menghitung perimeter segitiga dan segiempatFull description
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RPP LV
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PEMBUKTIAN RUMUS KELILING DAN LUAS LINGKARAN Diajukan Untuk Melengkapi Tugas-tugas Geometri Magister Pendidikan Matematika Oleh : Chairani Ammy 1720070007 PROGRAM PASCAS…Deskripsi lengkap
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organik
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standarisasi laruntan.Full description
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Oleh: Dr. Dr. Singgih Saptono
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Made into natural material (rocks)
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Empty inside
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Carry the loads itself
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Both ends are open to atmosphere
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Gene Generrally ally horizontal
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Thick walled structure looks like cylinder
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The shape of a tunnel cross section is also called profile. Various profile are conceivable, e.g. rectangular ones. The most widespread ones, however, are circular and (mostly oblate) mouth profile). The choice of the profile aims at accommodating the performance requirements of the tunnel. Moreover it tries to minimize bending moments in the lining (which is often academic, since the loads cannot be exactly assessed) as well as costs for excavation and lining. Further aspects for the choice of the profile are: ventilation, maintenance, risk management and avoidance of claustrophobia of users.
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A mouth profile is composed of circular sections. The ratio of adjacent curvature radiuses should not exceed 5 (r1/r2 < 5)
Geometry of a mouth profile Example of a mouth profile
The following relations refer to geometrical properties of mouth profile. With the initial parameters r1,r2,r3 it is obtained:
A typical problem of tunnel design is to fit a rectangle into a mouth profile i.e. to choose r1, r2, r3 in such a way that the mouth profile comprises the rectangle. Typical tunnel cross sections Area sewer hydropower tunnels motorway (one lane) rail (one track) metro (one track) high speed rail (one track) high speed rail (two tracks)
(m2) 10 10 ‐ 30 75 50 35 50 80 ‐ 100
Hochrheinautobahn – B¨urgerwaldtunnel, A 98 Waldshut ‐Tiengen
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Hochrheinautobahn – B¨urgerwaldtunnel, A 98 Waldshut‐ Tiengen
Vereina Tunnel South, R¨atische Bahn; two tracks
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Channel Cross Section Parameters •
Common cross section shapes are rectangular, trapezoidal and circular
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Geometrically, rectangular cross section are just special cases of trapezoids sections
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Circular cross section are hydraulically more efficient than other cross sectional shapes, but they are only used for small channel sizes Circular cros sections are usually made of precast concrete mixes, and elevated above the ground Tunnels designed for open channel flow are sometimes built with special cross section (e.g. Horseshoe section) The standard horseshoe cross section has a semicircular top portion, and an intersection of three larger circles for the lower portion – it can be considerd a modification of a circular section A semi circular channel cross section is the best shape for an open channel including open channel flow in tunnels, but the horseshoe shape has been used in dozens of tunnels to allow for greater floor width, thereby, facilating the passage of equipment through the tunnel.
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Standrd horses shoe cross section (bold cruves): Diameter of upper section is half of diameter of Three larger cricles.
Circular Cross Section
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The following is for a standard horseshoe cross section Devide the depth into three segments Note that h1 + h2 + h3 = r Determine h1 by solving for the intersection of two of the circles
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Pemilihan bahan peledak dan diameter Desain peledakan terowongan – Cut, Stoping, Contour holes
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Prediksi kerusakan – hubungannya dengan klasifikasi massa batuan
