Zi`mom`t, Jilµlê`bquis (A`tmlmeba gil llbnri siem`)
B@W^MGYFFBÖ E^AKAWBFAL
Va`tb Farnm`ill BIV FMWIV NABZIV ALFMB
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
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1ª GIFLB@AFBÖ
^IVYK WIÞ^BF A la 1ª giflb`afbö pirta`yi` ils sunsta`tbus oiki`b`s b aleu`s kasfulb`s gi tika i` ‖!. Aquista vmfal pmt fa`vbar i` ‖ " i` aleu`s fasms, mrbeb`a`t abxë varbis tbpmlmebis41 - Vunsta`tbus b agdiftbus oiki`b`s Jb ja gi tris tbpus4 i` ‖ " , i` ‖! m aloa pura, b i` aloa kbxta. Wikis i` ‖" Al prbkir erup pirta`yi` sunsta`tbus b agdiftbus qui sieubxi` il kmgil #$%&'( , âs a gbr, gbr, sunsta`tbus sun sta`tbus gi tika ti ka i` ‖! qui i` gbalifti ètbf (qui âs il qui `msaltris istugbik) va fa`vbar a ‖ ". Il siu fmkplit paragbeka i` sbeular b plural, u`bt akn l‒artbfli oiki`ë b u` agdiftbu akn qui fm`firtarè sikpri i` fas, eê`iri b `mknri, âs il sieüi`t4 @mkb`atbu _mfatbu Afusatbu Ei`btbu Gatbu
) *+&, #$%&'( 8 *+&, #$%&'( 1,> *+&,> #$%&'(> 1?7 *+&?7 #$%&'?7 1: *+&: #$%&':
+- *+&+. #$%&'+/ 8 *+&+. #$%&'+/ 167 *+&67 #$%&'97 15> *+&5> #$%&'5> 1+27 *+&+27 #$%&'+27
Wikis i` ‖! m aloa pura Al siem` erup pirta`yi` sunsta`tbus sunsta`tbus b agdiftbus agdiftbus m` la ‖ ! gil tika i` ètbf `m ja fa`vbat a ‖" pir a`ar prifigbga gi % (tbpus 4%9), 3 (tbpus <;*/+), 0 (tbpus =H0+). It gm`ik il paragbeka g‒ <;*/!4 @mkb`atbu _mfatbu Afusatbu Ei`btbu Gatbu
) <;*/! 8 <;*/! 1,> <;*/!> 1?7 <;*/!7 1: <;*/A
+- <;*/+3 8 <;*/+3 167 <;*/+7 15> <;*35> 1+27 <;*/+37
1 Aquista
gboiri`fbafbö s‒aplbfa `mkâs al sb`eular. I` il plural tmts ils sunsta`tbus gi la 1ª giflb`afbö, sbeui` oiki`b`s m kasfulb`s, is giflb`i` beual. >
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
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Wikis i` aloa a loa kbxta ^isti` u`a sêrbi gi oiki`b`s gi la prbkira qui q ui ti`i` gms tikis i` il sb`eular4 u` tika i` N (i` `mkb`atbu, vmfatbu b afusatbu), b i` ! (i` ei`btbu b gatbu). La ! gil ei`btbu ei`btbu b gatbu passa i` ètbf a ‖". ^ifm`ibxirès aquistms `mks pirquê l‒aloa va prifigbga gi fm`sm`a`t gbstb`ta gi 0.
@mkb`atbu _mfatbu Afusatbu Ei`btbu Gatbu
) 49&+11+ 8 49&+11+ 1,> 4F&+11+> 1?7 4+&911"7 1: 4+&911G
+- 49&+11+3 8 49&+11+3 167 4+&911+7 15> 4+&+115> 1+27 4+&911+37
-Vunsta`tbus b agdiftbus kasfulb`s Ils kasfulb`s gi la 1ª is gboiri`fbi` gils oiki`b`s pirquê4 - aoie aoieib ibxi xi`` u`a ‖ 7 i` il `mkb`atbu, `mkb`atbu, tbpus I *+0=+0O+7 tika i` aloa pura qui is giflb`a fmk <;*/+ , b I $%E "J1"7 tika i` aloa bkpura qui is giflb`a fmk B0(1". - ti`i` -ª giflb`afbö. @mkb`atbu _mfatbu Afusatbu Ei`btbu Gatbu
I *+0=+0O+7 8 *+0=+0O+ 1C> *+0=+0O+> 1
<- *+0=+0/+3 8 *+0=+0/+3 1 *+0=+035> 1<27 *+0=+0/+37
@mkb`atbu _mfatbu Afusatbu Ei`btbu Gatbu
I "&+>M1"7 8 "&+>M1+ 1C> "&+>M1"> 1M1M1G
<- "&+>M1+3 8 "&+>M1+3 1M1+7 15> "&+>"15> 1<27 "&+>M1+37
6
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
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E^AKAWBFAL
IZI^FBFBV 1.
Omrka il ei`btbu sb`eular
) X&%D4%0/+
I E10+1351"7
) $"Q<*0+1/+
) %;0(>"
I "<&/1"7
) WD13&(>"
) )Q^0+
I I "&/1"7
) Q9="
) >+DQ+=/+
I V+DE+>/+7
) YE/+
>.
Xassa a plural
1,> )Q^0+>
) *+1"_<0/+
1,> 4F&+11+>
I I "&/1"7
1: +;1/A
6.
1C> &GE1(>
Xmsa l‒artbfli
]]] "<&O1+7
]]] Y&*3U39$"7
]]] ZR+_T0+>
]]] "<&3<0*/+>
]]] Q9=G
]]] E10+13S1+3
]]] Q"=+>97
]]] A;E=(>">
]]] EDQ'<0+/
7
1,> >+DQ+=/+> 1,> #0=(> I E10+1351"7
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
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>ª GIFLB@AFBÖ
^IVYK WIÞ^BF A la siem`a giflb`afbö pirta`yi` `mks b agdiftbus kasfulb`s, `iutris b u`s pmfs oiki`b`s. Aquistms ôltbks `mkâs is gboiri`fbi` gils kasfulb`s pir l‒artbfli l‒artbfli oiki`ë. ^ifmrga il tbpus ) I$T7 il fakë, ) >?E<7 l‒blla, b kmltis gi lis bllis, fmk ara ) \^EU<7 , ) [9Q<7 , itf. It rifmrgik ils paragbekis kasfulë b `iutri. Kasfulë sb`eular @mkb`atbu I *+&C7 P>40] "<7 8 *+&h P>40] "% _mfatbu Afusatbu 1C> *+&C> P>40] "<> 140H "40H "a Gatbu
Kasfulë plural <- *+&<. P>40] "<3 8 *+&<. P>40] "<3 140H " *+&5> #>40H "]> 1<27 *+&<27 #>40H "<37
@iutri sb`eular @mkb`atbu 1C *+&C> $n>$0<> 8 *+&C> $n>$0<> _mfatbu Afusatbu 1C *+&C> $n>$0<> 1$0$0a Gatbu
@iutri plural 16 *+&6 $n>$0+ 8 *+&6 $n>$0+ 16 *+&6 $n>$0+ 15> *+&5> $%>$05> 1<27 *+&<27 $n>$0<37
^ifmrga4 Fmk il llatë, i` erif tmts ils sunsta`tbus, agdiftbus b prm`mks `iutris (ob`s b tmt l'artbfli) ti`i` la katibxa tirkb`afbö i` `mkb`atbu, vmfatbu b afusatbu4 - !" i` sb`eular (llatë -uk) - # i` plural (llatë -a). La rista gi gisb`ê`fbis gils `iutris sö` lis katibxis qui lis gils kasfulb`s.
9
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
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@mks fm`traftis Aleu`s kmts ixpirbki`ti` u`a fm`traffbö prmguíga pil fm`tafti i`tri l‒þkbfrm` gil tika b u`a vmfal prifigi`t þkbfrm` m êpsblm`. Ixikplis4 I *UT<7 !U !fE1 Al tixt gi Zi`mom`t aparibxi` `mkâs tris fm`traftis, girbvats gi la paraula * "&T<7 ! "&4 `au)4 "0C7 15> "&]> 1C> g* "&
fap al pmrt gils vabxills BT>]> $h ;$i> 1C> X "/ " "& Fm`m`, i` viuri l‒ataf `aval... 16 "&<2+ %o0_% 1
IZI^FBFBV 1. Omrka il ei`btbu sb`eular ) V90+&<7
I "T&%Q<7
I \dE+>$0<7
) j%0ET>"E<7
1C "&<2<>
I =0T><7
) j/<7
I g'<0<7
1C c "&<>
) bT$<7
I 49>+1<7
I $?Q<7
?
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
>. Xassa a plural 1C> "<1+QT>
1
I g'<0<7
1
1C> &T_<>
1@ l ""a
1C "&<2<>
1@ X'T0a
1@ c0*a
6. Xmsa l‒artbfli
]]] #>40H "
]]] #_0
]]] $0TQ
]]] c "&+
]]] >TQ<37
]]] \dE+>$0<>
]]] Bd "0<>
]]] +;_3+&@
]]] &T_
]]] E1+$/
]]] %eE "&
]]] "&<2+
]]] X'T0
]]] j%0E<>(E
]]] \+Qk9*a
]]] j/<>
]]] &GE1(>
]]] Y4?>+3
]]] E10+1351"7
]]] `;E=d>"7
]]] E10+1"_
]]] g* "&
]]] m%T "
]]] \^EU<7
]]] \dE+>$0<7
]]] %;0(>"7
]]] bT$
5
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
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E^AKAWBFAL
7. Girbvats itbkmlþebfs •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
)Q^0+ _? +R1T7 Q9=" 4%0+ "%O+ $?Q<7 $0TQ<7 p&3<7 49>+1<7 "T&%Q<7
E10+1"_T7 '/&<7
•
=0T><7
•
l ""<7
•
&/4<7
•
&T_<7
•
>TQ<7
•
•
q^><7
gi qub`is paraulis erieuis vi`i` ils `mks prmpbs Iliutirb b Brb`a=
:
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
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9. ^ilafbm`a ils oraeki`ts •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
r: sE1%0+/A t> 1+27 Y4(>+37 1+27 Y4(>+37 X> 1: X**&"E/A r: sE1%0+/A X**&"E/+> X ""E+> X* 1?7 [9Q %;7 1 %;7 bT$<> X " . 1,> j/<> X "^ "&%<> "+0+E*%D9u<>1< "0C7 >+DQ+=/+> E10+1"_1< W^>+>$0<> *+. B"'3ET$<1<> \dE+>$0<7 X* 1?7 vwT$ x]>/+> X* "&%2 "0C7 1C> y&&(E "<>1<> ) _60 YE/+ _60 YE/+ "<&%QO+ z> $3%2=% I y&&(E "<>1<7 E1+$/1%*+3$%*+ 1+K1+ X "%3 1^11+0+7 )Q^0+7 Y&*3U39$"7 $h *+13$i> 1+/+/ +;_3+&@ {- E10+1"_<. # "3^>+3 +R1C> X*^&%DE+> 167 P&&+7 >+K7 g&+U% "0C7 1: _: |*1i >+DE/> # "^ "&%DE% "+0vZR+_T0+> %;7 Bd "0<> g "%Qk% m%T " 1C> W3&(E3<> &GE1(> }3&<*&?7 z> E10+1"_C7 15> Y4">+/]> 15> Y4">+/]> *+16 1,> _?> *+. *+16 49&+11+> X "%. zE+> X> [%&&+E/A , "&"E/<> 1?7 \+*]>3*?7 "<&&<. 15> y&&(>]> "<&&: "0<4DQ/A
>1%7 X*%/>"> 1,> )Q^0+> P0=%3> 1?7 X&%D4%0/+7 g$ %;0(>">
2
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
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E^AKAWBFAL
1. al gba sieüi`t >. A Ati`is 6.gbstava l‒istrit gi l‒Jilispm`t qub`zi istagbs 7. I` l‒Assaknlia 9. aåþ va gurar quatri gbis ?. Alfbnbagis, vibi`t ils ati`isms i` la platda 5. Ils istratieuis lb va` mrgi`ar qui karxara :. va` a`ar `aviea`t ob`s Iemspmtakms 2. va `aviear ob`s a ^mgis 18. gis gi l‒blla gi Vakms 11. va `aviear fm`tra l‒blla gi Qubms 1>. is priparari` pir a u` fmknat `aval 16. va` isfmllbr fmk a istraties Ki`a`gri b Fisboþgmti 17. Lbsa`gri surt `aviea`t gis gi ^mgis al vmlta`t gi Bþ`ba fap a l‒istrit gi
l‒Jilµlispm`t 19. Èsba ira gm`fs i`ikbea
filinra r Assaknlia 1?. Al gba sieüi`t va` filinrar 15. pi`sa`t ills qui aquill gba fmki`åava la llbnirtat 1:. va siknlar qui falba affiptar la pau 12. akn kmlta gbspm`bnblbtat >8. kmlts gils erifs >1. Qua` iri` a Valèsba, prmp gi Lafþ`ba >>. pir tirra b kar >6. Oblmflis ira istratie gils ati`isms >7. va i`vbar i` vbar Wimpmkp, Wimpmkp, llagri gi Kblit >9. Vi‒` va a`ar `aviea`t akn vubt `aus gis g‒m` istava Ivèemris fap a Zbpri >?. va aeaoar b va gur lis `aus a tirra oirka
18
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
WI^FI^A GIFLB@AFBÖ
^IVYK WIÞ^BF La 6ª giflb`afbö i` erif tâ gbvirsms kmgils4 - tikis i` fm`sm`a`t4 fm`sm`a`t4 ob`s ara jas vbst vbst aleu`s tikis i` mflusbva mflusbva (tbpus (tbpus ) y&&97 , 1?7 y&&9$<7 , 1C ~>TQ+%<7), `asal (tbpus I Y "T&&]> , 1(0 , 1$&T7), xbula`t (tbpus 1C "^&+_<7 , 1
Mnsirvafbö 1ª4 Xil qui oa al eê`iri, a gboirê`fba gi lis giflb`afbm`s 1ª b >ª, qui aerupavi` `mrkalki`t kmts oiki`b`s b kasfulb`s m `iutris rispiftbvaki`t, la 6ª giflb`afbö âs u` erup gi paraulis qui pmgi` sir ta`t oiki`b`is, kasfulb`is fmk `iutris. Ob`s b tmt, aleu`s kmts pmgi` tb`gri gms eê`iris4 I *+&C7 "+27 / ) *+&, "+27. Mnsirvafbö >ª4 Jb ja fasms qui prisi`ti` gms pmssbnlis gisb`ê`fbis4 - I` `mkb`atbu sb`eular sb`eular u`s kmts pri`i` sbeka b g‒altris g‒altris `m. Ils asbekètbfs sö`, pir ixikpli4 I •&&"> , I #>(0 , I "+1(0 , 1C P_+&Q+. (Fmkprmva qui afë jb ja gms sunerups4 sunerups4 il prbkir âs tika i` `asal, ils gms sieüi`ts i` rm, ki`tri qui l‒ôltbk âs tika i` gi`tal). Vbekètbfs sö` gm`fs la rista. - L‒afusatbu ‒afusatbu sb`e. aoiebrè aoiebrè -+ m -> gipi`i`t gi la siqüê`fba gi llitris a`tirbmr. Abxë oarik 1C> V+ b `m 1C> V> , pirþ 1,> "T&3> b `m 1,> "T&3+.> > I`
rialbtat is trafta g‒u`a katibxa gisb`ê`fba qui vmfalbtza m fm`sm`a`tbtza siem`s il qui fm`vi`ea pir l‒arril (il llatë jm va sbkplbobfar i` ‖ik). 11
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
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E^AKAWBFAL
- La gisb`ê`fba ‖ + gil `mkb`atbu plural `iutri âs la qui da fm`ibxis pir als `iutris plurals gi la >ª gifl. (la katibxa qui ikpra il llatë i` mppbg a gi la >ª gifl. m i` fmrpmr a , a`bkalb a gi la 6ª gifl.). gifl.). Ils kasfulb`s b oiki`b`s ikprarè` gm`fs ‖%7 (Fmk i` llatë ‖is.) Mnsirvafbö 6ª4 L‒arril fa`vba al passar gi g i `mkb`atbu a ei`btbu4 - pir “altir`è`fb “altir`è`fbaa vmfèlbfa‛4 vmfèlbfa‛4 I W+*%$H> , 1<7. L‒þkiea passa a þkbfrm` a partbr gil vmfatbu. Y` kmt siknla`t I Y "T&&]> oa pirþ il ei`. 1<7 , ka`ti`b`t la vmfal llarea. Âs qüistbö gm`fs gi fm`êbxir la paraula, `m jb ja rielis. L‒altir`è`fba is pmt prmgubr taknâ i` vmfals g‒altris tbknris4 o bxa‒t i` I &3Q(> , 1<7. - pir pêrgua pêrgua gi vmfa vmfall4 I "+1(0 , 1 Bd*&] "+ , 1 "+10/$+ , 1?7 "+10/$<7 itf.7 - eutu eutura rals ls (* _ =) + 7 0 q Ix.4 ) +oq , 1+27 +;q/ , , pirþ 1,> +e_+ , 1?7 +;_T7 itf.9 - Il erup erup >1 taknâ gisaparibx gava`t gi la sbeka, allarea`t la vmfal a`tirbmr pir fmkpi`safbö4 _/_!7 , _/_+>1<7# ^ifmrga l‒agdiftbu "€7 , "+>1T7.
6 Fmk 7 Il
il llatë `m tâ aquista fm`sm`a`t gmnli is lbkbta a isfrburi tmtis guis du`tis4 urns, urnbs.
katibx oi`mki` ixbstibx i` llatë4 kblis, kblbtbs3 pis, pigbs.
9 Il
llatë së gbspmsa gi sbe`i i` l‒aloanit pir riprmgubr aquist sþ gmnli b ifm`mkbtzar i` l‒isfrbptura3 g‒ajë4 rix, riebs. 1>
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
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E^AKAWBFAL
Mnsirvafbö 7ª4 Jb ja `mkb`atbus ispifbals. I "dq , 1?7 >D*1T7 (la cappa s‒aoieibx a la sbeka si`si la gi`tal!). Mnsirvafbö 9ª4 Ei`btbus taknâ gboiri`ts a la rista. - I #>(0 , 1$0T7. Aquist âs u` kmgil i` rm ispifbal. Xrisi`ta `m `mkâs pêrgua gi vmfal gil tika, sb`ö agbfbö gi fm`sm`a`t ( $). **#>%0<7 0 #>0<7 0#>$0T7. ? - 1C "^&+_<7 , 1+K7 , 1?7 >%H7 I *d]> , 1T7 ) _D>( , 1?7 _D>+3*T7
? Aquista
“jipê`tisb‛ âs u` oi`mki` siknla`t i` altris lli`euis3 rifmrga il virn fastillè vi`br, out. vi`grâ (fast. a`tbf4 vi`br ji).
5 I`
llatë la sbeka b`tirvmfèlbfa `m is pirg, sb`þ qui is fm`virtibx i` rm (“rmtafbski‛)4 ei`us, ei`irbs. 16
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
IZI^FBFBV 1. Bgi`tbobfa il fas4 y&&9$3
U+E3&^]7
*d>+7
=0"Q91]>
- "" ""%27
>+DE/>
>D*1T7
mH0+q
P>$0+7
"09_Q+1+
'9&+__+
BT>]>
>. Wrmna l‒b`trôs4 +.
"09_Q+1+
'D_9$+
EHQ+1+
&3Q^>+
U.
=0(Q+1+
103(0%37
1%/="
V%30+357
_.
>+DE/>
&3Q^>3
m"0+Q^>%3
y&&9$3
$.
"<&&
•&&">+7
\+*%$+3Q<>/
17
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
6. F!lµlmfa l‒artbfli i` il fas fmrrispm`i`t ]]]] "+0+U&(Q+1+
]]] >D*1/
]]] *091<7
]]] #E "/7
]]] 'd&+*+
]]] 103(0%37
]]] "T$+7
]]] *d>+7
]]] U+E3&^]7
]]] 'D_9$+
]]]] P>$0%7
]]] - "" ""%27
]]] E1091%DQ+
]]] Q">/
]]] >+DE/>
]]] k"'/EQ+1<7
]]] =%30T7
]]] mH0+q
]]] m"0+Q^>
]]] rD$^+
]]] "T&%37
]]] *0/E37
]]] PE1D
]]] 1%2="
19
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
AGDIFWBYV ^IVYK WIÞ^BF Il prbkir qui jas gi sanir âs qui ils agdiftbus taknâ is giflb`i`. A kâs a kâs ti`i` gbvirsis omrkis siem`s afmkpa`yi` a susta`tbus kasfulb`s, oiki`b`s b `iutris. Flassbobfafbö4 A. Agdiftbus gi W^IV tirkb`afbm`s (u`a pir a faga eê`iri) 1ª Flassi4 Il oiki`ë sieuibx a la 1ª giflb`afbö b il kasf. b `iutri a la >ª. Wbpus4 '#()*, -+, -)" (oiki`ë tika i` -*) ,-'&)*, -., -!" (oiki`ë tika i` aloa pura). Ixikplis4 +#,-" .$/( "%" , +#,-" "#81> , +#,-" ",#$18*" +#,6 79$1 , +#,6 /'? , 5&+>: 24># , 5&+>: $3)%" , 5&+>: "<,&" +#,-$ ;0%$ , +#,-$ .7#,5# >ª Flassi4 Il oiki`ë sieuibx a la 1ª giflb`afbö b il kasf. b `iutri a la 6ª sieuibx als tikis `asals sbekètbfs fmk =H" , =&$<" Wbpus 4 - ,/(#*, ,/(#-"#, ,/(#" (“`ieri‛ / kila`mka, kila`mka, Kila`ba) Ixikplis4 5A,#" .$/>( "%" , 5A,#" "#H" 5A,#&$# 79$1 , 5A,#&$# "#H" 5A,#$ .7#,5# , 5A,#$ "#&NF%$ - " 8* 8*, " 81# 81#, " 8" 8" (“tmt, fagasfô‛ / pa`mrèkbfa, pa`tmfrètmr) sieubx als tikis i` ‖$8 fmk 7G7#" , 7G7#$8%" Ixikplis4 "I" O +<)5%" , "I" O E$1> "I)# J 73 , "I)# J 518*> "I$ 8- )B5# , "I$ 8- "#&NF%$
1?
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
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E^AKAWBFAL
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Ils agdiftbus i` -($ aoieibxi` lis tikb`afbm`s -D)8'>m" , -# , -%$. Ixikpli4 )@Z>($0 )(Z>%$018'>%" , )(Z>%$018#8%" Ils agdiftbus i` xbula`t, tbpus )#Z1" , oa` taknâ fmkparatbu i` -8'>%" , pirþ la * fa`vba a ' , gm`a`t abxë il fmkparatbu )#ZD)8'>%". Aleu`s agdiftbus omrki` il fmkparatbu akn il suobxi -?5" (kasf. oik.), --!" (`iutr.): b il supirlatbu akn il suobxi --1%!*, -;, -!". Ix. +#,<"4 +#,,F($ , +?,,&)8%" FMKXA^AWBYV B VYXI^LAWBYV B^^IEYLA^V Fmk i` llatë jb ja omrkafbm`s gi supirlatbus b fmkparatbus gi supirbmrbtat brrieulars, âs a gbr, gbr, akn arril gboiri`t. Vb i` llatë ti`ëik, pir ixikpli4 nm`us4 kilbmr, mptbkus, i` erif ti`bk E7#/<"4 +>'F88($ , +>?8&)8%". 5A7#"4 5'F;($ , 5A7&)8%" (llatë kae`us4 kabmr, kaxbkus) "%,L"4 ",'F($ , ",'H)8%"
Ils fmkparatbus qui aparibxi` al tixt sö`4 $-'#-)%7&!* , '#((?5" , 7"/1%7&!* 7"/1%7&!* , " (7?5" (7?5" (fmkp. gi "%,L"), " (!21-)%7&!* (!21-)%7&!*. " >` WI^KI GI LA FMKXA^AFBÖ V‒ikpra il ei`btbu (llat. anlatbu) m va i` il katibx fas qui il prbkir tirki, b`trmguít pir ] (llatë quak). O R>&)8%8A R>&)8%8A,*" )%Z48'>%" T)8& 8mM hA8>%9 ; O R>&)8%8A,*" )%Z48'><" T)8& ] hA8>%"
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>. Ikparilla b fmkplita ils sb`taekis akn la omrka gi l‒agdiftbu agbi`t n. 8: ]]]]]]]]]]8B$ $'B$ f)8F#. g. 8? ]]]]]]]]]] 8'F2*. i. T,A7'8% NW +#o .,,# ]]]]]]]. e. ]]]]]]]] 5W$ O ",H8#& , , ]]]]]]]] NW 795$38'". j. 8Y NW ]]]]]]]]] (J5A>b) d. 8: T,'L/'># )45#8# ]]]]]]]]] c. J 7:> R)F# 7:> R)F# ]]]]]]]]]]] l$ "I" "I)# "I$
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1. Fmkpli Fmkplita ta lis lis orasis orasis sf .$N>'" R/*$#H .$N>'" R/*$#H]]] . Ils ati`isms h#>#)+'9?;%$8% ">-" $#95#2F]]]. Is va` priparar pir al fmknat `aval t8>#8*7]]]] ">%)'F,%$8% uA$#$N>]]], k9NA# , v*Z&)#8*7]]]], 5?,&)8# NW k9NA]] +#o uA$#$N>]]] , E "&A$#& #Q8]]] T+A,'9)#$. Ils istraties, smnri tmt Wbgiu y Ki`a`gri, lb va` mrgi`ar karxar w 7:> R)F# 7:> R)F# "%,'5F]]] l$. Da qui Èsba ira i`ikbea. w7'H8% NW x4>#P a#+'N#&5<$&]]]. Ils fm`guba Wþrax il lafigikm`b k: NW T,'L/'>]]] )45#8]] "?$8]]] EZ3+' aL)#$N>]] . Lbsa`gri, pirþ, va gibxar llburis tmts ils jmkis (fmsms). sf R/*$#H]] y>5F)#$8% 83" z'>)%$1)]] T$ {,#&%M$8& $#9]] sf R/*$#H C7N%1+%$8# +#o |+#8<$. Ils ati`isms va` a`fmrar i` Ilabu`t gil Quirsm`âs akn fi`t vubta`ta `aus. kY T "&%L)U $9+8]] . La `bt sieüi`t
>6
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sf NW R/*$#H NW R/*$#H]] }5# 8]] J,F]] E$F)2%$8& T " o 80 ,&5A$]] "#>'8?P#$8% T$ 5'84 "_ y" 'p" $#95#2F]]. Ils ati`isms, akn il sml `ibxi`t, is fmlmqui` i` lë`ba gava`t gi l‒i`ikbe al pmrt fmk pir a u`a natalla `aval. k#M8# T "%F'& 8A88#>#" J5A>]]]. Aåþ va istar oi`t gura`t quatri q uatri gbis. R,+&K&?N*" NW +#8&N4$ T+ 8B$ 8'&2]] 8%`" 5W$ R/*$#F 5W$ R/*$#F]]] T$ #p7,]]] , 8%`" NW "%,'5F]]] T$ ,&5D$]] ... Alfbnëagis, al viuri gis gils kurs, g‒u`a na`ga als ati`isms i` la platda, g‒altra als i`ikbes al pmrt... k%`" ",'F)8]]] .$N>]]] T$ 8]] 7]] )9$A,'P'$. _a riu`br a la kadmr part g‒jmkis i` tirra oirka v<$]]] , T " o [7$( 8B$ R/*$#F 8B$ R/*$#F]]] 8: ">?75#8]]] N&'Z/#>5A$# 8: 5'7]]]]] 8B$ a9)?$N>]]] $'B$ f)8F# [,#K'$ Fm`m`, qua` va sanir qui ils asukptis gils ati`isms istavi` da pirguts, va aeaoar lis era`s vilis gi lis `aus gi Lbsa`gri
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>7
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
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6. Wra`som ra`somrka rka a - afusatbu plural O .$/>( "%" , %9 8- 8'H2%" , %9" J "<,&" , '(" J .,,* "<,&" +%>F$/&%" O €,,*$ , %"
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^IVYK WIÞ^BF Gura`t il furs passat vas apri`gri om`aki`talki`t4 - lis tris pirsm`is pirsm`is gil sb`eular sb`eular gil prisi`t g‒b`gbfatbu g‒b`gbfatbu la viu aftbva gi virns purs, tbpus _3_>HE*] , _3_>HE*%37 , _3_>HE*%3 “fm`if, fm`ibxis, fm`ibx‛ b atikátbfs, tbpus %;Q/ , , %o , , XE1/(>) “söf, its, âs/istá/jb ja‛. - la tirfira tirfira gil sb`eular y plural gil prisi`t prisi`t g‒b`gbfatbu g‒b`gbfatbu la viu aftbva gi virns fm`traftis i` - % , tbpus <;*%2 , , <;*) “vbu, vbui`‛. - la tirfira gil sb`eular gil prisi`t g‒b`gbfatbu gi la viu kbtda-passbva4 - %1+3.2 Wbpus4 "n1%1+3 “vmla‛. WBXYV GI _I^NV 1. _irns tikètbfs (m i` - ] ) Xmrti` u`a vmfal tikètbfa m g‒u`bö ( %/<) i`tri l‒arril b lis gisb`ê`fbis4 1.a. purs , l‒arril gils quals afana i` vmfal 1.a.1. `m fm`traftis (virns gi tika i` - 3 , , -D , tbpus &ƞ]) 1.a.>. fm`traftis (virns gi tika i` - + , -% , -< , tbpus 13Q9] , <;*^] , $"&T]). 1.n. virns fm`sm`è`tbfs , il tika gils quals afana i` fm`sm`a`t (tbpus _3_>SE*]) >. _irns atikètbfs (m i` -Q3) m` lis gisb`ê`fbis gisb`ê`fbis s‒aoieibxi` s‒aoieibxi` gbriftaki`t gbriftaki`t al tika.
A gboirê`fba gil llatë, qui tâ `mkâs viu aftbva y passbva, i` erif jb ja tris vius4 aftbva, kbtda b passbva. La passbva ixprisa qui ils sundifti rin l‒affbö gil virn3 ix.4 +#,'H “frbga‛, +#,'H8#& “âs a`mki`at‛. La viu kbtda ixprisa qui il sundifti rialbtza l‒affbö gil virn smnri së katibx3 ix.4 Z%KD( “ispa`ti‛, Z%K%M5#& “tb`f pmr‛. Xil qui oa a la omrka om rka fal gbr qui i` kmlts tikps la viu kbtda b la passbva sö` beuals3 pir abxö parlik gi viu kbtda-passbva. @m tmts ils virns ti`i` lis tris vius. @‒jb ja virns qui ti`i` `mkâs omrka kbtda m passbva pirþ sbe`bobfat aftbu (gipm`i`ts), tbpus K%,'8#& “vml‛ (`m ixbstibx K%,(). 2
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
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Lis omrkis gi prisi`t g‒b`gbfatbu gil virn atikètbf kâs bkpmrta`t sö $4 %;QO , , %o , , XE1O , , XEQn> , XE1n , %;EO(>)
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Fmk l‒mnra gi Zi`mom`t âs `arrafbö nèsbfaki`t gi oits gil passat, `m jb trmnarès kmltis omrkis gi prisi`t. I` aleu`s fasms omrki` part gi passateis i` istbl gbrifti, pirþ la kadmrba sö` prisi`ts prisi`ts jbstþrbfs i` 6ª gil sb`eular b 6ª gil plural.
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^IVYK WIÞ^BF KM^OMLMEBA L‒bkpiroifti gils virns tikètbfs fm`sta g‒aueki`t, tika gi prisi`t (tika virnal b vmfal tikètbfa) b gisb`ê`fbis pirsm`als sifu`gèrbis. viu aftbva g-&D-<-> , g-&D-%-7 , g-&D-% , X-&d-<-Q%> , X-&d-%-1% , g-&D-<-> viu kbe-passbva X-&D-T-Q"> , X-&d-1<
L‒aueki`t pmt sir gi gms tbpus4 a.- Vblµlènbf4 akn ils virns qui fmki`fi` akn fm`sm`a`t. A`tipmsi` u`a %-gava`t la fm`sm`a`t b`bfbal. Ix.4 &d] , g&D<> n.- Wikpmral4 akn ils virns qui fmki`fi` pir vmfal. Allareui` la vmfal b`bfbal gil sieüi`t kmgi4 + " +3 G +D "D % " %3 G %D "D < ] <3 a
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A kâs a kâs fal ti`br i` fmkpti4 1. I` ils virns fmkpmstm fmkpmstmss akn pripmsbfbö pripmsbfbö l‒aueki`t l‒aueki`t is sbtua sbtua i`tri i`tri la pripmsbfbö b il virn sbkpli. Ix.4 "0. >. Fa`vbs Fa`vbs om`êtb om`êtbfs4 fs4 - La vmfal ob`al gi la pripmsbfbö s‒ilbgibx gava`t gi l‒aueki`t, llivat gi #Q'/ , , "%0/ , , "0T. Ix.4 #>13&^_]4 #>1^&%_<>. La pripmsbfbö X* gava`t gi l‒aueki`t isgivâ Xq. Ix.4 X**+4%d$]4 Xq%*94%D$<>. 6. Ils virns fm`traftis fm`traftis prisi`tar prisi`tarè` è` lis fm`traffbm`s fm`traffbm`s janbtuals. janbtuals. Fmkplita ils quagris sieub`t il kmgil4 viu aftbva viu kbe-passbva X'/&%<> 0 X'/& X'3&n 0 X'/&%%7 0 X'3&^E< 0 X'3& 0 X'3&%TQ%4+ 0 X'3&^%1% 0 X'3&^%E4% 0 X'/&%<> 0 X'3&^<>1< 0 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] X1/Q+<>0 X1/Q]> X13QF0 X13QHQ"> X1/Q+%70 X13Q9%E<0 X13Q5 X1/Q+%0 X1/Q+ X13Q9%1<0 X13Q90 X13Q+TQ%4+0 X13Q9%1%0 X13Q9%E4%0 X13Q€E4% X1/Q+<>0 X13Q9<>1<0 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] X$(&<<> X$(&<%7 X$(&<% X$"&T X$"&T%1% X$(&<<>
0 X$(& 0 0 0 0 0
X$"&T 0 X$"& X$"&T%E< 0 X$"&1< 0
6>
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
Xil qui oa als virns atikètbfs fal qui rifmrgis smnri tmt aquistms4 gi '"QO 6ª sb`e. '"E/ , , bkpiroirfti g'">3 gi %;Q/ , , 6ª sb`e. y pl. XE1/> , %;E3> , bkpiroifti z> , zE+>.
YVMV Fmk i` vali`fbè, l‒bkpiroifti b`gbfa u`a affbö fm`tb`ua gil passat. L‒bkpiroifti g'"> sml tb`gri valmr g‒amrbst (iqubvali`t al pritêrbt piroifti).
IZI^FBFBV Xasa a bkpiroifti 4
!
"<3
$3+10/U%3
#q3T]
Q^&&
XE1/>
#>13&^_
"+0+ "&%2
4%0+ "%d
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*+4%d$
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U
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Xassa a prisi`t 4
!
X "^ "&%<>
X*94%D$<>
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X*+01^0
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… "T0
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X "+>^'%0<>
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# "(__%&&<>
66
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
*+1^ "&%3
)_%21<
*+1^E*+ "1<>
X_/_><>1<
X$T*%3
$3%&^_<>1<
ED>%&9QU+><>
XU1<
*+1%2=%
"01<
"+0%E*%D9u<>1<
X&^_%1<
E^AKAWBFAL
Fmkplita lis orasis trba`t l‒bkpiroifti agbi`t4
!
1. 1C> Qh> B+&&/U3<> ]]]]]]]]]]]]] "9EG 4%0+ "%/A. `ti`bi` Falbnb akn tmta fura. >. {- $' Y4">+2<3 1,> U+E3&^]7 *+*57 ]]]]]]]]]]]] , *+. X " . 1,> j/<> *+. X " . 1,> ‡'%E<> 1,> ‡'%E<> ]]]]]]]]]] , *+. ]]]]]]]]]]]] "0C7 >+DQ+=/+>. B ils Ati`isms Ati`isms
oibi` kal al tirrbtmrb gil rib b `avieavi` fm`tra Qubms b Iois, b oibi` ils priparatbus pir a la natalla `aval. 6. I $h +R1+ ]]]]]]]]]] ;^>+3% Aquist ils ka`ava a`ar fap a Lafigikþ`ba3 7. ) YE/+ "<&%Q/+ ]]]]]. Èsba ils ira jmstbl. 9. \dE+>$0<7 $ˏ Xq YUd$% Lbsa`gri, sieub`t la fmsta, `avieava g‒ Ènbgms a Lèkpsaf. ?. ]]]]] ]]]]]]]] ]]]]] ]]]] ]] $h mH0+q \+*%$+3QT>3<7. Ira il siu fap il lafigikm`b Wþrax.
!-/5 !-/5 67 " 735 735
"
#'72.N5 #'72.N5 F1%?" '7(735 F " - " " (/5 (/5 " # # " (/5 (/5 G
"
67
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
AM^BVW
^IVYK WIÞ^BF KM^OMLMEBA Wmts ils amrbstms pmrti` aueki`t i` il kmgi b`gbfatbu, beual qui l‒bkpiroifti.
- VBEKÈWBFV Wi`i` fmk a faraftirëstbfa farafti rëstbfa tikpmral il kmroika -E+Ixikplis4 _iu Aftbva
$#'&35 (plmrar) X$9*0DE+ , X$9*0DE%7 , X$9*0DE% X$+*0dE+Q%> , X$+*0dE+1% , X$9*0DE+> _iu Kbtda-Xassbva
H!O(!,#- (vull) XU , XU1<. '7(73!,#- (söf ka`at) X*%&%DE9Q"> , X*%&%dE] , X*%&%dE+1< X*%&%DE9Q%4+ , X*%&%dE+E4% , X*%&%dE+>1<. Aquist kmroika pmt patbr altirafbm`s om`êtbquis i` ils virns afanats i` lanbal, eutural m gi`tal).18 Ixikplis4 "^Q "]4 g "%Q E+3 _09']4 g_0+E+3 E "%d$]4 gE "%DE+3 I0Q/u]4 ‸0Q3E+3 "%/4]4 g "%3E+ "&^*]4 g "&%J+
18 Ils
>—88( , amr. >#P# , sust. ! >—75# >—75#). virns ‖88( prmvi`i` gi tikis euturals ( ! >—88( amr. [ ! >#P# 69
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
I` ils virns i` lëqubga la sbeka gi - E+- s‒ja pirgut, prmvmfa`t allareaki`t (“fmkpi`satmrb‛) gi la vmfal prifigi`t. Ixikplis4 Qn>]4 * gQ%>E+ 0 gQ%3>+. #__^&&]4 Ũ__%3&+ *0/>]4 g*03>+ '4%/0]4 g'4%30+ Ils fm`traftis allareui` la vmfal gil tika (i` - " ö i` - ])4 13Q9]4 X1/Q"E+ / "<3^]4 X ""E+ / $"&T]4 X$(&]E+
^AGBFALV WIKÈWBFV ^ini` aquist `mk (amr. >´ i` il gbff.) ils amrbstms qui fa`vbi` il tika gil virn rispifti gil prisi`t b pmrti` vmfal tikètbfa ( %/<) i`tri l‒arril b lis gisb`ê`fbis sifu`garbis (val a gbr, gbr, lis gi l‒bkpiroifti). Ixikpli4 (#Q H9>-] 4 g-(#H-<->. Fmk `m pmrti` il suobxi ‖ E+‖, i` b`gbfatbu ti`i` l‒aparbi`fba gi l‒bkpiroifti, pirþ `m is fm`om`i` kab, pirquê prisi`ti` “fa`vbs‛ gb`s l‒arril. ] , bkpiro. g(%- " <> <> , amr g(- " <> <>. Ixikpli4 (%B " " " " La omrkafbö gil amrbsts tikètbfs is prmguibx i` virns il ragbfal gils quals moiribx eraus gbstb`ts i` ils tikis gi prisi`t b g‒amrbst. Ils kâs oriqui`ts sö` 4 Q+>4F>]-gQ+4<> , 1D_=9>]-g1D=<> , UF&&]-gU+&<> , g=]-gE=<> , P_]-Ũ_+_<> , %s0OE*]-"′0<> , "FE=]-g "+4<> , # "<4>ŞE*]-# "^4+><> , "/ " "1]-g "%E<> , '%ƞ_]-g'D_<> , "%O4]-g "34<>
I`tri ils brrieulars akn arril gboiri`t rispifti gil prisi`t (fmk i` vali`fbè söf-omu)4 D&.5-7C$!", L&4!,#--K(6!", (/<5-7C " " !" !", <"!,#--F<7"),;" 6?
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
^AGBFALV AWIKÈWBFV Aoiebxi` gbriftaki`t al tika akn vmfal llarea lis gisb`ê`fbis, si`si b`tirfalar vmfal tikètbfa. Jb ja gbvirsms tbpus4 1. ^agbfa ^agbfals ls purs4 purs4 1.a. Vi`si altir`è`fba vmfèlbfa. Ixikpli4 U+O>] , amr. >´ gU"> (amr 1´ gU"E+), _3_>SE*] , amr. amr. g_>]>. 1.n. Akn altir`è`fba gi vmfal llarea llarea (sb`e.) /nriu /nriu (pl.) Ixikpli4 '"QO , , amr. amr. g'"> , g'"7 g'" , g'+Q%> g'+1% g'+E+> 1.f. Akn altir`è`fba vmfèlbfa b akn allareaki`t - *Ixikpli4 $O$]Q3 , , amr. amr. g$]*+/g$ , 1O4"Q3 , , amr. amr. g4"*+ /g4%Q%>. >. Akn suobxi suobxi -"Ixikplis4 =+O0] , amr.4 amr.4 X=F0"> , 10n'] , amr.4 amr.4 X10F'"> '+/>">.
YVMV L‒amrbst iqubval al prit. piro. sbkpli. Oa rioirê`fba a u`a affbö pu`tual gil passat.
IZI^FBFBV !
Gi qub` virn sbkpli prmvi`i` aquistms amrbstms= Nusfa il siu sbe`bobfat ED>^&%q%> # "(__%3&+> # "^$]*% *+1^U"E+> "0<%2 " "%> # "(_+_%> # "^ "&%DE%> Q%1^E1"E%> ED>^ "0+q%> $3(0 "+E+> X "%&9U%1<
65
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
lE1"Q3 "0911] #0 "9u] &+QU9>] &^_] "&^] #_] #__^&&] U+/>] &^_] $/$]Q3
!
Xassa aquistis omrkis virnals a la omrka fmrrispm`i`t g‒amrbst4
&+QU9>%3
# "< "&%2
'%d_%3
$3+'4%/0%3
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X* "^Q "
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# "<*1%/>
$<*%2
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!
"%/4
Isfrbu l‒bkpiroifti g‒b`gbfatbu aftbu g‒aquistms amrbsts4
g&+U%> (&+QU9>]) ]]]]]]]]]]]]]
"%03^1D=<> (1D_=9>]) ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
X>^ "%E% ( " "/ " "1]) ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
g_>] (_3_>HE*]) ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
g'D_<> ('%d_]) ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
X*^&%DE% (*%&%d]) ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
X_^>%1< (_/_>
!
1.
Fmkplita lis orasis akn l‒amrbst fmrrispm`i`t4
r: $ˏ sE1%0+/A X**&"E/+> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]].
Al gba sieüi`t va` fm`vmfar (oiri`) u`a assaknlia. 6:
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
>.
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
]]]]]]]]]]]]$h k('3EQ+ Q, Xq%2>+3 "%0. 1 EDQU. B is va gifritar (is va gur a tirki u`a vmtafbö) qui `m ira lëfbt ginatri smnri tal assukpti.
6.
<- $ˏ Y4">+2<3 ]]]]]]]]]]]] 1?7 j%0E<>(E t&+313. Ils Ati`isms,
pir la siua na`ga, va` a`fmrar a Iliü`t gil Quirsm`ês. 7. Q%16
$h 1+K1+ \dE+>$0<7 ]]]]]]]]]]]]] U
"%0.
15>
+;=Q+&H1]>. Gisprâs g‒aåþ Lbsa`gri va mrgi`ar gilbnirar smnri ils
prism`irs gi euirra. 9. }3&<*&?7
$ˏ z> E10+1"_C7 15> Y4">+/]> , 7 1
Oblmflis ira l‒istratie gils Ati`isms qui ils i ls va katar. ?. \dE+>$0<7
$h 197 1% >+K7 *+. 1
]]]]]]]]]]]]]], ]]]]]]]]]]]] $h *+. 15> E10+1"_5> P&&1<> *+. Y$%/Q+>1<>. Lbsa`gri, pir la la siua na`ga, va i`vbar lis `aus b
ils prism`irs gi euirra a Lèkpsaf, pirþ is va quigar akn Oblmflis, Agbka`t b la rista gils istraties. 5.
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] m%T " 1C> W3&(E3<> &GE1,> %;7 \+*%$+/Q<>+ , 7 #'3*TQ%><7 1031+2<7 16 _%_<>T1+ ]]]]]]]]]]]]. _a i`vbar il pbrata kblisb
Wimpmkp a Lafigikþ`ba, qub va a`u`fbar allþ qui javba mfmrrieut gisprâs g‒arrbnar al tirfir gba. :.
{- $h E10+1"_ # "3^>+3 +R1C> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]. Ils istraties lb mrgi`ari`
a`ar-si‒`. 2. r
$h "&%/E1$0%7 X> 1: _: ]]]]]]]]]]. _a riu`br kmltëssbks jmkis
a tirra.
D&,?N5, 12((/<5, " /, /, " 5 (>), " !-/5 !-/5, (#,H."5 , $-#@67?&5, > " #<((5 #<((5, '7(735 (>), <"!,#-
62
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
B@OB@BWBY ^IVYK WIÞ^BF KM^OMLMEBA viu aftbva b`o. prisi`t b`o. outur
b`o. amrbst
b`o. piroifti
viu kbtda
&d%3>
viu passbva &d% 4+3
gbsmlgri
gbsmlgri‒s
&dE%3>
&dE%E4+3
&D4(E%E4+3
javir gi gbsmlgri
javir gi sir gbsmlt
javir gi sir gbsmlt
&KE+3
&dE+E4+3
&D4?>+3
javir gbsmlt
gbsmlgri‒s
javir istat gbsmlt
&%&D*^>+3
sir gbsmlt
&%&dE+E4+3
ti`br gbsmlt
tb`gri‒s gbsmlt
istar gbsmlt
Omrkis ô`bquis kâs fmkplixis Al tixt gi Zi`mom`t `m it trmnarès tmtis lis omrkis gils b`ob`btbus. Gi lis kâs fmkplixis val la pi`a qui rifmrgis, sb kâs `m, aquillis qui aparibxi` `mkâs u`a vieaga, a sanir4 - X "3&%&<3 " "^>+3 b`ob`btbu gi piroifti gi la viu aftbva (v. (v. &%O " "]) - 1+0911%E4+3 b`ob`btbu gi prisi`t gi la viu passbva ( 1+0F11] , -+3 , , ED>+&&+_?>+3 b`ob`btbus g‒amrbst gi la viu passbva ( "nQ "]3 ED>+&&F11] , -$0+ "<$34(E%E4+3 b`ob`btbu gi outur gi la viu passbva ( #>$0+ "<$/u]) B`ob`btus g‒amrbst Fm`vâ taknâ it obxis i` la omrkafbö gils b`ob`btbus g‒amrbst gils virns4 1.- akn amrbst g‒b`gbfatbu sbekètbf qui ixpirbki`tavi` aleu` fa`vb om`êtbf.
78
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
Ixikplis4 gi "^Q "] “i`vbar‛ (amrbst g‒b`gbfatbu g "%Qk+)4 "nQ "%3> b`o. gi prisi`t, "^Qk+3 b`o. g‒amrbst. gi Q%4<0Q/u] , fmkpmst gi I0Q/u] “a`fmrar‛ (amrbst g‒b`gbfatbu ‸0Q3E+)4 Q%4<0Q/u%3> b`o. gi pris., Q%4<0Q/E+3 b`o. g‒amrbst. gi Xq+__^&&] , fmkpmst gi #__^&&] “a`u`fbar‛ (amr. (amr. b`gbfat. Ũ__%3&+)4 Xq+__^&&%3> b`o. gi pris., Xq+__%2&+34 b`o. g‒amrbst.
>.- akn amrbst g‒b`gbfatbu ragbfal tikètbf4 (ils b`ob`btbus g‒amrbst ti`i` gisb`ê`fba -%2>). Ixikplis4 gi "9E=] “patbr‛ (amrbst g‒b`tbfatbu g "+4<>)4 "FE=%3> b`o. gi pris., "+4%2> b`o. amrbst. gi g0=)4 g0=%E4+3 b`o. gi pris., X&4%2> b`o. g‒amrbst. gi _/_>TQ">)4 _/_>%E4+3 b`o. pris., _%>^E4+3 b`o. amrbst.
_irns Atikètbfs (-,-) Il virn %;Q/ tâ `mkâs b`ob`btbu gi prisi`t %o>+3 b gi outur gE%E4+3. A na`ga g‒aquistis omrkis (la prbkira surt smvb`t al tixt gi Zi`mom`t), t‒aparibxirá` `mkâs aleu`s b`ob`btbus gi prisi`t gi virns atikètbfs (ti`i` gisb`ê`fba ispifba& ->+3), fmk ara4 -^>+3 gi l"Q3 b il siu fmkpmst # "3^>+3 gi #'/"Q3. _irns fm`traftis - ils b`ob`btbus b`ob`btbus gi prisi`t prisi`t ti`i` gisb`ê`fba gisb`ê`fba -%> viu aftbva b - %E4+3 i` viu kbtda. Xrisi`ti` la faraftirëstbfa fm`traffbö i`tri la vmfal ob`al gil tika (- + , - % , - <) b la vmfal g‒u`bö. Ixikpli4 "<35 (0 ^]) b`ob`btbu pris. aftbu4 "<3%2> (0 "<3^ + %>) b`ob`btbu pris. viu kbtda4 "<3%2E4+3 (0 "<3^ + %E4+3). -aleu`s fm`traftis i` - + oa`, pirþ, fm`traffbö i` " i` llmf gi oir-la i` +. Ixikpli4 =09
71
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
- ils b`ob`btbus b`ob`btbus g‒amrbst g‒amrbst b outur prisi`ti` il katibx allareaki`t allareaki`t gi la vmfal gil tika qui vibik al kmgi b`gbfatbu. Ixikpli4 IQ<&<_5 (0 ^]) amrbst b`gbfat. ŻQ<&T_"E+ outur b`gbfat. IQ<&<_(E] b`ob`btbu amrbst IQ<&<_(E+3 b`ob`btbu outur IQ<&<_(E%3>
I` risuk, pir tal gi gboiri`fbar al tixt u` b`ob`btbu it sirè g‒aduga rifmrgar lis sieüi`ts gisb`ê`fbis4 -'&$
B`o. Xrisi`t
-'H$
B`o. Xris. (v. (v. fm`traftis) B`o. Amrbst (v. (v. akn Amrbst g‒B`gbfat. ^agbfal tikètbf
-)#&
B`o. Amrbst
-$#&
B`o. Xris. Atikètbfs
-)/#& B`os. _iu Kbtda-Xassbva
W^AGYFFBÖ Fmk i` llatë jb javba `mkâs b`ob`btbu gi prisi`t (akari, akarb), gi passat (akavbssi, akatuk issi) b gi outur (akaturuk issi, aka`guk issi), `msaltris api`is pmgik gboiri`fbar ils katbssms qui ti`i` ils b`ob`btbus erifs gi tikps (i`tri b`o. amrbst b piroifti) b gi viu (kbtda b passbva). Vmvb`t tragubrès tmts ils b`ob`btbus gi la katibxa ka`ira. I` il sieüi`t oraeki`t, pir ixikpli, aparibxi` gms b`ob`btbus, ô` g‒amrbst b l‒altri gi prisi`t akn sbkblar traguffbö4 +-0%4^>1%7 $h X'ˏ 1% ED__09k+3 >TQ #%. gQ%&&<> ED__09'%3> B gisprâs g‒javir istat iliebts pir tal gi rifmpblar lis llibs, sikpri istavi` a pu`t gi rifmpblar-lis... 7>
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
VB@WAZB 1. Akn artbfli ou`fbm`a fmk qualsivml sunsta`tbu giflb`at. La siua ou`fbö gipê` gil fas i` qui vada l‒artbfli (sikpri `iutri) b/m pir l‒ôs gi pripmsbfbm`s. Aquist âs l‒ô`bf fas qui trmnarès a lis Jilµlê`bquis gi Zi`mom`t4 $36 1C X "3&%&<3 " "^>+3 1C> E21<> pir javir isemtat il nlat nlat
>. Vi`si artbfli ou`fbm`a4 -gi Vundifti g$ %;0(>"> ;0(>">4 is va rismlgri affiptar la pau -gi FG gi virns tra`sbtbus
\dE+>$0<7 XE(Q">%> 1,> 1+=/E1"> "&%2> Lbsa`gri va mrgi`ar `aviear / qui `avieari` il kâs rèpbg pmssbnli
- gi F.gi ^âebk gipi`i`t gi firts agdiftbus Pq3<7 "+4%2>4 gbe`i gi patbr (kiribxigmr gi sir fastbeat) -i` pirëorasbs virnals <- Y4">+2<3 <- Y4">+2<3 gQ%&&<> "+>1+ IQ<&<_(E%3> ils Ati`isms istavi` gbspmsats a affiptar qualsivml fmsa
- i` fm`struffbm fm`struffbm`s `s gi gmnli FG gi virns tra`sbtbus tra`sbtbus l‒b`ob`btbu âs u` gils FG (b`gbfa`t affbö) b l‒altri FG âs il “sudifti lþebf‛ (i` afusatbu) b`gbfa`t pirsm`a.11 {- $h E10+1"_ # "3^>+3 +R1C> X*^&%DE+> Ils istraties lb mrgi`ari` karxar / qui karxara
11 ^ifmrga l‒iqubvali`t llatë
vbgim ti vi`bri “it vibe vb`gri ö vibe qui tu vi`s‛. 76
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
IZI^FBFBV 1. Flassbobfa4 obfa als quagris `mkâs ils virns virns fm`traftis (ti‒` smnrarè` 7) E10+1"_%2> "&%2> # "<*T "1%3> =0?E4+3 Q>"E"*+*(E%3> ‚ "%E4+3 %; " "%2> &+QU9>%3> I0Q%2> *+1<3*%2> IQ<&<_(E%3> # "<=5E+3 Q3E4
viu aftbva b`o. pris. (fm`traftis)
b`o. outur (fm`traftis)
b`o. amrbst (fm`traftis)
viu kbtda b`o. pris (fm`traftis)
>. Bgi`tbobfa ils b`ob`btbus gi prisi`t b ils g‒amrbst gi la viu aftbva . V‒ja fmlat u` b`ob`btbu gi outur! # "<*1%2>+3 %o>+3 X&4%2> # "3^>+3 %; " "%2> # "< "&%2> U<"4%2> "+0+E*%D9u%3> Xq+__%2&+3 "^Qk+3 EDQU P_%3> IQ<&<_(E%3> "+4%2> ED__09k+3
77
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
b`o. prisi`t
b`o. amrbst
E^AKAWBFAL
b`o. outur
6. Bgi`tbobfa ils b`ob`btbus gi prisi`t, ils g‒amrbst b ils b`ob`btbus gi outur gi la viu kbtda-passbva. b`o. prisi`t
b`o. amrbst
b`o. outur
‚ "%E4+3 gE%E4+3 "%/4%E4+3 U^E4+3 $^=%E4+3 "%/E%E4+3 "<3%2E4+3 "%Q'4?>+3 Q3E4
79
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
7. Wrmna la traguffbö fmrrifta, fmkplita lis orasis mrbeb`als b gbeuis la ou`fbö qui oa il fmrrispm`i`t b`ob`btbu 1. tE(Q">%> %;7 167 >+K7 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] *+16 *091<7 >. X>TQ3u<> $h ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] E]1"0/+> 6. X "%. g_>] c13 *+16 1C> X* \D*%/ Q^&&<3%> 167 Q"=+>67 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]... 7.
"%0. $h 15> 1%3=5> 1?7 *+4+30^E%]7
9. 16 u%d_" X*^&%DE%
"9>1+
‐Q+q3+/
*+.
]]]]]]]]]]]]] c "TQ ]]]]]]]]]]]]] 1% *+. # "<$%3*>d>+3 5. X*^&%DE% ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] "%0. 15> +;=Q+&H1]>
a. va ka`ar ka`ar gilb gilbnir nirar ar smnr smnrii ils pri prism` sm`irs irs n. va mrgi`ar qui lis tmtis du`tis pmrtari` lis pigris i`mrkis b lis tbrari` i` il pu`t gil fakë qui vulleuira fagasfô f. smnri smnri la gistruff gistruffbö bö gi lis lis kurallis kurallis `b`eô `b`eô vmlba vmlba gm`ar gm`ar la siua siua mpb`bö mpb`bö g. va gm`ar gm`ar l‒mrgri l‒mrgri gi gi fþrrir fþrrir i` adut adut gi lis lis `aus i. pi`savi pi`savi`` qui `m jb javba javba fap fap salva salvafbö fbö o. istavi istavi` ` a pu`t gi gi rifmp rifmpbla blarr b oir pônlbqu pônlbquis is lis lis llibs llibs e. qua` va sanir sanir qui a`avi` a`avi` a aprmpar aprmpar lis kèqub`is kèqub`is pil pil fakë gil gil Lbfiu ... ...
12<<&.@7-" H!2(73716#- '#%#H.((7-" H!;67M" 12,H!2(737-"
&!1.<7-" &!1.<7-" X<7-" 7C"#-
"
7?
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
XA^WBFBXB
^IVYK WIÞ^BF KM^OMLMEBA _ZY AFWB_A - il partbfbpb prisi`t gils v. purs is faraftirbtza pil suobxi - >1- 1>. Is giflb`i` fmk ils agdiftbus gi tris tirkb`afbm`s (6ª 1ª 6ª)3 Il kasfulë sieuibx il kmgil _n0]> , -<>1<7. Fmkplita il quagri akn il partbfbpb gi prisi`t gil virn &d] kasfulë
oiki`ë
`iutri
`mkb`atbu
&d]>
&d
&K<>
afusatbu
&d<>1+
&d
&K]]]
ei`btbu
&d<>1m7
&D<ƞE"7
&d<>1]]
gatbu
&d<>1]]]
sb`eular
&D
&d<>13
plural `mkb`atbu
&d<>1%7
afusatbu
&d<>1]]]
ei`btbu
&DT>1]>
&D<ƞE]>
&DT>1]]]
&d
&d
&d]]]]]
gatbu
&d<>1]]]
&d
&d
1> Fmk i` llatë, aka`s, `tbs.
75
&d<>1+
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
" Ils virns fm`traftis oa` lis janbtuals fm`traffbm`s gi la vmfal gil tika b la
vmfal g‒u`bö m (gava`t gi >1) tika i` +4 kasfulë
`mk
8&5B$ (*8&5?($)
oiki`ë
ei`bt
`iutri
8&5B)# 8&5B$ (*8&5?%$) (*8&5?%9)#)
8&5B)*" (*8&5?%9)*")
8&5B$8%" (*8&5?%$8%")
kasfulë
oiki`ë
`iutri
"%&B$ (* "%&A($)
"%&%M)# (* "%&A%9)#)
"%&%M$ (* "%&A%$)
"%&%M$8%" (* "%&A%$8%")
"%&%M)*" (* "%&A%9)*")
"%&%M$8%" (* "%&A%$8%")
oiki`ë
`iutri
N*,%M)# (*N*,<%9)#)
N*,%M$ (*N*,<%$ )
N*,%M)*" (*N*,<%9)*")
N*,%M$8%" (*N*,<%$8%")
8&5B$8%" (*8&5?%$8%")
tika i` %4 `mk
ei`bt
tika i` <4 kasfulë
`mk
N*,B$ (*N*,<($)
ei`bt
N*,%M$8%" (*N*,<%$8%")
Al tixt gi Zi`mom`t it trmnarès `mkâs ? partbfbpbs gi prisi`t gi virns fm`traftis, 1 i` -+ b la rista i` - %. Flassbobfa‒ls4 I0Q1+7 , "%>41%7 , X "31"05> , Q%E13 , , u5>1+7 , X "3=%301+7
7:
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
-'
E^AKAWBFAL
-#
`mk. pl. kasf.
afusat. pl. kasf.
`mk. sb`e. kasf. gat. sb`e. kasf. afusat. pl. kasf. afusat. pl. kasf.
" _irns atikètbfs (- Q3)
_irns fmk ara 1O4"Q3 (pmsar), l"Q3 (i`vbar), lE1"Q3 (fmlmfar), $/$]Q3 (gm`ar), `m aparibxi` al tixt gi Zi`mom`t i` partbfbpb gi prisi`t. Vë jm oa` ils gi %;Q/ (sir, istar)
`mkb`atbu ei`btbu
kasf.
oik.
`iutri
‒>
<“E+
~>
~>1<7 ~>
<‛E"7
~>1<7
kasf.
oik.
`iutri
;H>
;
;T>
;T>1<7 ;T
;
;T>1<7
b gi %oQ3 (a`ar)
`mkb`atbu ei`btbu
Al tixt gi Zi`mom`t it trmnarès `mkâs ? partbfbpbs gi prisi`t gil virn %;Q/ b 7 fmkpmstms gi %oQ3. Flassbobfa‒ls4
72
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
<“E+> , X "31+7 , ~>1%7 , ~>1]> ~>1+ , ~>1+7 , %;E3T>1+7 , ‒> , # "3T>1%7 fmkpmstms 'r5&
'p5F afusat. sb`e. oik.
`mk. pl. kasf.
ei`bt. pl. kasf.
afusat. pl. kasf.
`mk. pl. kasf.
gat. sb`e. oik.
`mk. sb`e. kasf.
afusat. pl. kasf.
afusat. sb`e. kasf. afusat. pl. kasf.
*** - il partbfbpb partbfbpb amrbst aoiebx il kmroika faraftirëstbf g‒amrbst - E+-. Is giflb`a fmk ils agdiftbus gi tris tirkb`afbm`s 6ª 1ª 6ª3 Il kasf. sieuibx il kmgil _/_+7 , _/_+>1<7. Fmkplita il quagri akn il partbfbpb g‒amrbst gil virn &d] kasfulë
oiki`ë
`iutri
&dE+E+
&KE+>
sb`eular `mkb`atbu
&dE+7
afusatbu
&dE+>1]]
&dE+]]
&K]]]
ei`btbu
&dE+>1]]
&D &DE9E"7
&dE+>1]]
gatbu
&dE+>1]]
&DE9]]]
98
&dE+>1]]
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
plural `mkb`atbu
&dE+>1]]
&dE+]]
&dE+>1]
afusatbu
&dE+>1]]
&dE+]]
&dE+>1]
ei`btbu
&DEF>1]]
&D &DE9E]>
gatbu
&dE+]]]
&DE€E3
&DE9>1]]
&DE€]]
Afë ti`s u`s qua`ts partbfbpbs g‒amrbst qui sieubxi` il kmgil a`tirbmr. Fmkpti akn ils fa`vbs om`êtbfs qui prmguibx i` ils virns fm`sm`è`tbfs il fm`tafti gi la fm`sm`a`t gil tika akn la sbeka gil kmroika g‒amrbst E+. Flassbobfa‒ls fmkplita`t il quagri4
"nQk+>1%7 #*1%7 #0q9>1]> %;E "^Qk+>1%7 #40
1<7
partbfbpb g‒ amrbst (#$) `mk. pl. kasf.
(virn "A5 "( )
ei`bt. pl. kasf. (virn ( virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]] )
`mk. pl. kasf. (virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]] )
`mk. pl. kasf. (virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]] )
ei`bt. sb`e. kasf. (virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]])
`mk. sb`e. kasf. (virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]] )
91
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
Ati`fbö, pirþ, als virns qui `m oa` l‒amrbst sbekètbf i` l‒b`gbfatbu. Il partbfbpb g‒amrbst g‒aquistms virns is omrka akn il tika g‒amrbst b lis tirkb`afbm`s prþpbis gil partbfbpb gi prisi`t. Ixikplis4 - &+QU9>] , amr. amr. b`gbfat. aft. g&+U<> , part. amr aft. &+UH> , &+U - I09] , amr. amr. b`gbfat. aft. %o$<> , part. amr. amr. aft. ;$H> , - - &^_] , amr. amr. b`gbfat. aft. %o " amr. aft. %; " "<> , part. amr. "H> , %; " "
^ifmrga gm`fs4 _IY AFWB_A tika gi prisi`t
tika g!amrbst
Xrisi`t B`gbfat.
Amrbst B`gbfatbu
!"#$
%&'()
B`fi`btbu Xrisi`t
B`fi`btbu gAmrbst
!"#%*)
%+'%,)
Xartbfbpb Xrisi`t !"#$), !"#(-./, !"#()
Xartbfbpb Amrbst %+'8), %+(1./, %+'>)
9>
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
Afë ti`s u`s qua`ts partbfbpbs g‒amrbst qui `m ikpri` il kmroika - E+-. Flassbobfa‒ls b fmkplita il quagri4 ;$H> , *+13$H> , *+13$T>1+7 &+UT>1%7 , #>+&+UH> , %; " "H> , #>1%3 " "T>1]> , X*&3 " "T>1]> , #>%&4T>1%7 , X&4T>1+7 partbfbpb g‒amrbst (ragbfal)
`mk. sb`e. kasf. (virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]) ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]])
afusat. pl. kasf. (virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]) ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]])
`mk. sb`e. kasf. (virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]) ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]])
`mk. sb`e. kasf. (virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]) ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]])
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] (virn %$&'()*) `mk. pl. kasf. (virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]) ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]) ei`btbu pl. kasf. (virn ?6!%5'$) ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] (virn +,-(.'!$/)
afusat. pl. kasf. (virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]) ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]])
ei`btbu pl. kasf. (virn :)7* ]]]]]]]]]] )
96
6/7*98)
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
" _irns fm`traftis
Fmk i` l‒amrbst g‒b`gbfatbu, allareui` la vmfal gil tika ( + 0 " , %0 " , <0 ]). 13Q9]4 kasf. 13Q(E+7 , oik. 13Q(E+E+ , `iutr. `iutr. 13Q(E+> `iutr. "<3(E+> "<3^]4 kasf. "<3(E+7 , oik. "<3(E+E+ , `iutr. $"&T]4 kasf. $"&HE+7 , oik. $"&HE+E+ , `iutr. `iutr. $"&HE+>
Al tixt gi Zi`mom`t it trmnarès pmfs partbfbpbs g‒amrbst gi virns fm`traftis. Flassbobfa aquists ixikplis b fmkplita il quagri4 X0]1(E+7 , *0+1(E+>1%7 , "<3(E+>1%7 $GHE+7 , $(E+>1%7
partbfbpb g‒amrbst (virns fm`traftis)
`mk. pl. kasf. (virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]] ) `mk. sb`e. kasf.
(virn 92>$)
]]]]]]]]]]]]] ) `mk. sb`e. kasf. (virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]]
`mk. pl. kasf. (virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]] ) `mk. pl. kasf. (virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]] )
" _irns atikètbfs
%;Q/ b %oQ3 `m ti`i` partbfbpb g‒amrbst. Ils atikètbfs akn partbfbpb g‒amrbst qui aparibxi` kâs oriqüi`tki`t al tixt sö` fmkpmstms gi4 $/$]Q34 $1<7 , $ $T>1<7 l"Q34 %l7 ‚>1<7 , %E+ %lE"7 , ‚> ‚>1<7
Flassbobfa aquists ixikplis b fmkplita il quagri4 "+0+$T>1+7 ,
*+4^>1+7 , $T>1%7 , "+0+$T>1%7
97
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
partbfbpb amrbst
E^AKAWBFAL
(virns fm`traftis)
`mk. pl. kasf. (virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]] ) `mk. pl. kasf.
(virn 959$4* )
afusat. pl. kasf. (virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]] ) afusat. pl. kasf.
*** - il partb partbfbp fbpbb outur âs siknla`t al gi prisi`t3 aoieibx pirþ il kmroika faraftirëstbf gil tikps outur - E-. Ixikpli4 &dE]> , &dE Al tixt gi Ziom`m`t aparibxi` `mkâs tris partbfbpbs gi outur g‒u` katibx virn4 #__n&&] (gms vieagis i` fmkpmsbfbö + # "T). Il partbfbpb gi outur g‒aquist virn is omrka aoieb`t al tika virnal (si`si riguplbfafbö gi la &) lis tirkb`afbm`s gils partbfbpbs gi prisi`t gils virns fm`traftis i` - %]416 #__%&5> #__%&1<7 , #__%& , -1<7
Fmkplita lis orasis akn ils tris partbfbpbs gi outur qui surti` a lis Jilµlê`bquis4 #__%&1+ # "+__%&1+
) $h V90+&<7 # "^ "&%DE% %;7 167 Y4(>+7 167 Y4(>+7 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]] 16 _%_<>T1+ la `au Xáralms va karxar fap a Ati`is pir fmku`bfar ils oits
g "%Qk% m%T " 1C> W3&(E3<> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] 16 _%_<>T1+
&GE1,>
%;7
\+*%$+/Q<>+
_a i`vbar Wimpmkp, il llagri kblisb, fap a Lafigikþ`ba pir a qui fmku`bfara ils oits
\dE+>$0<7 1<27 X'T0<37 g "%Qk%> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Y03E1<1^&" c13 ... Lbsa`gri va i`vbar Arbstþtbl Arbstþtbl pir a qui a`u`fbara als êomrs qui...
16 I`
aquits partbfbpbs il kmroika gi outur - )- `m is viu pir javir-si prmguít i` u` istat a`tirbmr gi la lli`eua u` fa`vb om`êtbf ispifbal (fm`traffbö gi - 'S)[%$). 99
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
*** - il partbfbpb piroifti aoiebx la riguplbfafbö b il kmroika faraftirëstbf gil tikps gi piroifti -*- . Abxë, pir ixikpli, âs il partbfbpb gi piroifti aftbu gil virn &ƞ]4 &%&D*H7 &%&D*J1<7 , &%&D*D2+ , &%&D*D/+7 , &%&D*T7 &%&D*J1<7 Al tixt aparibxi` `mkâs ils sieüi`ts partbfbpbs gi piroifti gi la viu aftbva (ois-`i l‒a`èlbsb kmromlþebfa)4 part partbf bfbp bpbb piro piroif iftt aftb aftbu u
#'%E1"*D/+7 _%_<>T1+
(virn #'/E1"Q3) `mkb`atbu/ afusatbu plural `iutri (virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]]])
# "<&]&T1+7
(virn # "T&&DQ3)
%;$H7
(virn
9?
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
_IY KBWDA-X KBWDA- XAVVB_A AVVB_A I` la viu kbtda b passbva il erif va u`bobfar la faraftirëstbfa gil partbfbpb akn u` ô`bf kmroika4 kmroika4 ‖,7"!*, ‖ ,0"; ‖,7"!" , qui sirvibx pir a tmts ils tikps gi la viu kbtda b il prisi`t, outur b piroifti gi la viu passbva (pir a la omrkafbö gi l‒amrbst passbu fo. b`ora). Xil qui oa als virns purs, fal ti`br i` fmkpti qui s‒aoiebra` ils kmroikis faraftirëstbfs gi faga tikps (- E- pir al outur, - E+- pir a l‒amrbst b riguplbfafbö al piroifti). Abxë, pir ixikpli, ils partbfbpbs gi la viu kbtda b passbva (ki`ys il g‒amrbst) gil virn &ƞ] sö`4 "
prisi`t &DTQ%><7 -Q^>" -Q^>"7 , &DTQ%><> -Q^><7 -Q^>" -Q^>"7 , &%&DQ^><> , -Q^><7 -Q^>" -Q^>"7 , &DE9Q%><> -Q^><7 -Q^>" -Q^>"7 , &DETQ%><> -Q^><7 -Q^>" -Q^>"7 , &D4"ETQ%><> -Q^>
Il partbfbpb partbfbpb g‒amrbst g‒amrbst gi la la viu passbva passbva ikpra ikpra il suobxi suobxi - >1-. Aoiebx, a kâs a kâs, il kmroika - 4%-. Il partbfbpb g‒amrbst gil virn &ƞ] sirè gm`fs4 &D4%/7 &D4^>1<7 , &D4%2E+ &D4%/E+E+ , &D4^> &D4^>1<7 “javi`t sbeut gbsmlt‛
95
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
" _irns fm`traftis
Xrisi`ti` ils fa`vbs vmfèlbfs janbtuals (fm`traffbö i` prisi`t b allareaki`t i` rista gi tikps). Ixikplis4 tikis i` -+ part. prisi`t kbtda-passbva4 13QHQ%><7 (0*13Q+TQ%><7) part. amrbst kbtda4 13Q"E9Q%><7 tikis i` -% part. prisi`t kbtda-passbva4 "<3<7 (0 "<3%TQ%><7) part. amrbst kbtda4 "<3"E9Q%><7 tikis i` -m part. prisi`t kbtda-passbva4 $"&<7 (0 $"&<7) part. amrbst kbtda4 $"&]E9Q%><7
" Ati`fbö, pirþ, als virns fm`sm`è`tbfs, qui `m oibi` l‒amrbst sbekètbf a
l‒b`gbfatbu. Ixikplis4 #'3*>^<7# part. amrt. kbtda #'3*TQ%><7 _/_>JQ%><73 part. amr. _%>TQ%><7 &%O " "]4 part. prisi`t &%3 " "TQ%><73 part. amr. &3 " "TQ%><7
^ifmrga gm`fs _IY
"#$DA/
XAVVB_A
tika gi prisi`t
tika g!amrbst
Xrisi`t B`gbfat. !"#m4/*
Amrbst B`gbfatbu
B`fi`btbu Xrisi`t
B`fi`btbu gAmrbst
!"#%.*
%+'%.*
Xartbfbpb Xrisi`t !%#>4%)(;, !%#(4")3, !%#>4%)()
Xartbfbpb Amrbst %+'04%)(;, %+'(4=)3, %+'>4%)(;
%+'>43)
9:
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
`l tixt gi Zi`mom`t `m surt fap partbfbpb gi outur `b gi la viu kbtda `b gi la passbva. Aquists sö` ils partbfbpbs gi prisi`t gi la viu kbtda b la viu passbva. A`albtza‒ls (i` fursbva ils fm`traftis)4
'"()*(%+), -",./) ! ),)8(1+),> -",./) ),)8(1+),> -",./) ! ),)8(1+)8> ),)8(1+)8> U<3 6)7)9(%+), ! ),)9(%+), ),)9(%+), "<0%D<37 part. pris. v kbtda
gat. pl. virn virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]
`mk. pl. virn. HA4=$ ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] gat. pl. virn virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]
`mk. pl. virn. virn. ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
afusat. pl. virn virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]
`mk. pl. virn virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]
`mk. pl. virn virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
92
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
?5:)8(1+2 4"3/<(%+),
E^AKAWBFAL
):,)"?)9(%+), ):,)"?)9(%+), # "<&&DQ^>]> 5"3;)8(1+)8> /,(3")9(%+), ! 5"3;)8(1+)8>
!
part. pris. v. passbva
`mk. pl. virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]] afusat. pl. virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]] ei`bt. pl. virn :'>!!-4* ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] `mk. pl. virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] gat. sb`e. virn 6/!=$ ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] `mk. pl. virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]
Aquists sö` ils partbfbpbs gi piroifti gi la viu kbtda b la viu passbva. A`albtza‒ls4 part. piro. v kbtda-passbva
$3%E*%$+EQ^>]>4 ei`btbu]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]gil virn $3+E*%$9u] $3%'4+0Q^>+4 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] gil virn $3+'4%O0] 1%1+0+_Q^>]>4 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]gil virn 1+0F11] %;0_+EQ^>">4 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] gil virn X0_9u
?8
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
Aquists sö` ils partbfbpbs g‒amrbst gi la viu kbtda. I` fursbva ils virns gipm`i`ts. A`albtza‒ls4 4 ! ,.,/,.0(%+), ,.,/,.0(%+), "+0+E*%D+E9Q%><7 -6,?=(%+)> #0q9Q%><7 -6,?)(1+H> A%+)(1+),> -6,?)(1+H> A%+)(1+),> "<3"E9Q%><3
U<3 E10+1%DE9Q%><3 partbfbpb g‒ amrbst viu kbtda
`mkb`atbu sb`eular kasfulë gi "+0+E*%D9u]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] gi
X "3E31/u
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] gi ]]]]]]*>^^
*+4/E1"Q3
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] gi ]]]]]]]]]]%d] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] gi ]]]]]]]]]]
?1
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
B aquists sö` ils partbfbpbs g‒amrbst passbus qui aparibxi` al tixt (a`albtza‒ls)4 u]_0"4^>1]> , "%Q'4%/7 , +-0%4^>1%7 , "%3E4%/7 , )11"4^>1]> , "%0+>4^>1]>
part. amr. passbu
`mkb`atbu sb`eular kasfulë gil virn ]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]gil ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]gil virn F$#A"$ ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] gil virn /GA"$ ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] gil virn '%5<$ ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]gil ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]gil virn '%A/5)$ ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]gil ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]gil virn I77O(4/*
?>
"%Q'4%/7
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
VB@WAZB Il partbfbpb âs u` agdiftbu virnal, val a gbr, “partbfbpa‛ gi lis faraftirëstbquis gi l‒agdiftbu ‖fm`firta i` eê`iri, `mknri b fas akn u` sunsta`tbu m prm`mk‖ b gi lis prþpbis gil virn ‖tâ viu, tikps, fmkpliki`ts, itf.‖ A l‒jmra gi tragubr t‒jaurás gi obxar gm`fs i` la viu, il tikps b il fas. Waknâ t‒adugarè viuri sb va afmkpa`yat m `m g‒artbfli. - Akn artbfli Afmkpa`ya a u` sunsta`tbu m prm`mk (qui pmt istar smnrii`tâs) b tâ valmr g‒agdiftbu m mrafbö gi rilatbu. ) $h V90+&<7 # "^ "&%DE% %;7 167 Y4(>+7 167 Y4(>+7 # "+__%&
- Vi`si artbfli Xartbfbpb si`si artbfli i` apmsbfbö a u` sundifti m fmkpliki`t. Wâ valmr g‒mrafbö fbrfuksta`fbal. [DQ "+0Ş%3 $h *+. mH0+q 1C "%uC> L45" Ava`åa taknâ t aknâ Wþrax, W þrax, qub ti`ba la b`oa`tirba/ ti`b`t la b`oa`tirba/ akn la b`oa`tirba \ƞE+>$0<7 ^6&!?1#* 1$0<7 $h >@-'),7"!* %;7 `e_3>+> # "^$]*% ... Lbsa`gri, pirþ, qua` va arrbnar a Ieb`a, va i`triear... i`triear... {- $v`4">+2<3 " !(-!&'!3,7"!!(-!&'!3,7"!- *+16 _?> *+. *+16 49&+EE+> , ) "T0... Ils ati`isms, rmgidats pir tirra b kar, kar, `m sanbi`...
!-+1#"%7* X*+01^0+2<3 1
7F7$%5#&. smnrii`tâs, pir ixikpli, ! >?75#8# >?75#8# (fmsis)3 istè gm`fs sunsta`tbvat. ?6
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
Xartbfbpb akn ou`fbö prigbfatbva4 sundiftbva (fm`firta`t akn il sundifti) m mndiftbva (fm`firta`t akn l‒mndifti) Xrigbfatbu gil sundifti Aquist us, partbfular gil erif, pmt tb`gri gms valmrs (al fmrpus gi lis Jilµlê`bquis gi Zi`mom`t `m jb ja fap ixikpli!)4 1.
a.
Il part. agqubribx la bgia gil virn prb`fbpal, il qual passa a ixprissar fmk agvirnb il kmgi i` qui is rialbtza l‒affbö gil partbfbpb. Akn virns qui b`gbqui` kmgi gi sir m istar gil sundifti, fmk ara 1D_=F>] (sir pir fasualbtat), &+>4F>] (passar b`agvirtbt), '+O>,0 I sU0/u]> %;7 E^ X=40C7 V" 1D_=9>%3 L‒jmki qui t‒ultrada risulta sir taknâ i`ikbf `mstri
n. Is pmt ikprar aquist partbfbpb qua` i` la `mstra lli`eua ikprarëik u` b`ob`btbu. Akn virns qui b`gbqui` fmki`åar, afanar, fm`tb`uar, m aleu` tbpus gi si`tbki`t (avirem`ybr-si, pi`igbr-si, alierar-si, itf.) X_i 1,> _D>+2*+ X*^&%D<> $+3 1a "+3$/a 1C> 1/4>T> , l>+ "+dE"1+3 '(8!" Dm vabe ka`ar la kiua gm`a qui lb gm`ara il pbt a l‒b`oat, l‒b`oat, pir a qui gibxara gibxara gi plmrar plmrar
Xrigbfatbu gil FG Ixprissa u`a bgia fmkplitbva iqubvali`t a u`a mrafbö akn c13 m sunmrgb`aga susta`tbva gi FG i` afusatbu. Fm`struffbö akn virns gi pirfipfbö b`tilµliftual m si`sbnli4 viuri, fmkpri`gri, sanir, itf. >.
Y&*3U39$"7 $h *+13$H> X* 15> 1%3=5> 1 Y4">+/ Y4">+/ +;_3+&@ D&,!I"%#*... Alfbnëagis, pir la siua part, mnsirva`t gis gils kurs ils Ati`isms a`fmrats i` la platda /qui ils Ati`isms istavi` a`fmrats i` la platda ...
?7
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
EI@BWBY ANVMLYW Fm`struffbö ispifbal i` la qui il part. fm`firta i` ei`btbu akn u` sunsta`tbu m prm`mk qui `m âs `b sundifti `b FG gil virn prb`fbpal. Is pmt tragubr pir eiru`gb sbkpli, sb is partbfbpb gi prisi`t, m eiru`gb fmkpmst, sb is partbfbpb g‒amrbst. I` mfasbm`s tâ valmrs g‒ mrafbö sunmrgb`aga. t> $h 1+27 Y4(>+37 1+27 Y4(>+37 %W* Y#&.(!2 >@-'!,/";* >D*1C7 X&^_%1< ) EDQ'<09 A Ati`is, u`a vieaga va arrbnar la `au Xáralms , gi `bt is fmku`bfava la giserèfba <‛1% "7_" <‛1% 12,,.45" +R1<27 U"%5" <‛1% E/1
?9
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
IZI^FBFBV XA^WBFBXBV 1. Flassbobfa Flassbobfa44 obfa a la erailla ils partbfbpbs partbfbpbs gi prisi`t gils virns fm`traftis fm`traftis b gils atikètbfs (%;Q/ , , %oQ3) <“E+> , X "31+7 , ~>1%7 , I0Q1+7 , "%>41%7 ~>1]> , ~>1+ , X "31"05> , Q%E13 , , u5>1+7 , ~>1+7 %;E/<>1+7 , X "3=%301+7 , ‒> , # "3T>1%7
part. pris (fm`traftis)
part. pris (atikètbfs)
I0Q1+7 (I0Q^])
??
<“E+> (virn %;Q/)
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
>. Flassbobfa siem`s il fas ils sieüi`ts partbfbpbs gi prisi`t aftbu s "90=1%7 , "+0+U9&&]> , #>/E=<>13 , , g=<>1+7 , '%d_]> >1%7 , g=<>1%7 , >1+7 , &^_]> , EDQ "^Q "<>1<7 ED&&+QU9><>1%7 , g=]> , g=<>1+ , # "GE*T>1]> `mkb`atbu sb`e.
afusatbu sb`e.
gatbu sb`e.
ei`btbu sb`e.
`mkb`atbu pl.
afusatbu pl.
gatbu pl.
ei`btbu pl.
?5
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
6. Gboiri`fba ils partbfbpbs gi prisi`t b amrbst amrbst gi la viu aftbva. V‒ja` fmlat u` part. gi outur b u` altri gi piroifti. "&^<>1%7 # "+__%&
I0Q1+7 _%_<>T1+ "^Qk+>1%7 '%d_]> &+UT>1%7 >1%7 #*1%7 >1+7 *+13$H> '%0T>1]>
p. prisi`t
p. amrbst
?:
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
7. Gboiri`fba ils partbfbpbs gi prisi`t b amrbst amrbst gi la viu kbtda. I0QHQ%><3 #'3*"7 #0q9Q%><7 '<3 _%><37 U<3 "+0+E*%D+E9Q%><7 #'3*TQ%><7 "<0%D<37 #'3*><7 p. prisi`t
p. amrbst
9. Fmkplita Fmkplita ils ils quagris quagris _IY AFWB_A tika gi prisi`t
tika g!amrbst
Xrisi`t B`gbfat.
!/4EO)$
Amrbst B`gbfatbu ]]]]]]]]]]
B`fi`btbu Xrisi`t ]]]]]]]]]]]
B`fi`btbu gAmrbst ]]]]]]]]]]
Xartbfbpb Xrisi`t !]]]]]]]], !/4EO)(-./, !]]]]]]]
Xartbfbpb Amrbst !]]]]]]]]]]], !/E(1./, !]]]]]]]]]
?2
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
_IY
E^AKAWBFAL
"#$DA/XAVVB_A
tika gi prisi`t
tika g!amrbst
Xrisi`t B`gbfat.
!/4EO)(4/*
Amrbst B`gbfatbu ]]]]]]]]]]]]]
B`fi`btbu Xrisi`t ]]]]]]]]]]]]]
B`fi`btbu gAmrbst ]]]]]]]]]]]]
Xartbfbpb Xrisi`t !]]]]]]]]]]]], !/4E/)(4")3, !]]]]]]]]]]]]
Xartbfbpb Amrbst !]]]]]]]]]]], !/E(4")3, !]]]]]]]]]]]]
?. Mkplb ils nubts akn la omrka agbi`t gil part. gil virn fmrrispm`i`t. B`gbfa il tbpus gi partbfbpb gis gil pu`t gi vbsta sb`tèftbf. - parts. prisi`t4 prisi`t4
L45 , D&,_ (afus. kasf. pl.) (/5 (/5 (`mk. kasf. pl.)3
"
7Z,? (afus. kasf. sb`e) > " !6"R1'5 !6"R1'5 (ei`. pl. kasf.) - parts. amrbst amrbst
'#%7?$5 (`mk. kasf. sb`e.) >@-'"!I,#- (`mk. kasf. sb`e.) - parts. outur4 ><((5 , > " #<((5 #<((5 (afusatbus kasf. sb`e.) - part. piroifti piroifti4 <"!,#- (afus. `iutri plural)
58
JILµ LÊ@BQYIV LÊ@BQYIV
!"W^MGYFFBÖ
E^AKAWBFAL
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] X> 1: "T&%3 &3Q@ "<&&5> Kalerat qui javbi` kmrt i` i` la fbutat kmlts pir la oak...
<- $ˏ Y4">+2<3 $ˏ Y4">+2<3 *+16 "T$+7 ]]]]]]]]]]]]] Ż0Q/E+>1< X> t&+313. Nls Ati`isms, `aviea`t al al siu garriri, a`flari` i` Iliü`t
Y&*3U39$"7 $h ]]]]]]]]]]] X* 15> 1%3=5> 1 Y4">+/ +;_3+&@
]]]]]]]]]]]]] 1 &3Q^>3 ]]]]]]]]]]]] "9>1+ Alfbnëagis, pir la siua na`ga, mnsirva`t gis gis gi lis kurallis als Ati`isms a`fmrats i` la platda ... b qui ils i`ikbes al pmrt ti`bi` tmt.
\dE+>$0<7 $h 1<27 X'T0<37 g "%Qk%> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Y03E1<1^&" , 'D_9$+ Y4">+2<> ]]]]]]]]]], c13... B Lbsa`gri va i`vbar Arbstþtbl, qui ira ixblbat ati`ês, pir a qui fmku`bfara als êomrs qui...
\dE+>$0<7 g "%Qk% m%T " %;7 \+*%$+/Q<>+ ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
16
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]], 7 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]] 1031+2<7 # "(__%3&%. Lbsa`gri va i`vbar Wimpmkp a Lafigikþ`ba pir a qui a`u`fbara allþ qui javba mfmrrieut , qub jm va a`u`fbar a`u`fbar al arrbnar al al tirfir gba.
51