esUNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS MÉDICAS UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA DE FÍSICA CATEDRÁTICO:
HOJA DE TRABAJO No. 2
NOMBRE: CARNÉ: SECCIÓN: FECHA: 11-05-2012 Instrucciones: Resuelva los ejercicios siguientes. La solución entréguela a su profesor el viernes 11 de mayo, día de la realización del segundo examen corto. La ponderación es de 3 puntos netos de zona. (Use el
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Sistema internacional de unidades de medida (SI), si no se especifica en cuál expresar la respuesta). 1) Formando un ángulo de 36° con la horizontal se aplica una fuerza de 15 N al bloque de 8 kg si la fuerza de rozamiento que actúa sobre el bloque es de 10 N, calcule su velocidad (en m/s) después de recorrer 20 m (si parte del reposo)
Primero se realiza un DCL (Diagrama de Cuerpo Libre) del bloque
y F = 15 N
Ff = 10 N
Fy 36°
Fx
x
Cos 36° = Fx/F F*Cos 36° = Fx
Ahora se realiza una Σ Fx = masa*aceleración, fuerzas x a la derecha (sentido del movimiento) movimiento) positivas y a la izquierda izquierda negativas. Con ello se calculará la aceleración que luego servirá para encontrar la velocidad final con los demás datos. ΣFx = m*a
- Ff + Fx= m*a - Ff + F*cos 36° = m*a -10 N + 15 N *cos 36° = 8 kg*a -10 N +12.15 N = 8 kg*a 2.15 N = 8 kg*a 2.15 N/(8 kg) = a Como N = kg m/s2
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a = 0.26875 m/s2 (aceleración) x = 20 m (distancia) Con la fórmula Vf 2 = Vo2 + 2ax se calcula la Vf (aceleración positiva porque parte del reposo y acelera conforme avanza el bloque) Vf 2 = Vo2 + 2ax Vf 2 = 0 + 2(0.26875 m/s 2)(20 m) Vf 2 = 10.75 m2/s2 Vf = Raíz Cuadrada (10.75 m2/s2) Vf = 3.2787 m/s
R: Después de recorrer 20 metros el bloque su velocidad final es igual a 3.2787 m/s 2) En un plano horizontal, una fuerza total de 90 N actúa sobre un cuerpo de 30 kg que parte del reposo. Calcule la velocidad (en m/s) tras haberse desplazado 10 m. Como se indica en el enunciado una “fuerza total” implica que ya es la fuerza resultante que se iguala a la masa por la aceleración. aceleración. Con ello se calcula la aceleración ΣFx = m*a
90 N = 30 kg*a 90 N/(30 kg) = a Como N = kg m/s2 (90 kg m/s2)/30 kg = a 3 m/s2 = a
Datos: Vo = 0 (parte del del reposo) 2 a = 3 m/s (aceleración) x = 10 m (distancia)
Con la fórmula Vf 2 = Vo2 + 2ax se calcula la Vf (aceleración positiva porque el cuerpo aumenta su velocidad conforme avanza) Vf 2 = Vo2 + 2ax Vf 2 = 0 + 2(3 m/s2)(10 m) Vf 2 = 60 m2/s2 Vf = Raíz Cuadrada (60 m2/s2)
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3) Un carro de 103 kg circula a 60 km/h y choca contra un poste desplazándolo 10 cm antes de detenerse ¿Cuánta fuerza (en N) actuó sobre el carro? Como se está trabajando en el Sistema Internacional de Unidades (S.I), la distancia debe ser en metros, metros, el tiempo en segundos y la masa en kg. Se realizan las conversiones pertinentes. El carro lleva una velocidad de 60 km/h cuando frena hasta detenerse, entonces la Vo será la que lleva y al detenerse será 0. Datos Masa = 103 kg = 1000 kg Vo = 60 km/h x 1000 m/1 km x 1h/3600 seg = 16.6667 m/s Vf = 0 x = 10 cm x 1 m/100 cm = 0.1 m a=? Con la fórmula Vf 2 = Vo2 + 2ax se calcula la a (aceleración negativa porque el carro disminuye su velocidad conforme avanza) Vf 2 = Vo2 + 2ax 0 = 16.6667 16.6667 m/s + 2(-a)(0.1 m) m) 0 = 16.6667 m/s – (0.2 m)* a (-0.2 m)*a = 16.6667 m/s a = (16.6667 m/s)/(0.2 m) a = 83.3335 m/s2 Ahora con la fórmula F = m*a se calcula la fuerza que actuó sobre el carro F = (1000 kg)*(83.3335 m/s 2) = 83333.5 kg m/s 2 (Newton = N = kg m/s2) F = 83333.5 N
R: La fuerza que actuó sobre el carro al frenar es de 83,333.5 N
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inicia desde el reposo en la parte alta, experimenta una fuerza constante de fricción de 5 N a lo largo de su recorrido y continua moviéndose una corta distancia sobre el piso horizontal. Determine su aceleración final (en m/s2) en la parte inferior de la rampa. Se realiza un DCL (Diagrama de Cuerpo Libre) cuyo eje “x” se encuentra paralelo al plano inclinado El objeto se mueve en esta dirección debido al peso. La fuerza de fricción es contraria al movimiento. movimiento. 1m N Ffricción Wx 30° 30°
W
Wy Wx
Wy = W Cos 30° Wx = W Sen 30° De los datos W = mg = 3 kg x 10 m/s2 m/s2 = 30 N (N = Newton) ΣFy = m*a (Fuerzas en dirección del movimiento positivas, y las contrarias negativas) Wx – Ff = m*a 30 N*(Sen 30°) – 5 N = (3kg)*a 30 N *(0.5) – 5 N = (3kg)*a 15 N – 5 N = (3kg)*a 10 N = (3kg)*a (10 N)/(3 kg) = a (10 kg m/s2)/(3kg) = a
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el peso de un minero 196 lb, en un tramo vertical de la trayectoria la aceleración del sistema es de 0.7 m/s2 hacia arriba, determine la tensión del cable en N. El cable no resbala ni estira e ignore la fricción de la capsula y la polea.
Masa total = Masa cápsula + Masa del minero Masa total = 451 kg + (196 lb x 1 kg/2.204623 lb) = 451 kg + 88.9 kg = 539.9 kg W total = m total * gravedad = 539.9 kg * 10 m/s = 5399 kg m/s 2 = 5399 N Primero se realiza un DCL (Diagrama de Cuerpo Libre) de la cápsula
y T = ?
Movimiento
W total = 5399 N ΣFy = m*a
(Fuerzas en dirección del movimiento positivas, y las contrarias negativas) T – W total = m total*a T – 5399 5399 N = (539.9 (539.9 kg)*(0.7 kg)*(0.7 m/s2) T = (539.9 (539.9 kg)*(0.7 kg)*(0.7 m/s2) + 5399 N T = 377.93 377.93 kg m/s2 + 5399 N T = 377.93 377.93 N + 5399 5399 N T = 5776.9 5776.93 3N
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6) Un pintor de 80 kg está subido a 91 cm medido de la parte superior de una escalera (sin peso) de 3.65 m que está apoyada (sin fricción) contra una pared formando un ángulo de 34°(con la pared ver figura). Calcule el ángulo θ (en grados) de la fuerza que ejerce el suelo sobre la escalera.
Fg = (80kg)*(10 m/s 2) = 800 N Diagrama de Cuerpo Libre (D.C.L) de las fuerzas involucradas en el problema
3.65 m 0.91 m
F1
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Por trigonometría se calculan las distancias d1, d2, d3 y d4 Cos 34° = d1/0.91 m 0.91 m*Cos34° = d1 0.91*0.8290 m = d1 0.7544 m = d1 Sen 56° = d2/2.74 m 2.74 m*Sen56° = d2 2.74 m*0.8290 = d2 2.2714 m = d2 Sen 34° = d4/0.91 m 0.91 m*Sen34° = d4 0.91m*0.5592 0.91m*0.5592 = d4 0.5088 m = d4 Cos56° = d3/2.74m 2.74m*Cos56° 2.74m*Cos56° = d3 2.74m*0.8290 = d3 1.5319 m = d3 Sumatoria de Fuerzas (“x”, “y”) Se realiza realiza ΣFx = 0 (hacia (hacia arriba + , hacia abajo -) F1 – F2x = 0 F1 = F2x (ecuación 1) Se realiza ΣFy = 0 (a la izquierda - , a la derecha +) +) F2y – Fg = 0 F2y = Fg
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- 1225.52 Nm + F1(3.0258 m) = 0 F1(3.0258 m) = 1225.52 Nm F1 = (1225.52 Nm)/3.0258m F1 = 405.0235 N (ecuación 3) Como en ecuación 1 F1 = F2x F2x = F1 Sustituyendo ecuación 3 en ecuación 1 F2x = 405.0235 N Se calcularon las componentes F2x y F2y de la Fuerza F2 donde está el ángulo θ que se desea encontrar F2x = 405.0235 N θ
F2y 800 N
F2
Tang θ = F2y/F2x F2y/F2x Tang θ = (800 (800 N/405.0 N/405.0235 235 N) Tang θ = 1.9752 1.9752 -1 θ = Tang (1.9752) θ = 63.14° = 63°
R: El ángulo θ = 63°
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(punto O de la figura). El musculo de la pantorrilla (el grupo de los músculos del tendón de Aquiles) se une al tobillo a 1.75 pulgadas por detrás de la articulación y sube en un ángulo “A” de 83° calcule el ángulo θ en grados para un hombre de 150 libras de peso (fg) si cada pierna soporta la mitad del peso.
No es necesario calcular las Fuerzas = m*g, se trabaja en libras y las distancias en pulgadas ya que de igual forma se guardan las proporciones en los cálculos Diagrama de Cuerpo Libre (D.C.L) de las fuerzas involucradas en el problema Fmy Fcy peso total en 1 pie)
Fc
Fg = 150 lbs/2 = 75 lbs (1/2 del
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D.C.L de las fuerzas verticales Fcy
O Fmy
1.75 pulg
Fg = 75 lbs
1.25 pulg
Sumatoria de Momentos Se realiza la sumatoria en el punto Fmy para encontrar fácilmente Fcy, luego en la sumatoria de fuerzas “x” y en “y” se calcula Fmx que nos llevará a Fcx, y con ello se tienen las dos componentes que forman Fc y se calcula su ángulo. En el el punto Fmy se realiza realiza ΣMo = 0 + fuerza que rota en contra del reloj (0)*Fmy + 1.75*Fcy – 3*75 lbs = 0 1.75*Fcy – 225 = 0 1.75*Fcy = 225 Fcy = 225/1.75 Fcy = 128.5714 lbs Sumatoria de Fuerzas (“x” , “y”)
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Cos 83° = Fmx/Fm Fm*Cos 83° = Fmx 53.9762*Cos 83° = Fmx 53.9762*0.1218 = Fmx 6.5743 lbs = Fmx Se realiza ΣFx = 0 -Fmx + Fcx = 0 Fcx = Fmx Por lo tanto Fcx = Fmx = 6.5743 lbs Ya tenemo tenemoss Fcy y Fcx las las component componentes es de la Fc
Fc Fcy= 128.5714 lbs θ
Fcx = 6.5743 lbs En Fc Tan θ = Fcy/Fcx Tan θ = 128.5714/6.5743
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músculos de la espalda, fijada a la armazón del esqueleto como se muestra en la figura. Calcule la tensión (en Lb) si el peso del tronco W1 = 72 lb, el peso de brazos cabeza y carga W2 = 86 lb, CE es el musculo de la espalda y AC = (2/3)AD, AB = (1/2)AD, θ = 30° y δ = 12°
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mantiene el antebrazo en posición horizontal, el peso del antebrazo w = 9N, la masa m = 5 kg d1 = 50 mm d2 = 0.10 m. Determine la distancia d3 en cm.
Diagrama de Cuerpo Libre (D.C.L) de las fuerzas involucradas en el problema T bíceps = 370 N
Codo (mano)
w = 9 N (antebrazo)
m = 5 kg x 10 m/s2 = 50 N
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d3 = 0.193 m x 100 cm/1 m = 19.3 cm
R: La distancia d3 = 19.3 cm. 10) Con los datos del ejemplo anterior determine la magnitud de la fuerza (en N) ejercida en la junta del codo. Con el mismo D.C.L del problema anterior y con el dato calculado de d3 = 0.193 m se realiza una sumatoria de Momentos en el punto w (antebrazo) hacia ia la izquierda positivas y al contrario ΣMo = 0 (fuerzas que rotan hac negativas) C*(0.05 + 0.1) m - 370 N*0.1 m + 9N*0 m - 50 N*0.193 m = 0 C*0.15 m - 370 N*0.1 m + 0 - 50 N*0.193 m = 0 C*0.15 m - 37 N m - 9.65 N m = 0 C*0.15 m - 46.65 N m = 0 C*0.15 m = 46.65 N m C = (46.65 N m)/0.15 m C = 311 N Comprobación: ΣFy = 0 (hacia arriba + y hacia abajo -)
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coeficiente de fricción cinético de 0.05, Calcule la velocidad final (en m/s) que alcanza la niña en la parte inferior de tobogán. Se realiza un DCL (Diagrama de Cuerpo Libre) cuyo eje “x” se encuentra paralelo al plano inclinado El objeto se mueve en esta dirección debido al peso. La fuerza de fricción es contraria al movimiento. movimiento. 7m N Ffricción Wx
3.5 m (altura) 30°
30°
W
Wy W
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W = m*g m*g*(Sen 30°) 30°) – 0.05*m*g*cos 0.05*m*g*cos 30° = m*a Factorizando mg en el lado izquierdo m*g (Sen 30° – 0.05*cos 0.05*cos 30°) = m*a g (Sen 30° – 0.05*cos 0.05*cos 30°) = a 2 10 m/s *(Sen 30° – 0.05*cos 0.05*cos 30°) = a 2 10 m/s *(0.5-0.05*0.866) *(0.5-0.05*0.866) = a 10 m/s2*(0.5-0.0433) = a 10 m/s2*(0.4567) = a 4.567 m/s2 = a
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parte horizontal 30 cm. si desde lo alto desfallece y cae al punto desde el cual subió (si se supone además que no hay perdidas de energía por fuerzas disipativas) ¿con que velocidad en (m/s) llega al suelo? Vo = 0 A 30 cm = ancho grada
1 2 3
4
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La masa es la misma, mA = mB = m La gravedad es la misma, gA = gB = g Entonces m*g*hA + ½*m*vA2 = m*g*hB + ½*m*vB2 Como m está presente en todos los términos en ámbos lados de la ecuación se anula g*hA + ½*vA2 = g*hB + ½*vB2 sustituyendo datos:
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El dato del tiempo está de más porque no se pide que calcule la potencia (potencia = trabajo/tiempo) Datos: Masa = 150 kg Altura h = 65 cm x 1 m /100 cm = 0.65 m W (trabajo) = m*g*h = 150 kg * 10 m/s2 * 0.65 m W = 975 kg m/s2 m = 975 N m = 975 Joule x 1 joule/1000 Joule = 0.975 kJ (kJ = kJoule)
R: El trabajo realizado por el atleta es de 0.975 kJ. 15) Un cuerpo de 300 g se desliza 80 cm a lo largo de una mesa
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108 N m/s = F*6 m/s (108 N m/s)/(6 m/s) = F 18 N = F R: La fuerza de rozamiento ejercida sobre el ciclista y la bicicleta por el aire es de 18 N. 17) Un jugador de Basquetbol lanza una pelota de 6 kg a un altura de 2 m sobre el piso con una rapidez de 7.2 m/s la pelota llega a la net, que se encuentra a 3 metros sobre el piso, con una rapidez de 4.2 m/s. Calcule el trabajo en J realizado por la fuerza neta. Cambio en la energía total = Trabajo (W) neto E total final – E total inicial = W neto E potencial 2 + E cinética 2 – (E potencial 1 + E cinética 1) = W neto
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19) Calcule el peso (en N) de una persona que consume 7.8 x 105 calorías al subir una cima de 1200 m, si la eficiencia promedio del ser humano es del 25%. % Eficiencia = (Energía Mecánica/Energía consumida) x 100
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21) ¿Cuántas kilocalorías consume una persona de 75 kg al subir a una cima de 1.0 x 103 m (la eficiencia es 20%) % Eficiencia = (Energía Mecánica/Energía consumida) x 100 Datos:
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R: Altura mínima de 12.94 cm para que el plasma fluya.
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3.8 N/0.00022 m2 = Fuerza extremo aguja/0.0000008 m2 (3.8 N/0.00022 m 2)* 0.0000008 m2 = Fuerza extremo aguja 0.01381 N = Fuerza extremo aguja
R: Hay que aplicar una fuerza de 0.01381 N en el extremo de la
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D = Raíz Cuadrada [(4*0.002122 m2/3.1416)] D = Raíz Cuadrada (0.002702 m2) D = 0.051979 m x 100 cm/1 m = 5.1979 cm
R: El diámetro aproximado del aneurisma circular es de 5.1979
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