LAPORAN KASUS SEORANG LAKI-LAKI USIA 18 TAHUN DENGAN KELUHAN BADAN LEMAS
Untuk memenuhi tugas Kepaniteraan Klinik Bagian Ilmu Penyakit Dalam di RSUD Tugurejo Semarang
Disusun Oleh :
Muhamad Wijanarko H2A012034
Pembimbing : dr. Hersa Donantya, Sp.PD
KEPANITERAAN KLINIK ILMU PENYAKIT DALAM RSUD TUGUREJO SEMARANG FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SEMARANG 2016
1
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HALAMAN PENGESAHAN
Nama
: Muhamad Wijanarko
NIM
: H2A012034
Fakultas
: Kedokteran Umum
Universitas
: Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang
Stase
: Ilmu Penyakit Dalam
Pembimbing
: dr. Hersa Donantya, Sp.PD
Telah diperiksa dan disahkan pada tanggal
November 2016
Pembimbing,
dr. Hersa Donantya, Sp.PD
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DAFTAR MASALAH No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Masalah aktif aktif DM tipe 1 Diare Anemia
Tanggal 4/11/2016 4/11/2016 4/11/2016 4/11/2016 4/11/2016 4/11/2016
Masalah Pasif Pasif
Riwayat meggunakan meggunakan narkoba jenis pil Riwayat alkoholik Riwayat merokok
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BAB I LAPORAN KASUS
I.
II.
IDENTITAS PASIEN
Nama
: Tn. M.P.Z
Umur
: 18 tahun
Agama
: Islam
Alamat
: Podorejo, Ngaliyan, Semarang
Pekerjaan
: Pengangguran (masih ikut orang tua)
Pendidikan
: SMP
Status
: Belum Menikah
Suku
: Jawa
No. CM
: 497621
Masuk RS
: 3 November 2016
Dikasuskan tanggal
: 4 November 2016
ANAMNESIS
Autoanamnesis dilakukan pada tanggal 4 November 2016 pada pukul 15.00 WIB di Bangsal Mawar. A. Keluhan utama : Badan lemas B. Riwayat Penyakit Sekarang :
Pasien datang ke IGD RSUD Tugurejo Semarang diantar keluarganya dengan keluhan badan lemas. Pasien mengeluh badan lemas yang dirasakan sejak ± 1 bulan SMRS dan keluhan bertambah berat 2 hari SMRS, awal mula badan lemas dirasakan pada seluruh badan setelah melakukan aktivitas. Pasien mengeluhkan lemas terus menerus semakin hari semakin memberat hingga menganggu aktivitas sehari-hari. Keluhan
lemas tidak berkurang pada
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diare (+) sejak 2 hari SMRS sebanyak 6 kali sehari dengan konsistensi feses cair berwarna kuning, darah feses (-), lendir feses (+) berwarna putih dan banyak. Pasien mengeluh ada penurunan berat badan dari 57 kg menjadi 44 kg dalam 2 tahun terakhir, kedua kaki sering kesemutan, serta pandangan mata kabur tanpa ada riwayat kelainan refraksi. C. Riwayat Penyakit Dahulu:
Sakit serupa
: diakui sejak 2 tahun lalu
Diabetes Melitus
: diakui, 2 tahun lalu didagnosis menderita DM
Penyakit Paru
: diakui, menderita “paru “paru basah” pada usia 10 th
Penyakit jantung
: disangkal
Hipertensi
: disangkal
Alergi makanan dan obat
: disangkal
D. Riwayat Penyakit Keluarga:
Sakit serupa
: disangkal
Diabetes Melitus
: disangkal
Hipertensi
: disangkal
E. Riwayat Pribadi
Riwayat merokok
: diakui, seminggu 4 batang rokok
Riwayat minum alkohol
: diakui, seminggu 4 kali kurang dari 1 botol
Riwayat penggunaan narkoba
: diakui, hampir setiap hari jenis pil, sejak 2 tahun lalu
Kebiasaan makan-makanan asin
: diakui
Kebiasaan makan-makanan berlemak : jarang
Kebiasaan makan sayur dan buah
: jarang
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F. Riwayat Sosial Ekonomi:
Pasien masih tinggal bersama orang tua. Pasien belum bekerja. Pasien berobat dengan menggunakan menggunakan BPJS. Kesan ekonomi kurang. kurang. G. Anamnesis Sistem
Keluhan utama
Badan lemas
Kepala
Pusing (+), Sakit kepala (-), jejas (-), leher kaku (-),
rambut rontok (-) Mata
penglihatan kabur (+/+), pandangan ganda (-/-),
pandangan berputar (-/-), berkunang-kunang (-/-), pucat pada kelopak mata (-/-), mata tampak kuning (-/-) Hidung
pilek (-), mimisan (-), tersumbat (-)
Telinga
pendengaran berkurang (-/-) , berdenging (-/-), keluar cairan (-/-), darah (-/-).
Mulut
Bibir kering (-), sariawan (-), hiperemis (-), gusi berdarah (-), mulut kering (-), lidah kotor (-).
Leher
Pembesaran kelenjar limfe (-).
Tenggorokan
sakit menelan (-), suara serak (-), gatal (-).
Sistem respirasi
sesak nafas (-), batuk (-), wheezing (-), sesak nafas saat beraktivitas ringan (-)
Sistem
nyeri dada (-), berdebar-debar (-), keringat dingin (-)
kardiovaskuler Sistem
mual (-), muntah (-), muntah nyemprot (-), BAB cair
gastrointestinal
(+), BAB darah (-), BAB lendir (+), nyeri perut ulu
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bertambah (+), BB turun (+).
Sistem
nyeri otot (-), nyeri sendi (-), kaku otot (-)
muskuloskeletal Sistem
warna urin seperti teh (-), sering kencing malam
genitourinaria
hari (+), nyeri saat kencing (-), keluar darah (-)
berpasir(-), kencing nanah (-),sulit memulai kencing (-), anyang-anyangan (-). Ekstremitas atas
luka (-/-), kesemutan (-/-), kaku digerakan (-/-) bengkak (-/-), sakit sendi (-/-) panas (-/-).
III.
Ekstremitas
luka (-/-), kesemutan (+/+), kaku digerakan (-/-)
bawah
oedem (-/-) sakit sendi (-/-) panas (-/-)
Sistem
kejang (-), gelisah (-), mengigau (-), emosi tidak
neuropsikiatri
stabil (-)
Sistem
kulit kuning (-), pucat (-), gatal (-), bercak kemerahan
Integumentum
(-), bercak kehitaman (-),
PEMERIKSAAN PEMERIKSAAN FISIK
Pemeriksaan fisik dilakukan pada tanggal 4 November 2016 jam 14.00 di bangsal Mawar :
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Tinggi badan
: 165 cm
Berat badan
: 44 kg
Status Gizi : IMT = 16,161 kg/m 2 (underweight) Skrinning nyeri
:1
Skor Resiko jatuh
: 35 (risiko sedang)
Parameter
Status/keadaan Status/ keadaan
Skor
Penilaian pasien
Riwayat jatuh (baru-baru ini atau dalam 3 bulan bulan terakhir) terakhir) Penyakit penyerta (Diagnosis Sekunder)
Tidak pernah Pernah
0 25
0
Ada Tidak ada
15 0
15
Tanpa alat bantu, tidak dapat jalan
0
Tongkat penyangga (crutch), walker
15
0
Kursi Ya Tidak
30 20 0 0
20
Alat bantu jalan
Pemakaian infus intravena / heparin
Normal Cara berjalan
Lemah Terganggu Menyadari kelemahannya
Status mental
Tidak menyadari kelemahannya Total skor
0 10 20 0 0 15 35
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d.
Kepala
: Mesocephal, distribusi rambut merata, tidak mudah rontok
e.
Mata
: Conjunctiva palpebra pucat (-/-), Sklera kuning (-/-), pupil isokor diameter 3mm/3mm, reflek cahaya (+/+)
f.
Telinga
: discharge (-/-), darah (-/-), nyeri tekan mastoid (-/-), gangguan fungsi pendengaran (-/-).
g. Hidung
: secret (-), napas cuping hidung (-)
h.
: lidah kotor (-), pernapasan mulut (-), bibir
Mulut
kering (-), sianosis (-), i.
Kulit
: pucat (-), hipopigmentasi (-), hiperpigmentasi (-) kulit kering (-)
j.
Leher
: pembesaran kelenjar getah bening (-), deviasi trakea (-), peningkatan JVP (-)
k. Thorak Jantung
Inspeksi
: Ictus cordis tidak tampak
Palpasi
: Ictus cordis teraba 2 cm di medial ICS 5 linea midclavikula sinistra, pulsus parasternal (-), pulsus epigastrium (-), thrill (-)
Perkusi batas atas
: ICS II linea parasternal sinistra
pinggang jantung
: Linea parasternal sinistra
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Pulmo PULMO
DEXTRA
SINISTRA
Bentuk dada
Datar
Datar
Hemitoraks
Simetris statis dinamis
Simetris statis dinamis
Sama dengan kulit sekitar
Sama dengan kulit sekitar
-
-
(+) normal sonor seluruh lapang paru
(+) normal sonor seluruh lapang paru
Vesikuler
Vesikuler
Wheezing
-
-
Ronki kasar
-
-
-
-
-
-
Sama dengan kulit sekitar
Sama dengan kulit sekitar
-
-
(+) normal
(+) normal
Depan 1. Inspeksi
Warna 2. Palpasi
Nyeri tekan Stem fremitus 3. Perkusi 4. Auskultasi
Suara dasar Suara tambahan
Ronkhi basah halus Stridor Belakang 1. Inspeksi
Warna 2. Palpasi
Nyeri tekan Stem Fremitus
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Tampak anterior paru
Tampak posterior paru
SDV
SDV Kesan : SDV pada kedua paru
l.
Abdomen
Inspeksi
: bentuk datar, warna sama dengan sekitar
Auskultasi : bising usus 8 kali permenit Perkusi
: timpani seluruh lapang perut, Pekak sisi (-), Pekak alih (-)
Palpasi
: supel seluruh lapang abdomen, nyeri tekan ulu hati (+) , Hepar : tidak teraba, Lien : tidak teraba, Ginjal : tidak teraba, Tes undulasi (-) -
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Kesan : nyeri ulu hati (+)
m. Ekstremitas
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IV.
PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG a. Darah Rutin
3 November 2016 Pemeriksaan Lekosit
Hasil 5,36
Satuan 103/ul
Nilai Normal 3.8 – 3.8 – 10.6 10.6
Eritrosit
3,2 (L)
106/ul
4.4 – 5.9 5.9
Hemoglobin
9,2 (L)
g/dl
13.2 – 17,3 17,3
Hematokrit
26 (L)
%
40 – 52 52
MCV MCH MCHC Trombosit RDW PLCR Eosinofil absolute Basofil absolute Neutrofil absolute Limfosit absolute Monosit absolute Eosinofil Basofil
81,3 28,8 35,4 163 11,9 32,9 0,07 0,01 2,24 2,65 0,39 1,3 (L) 0,2
fL Pg g/dL 103/ul % % 103/ul 103/ul 103/ul 103/ul 103/ul % %
80 – 80 – 100 100 26 – 26 – 34 34 32 – 32 – 36 36 150 – 150 – 440 440 11.5 – 11.5 – 14.5 14.5 0.045 – 0.045 – 0.44 0.44 0 – 0 – 0.02 0.02 1.8 – 1.8 – 8 8 0.9 – 0.9 – 5.2 5.2 0.16 – 0.16 – 1 1 2 – 4 4 0 – 1 1
Neutrofil
41,8 (L)
%
50 -70
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V.
RESUME
Pasien datang ke IGD RSUD Tugurejo Semarang diantar keluarganya dengan keluhan badan lemas. Pasien mengeluh badan lemas yang dirasakan sejak ± 1 bulan SMRS dan keluhan bertambah berat 2 hari SMRS, awal mula badan lemas dirasakan pada seluruh badan setelah melakukan aktivitas. Pasien mengeluhkan lemas terus menerus semakin hari semakin memberat hingga menganggu aktivitas sehari-hari. Keluhan
lemas tidak berkurang pada
waktu istirahat dan setelah makan. Pasien juga mengeluh sering haus (+), sering lapar (+) makan hingga 12 kali sehari, sering BAK (+), pusing (+), diare (+) sejak 2 hari SMRS sebanyak 6 kali sehari dengan konsistensi feses cair berwarna kuning, darah feses (-), lendir feses (+) berwarna putih dan banyak. Pasien mengeluh ada penurunan berat badan dari 57 kg menjadi 44 kg dalam 2 tahun terakhir, kedua kaki sering kesemutan, serta pandangan mata kabur tanpa ada riwayat kelainan kelainan refraksi. Dari pemeriksaaan fisik didapatkan pasien tampak lemas, IMT 16,161 kg/m 2, tekanan darah 120/80 mmHg, nadi 80x/menit, RR
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VI.
DAFTAR ABNORMALITAS Anamnesis
Pemeriksaan Penunjang
1. Badan lemas
10. Tampak lemas
13. Eritrosit 3,2 (L)
2. Sering haus
11. IMT 16,161 kg/m2
14. Hb 9,2 (L)
3. Sering lapar
12. Penglihatan kabur
15. Ht 26 (L)
4. Sering BAK
(kelainan refraksi
16. GDS 577 (H)
5. Kedua kaki sering
disangkal)
17. Kalium 3,3 (L)
kesemutan 6. Pusing 7. Diare 8. Penurunan berat badan 9. Riwayat DM, 2 tahun tidak terkontrol
VII.
Pemeriksaan Fisik
MASALAH AKTIF
1. DM tipe 1
18. Natrium 18. Natrium 128,8 (L) (L) 19. Klorida 92,8 (L)
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III.
RENCANA PEMECAHAN MASALAH 1) Problem : Diabetes Melitus
A. Assesment 1) Komplikasi
Retinopati diabetikum
Neuropati diabetikum
2) Etiologi
DM tipe I
DM tipe II
B. Innitial Plan 1) Diagnosis C-peptide, C-peptide, Funduskopi, EMG 2) Terapi
Inj. Novorapid s.c 10-10-10 U
3) Monitoring
KU, TTV, GDS, GD2PP
4) Edukasi
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2) Problem : Diare
A. Assesment 1) Komplikasi Dehidrasi & gangguan elektrolit 2) Etiologi
Bakteria e.c Infeksi
Gastropati DM
B. Innitial Plan 1) Diagnosis
Feses rutin
Endoskopi
2) Terapi
Infus RL 20 tpm
Ceftriaxon 1-2 gr i.v 1 x 1 selama 3-5 hari
Attapulgite 600 mg p.o 2 tab setelah BAB
3) Monitoring :
KU, TTV, rehidrasi cairan
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3) Problem : Anemia normositik normokromik
A. Assesment Etiologi
Penyakit kronis
Perdarahan
B. Innitial Plan 1) Diagnosis Pemeriksaan Retikulosit 2) Terapi
Transfusi PRC 2 kolf
3) Monitoring
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VII.
PROGRESS NOTE
Tanggal 4/11/16
Follow Up S
Badan lemas, pusing sedikit, nyeri ulu hati, bab cair 2x, cair sedikit ampas, darah (-), lendir (-), warna coklat.
O
KU : tampak lemas TD : 120/80 mmHg Nadi : 80 x/menit RR : 24 x/menit T : 36,1 oC Thorax : BJ I-II regular SD Vesikuler (+/+)
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Tanggal 5/11/16
Follow Up S
Badan lemas, pusing sedikit, nyeri ulu hati, bab cair 1x, cair sedikit ampas, darah (-), lendir (-), warna coklat.
O
KU : tampak lemas TD : 115/75 mmHg Nadi : 100 x/menit RR : 22 x/menit T : 36,7 oC Thorax : BJ I-II regular SD Vesikuler (+/+) Suara tambahan (-/-)
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Tanggal 6/11/16
Follow Up S
Badan lemas, pusing sedikit, nyeri ulu hati berkurang, kedua kaki kesemutan, bab cair (-).
O
KU : tampak lemas TD : 110/70 mmHg Nadi : 80 x/menit RR : 22 x/menit T : 36 oC Thorax : BJ I-II regular SD Vesikuler (+/+) Suara tambahan (-/-)
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Alur Pikir
1 2 3 4
5 6
7
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BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Definisi
Menurut American Diabetes Association (ADA) tahun 2010, Diabetes melitus merupakan suatu kelompok penyakit metabolik dengan karakteristik
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2.3 Klasifikasi
Klasifikasi Diabetes Melitus menurut American Diabetes Association (ADA) 2005, yaitu : 1. Diabetes Melitus Tipe 1
DM ini disebabkan oleh kekurangan insulin dalam darah yang terjadi akibat
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2.3 Faktor Risiko Faktor risiko yang tidak bisa dimodifikasi :
- Riwayat keluarga dengan Diabetes Mellitus - Umur.Risiko untuk menderita prediabetes meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya usia.
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Diabetes Tipe 2
Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Mellitus (NIDDM) atau Diabetes Melitus Tidak Tergantung Insulin (DMTTI) disebabkan karena kegagalan relatif sel β dan resistensi insulin. Resistensi insulin adalah turunnya kemampuan insulin untuk merangsang pengambilan glukosa oleh jaringan
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diderita oleh anak-anak maupun orang dewasa, namun lebih sering didapat pada anak-anak 5. 2.5.2 Diabetes Melitus tipe 2
Pada DM tipe II (DM yang tidak tergantung insulin (NIDDM),
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