ("n.ni!1=7 1=7=) =) •
Ru!u Ru!uss -.l -.leku ekull : 6(O8 6(O86 6'86')nO6 Berat rat -.le .lekul : 3>08 3>084' 4'0 0
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• • •
-en%eah kri! !ena&i kerin -en%eah 2e!bentukan kerak bila kri! &ike!as &ala! b.t.l -e!2erbaiki k.nsistensi &an !utu terha2usnya suatu kri! ika &i2eru &i2erunaka nakan n 2a&a kulit kulit sehina sehina !e!unki !e!unkinkan nkan kri! &a2at &a2at !enyebar tan2a &i.s.k
+eruian ("si '01') : •
6ir.sk.2is (!u&ah !enua2)
b) ;/een ;/een >0 Pe!erian rian
: airan kenta ntal se2e se2errti !inya nyak erni rnih kuni kunin n bau asa! le!ak khas ("n.ni! '013)
+elarutan
: -u&ah larut &ala! air &ala! etan.l (=$) P &ala! etil asetat P &an &ala! !etan.l P sukar larut &ala! 2arain %air P &an &ala! !inyak bii ka2as P (De2kes R? 1=7=)
;itik lebur
: =,810$ (R./e '00=)
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+eruian (yaiullah '00>) : •
;era&i 2enhilanan /arna &an atau 2enen&a2an &enan bahan8 bahan se2erti en.l en. l tannin tar
, us2 us2en en&i &in n ae aent nt a) G.! G.! "rab rab (R. (R./e /e '00=) '00=)
Pe!erian
: Be Bentuk r ranul at atau se serbuk be ber/arna 2u 2utih ku kunin
+elarutan
2u%at ti&ak berbau : #a #arut ha ha!2ir se se!2urna &a &ala! ' ba baian b. b.b.t ai air
+eunaan
2raktis ti&ak larut &ala! &ala ! etan.l : !ulat.r 2enstabil 2eli%an tablet 2eninkat
+.nse .nsent ntra rasi si::
kelarutan : $810 $810 seba sebaa aii sus2 sus2en en&i &in n aen aentt 108'0 108'0 seba sebaai ai
26 O;;
e!ulat.r : 4$8$$ : Dala! u!lah banyak ti&ak bias ber%a!2ur &enan
ara! Fe !.rin en.l thi!.l
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Pe!erian
: Putih atau ha!ir 2utih hir.sk.2ik ("n.ni! '013)
+elarutan
: Praktis ti&ak larut 2a&a etan.l anhi&rat !e!bentuk sus2ensi &enan air !ena&i kental &enan *aO6 ("n.ni! '013)
;itik lebur
: Br./ns ''7 %hars '$' (R./e '00=)
2+a
: 43 (R./e '00=)
26
: 3$8$ ("n.ni! '013)
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+elarutan
: #a #arut &e &enan ai air &a &an &e &enan et etan.l =$ =$ 2r 2raktis ti&ak larut &ala! kl.r..r! &ala! eter &an &ala!
;itik lebur ;itik &i&ih B.b.t enis 26 larutan tabilitas
!inyak le!ak &an &ala! !inyak !enua2 : 1 > : '=0 : 1',1 C!l :7 : 6ir.sk.2ik &enan a&anya u&ara &ari luar (!u&ah ter.ksi&asi) !u&ah ter&ek.!2.sisi &enan a&anya 2e!anasan !enkristal &ala! suhu ren&ah kristal ti&ak akan !en%air sa!2ai &enan suhu '0 akan ti! ti!bul bul
le&a le&aka kan n
ter.ksi&asi +elebihan :
ika ika&i &i%a %a!2 !2ur ur
&en &enan an
baha bahan n
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26
: 4$87 (R./e '00=)
-eltin 2.int (R./e '00=) : -
Bentuk anhi&rat : 110811' Ga!!a 2.ly!.r2h : =7= Bentuk !etastabil : =3
Penyi nyi!2ana 2anan n
: Da Dala! /a /a&ah &ah te tertu rtutu2 ra2at 2at
+elebihan : anat !u&ah larut &ala! air • -e! -e!2uny 2unyai ai bera beratt !.lek .lekul ul • •
&an &an
2ali 2alin n
tin tini i
&iban&inkan &enan 2r.2ilen lik.l &an liser.l (aarin 1=$7) -eru2akan -eru2akan bahan ki!ia yan relati inert &an k.!2atibel k.!2atibel &enan sebaian besar eksi2ien (B.ylan 1=>,)
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•
-eru2akan asa! le!ak ti&ak enuh &enan k.niurasi %is yan eekti eekti !enink !eninkatk atkan an 2er!eabi 2er!eabilita litass kulit kulit (+anikk (+anikkanna annan n et al al
•
'00,) Da2at Da2at !enink !eninkatka atkan n 2enetras 2enetrasii senya/a senya/a8seny 8senya/a a/a yan yan bersia bersiatt hi&r.ilik atau li2.ilik (/arbri%k &an B.ylan 1==$ @illia!s
&an Barry '004) +ekuranan : Bersiat Bersiat !enabs.rbsi !enabs.rbsi .ksien &an la!a kela!aan !ena&i ela2 • sehina harus &isi!2an &ala! /a&ah tertutu2 ra2at terlin&un &ari %ahaya &an bera&a &i te!2at kerin (able '00,)
b) rea ("n.ni! '011)
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+elarut +elarutan an
: Praktis Praktis ti&ak ti&ak larut larut &ala! &ala! air air !u&ah !u&ah larut larut &ala! &ala! etan.l etan.l $0 2r.2ilen 2r.2ilen lik.l lik.l kl.r..r kl.r..r! ! eter eter &an
+.nsentrasi ;itik &i&ih ;itik lebur +eunaan O;; Penyi!2anan Penyi!2anan
heksan : 000$80' : ',4 : 47 : "nti .ksi&an : Fen.lik zat 2en.ksi&asi &an ara! erri : Dala! /a&ah tertutu2 tertutu2 terlin&un terlin&un &ari %ahaya &an
&ala! te!2at seuk +elebihan (6an et al '004) : -u&ah larut &ala! etan.l 2r.2ilen lik.l kl.r..r! &an &ala! • •
eter -e!ilik -e!ilikii akti
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+elebihan (De2kes R? 1==$) : -u&ah larut &ala! etan.l kl.r..r! &an &ala! eter • +ekuranan (De2kes R? 1==$) : •
;i&ak larut &ala! air &an 2r.2ilen lik.l
D .nt.h .r!ula .r!ula se&iaan se&iaan se!i se!i s.li& s.li& &an unsi unsi setia2 setia2 bahan bahan F.r!ulasi se&iaan el ekstrak &aun -anr.
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lain 2elarut 2enental 2e!ba/a 2ena/et e!ulat.r sus2en&in aent •
hu!ektan enhan%er &an anti.ksi&an Funsi eksi2ien &ala! suatu se&iaan se!i s.li& &ala! urnal yan ka!i unakan unakan yaitu yaitu -8*a -8*a &iunaka &iunakan n sebaai sebaai basis basis yan yan bertuua bertuuan n untuk untuk !e!2er.leh el yan ernih bersiat netral &an !e!iliki &aya 2enikat zat akti yan kuat liserin &an 2r.2ilenlik.l bekera sebaai hu!ektan
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"ult. "ult.n n - '00' '00' Pharmaceutics %he Science of &osage Form &esign Second Edition$ #B Edition$ #B F.n&e& by British G. #B F.n&e& by British G., 1=>, 'andbook of Pharmaceutical Excipient @ashint.n D:
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R./e ./e R hes heskey key PA &an &an @eller PA '003 003 'and Book of Pharmaceutical Excipient 5th Edition Edition #.n&.n: #.n&.n: Phar!a Phar!a%eut %euti%al i%al Press Press an& "!eri%an Phar!a%euti%al "ss.%iati.n R./e R./e Ray! Ray!.n& .n& Paul Paul A hesk heskey ey -aria -arian n Luinn Luinn '00= '00= 'andbook of Pharmacetical Exipients sixth edition$ #.n&.n: edition$ #.n&.n: Phar!a%euti%al Press aarin 1=$7 !osmetics Science and %echnolog" %echnolog" *e/ Y.rk: ?nters%ien%e Publishers ?n%