Konsep-Konsep Dasar Termodinamika

DBC^AZ/DBC^AZ IH^H[ YA[OBI@CHO@DH

Beag= Dhqy~h{  C@O= YF# YF# :0:10> :0:10> F`~`dh V@ K

ZHCIHCLHC OHD[B^DBZ@D IHC O@D[B^DBZ@D

H# Zhcihclhc Ohd{b~dbz`d Zaciadhyhc ya{obi`cho`dh ohd{b~dbz`d 'ya{obi`cho`dh ~yhy`~y`d)% zacldhm`hc i`ehdqdhc ~anh{h ehcl~qcl zhih y`cldhy ~y{qdyq{ ih{` ohya{`% iaclhc yqmqhc oaozaehmh{` za{`ehdq {hyh/{hyh zh{y`dae zacpq~qc ~`~yao iheho zacldhm`hc iaclhc oacllqchdhc zacla{y`hc ~yhy`~y`d ihc oaclgqkqcldhc `cfb{oh~` phcl i`ihzhy iaclhc gh~`e bk~a{vh~` za{`ehdq ~`~yao

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Dqhcy`yh~ phcl i`hnq ~akhlh` n`{` qoqo hyhq ~`fhy ~dheh ka~h{ ih{` ~`~yao i`~akqy dbb{i`chy ohd{b~dbz`~ # Nbcybg = iheho  ~akqhg ~`e`cia{ oa~`c obk`e ihzhy i`za{`cn`  aozhy dqhcy`yh~% phdc` = dbozb~`~`% vbeqoa% yadhchc ihc yaoza{hyq{# yaoza{hyq{# Dbb{i`chy ohd{b~dbz`~ oao`e`d` n`{` dgh~ oacnhdqz = 8# Dbb{i`chy y`ihd oacphcldqydhc zaclhcih`hc dgq~q~ oaclach` ~y{qdyq{  ohya{`% ;# Mqoehg dbb{i`chycph ~ai`d`y% ># Dbb{i`chy `c` i`z`e`g oaeheq` ihph ya{`oh

K# Zhcihclhc O`d{b~dbz`d Za{`ehdq ya{obi`cho`dh i`dhm` ~anh{h da~aeq{qghc ka{ih~h{dhc ~`fhy/~`fhy ya{obi`cho`dh }hy phcl ihzhy ya{qdq{  iheho ka~h{hc `cyac~`f# Obiae ~y{qdyq{  ohya{` zhih y`cldhy obeadqea{% hybo`d% ihc ~qkhybo`d y`ihd i`za{lqchdhc ~anh{h ehcl~qcl% oa~d`zqc za{`ehdq ~`~yao i`zaclh{qg` beag ~y{qdyq{ obeadqea{cph# Zaciadhyhc `c` mqlh ~a{`cl i`dache ~akhlh` ya{obi`cho`dh deh~`d#

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Iheho oadhc`dh ~yhy`~y`d% ~`~yao i`hcih`dhc ya{i`{` ih{` ~amqoehg ka~h{ C obeadqe 'y`ihd chozhd iaclhc ohyh hyhq o`d{b~dbz`~)# Dbb{i`chy o`d{b~dbz`~ oao`e`d` n`{` dgh~ oacnhdqz = 8# Ya{ihzhy Ya{ihzhy zaclhcih`hc oaclach` ~y{qdyq{  ~y{qdyq{  ohya{`% ph`yq obeadqe i`hcllhz hih% ;# Khcphd dqhcy`yh~ phcl gh{q~ i`za{`cn`% ># Dqhcy`yh~ phcl i`za{`cn` y`ihd i`ih~h{dhc zaca{`ohhc `cia{h d`yh% 9# Dqhcy`yh~ `c` y`ihd ihzhy i`qdq{#

[QHCL E@CLDQZ YA[OBI@CHO@DH 

Z{`c~`z/z{`c~`z ya{obi`cho`dh ka{~hoh `eoq zaclayhgqhc yadc`d eh`ccph ~aza{y` oadhc`dh feq`ih% za{z`cihghc dheb{% ihc za{z`cihghc oh~~h% i`lqchdhc qcyqd oaclhche`~`~ ihc oa{hcnhcl z{biqd yadcbebl` i` k`ihcl zaokhcld`yhc ihph"aca{l`% hehy y{hc~fb{yh~`% zaclbehghc }hy"lh~% iee# Yqmqhc ya{obi`cho`dh hihehg oacnh{` gqkqclhc qoqo hcyh{h dbb{i`chy ya{obi`cho`dh phcl yhhy h~h~ iaclhc gqdqo zbdbd ya{obi`cho`dh#

^@^YAO/^@^YAO YA[OBI@CHO@DH 

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^`~yao = khl`hc ih{` heho ~aoa~yh phcl d`yh hohy` hyhq phcl i`zaehmh{`# E`cldqclhc '~q{{bqci`cl ) = khl`hc i`eqh{ ~`~yao phcl phcl oh~`g ka{zaclh{qg hyhq i`zaclh{qg` beag ~`~yao# Khyh~ 'kbqcih{p ) = khl`hc phcl oao`~hgdhc

~ ao/~ ~ ao a{ob cho h i`kaihdhc hyh~ iqh mac`~% ph`yq= 

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^`~yao ya{yqyqz 'neb~ai  ~p~yao~) hyhq oh~~h hyq{  'oh~~ nbcy{be)# ^`~yao ya{kqdh 'bzac  ~p~yao~) hyhq vbeqoa hyq{  'nbcy{be vbeqoa)#

 VH[@HKAE DAHIHHC

Dahihhc '~yhya ) oa{qzhdhc dbci`~` ~`~yao phcl ihzhy i`yacyqdhc beag c`eh` ~`fhycph# •

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Vh{`hkae `cyac~`f = vh{`hkae ya{obi`cho`dh phcl y`ihd ya{lhcyqcl zhih mqoehg ohya{`# Nbcybg= Yaoza{hyq{% yadhchc% oh~~h mac`~% y`y`d i`i`g% zG% Yalhclhc oqdh% @ciad~ k`h~% dadacyhehc% zhch~ ~za~`f`d Vh{`hkae ad~yac~`f = vh{`hkae ya{obi`cho`dh pl ya{lhcyqcl zhih mqoehg ohya{`# Nbcybg= oh~~h% Vbeqoa% Aca{l` Iheho% Acyhez`%

DA^A@OKHCLHC YA[OHE IHC GQDQO DA/CBE YA[OBI@CHO@DH 

 DA^A@OKHCLHC

YA[OHE Da~ay`okhclhc zhch~ 'yga{ohe)  i`nhzh` hzhk`eh iqh  ~`~yao oao`e`d`  'hyhq eak`g) yaoza{hyq{ ~hoh% `cya{hd~` daiqh ~`~yao ghcph oaeheq` za{qkhghc aca{l` iheho#

GQDQO

DA/CBE YA[OBI@CHO@DH  Hzhk`eh iqh kacih iheho dahihhc ~a`okhcl yga{ohe iaclhc kacih day`lh ohdh iqh kacih ya{~akqy mqlh iheho dahihhc ~a`okhcl yga{ohe |hehqzqcy`ihd ~he`cl ka{~acyqghc#

^A@OKHCL YA[OBI@CHO@D

'axq`e`k{`qo  Dahihhc da~ay`okhclhc ~yhya) hihehg dahihhc phcl i`yqcmqddhc beag ~`fhy/~`fhy ~`~yao zhih |hdyq ihc yaozhy ya{yacyq yhczh i`zaclh{qg` beag dahihhc i`~ad`yh{cph#  Da~a`okhclhc ya{ohe = ~aeq{qg ~`~yao y`ihd ya{ihzhy za{kaihhc ~qgq  Da~a`okhclhc oadhc`d = y`ihd hih vh{`h~` yadhchc i`~aeq{qg ~`~yao#  Da~a`okhclhc d`o`h = ~qihg y`ihd hih ehl` {ahd~`/{ahd~` phcl ya{mhi` i` iheho ~`~yao#

Z[B^A^ DQH^@^YHY@D & CBC/DQH^@YHY@D

Z{b~a~ `hehg za{qkhghc ~`~yao ih{` ~hyq dahihhc da~a`okhclhc phcl ~hyq da dahihhc da~a`okhclhc phcl eh`c# Mac`~/mac`~ z{b~a~= 

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Z{b~a~ dqh~`~yhy`d ' ya{khe`ddhc " {ava{~`kea ) =  Z{b~a~ phcl oa{qzhdhc {acyayhc dahihhc ~a`okhcl yhd g`cllh khcphd# Z{b~a~ cbcdqh~`~yhy`d ' yhd ya{kehe`ddhc " `{{ava{~`kea )  Z{b~a~ za{qkhghc ih{` dahihhc ~a`okhcl da dahihhc ~a`okhcl eh`ccph iaclhc nazhy yhczh