Laboratorio Impedancia

RKEVB_^EIAI YBNKM@ÞJENA IB SAKAHÁ NBKY_M _BJEMKA@ IB A\RB_M FANR@YAI IB EKJBKEB_ÈA B@ÅNY_ENA @ENBKNEAYR_A BK EKJBKEB_ÈA B@BNY_MHBNÁKENA

Nerneym~ EEE

@aomraymrem Ehsbiaknea

Fane`eyaimr B`aiem Na~yrm Sbña

Binakim~ La~mk Nmryå~ Aoib` Já`vb| Lak Jmk|á`b| Uager Mriþñb| _enarim ^brrakm Umr`bke Yrmyyhak

_ba`e|aim b` 1? ib haum Srehbr ^bhb~yrb ?311

EKY_MIRNNEÞK

Bk b~ya bwsbrebknea ib `aomraymrem asrbkibrbhm~ nmhm smibhm~ rb~m`vbr k nerneym nmhs`blm n(a ye`e|akim b` nmknbsym ib qb, bk k nerneym sara`b`m ibobhm~ ybkbr bk nbkya `a~ fa~b~ ib `a~ nmrrebkyb~, u qb bk k nerneym ~breb ~b ibob ybkbr srb~bkyb b` ib~fa~b bkyrb `m~ vm`yalb~+ @a ehsbiaknea b~ `a msm~eneþk a` sa~m ib `a nmrrebkyb bk k nerneym n(a fmrhaim smr rb~e~ybknea, ekinyaknea u nasaneyaknea, aibhá~ yebkb ka saryb rba` u ka saryb ehajekarea, u ~b ~ehom`e|a nmk `a `byra \+ Sara na`n`ar b` vm`yalb ymya` bk b` nerneym ~b ibob h`yes`enar `a nmrrebkyb ymya` qb nern`a smr b` he~hm, smr `a ehsbiaknea bqeva`bkyb ib` nerneym 'V 8 E \%+ A~ehe~hm ibhm~yrarbhm~ qb `a @bu ib Mgh yahoeåk ~b sbib as`enar a nerneym~ n(a ye`e|akim `a ehsbiaknea bk `jar ib `a rb~e~ybknea+ Eja`hbkyb smibhm~ na`n`ar `a ehsbiaknea ~hakim vbnymrea`hbkyb `a rb~e~ybknea u `a rbanyaknea bk sara`b`m+ Bk naia srmnb~m rba`e|aim bk b~ya bwsbrebknea ~b smirá mo~brvar `a nmhsaraneþk bkyrb `m~ iaym~ ybþrenm~, `m~ na`b~ ~mk `m~ ná`n`m~ gbngm~ bk sasb`, u `m~ iaym~ bwsbrehbkya`b~, moybkeim~ a saryer ib `a hbieneþk as`enakim b` ~m ib` vm`yèhbyrm u ahsbrèhbyrm+ Bk b~yb yraoalm `m~ srmnbiehebkym~ bws`enaim~ sa~m a sa~m, ~ejbk k ` ekbahebkym a saryer ib ka jèa ib `aomraymrem, nmhm yahoeåk `a hakbra bk qb ~b gak rba`e|aim u aka`e|aim, ybkebkim nmhm rb~sa`im `m~ ná`n`m~ haybháyenm~ nmhm yahoeåk `m~ va`mrb~ moybkeim~ ib hakbra rba`, mo~brvakim ib ya` hakbra qb `m~ iaym~ ybþrenm~ u bwsbrehbkya`b~ ~b rb`anemkak bkyrb ~e u qb yakym `a ybmrèa nmhm `a srányena ~mk ib jrak ehsmryaknea bk b` b~yiem ib b~ya haybrea+ Bk ~e, bk b~ya bwsbrebknea ib `aomraymrem na`n`arbhm~ `m~ va`mrb~ ib iefbrbkyb~ nerneym~ n(a ye`e|akim `a~ bnanemkb~ ib ehsbiaknea, u ib~så~ nmhsrmoarbhm~ `m~ rb~`yaim~ ganebkim `a~ hbienemkb~ bk b` nerneym rba`+

HA_NM YBÞ_ENM

Nmhm ua nmkmnbhm~, bk na`qebr nerneym qb ybkja yakym rb~e~ybknea nmhm nasaneyaknea m ekinyaknea, `a msm~eneþk ymya` mfrbneia bk b` nerneym km b~ `a ~ehs`b ~ha areyhåyena ib `a rbanyaknea 'W@ m WN% u ib `a rb~e~ybknea '_%+ @a rbanyaknea ~b ibob ~har a `a rb~e~ybknea bk ya` fmrha qb ~b ymhb bk nbkya `a iefbrbknea ib fa~b ib 53¼ bkyrb `m~ im~ vm`yblb~ 'nerneym~ bk ~breb% m bkyrb `a~ nmrrebkyb~ 'nerneym~ bk sara`b`m%+ B~ya msm~eneþk ymya` a `a nmrrebkyb ~b ibkmheka ehsbiaknea u ~b ib~ejka hbieakyb b` ~èhom`m \+ B~yieb `a fejra ??(1 u smirá iar~b nbkya qb b` vm`yalb as`enaim a `a rb~e~ybknea, B _, b~ eja` a E_, u b` vm`yalb as`enaim a `a ekinyaknea, B @, b~ eja` a EW @+ @a ~ha fa~mrea` rb~`yakyb b~ b` vm`yalb ib `a fbkyb B^, qb b~ eja` a E ^\+ Sb~ym qb naia fa~mr rbsrb~bkya k srminym bk b` na` `a nmrrebkyb E b~ k fanymr nmhük, `m~ fa~mrb~ ~brák srmsmrnemka`b~ a _ u W @, u ~b sbibk ieolar nmhm ~b hb~yra bk `a fejra ??(1 'n%+ @a ~ha fa~mrea` rb~`yakyb \ rbsrb~bkya `a ehsbiaknea ib` nerneym+ @a ~ha fa~mrea` ib `a rbanyaknea u `a rb~e~ybknea 'ehsbiaknea \% nmk~yeyub yahoeåk `a gesmybk~a ib` yreákj`m rbnyákj`m a, o, n4 smr `m yakym, ~b sbib na`n`ar haybháyenahbkyb as`enakim b` ybmrbha ib Seyájmra~+

BE ákj`m ib fa~b ib \ b~ b` he~hm qb b` ib `a ~ha fa~mrea` moybkeia, u ~b sbib na`n`ar ib anbrim nmk yak η 8 W@-_ m oebk, nm~ η 8 _-\+ @a~ rb`anemkb~ bkyrb E, B u \ bk nerneym~ n(a, ~mk ~ehe`arb~ a `a~ qb bwe~ybk bkyrb E, B u _ bk nerneym~ n(i+ Bk ve~ya ib b~ym, `a bnaneþk ib `a `bu ib Mgh ~b sbib ~ar sara rb~m`vbr nerneym~ ib n(a, ye`e|akim `a ehsbiaknea \ bk `jar ib `a rb~e~ybknea _+ Bk k nerneym _N m _@ bk sara`b`m, b` vm`yalb as`enaim b~ eiåkyenm bk naia raha, smr bkib, ~b ye`e|a nmhm rbfbrbknea ib fa~b+ @a nmrrebkyb ib `a fbkyb ~b ibybrheka ~hakim vbnymrea`hbkyb `a~ nmrrebkyb~ ib naia raha+

 8  ? $  ?

m

 8   ? $ ?

@a ehsbiaknea ib `m~ nerneym~ bk sara`b`m ~b ibybrheka as`enakim `a @bu ib Mgh sara nerneym~ ib n(a+ @a hajkeyi ib `a ehsbiaknea ~b sbib bknmkyrar yahoeåk ~hakim vbnymrea`hbkyb `a rb~e~ybknea u `a rbanyaknea bk sara`b`m+

 8   ? $  ?

m

 8  ⁉ ? $  ?

B` ákj`m ib fa~b sara nerneym~ bk sara`b`m ~b na`n`a hbieakyb yak η 8 _-W m nm~ η 8 \ -_+ Nakim k nerneym nmkyebkb yakym b`bhbkym~ ekinyevm~, nmhm nasaneyevm~, srehbrahbkyb ~b ibob bknmkyrar `a rbanyaknea ymya` nmhoekaia, W u `bjm ye`e|ar b~ya hajkeyi bk `a~ bnanemkb~ akybremrb~+ Sara nerneym~ bk ~breb<

  8  ∟  Sara nerneym~ bk sara`b`m<

  8  '  % ⁉  ' ∟  % ^e bk `a~ bnanemkb~ akybremrb~ b` rb~`yaim ib 'W @ ( WN% b~ sm~eyevm, `a rbanyaknea nmhoekaia b~ ekinyeva u smr bkib, b` ákj`m ib fa~b a~mneaim nmk ymia `a ehsbiaknea b~ sm~eyevm+ ^e smr b` nmkyrarem 'W@ ( WN% b~ kbjayevm, `a rbanyaknea nmhoekaia ~brá ib yesm nasaneyevm u b` ákj`m ib fa~b ib `a ehsbiaknea ~brá kbjayevm+

S_MNBIEHEBKYM

1+ Sara naia km ib `m~ ~ejebkyb~ nerneym~< a% Na`n`b `m~ va`mrb~ ib~nmkmneim~ ~akim `a~ bnanemkb~ iaia~ bk `a ~bnneþk ib HA_NM YBÞ_ENM u akmyb `m~ rb~`yaim~ bk `m~ b~sanem~ nmrrb~smkiebkyb~+ o% R~b `m~ Hþi`m~ BH^ sara nmkbnyar b` nerneym ya` nmhm ~b e`~yra bk naia fejra+ Nmkbnyb `a fbkyb ib bkbrjèa u alü~yb`a sara moybkbr b` vm`yalb m `a nmrrebkyb rbqbreim~ ~bjük ~b b~sbnefeqb bk naia srmnbiehebkym+ n% Gaja `a~ hbienemkb~ ekienaia~ u akmyb `a~ `bnyra~ bk b` b~sanem nmrrb~smkiebkyb+ i% Nmhsarb `m~ va`mrb~ na`n`aim~ nmk `m~ va`mrb~ hbieim~+ ?+ Vba b` nerneym ib `a fejra ??(?+

8 133 mgh~ (1  Akj`m ib fa~b 8 nm~ _-\ 8 2>,1 ¼ B ^ na`n`aim 8 133 V B ^ hbieim 8 13?,2 B N  na`n`aim 8 73 V B N  hbieim 8 :7 B _ na`n`aim 8 63 V B _ hbieim 8 61 Ehsbiaknea ib` nerneym \ 

>+ Vba b` nerneym ib `a fejra ??(>+

V  V  V 

8 133 mgh~ (1  Akj`m ib fa~b 8 nm~ _-\ 8 >6,5 ¼ B ^ na`n`aim 8 23 V B ^ hbieim 8 95 B @ na`n`aim 8 >3 V B @ hbieim 8 ?9 B _ na`n`aim 8 93 V B _ hbieim 8 >9 Ehsbiaknea ib` nerneym \ 

V  V  V 

9+ Vba b` nerneym ib `a fejra ??(9+

8 97 mgh~ (1  Akj`m ib fa~b 8 yak _-W 8 >6,5 ¼ E^ na`n`aia 8 ?,2  A E^ hbieia E_ na`n`aia 8 ?,3  A E_ hbieia 8 1,2 EN  na`n`aia  A EN  hbieia Ehsbiaknea ib` nerneym \ 

2+ Vba b` nerneym ib `a fejra ??(2+

8 ?,? 8 1,5 8 1,2

 A  A  A

8 133 mgh~ (1  Akj`m ib fa~b 8 nm~ _-\ 8 >6,5 ¼ B ^ na`n`aim 8 23 V B ^ hbieim B _ na`n`aim 8 93 V B _ hbieim B @ na`n`aim 8 123 V B @ hbieim B N  na`n`aim 8 1?3 V B N  hbieim Ehsbiaknea ib` nerneym \ 

8 8 8 8

61 55 197 1?1

V 

8 8 8 8

1,6 1,5 1,5 1,92

 A

V  V  V 

6+ Vba b` nerneym ib `a fejra ??(6+

8 73 mgh~ (1 ¼  Akj`m ib fa~b 8 nm~ _-\ 8 3 E^ na`n`aia 8 1,2  A E^ hbieia 8 ?,3 EN  na`n`aia  A EN  hbieia 8 ?,3 E@ na`n`aia  A E@ hbieia 8 1,2 E_ na`n`aia  A E_ hbieia Ehsbiaknea ib` nerneym \ 

 A  A  A

S_BJRKYA^

1+ ^e k nerneym nmkbnyaim a ka `èkba ib a`ehbkyaneþk ib 1?3 V ymha > A ib nmrrebkyb ib `èkba, ½ná` b~ `a ehsbiaknea ib` nerneym= 8 93 Ω  8  8 1?3 >

?+ ½Sbib nmk~eibrar~b qb gau ehsbiaknea bk k nerneym ib n(a qb ~m`m nmkyebkb rb~e~ybknea= Bws`eqb ½smr qå= ^e sbib nmk~eibra~b qb bwe~yb ehsbiaknea+ B~ym ~b ibob a qb `a ehsbiaknea ib k nerneym b~ `a ra|þk bkyrb `a ybk~eþk fa~mrea` 'V%, u `a nmrrebkyb fa~mrea` 'E%, hbieia bk mgh+ @a ehsbiaknea bk k nerneym qb ~m`m nmkybkja rb~e~ybknea ~brá eja` a` va`mr ib `a rb~e~ybknea bqeva`bkyb ib` nerneym+ >+ ½Nahoea b` va`mr ib `a ehsbiaknea ib` nerneym ~e varèa `a frbnbknea ib `èkba= Bws`èqb`m+ ^e nahoea ~e varèa `a frbnbknea ib `èkba+ @a ehsbiaknea aibhá~ ib ~br `a rb`aneþk bkyrb `a ybk~eþk a`ybrka as`enaia a k nerneym u `a ekybk~eiai ib `a nmrrebkyb srmineia, yahoeåk b~ ka hajkeyi qb ibsbkib ib `a rb~e~ybknea u `a rbanyaknea ib` nerneym, bk nmk~bnbknea, a` ibsbkibr `a rbanyaknea 'nasaneyeva m ekinyeva% ib `a frbnbknea ib `èkba bkymknb~ `a ehsbiaknea yahoeåk ibsbkib ib b~ya+

NMKN@R^EÞK

A` eja` qb bk b` ekfmrhb akybremr oa~ahm~ kb~yra bwsbrebknea bk k nerneym ib nmrrebkyb a`ybrka nmk nmkbwemkb~ bk ~breb u sara`b`m ib rb~e~ybknea~, nasaneyaknea~ b ekinyaknea~+ Km mo~yakyb b~yb `aomraymrem km~ ibhb~yra ka vb| há~, qb `a ehsbiaknea ymya` km b~ ka ~ehs`b ~ha areyhåyena, ~ekm qb gau qb ymhar bk nbkya `a~ iefbrbknea~ ib fa~b~ qb yebkb naia b`bhbkym ib` nerneym+ Bk b~ya bwsbrebknea hbiehm~ `a~ nmrrebkyb~ u vm`yalb~ ib nmkbwemkb~ a eja`b~ u iefbrbkyb~ rbanyaknea~ sara ibybrhekar b` nahoem ib vm`yalb m nmrrebkyb qb srb~bkya b` nerneym+ Hu sarbneim a` akybremr, sbrm bk b~ya mna~eþk ~ahm~ b` ybmrbha ib Seyájmra~ u `a~ `bub~ ib` yreákj`m sara ibybrhekar `a ehsbiaknea ymya` u vm`yalb ib` nerneym a hbier m srmoar+ A~è he~hm hbiehm~ `a nmrrebkyb ~heke~yraia smr `a fbkyb a` háwehm '?33 V%, u ibsbkiebkim ib` yesm ib nmkbweþk 'ua ~ba sara`b`a m ~breb% na`n`ahm~ b` vm`yalb m nmrrebkyb ib naia b`bhbkym 'rb~e~ybknea~, nmkibk~aimrb~ b ekinyaknea~%+ @bjm ib moybkbr b~ym~ iaym~ nmhsarahm~ `m~ rb~`yaim~ nmk b` va`mr hbieim, ``bjakim a `a nmkn`~eþk qb, ua ~ba smr b` håymim ib fa~mrb~ m ye`e|akim b` ybmrbha ib Seyájmra~, ahom~ srmnbiehebkym~ fbrmk aibnaim~ sara ibybrhekar `a~ iefbrbkyb~ hajkeyib~ fè~ena~ bk naia b`bhbkym ib` nerneym+

OEO@EMJ_AFÈA

     Ngar`b~ D+ A`bwakibr - Hayygbz K+ M+ ^aied+ Fkiahbkym~ ib Nerneym~ B`ånyrenm~+ Ybrnbra bieneþk, Bieymrea` Hn Jraz Ge``+ Håwenm, ?336+      Hengab` L+ Ib Veym+ Bwsbrehbkym nmk Bqesm B`ånyrenm+ Srehbra bieneþk, Bieymrea` @eh~a, 15:2+      Henrm~mfy Bknarya ?335+ 155>(?337 Henrm~mfy Nmrsmrayemk+