LAPORAN PENDAHULUAN DAN ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN HIV Disusun untuk Memenuhi Tugas Lapoan Akhi Po!esi Nes Depatemen Me"ika# Di Ruang $% In!eksi RSUD "& Sai!u# An'a Ma#ang
Disusun O#eh( OKI NUR )ITRIANA *+,,-,%,,,**,-$
PRO.RAM STUDI ILMU KEPERAW K EPERAWA ATAN )AKULT )AKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS /RAWI0A1A MALAN. $,*-
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LEM/AR PEN.ESAHAN LAPORAN PENDAHULUAN DAN ASUHAN KEPERAWA KEPERAWATAN HIV DI RUAN. $% IN)EKSI
O#eh ( Oki Nu )itiana NIM& *+,,-,%,,,**,-$
Telah diperiksa dan disetujui pada : Hari : Tanggal :
Pembimbing Akademik
NIP.
Pembimbing Lahan
NIP.
*& De!i De!ini nisi si HIV HIV AIDS ( Acquired Acquired Immune Deficiency Sindrome) Sindrome) adala adalah h sekump sekumpula ulan n gejal gejala a penakit karena menurunna sistem kekebalan tubuh ang disebabkan !leh in"eksi HI#. HI#. Dalam Dalam bahasa bahasa ind!nes ind!nesia ia dapat dapat dikatakan dikatakan sebagai sindr!m sindr!m $a$at $a$at kekebala kekebalan n tubuh tubuh dapatan. Acquired: Didapat% Acquired: Didapat% bukan penakit keturunan Immune: Sistem Immune: Sistem kekebalan tubuh Deficiency : &ekurangan
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tubuh terhadap berbagai penakit. Apabila HI# ini masuk ke dalam peredaran darah sese!rang% maka HI# tersebut menerap sel'sel darah putih. Sel'sel darah putih ini adalah adalah bagia bagian n dari dari sistem sistem kekeb kekebala alan n tubuh tubuh ang ang ber"u ber"ungs ngsii melin melindun dungi gi tubuh tubuh dari dari serangan penakit. HI# se$ara berangsur'angsur merusak sel darah putih hingga tidak bisa ber"ungsi dengan baik. HI#
(Hum (Human an
Immun Immunode odefic ficien iency cy
Virus Virus))
adal adalah ah
sebu sebuah ah
retr retr! !ir irus us
ang ang
mengin"eksi sel sistem kekebalan tubuh manusia terutama *D+, T $ell. HI# terdapat di dalam $airan tubuh sese!rang ang telah t erin"eksi seperti di dalam darah% air mani atau $airan $airan agina. agina. Sebelum Sebelum HI# berubah berubah menjadi menjadi AIDS% AIDS% penderita penderitana na akan tampak sehat sehat dalam dalam -aktu -aktu kira' kira'ki kira ra sampai sampai /0 tahun. tahun. 1alaup alaupun un tampa tampak k sehat% sehat% merek mereka a dapat dapat menularkan HI# pada !rang lain melalui hubungan seks ang tidak aman% tran"usi darah atau pemakaian jarum suntik se$ara bergantian. bergantian. *enters "!r Disease *!ntr!l (*D*) merek!mendasikan bah-a diagn!sa AIDS ditujukan ditujukan pada !rang ang mengalam mengalamii in"eksi in"eksi !pp!rtun !pp!rtunistik istik%% dimana dimana !rang !rang tersebut tersebut mengalami penurunan sistem imun ang mendasar (sel T 2 300) dan memiliki antib!di p!siti" terhadap HI#. &!ndisi lain ang sering digambarkan meliputi k!ndisi demensia pr!gresi"% 4-asting sndr!me5% atau sark!ma kap!si (pada pasien berusia 6 70 tahun)% kanker'kanker khusus lainna (aitu kanker seriks inasi") atau diseminasi dari penakit ang umumna mengalami l!kalisasi (misalna% T8). $& K#as K#asi! i!ik ikas asii HIV 9enurut 1H% stadium klinis HI#AIDS dibedakan menjadi + stadium aitu :
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a. Stadium / : Peri!de ;endela
HI# masuk ke dalam tubuh% sampai terbentukna antib!di terhadap HI# dalam darah
Tidak ada tanda3 khusus% penderita HI# tampak sehat dan merasa sehat
Test HI# belum dapat mendeteksi keberadaan irus ini
Tahap ini disebut peri!de jendela% umumna berkisar /'7 bulan.
b. Stadium 3 : HI# P!siti" (tanpa gejala) rata'rata selama '/0 tahun:
HI# berkembang biak dalam tubuh
Tidak ada tanda'tanda khusus% penderita HI# tampak sehat dan merasa sehat
Test HI# sudah dapat mendeteksi status HI# sese!rang% karena telah terbentuk antib!di terhadap HI#
c. Stadium > : HI# P!siti" (mun$ul gejala)
Sistem kekebalan tubuh semakin turun
9ulai mun$ul gejala in"eksi !pp!rtunistik% misalna: pembengkakan kelenjar lim"a di seluruh tubuh% diare terus menerus% "lu% dll
d. Stadiu Stadium m + : AIDS AIDS
&!ndisi sistem kekebalan tubuh sangat lemah
8erbagai penakit lain (in"eksi !pp!rtunistik) semakin parah
1asting (kehilangan berat badan se$ara drastis)
Diare kr!nis. Ke#as Stadium &linis /
'asimt!matik
Asimt!matik.T!tal Asimt!matik.T!tal
'lim"aden!pati 'lim"aden!pati generalisata generalisata persisten
*D+600 Stadi Stadium um klini klinis s II.Saki II.Sakitt
'Penurunan berat badan /0@
ringan.T ringan.T!tal !tal
'ISP 'ISPA A
+??
*D+:300 *D+:300''
Kiteia
beru berula lang ng
"aringitis) 'herpes !ster '&elitis angularis
(sin (sinus usit itis is%t! %t!ns nsil illi liti tis% s%!t !tit itis is
medi media a
dan dan
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'T8 paru Stadium Stadium klinis klinis I#.Sak I#.Sakit it
'lim"aden!path 'lim"aden!path generalisata generalisata persisten 'HI# wasting syndrome
berat (AIDS).T!tal *D+
-Pneum!nia
2300
'Herpes simpleks 6 / bulan '&andidiasis es!phagus 'Sark!ma &ap!si 'T!ks!plasm!sis 'Bnse"al!path HI# '9eningitis kript!kus '9ik!sis pr!"unda 'Lim"!ma '&arsin!ma 'is!pr!siasis 'is!pr!siasis kr!nis 'Ner!path dan kardi!megalu terkait HI#
%& Etio Etio#o #ogi gi HIV HIV Penebabna adalah g!l!ngan irus retr! ang disebut human immun!de"i$ien$ irus (HI#). HI# pertama kali ditemukan pada tahun /?=> sebagai retr!irus dan disebut HI#'/. Pada tahun /?=7 di A"rika ditemukan lagi retr!irus baru ang diberi nama HI#'3. HI#'3 HI#'3 dianggap dianggap sebagai sebagai irus irus kurang kurang path!gen path!gen dibandin dibandingkaa gkaan n dengan dengan HI#'/. HI#'/. 9aka untuk memudahkan keduana disebut HI#. AIDS dapat menerang semua g!l!ngan g!l!ngan umur% umur% termasuk bai% pria maupun -anita. Cang termasuk kel!mp!k resik! tinggi adalah : a.
Lelaki h!m!seksual atau biseks.
b.
Partner seks dari penderita HI#AIDS.
c.
Penerima darah atau pr!duk darah (trans"usi) ang ter$emar HI#.
d.
Penggunaan jarum suntik% tindik% tatt!!% pisau $ukur% dll ang dapat menimbulkan luka ang tidak tidak disterilk disterilkan an se$ara se$ara bersama's bersama'sama ama dipergun dipergunakan akan dan sebelumn sebelumna a telah dipakai !rang ang terin"eksi HI#. HI#. *ara'$ara tersebut dapat menularkan HI# karena terjadi k!ntak darah.
e. Ibu p!siti" p!siti" HI# kepad kepada a bai bai ang ang dikand dikandung ungna na.. *ara *ara penul penulara aran n ini dapat dapat terja terjadi di saat:
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>)
P!stn stnatal tal% ai aitu tu mel melalui lui air air susu susu ibu. bu.
2& Pato! Pato!iso iso#og #ogii HIV HIV a& Stuktu .enomik HIV Acquired immune defficiency syndrome
(AIDS) (AIDS) dapat dapat diar diartik tikan an seba sebagai gai
kumpulan gejala atau penakit ang disebabkan !leh menurunna kekebalan tubuh akibat in"eksi !leh irus HI# (Human Immmun!de"i$ien$ #irus) ang termasuk "amili retr! retr!iri iridae dae%% AIDS AIDS merupa merupakan kan tahap tahap akhir akhir dari dari in"ek in"eksi si HI# (Dj!er (Dj!erba ban% n% 300) 300).. HI# adalah adalah retr!iru retr!irus% s% angg!ta angg!ta genus genus Lentiir Lentiirus% us% dan menunjuk menunjukkan kan banak banak gambaran gambaran "isik!mia "isik!mia ang merupaka merupakan n $iri khas "amili. "amili. Een!m Een!m FNA lentiiru lentiirus s lebih lebih k!mpleks k!mpleks daripada gen!m FNA Fetr!irus ang bertrans"!rmasi. #irus mengandung tiga gen ang dibutuhkan untuk replikasi replikasi retr!irus G gag% gag% p!l% dan en (8r!!ks% 300+).
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3&
Patogenesis HIV A-alna A-alna terjadi perlekatan antara gp/30 dan resept!r sel *D+% ang memi$u perubaha perubahan n k!n"!rmasi k!n"!rmasi pada gp/30 gp/30 sehingga sehingga memungki memungkinkan nkan pengikata pengikatan n dengan dengan k!resept!r kem!kin (biasana **F atau **F+). Setelah itu terjadi penatuan p!ri ang dimediasi !leh gp+/ Setelah berada di dalam sel *D+% salinan DNA ditranskripsi dari gen!m gen!m FNA !leh !leh enim reverse reverse transcrip transcriptase tase (FT) ang diba-a !leh irus. Ini merupakan pr!ses ang sangar berp!tensi mengalami kesalahan. Selanjutna DNA ini ditransp!r ke dalam nukleus dan terintegrasi se$ara a$ak di dalam gen!m sel pejamu. #irus ang terintegrasi diketahui sebagai DNA pr!irus. Pada aktiasi sel pejamu% FNA ditranskripsi dari $etakan DNA ini dan selanjutna di translasi menebabkan pr!duksi pr!tei pr!tein n irus irus.. P!lipr P!lipr!te !tein in prekur prekurs!r s!r dipe$a dipe$ah h !leh !leh pr!tea pr!tease se irus irus menjad menjadii enim enim (misalna reverse transcriptase dan pr!tease) dan pr!tein struktural. Hasil pe$ahan ini kemudian kemudian digunak digunakan an untuk untuk menghasi menghasilkan lkan partikel partikel irus irus in"eksiu in"eksius s ang keluar keluar dari permukaan sel dan bersatu dengan membran sel pejamu. #irus in"eksius baru (iri!n) selanju selanjutna tna dapat dapat mengin"e mengin"eksi ksi sel ang belum terin"ek terin"eksi si dan mengulan mengulang g pr!ses pr!ses tersebut. Terdapat Terdapat tiga grup (hampir semua in"eksi adalah grup 9) dan subtipe (grup 8 d!mina di Br!pa) untuk HI#'/.
4&
Sik#us Hi"up HIV "an Intena#isasi HIV ke se# taget HI# merupaka merupakan n retr!iru retr!irus s !bligat !bligat intraselu intraselular lar dengan dengan replikas replikasii sepenuhn sepenuhna a di dalam sel h!st. Perjalanan in"eksi HI# di dalam tubuh manusia dia-ali dari interaksi gp/30 pada selubung HI# berikatan dengan resept!r spesi"ik *D+ ang terdapat pada permukaan membran sel target (kebanakan lim"!sit T'*D+,. T'*D+,. Sel target utama adalah sel ang ang mempu mempu menge mengeksp kspres resika ikan n resept resept!r !r *D+ *D+ (astr! (astr!sit sit%% mikr!g mikr!glia lia%% m!n!si m!n!sit' t' makr!"ag%lim"!sit%Langerhan makr!"ag%lim"!sit%Langerhans%dendritik). s%dendritik).
"&
Pato!isio#ogi HIV &arena peran penting sel T dalam 4menalakan5 semua kekuatan lim"!sit dan
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hampir semua !rang ang terin"eksi HI# menunjukkan gejala AIDS% dan kemudian meninggal. Eejala ang terjadi adalah demam% neri menelan% pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening% ruam% diare% atau batuk. Setelah in"eksi akut% dimulailah in"eksi HI# asimpt!matik (tanpa gejala). 9asa tanpa gejala ini umumna berlangsung selama =' /0 tahun.
Gambar waktu CD4 T-cell dan perubahan perkembangan virus berkesinambungan berkesinambungan pada infeksi HIV yang tidak diterapi Pada Pada -akt -aktu u !ran !rang g deng dengan an in"e in"eks ksii HI# HI# masi masih h mera merasa sa seha sehat% t% klin klinis is tida tidak k menunjukkan menunjukkan gejala% pada -aktu itu terjadi replikasi HI# ang tinggi% /0 partikel setiap hari. 8ersamaan dengan replikasi HI#% terjadi kehan$uran lim"!sit *D+ ang tinggi% untungna untungna tubuh tubuh masih masih bisa mengk!mp mengk!mpensa ensasi si dengan dengan mempr!du mempr!duksi ksi lim"!sit lim"!sit *D+ sekitar /0? setiap hari. e&
Tansmisi In!eksi HIV
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in"eksi HI#'/ HI#'/ melaluI trans"usi darah dari d!n!r ang terin"eksi HI# berkisar antara / per 0.000 hingga / per =>.000 (Nasr!nudin% 300). Pemeriksaan antib!di HI# pada d!n!r darah sangat mengurangi transmisi melalui trans"usi darah dan pr!duk darah ($!nt!h% k!nsentrasi "akt!r #III ang digunakan untuk pera-atan hem!"Ilia) (Lange% 300/) >) Transmi ransmisi si se$a se$ara ra er ertik tikal al Transmi ransmisi si se$ara se$ara ertik ertikal al dapat dapat terja terjadi di dari dari ibu ibu ang ang terin terin"ek "eksi si HI# kepada kepada janinna se-aktu hamil % persalinan% persalinan% dan setelah melahirkan melalui pemberian Air Susu Ibu (ASI). Angka penularan selama kehamilan kehamilan sekitar '/0@% se-aktu persalin persalinan an /0'30@% /0'30@% dan saat pemberian pemberian ASI ASI /0'30@ /0'30@
(Nasr!nu (Nasr!nudin% din% 300). 300). Di
mana alternati" ang laak tersedia% ibu'ibu p!siti" HI#'/ tidak b!leh menusui baina karena ia dapaT menambah penularan perinatal (Parks% /??7). Selama beber beberap apa a tahun tahun terakh terakhir ir%% ditem ditemuka ukan n bah-a bah-a penul penulara aran n HI# perin perinata atall dapat dapat dikaitkan lebih akurat dengan pengukuran jumlah FNA'irus di dalam plasma. Penulara Penularan n ertikal ertikal lebih lebih sering sering terjadi terjadi pada pada kelahira kelahiran n preterm% preterm% terutama terutama ang berkaitan dengan ketuban pe$ah dini (*unningham% 300+). +) P!tensi P!tensi trans transmisi misi melal melalui ui $airan $airan tubuh lain 1alaupun 1alaupun air liur pernah ditemukan dalam air liur pada sebagian ke$il !rang ang terin"eksi% tidak ada bukti ang menakinkan bah-a air liur dapat menularkan in"eksi HI# baik melalui $iuman biasa maupun paparan lain misalna se-aktu beker bekerja ja bagi bagi petug petugas as keseh kesehata atan. n. Selain Selain itu% itu% air liur liur dibukt dibuktika ikan n mengan mengandu dung ng inhibit! inhibit!rr terhadap terhadap aktiitas aktiitas HI#. HI#. Demikian Demikian juga belum belum ada bukti bah-a bah-a $airan $airan tubuh lain misalna air mata% keringat dan urin dapat merupakan media transmisi HI# (Nasr!nudin% 300). ) Transm Transmisi isi pada pada petugas petugas kesehata kesehatan n dan petugas petugas lab!rat!r lab!rat!rium ium 8erbagai penelitian penelitian multi institusi menatakan bah-a risik! penularan HI# setelah kulit tertusuk jarum atau benda tajam t ajam lainna ang ter$emar !leh darah sese!rang ang ang terin terin"ek "eksi si HI# adala adalah h sekita sekitarr 0%>@ 0%>@ sedang sedangkan kan risik risik! ! penula penularan ran HI# ke membran muk!sa atau kulit ang mengalami er!si adalah sekitara 0%0?@.
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+& Mani!esta Mani!estasi si K#inis K#inis HIV Ditinjau dari stadium perkembangan irus% mani"estasi klinis HI# dibagi menjadi empat "ase% aitu: a.
Kase I: Peri!de ;endela Indiidu sudah terpapar terpapar dan dan terin"eksi. terin"eksi. Tetapi Tetapi $iri'$iri $iri'$iri terin"eksi terin"eksi belum belum terlihat terlihat meskipun meskipun ia melakukan tes darah. Pada "ase ini antib!di terhadap HI# belum terbentuk. Kase ini akan berlangsung sekitar /'7 bulan dari -aktu indiidu terpapar.
b.
Kase II: II: HI# P!siti" (tanpa gejala) rata' ta'rata selama '/0 tahun 8erlangsung lebih lama% aitu sekitar 3'/0 tahun setelah terin"eksi HI#. Pada "ase kedua kedua ini indiidu indiidu sudah sudah p!siti" p!siti" HI# dan belum belum menampak menampakkan kan gejala sakit% sakit% tetapi tetapi sudah dapat menularkan pada !rang lain.
$.
Kase III: HI# P!siti" (mun$ul gejala) 9ulai mun$ul gejala'gejala gejala'gejala a-al penakit ang disebut dengan penakit terkait dengan HI#. HI#. Tahap Tahap ini belum dapat disebut sebagai gejala AIDS. Eejala'gejala ang berkaitan antara antara lain lain kering keringat at ang ang berle berlebi bihan han pada pada -aktu -aktu malam% malam% diare diare terus terus meneru menerus% s% pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening% "lu ang tidak sembuh'sembuh% na"su makan berkurang dan badan menjadi lemah% serta berat badan terus berkurang. Pada "ase ketiga ini sistem kekebalan tubuh mulai berkurang.
d.
Kase I#: AIDS AIDS baru dapat terdiagn!sa setelah kekebalan tubuh sangat berkurang dilihat dari jumlah sel'T na. Timbul Timbul penakit tertentu ang disebut dengan in"eksi !pp!rtunistik !pp!rtunistik aitu kanker% kanker% khususna saria-an% kanker kulit atau sar$!ma kap!si% in"eksi paru'paru ang ang meneb menebabk abkan an radang radang paru'p paru'paru aru dan dan kesul kesulita itan n berna" berna"as% as% in"ek in"eksi si usus usus ang ang menebabkan diare parah berminggu'minggu% dan in"eksi !tak ang menebabkan keka$auan mental dan sakit kepala. Sedan Sedangka gkan n dari dari kriter kriteria ia ma!r ma!r dan min!r min!r%% mani" mani"est estasi asi HI# adala adalah h sebaga sebagaii
berikut:
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&andidiasis !r!"aringeal.
Herpes simpleks kr!nis pr!gresi".
Lim"aden!pati generalisata.
In"eksi jamur berulang pada alat kelamin -anita.
5& Pemeiks Pemeiksaan aan Diagno Diagnostik stik HIV a.
Tes Ser!l!gis /) Fapi Fapid d test test denga dengan n menggu menggunak nakan an reage reagen n SD HI#% HI#% Determ Determen ent% t% dan n$!pr!b n$!pr!be. e. Pemeriksa Pemeriksaan an ini dapat dapat dilakuka dilakukan n dengan dengan pengamat pengamatan an isual. isual. &lien &lien dinataka dinatakan n p!sit p!siti" i" HI# apabil apabila a hasil hasil dari dari ketig ketiga a tes terseb tersebut ut reakti reakti". ". Tes ini pali paling ng sering sering digunakan karena paling e"ekti" dan e"isien -aktu. 3) BLISA (Te !n"yme-#in$ed !n"yme-#in$ed Immunosor%ent Immunosor%ent Assay ) mengidenti"ikasi antib!di ang se$ara se$ara spesi"ik spesi"ik ditunjuk ditunjukkan kan kepada kepada irus irus HI#. HI#. Tes BLISA BLISA tidak tidak menegakk menegakkan an diagn!sis penakit AIDS tetapi lebih menunjukkan sese!rang pernah terin"eksi !leh HI#. rang ang darahna mengandung antib!di untuk HI# disebut dengan !rang ang ser!p!siti". >) 1este estern rn bl!t bl!t Digunak Digunakan an untuk memastika memastikan n ser!p!si ser!p!sitii tiitas tas seperti seperti ang terident teridenti"ika i"ikasi si le-at le-at BLISA. +) P*F (&o'ymerase ain eaction) eaction )
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;umlah dan
9engukur tingkat
00'/00ml
pr!sentase
kesehatan sistem
63@ lim"!sit
mengindikasikan mengindikasikan in"eksi
*D+,
imun. Perhitungan
(jumlah atau
AIDS.
ini menentukan
pr!sentase *D+,
jumlah *D+, *D+, (sel T
ang kurang dari
pada jumlah% karena jumlah
helper) di dalam
jumlah n!rmal% n!rmal%
memiliki ariasi ang tinggi.
darah. Sel ini
akan
bekerja untuk
meningkatkan
-aktu% tingkat kelelahan dan
mempertahankan
resik! terjadina
stress% tes seharusna
resp!n imun
in"eksi).
dilakukan dalam -aktu ang
2300 atau /+@ dari lim"!sit
Pr!sentase lebih akurat dari
Hasil mungkin dipengaruhi
mela-an in"eksi.
sama (dengan tes ang
;umlah pr!sentase
sebelumna) dan dalam
lim"!sit
k!ndisi terbebas dari in"eksi
menggambarkan
ang sedang atau baru saja
jumlah sel *D+,. *D+,.
terjadi. Sering dim!nit!ring dim!nit!ring Negati"
setiap tiga bulan. Dalam /= bulan pertama dari
Tes Antib!di A ntib!di
Pemeriksaan darah
HI# (BLISA)
untuk mengetahui
kehidupan kehidupan mungkin p!siti"%
pr!sentase dari
karena antib!di dari ibu.
antib!di HI#.
Penggunaanna jarang digunakan dibandingkan tes
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satuan jumlah per
seharusna dapat menurunkan
milliliter darah.
jumlah HI# atau menunjukkan menunjukkan hasil ang tidak terdeteksi.
-& Penata#ak Penata#aksana sanaan an Me"is Me"is HIV HIV Sampai Sampai saat ini belum belum ada !bat'!batan !bat'!batan ang dapat dapat menghila menghilangka ngkan n HI# dari dalam dalam tubuh tubuh indiidu indiidu.. Ada beberapa beberapa kasus ang menatakan menatakan bah-a bah-a HI#AIDS HI#AIDS dapat dapat disembuhkan. disembuhkan. Setelah diteliti lebih lanjut% peng!batanna tidak dilakukan dengan standar medis% tetapi dengan peng!batan alternati" atau peng!batan lainna. bat'!bat ang digu diguna naka kan n
adal adalah ah untu untuk k
mena menaha han n
pen peneb ebar aran an HI# HI#
dala dalam m
tubu tubuh h
teta tetapi pi tida tidak k
menghilangkan HI# dari dalam tubuh.
Pena Penata tala laks ksan anaa aan n
HI# HI#AI AIDS DS
term termas asuk uk
tera terapi pi AF# AF#
dima dimaks ksud udka kan n
untu untuk k
menghambat menghambat replikasi irus. Prinsip peng!batan antiretr!iral antiretr!iral adalah sebagai berikut: /) 9enurunkan angka kesakitan kesakitan dan dan kematian ang berhubungan berhubungan dengan HI# HI#.. 3) 9emperb 9emperbaiki aiki kualita kualitas s hidup !rang !rang ang hidup hidup dengan dengan HI#AIDS HI#AIDS.. >) 9emulih 9emulihkan kan danatau danatau memelih memelihara ara "ungsi "ungsi kekebala kekebalan n tubuh. +) 9enekan 9enekan replika replikasi si se$ara se$ara maksima maksimall dan selama selama mungki mungkin. n. bat'!bat antiretr!irus ang digunakan adalah:
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+) E!l!ng E!l!ngan an AF# keempa keempatt adala adalah h entr entr inhib inhibit! it!rr. bat bat g!l!ng g!l!ngan an ini ini men$e men$egah gah pemasukan HI# ke dalam sel dengan menghambat langkah kedua dari siklus hidupna. Dua !bat g!l!ngan ini sudah disetujui di AS: -
Bn"uirtide (T'30)
-
9arair!$ (9#*) E!l!ngan AF# AF# terbaru adalah integrase inhibit!r (INI). bat g!l!ngan
-
ini ini men$eg men$egah ah pemadu pemaduan an k!de k!de geneti genetik k HI# dengan dengan k!de k!de geneti genetik k sel dengan dengan
-
menghambat langkah kelima dari siklus hidupna. bat INI pertama adalah: Faltegrair Faltegrair (FE#) bat in"eksi !pp!rtunistik adalah !bat ang digunakan untuk penakit ang mungkin didapat karena sistem kekebalan tubuh sudah rusak atau lemah. Sedangkan !bat ang bersi"at in"eksi !pp!rtunistik adalah Aer!s!l Pentamidine% Ean$i$l!ir% K!s$amet.
6& Pe4egahan Se$a Se$ara ra gari garis s besa besarr untu untuk k men$ men$eg egah ah penu penula lara ran n HI# HI#AI AIDS DS%% dapa dapatt diin diinga gatt menggunakan A8*DB% ang terdiri dari: a. A%stinence% A%stinence% tidak melakukan hubungan hubungan seksual di luar pernikahan (abstinansia). b. *e faitfu' % aitu tetap setia pada pasanganna% untuk ang sudah menikah. $. ondom% ondom % gunakan k!nd!m saat melakukan hubungan seksual (melindungi diri). d. Don+t do drugs% drugs% tidak melakukan penalahgunaan Napa sama sekali. e. !quipment % berhati'hati terhadap peralatan ang beresik! membuat luka dan
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PENULARAN LEWAT SUNTIKAN Eunakan selalu jarum suntik ang steril dan baru setiap kali akan melakukan
penuntikan atau pr!ses lain ang mengakibatkan mengakibatkan terjadina luka. Ada dua hal ang ang perlu diperhatikan: diperhatikan: /. Semua Semua alat ang menembus menembus kulit kulit dan darah (jarum (jarum suntik% jarum jarum tat!% atau pisau $ukur) harus disterilisasi dengan benar 3. ;angan ;angan memakai memakai jarum jarum suntik atau alat ang menembus menembus kulit kulit berganti bergantian an dengan dengan !rang lain
PENULARAN LEWAT HU/UN.AN SEKS Selalu menerapkan ke-aspadaan mengenai seks aman (artina : hubungan seks
ang tidak memungkinkan ter$ampurna $airan kelamin% karena hal ini memungkinkan penularan HI#) Ada tiga $ara: /. Abstinens Abstinensii (atau puasa puasa%% tidak tidak melakuka melakukan n hubungan hubungan seks) seks) 3. 9elakuka 9elakukan n prinsip prinsip m!n!gami m!n!gami aitu tidak tidak berganti'ga berganti'ganti nti pasangan pasangan dan dan saling saling setia kepada pasanganna >.
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Pem3eian teapi a7 pa"a 3a8i 8ang #ahi "enga i3u HIV AT 3hari sejak sejak lahir hingga hingga usia +'7 minggu minggu d!sis + mgkg88kali mgkg88kali PEM/ERIAN ARV PRO)ILAKSIS PADA /A1I 1AN. LAHIR DARI I/U HIV Status HIV dari wanita hamil
Tes HIV (+ Sudah didiagnosis HIV sebelumnya dan sudah mendapatkan terapi ARV
ANTBNAT ANTBNATAL
Tes HIV !
A"T + #T$ + %V& atau T' + #T$ (atau T$ + %V& Atau A"T + #T$ + )V atau T' + #T$ #T$ atau T$ + )V )V
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''' PBFSALINAN
*anutkan terapi ARV ARV
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Prinsip penanganan: penanganan: ;angan PanikO tapi selesaikan dalam 2+ jam.
SBEBFA Luka tusuk : bilas dengan air mengalir dan sabun atau antiseptik. Pajanan muk!sa mulut: ludahkan dan kumur. Pajanan muk!sa mata: irigasi dengan air atau garam "isi!l!gis. Pajanan muk!sa hidung: hembuskan keluar dan bersihkan dengan air. ;angan dihisap dengan mulut% jangan ditekan. Desin"eksi luka dan daerah sekitar kulit dengan salah satu: (/) betadine ( povidone ( povidone iodine 3%@) selama selama menit menit atau (3) alk!h!l alk!h!l 0@ selama selama > menit. 'ore,idine
cetrimide bekerja cetrimide bekerja mela-an HI# tetapi tidak H8# LAPF&AN *atat dan lap!rkan kepada: (/) panitia PIN% (3) panitia &>% (>) atasan langsung% agar
se$epat mungkin diberi PPP (pr!"ilaksis pas$a pajanan). Perlakukan sebagai keadaan darurat% dimana !bat PPP harus diberikan sesegera
mungkin (dalam /'3 jam). PPP setelah 3 jam tidak e"ekti". Tetap berikan PPP bila pajanan risik! tinggi meski maksimal hingga satu minggu
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Alur PPP pada pada pajanan /. 9enentukan kateg!ri pajanan (&P)
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>. 9enentukan Peng!batan Pr!"ilaksis Pas$a Pajanan
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:& Komp# Komp#ika ikasi si HIV a. ral Lesi &arena &arena kandidi kandidia% a% herpes herpes simplek% simplek% sar$!ma sar$!ma kap!si% kap!si% HP# !ral% !ral% gingiit gingiitis% is% perid!ni perid!nitis tis Human Human Immun!de Immun!de"i$ie "i$ien$ n$ #irus #irus (HI#)% (HI#)% leuk!pla leuk!plakia kia !ral%nutri !ral%nutrisi%d si%dehid ehidrasi rasi%penu %penuruna runan n berat badan% keletihan dan $a$at. b. Neur! ur!l!gik gik /) &!mpleks dimensia AIDS karena karena serangan serangan langsung langsung Human Human Immun!de"i$ien Immun!de"i$ien$ $ #irus #irus (HI#) (HI#) pada pada sel sara"% sara"% bere" bere"ek ek perub perubaha ahan n keprib kepribadi adian% an% kerusa kerusaka kan n kemamp kemampuan uan m!t!rik% kelemahan% dis"asia% dan is!lasi s!sial. 3) Bnsel!phat
akut%
karena
reaksi
terapeutik%
hip!ksia%
hip!glikemia%
ketidakse ketidakseimba imbangan ngan elektr!li elektr!lit% t% meningit meningitis is ense"ali ense"alitis. tis. Dengan Dengan e"ek : sakit sakit kepala% kepala% malaise% demam% paralise% t!tal parsial. >) In"ar In"ark k sereb serebral ral k!rnea k!rnea si"ili si"ilis s mening mening!a !asku skuler ler%hi %hip!t p!tens ensii sistem sistemik% ik% dan maran maranik ik end!karditis.
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+) 9$!ba 9$!ba$te $teriu rium m Tuber$ uber$ul! ul!si sis s 8iasana timbul lebih dini% penakit $epat menjadi miliar dan $epat menebar ke !rgan lain diluar paru. e.
Dermat!l!gik Lesi kulit sta"il!k!kus : irus herpes simpleks dan !ster% dermatitis karena er!sis% reaksi !t!t% lesi s$abies% dan dekubitus dengan e"ek neri%gatal%rasa terbakar%in"eksi skunder dan sepsis.
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ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN HIV a& Pengka;ian ian *< I"entita itas 9enajikan data identitas diri pasien se$ara lengkap dengan tujuan menghindari kesalah kesalahan an dalam dalam memberik memberikan an terapi terapi dan pat!kan pat!kan untuk untuk memberik memberikan an asuhan asuhan kepera kepera-at -atan an ang ang sesuai sesuai.. Data Data ident identita itas s melip meliputi uti Nama% Nama% Tgl. Tgl. 9FS% 9FS%
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6< Peng Pengka ka;ia ;ian n #ingku #ingkung ngan an 9enunjukkan linglungan dimana klien tinggal. &eadaan lingkungan klien dapat membe memberik rikan an gamba gambaran ran untuk untuk menega menegakka kkan n diagn! diagn!sa sa dan pr!gra pr!gram m asuha asuhan n kepera-atan ang akan diberikan pada klien nantina. 3& O3se7 O3se7as asii "an Pem Pemei eiks ksaan aan )isi )isik k *< Akti Akti7i 7ita tas= s=is isti tia aha hatt Eejala
: mudah mudah lelah% lelah% berkurangna berkurangna t!leransi terhadap akti"itas% kelelahan. kelelahan.
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Tanda anda
: pembeng pembengkaka kakan n pada sendi% sendi% hepat!me hepat!megali gali%% neri neri tekan% tekan% penuruna penurunan n
F9% pin$ang. :< Pena napas pasan Tanda
: terjadi ISPA% ISPA% napas pendek ang ang pr!gresi"% batuk batuk pr!dukti"n!n% pr!dukti"n!n% sesak
pada dada% takipneu% buni napas tambahan% sputum kuning. *,< Keamana Keamanan n Eejala
: ri-aat jatuh% terbakar% pingsan% luka lambat pr!ses penembuhan.
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dan kebutuhan pemeriksaan anda). Lakukan tindakan pen$egahan agar tidak terjadi in"eksi.
8ila IgE (,) dan Ig9 (,) &emun &emungki gkinan nan menga mengalam lamii in"ek in"eksi si primer primer baru baru atau atau mungk mungkin in juga juga in"ek in"eksi si lampau tapi Ig9 na masih terdeteksi. leh sebab itu perlu dilakukan tes IgE affinity lan affinity langsun gsung g pada serum serum ang sama untuk untuk memperki memperkirakan rakan kapan in"eksina terjadi% apakah sebelum atau sesudah hamil.
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