NAMA
:
WINDI ISMAIL
NIM
:
432414005
PRODI
:
S1-BIOLOGI
SEMESTER:
TIGA(III)
HABITAT DAN RELUNG EKOLOGI
Habitat !ait" t#$%at &i$a'a "at" $a*+" *i&"% biaa &i#t#$"a', S#$"a $a*+" *i&"% $#$%"'!ai t#$%at *i&"% !a' biaa &i#b"t *abitat, .'t" $#'#$"a' "at" /a'i$# t#t#'t" %#+" &i#ta*"i &"+" t#$%at *i&"%'!a (*abitat) #*i'a # *abitat it"+a* %#i $#'ai ata" b#"$%a &#'a' /a'i$# t##b"t, S#$"a /a'i$# ata" $a*+" *i&"% $#$%"'!ai *abitat ata" t#$%at *i&"%, /'t/*'!a *abitat %a" &a' ia' *i" a&a+a* ai +a"t *abitat ia' $"ai $"ai a&a+
a* ai taa taa *abitat *abitat b"a!a $"aa $"aa a&a+a* a&a+a* %#aia' %#aia' %a!a" %a!a" *abitat *abitat $/'!#t $/'!#t &a'
*ai$a" a&a+a* *"ta' *abitat %/*/' baa" a&a+a* &a#a* %aa' ""t *abitat %/*/' b"t"' &a' "+a%a' a&a+a* *"ta' %a'tai *abitat #$aa "'"' &a' a" "'"'+ '&a+a* *"ta' Dataa' ti'i *abitat $a'i a&a+a* *"ta' &ataa' #'&a* &a' *"ta' aa *abitat a$i' a&a+a* *"ta' a$b"t &a' &a#a* &ataa' #'&a* +ai''!a %/*/'-%/*/' a'/ta 6a$i+i Di%t#/a%a#a# %a&a "$"$'!a "$"$'!a *i&"% &i &a#a* &ataa' &ataa' #'&a* %/*/' a#' *abitat'!a *abitat'!a &i ta'a* &aat iI'6aa' iI'6aa' #'&a* *i'a &a#a* %#"'"'a' &a' %/*/' &"ia' +"ibitat'!a &i tata' &aat &ataa' #'&a*, Iti+a Iti+a* * *abitat *abitat &a%at &a%at "a "a &i%aai &i%aai "'t" "'t" $#'"' $#'"'"a "a' ' t#$%at t#$%at t"$b"* t"$b"* ##+/ ##+/$%/ $%/ /a'i /a'i$# $# &ai &ai b#baa b#baaii %#i# %#i# !a' $#$b#'t $#$b#'t" " "at" "at" /$"'i /$"'ita ta,, S#baai S#baai /'t/* /'t/* "'t" "'t" $#'!#b"t t#$%at *i&"% "at" %a&a' "$%"t &a%at $#'"'aa' *abitat %a&a' "$%"t "'t" *"ta' $a'/7# &a%at $#'"'aa' i6i+a* *abitat *"ta' $a'/7# "'t" *"ta' %a'tai &a%at $#'"'aa' *abitat *"ta' %a'tai "'t" *"ta' aa &a%at $#'"'aa' *abitat *"ta' aa &a' +ai' #baai'!a, Da+a$ *a+ #%#ti i'i $aa *abitat ##+/$%/ /a'i$# $#'a"% /a'i /a'i$# $# +ai' +ai' !a' $#"%a $#"%aa' a' /$%/' /$%/'#' #' +i'"' +i'"'a' a' (/$%/ (/$%/'#' '#' +i'"' +i'"'a' a' bi/ti bi/ti)) &a' /$%/'#' +i'"'a' abi/ti,
Habitat "at" /a'i$# it" %a&a "$"$'!a $#'a'&"' 6at/ #/+/i !a' #"ai &#'a' %#!aata' *i&"% /a'i$# !a' $#'*"'i'!a, P#!aata' *i&"% #tia% /a'i$# $#"%aa' iaa' 6at/-6at/ #/+/i !a' a&a &a+a$ *abitat &a' &i%#+"a' /+#* #tia% /a'i$# "'t" $#$%#ta*a'a' *i&"%'!a, 8iaa' 6at/-6at/ #/+/i bai #6ia% /a'i$# $#$i+ii +#ba b#b#&a !a' %a&a bata baa* &i#b"t titi $i'i$"$ bata ata &i#b"t titi $ai$"$ &i a'taa titi $i'i$"$ &a' ti6i $ai$"$ &i#b"t titi /%ti$"$, 8#tia titi t##b"t &i'a$aa' titi a&i'a+, S#tia% /a'i$# $#$%"'!ai *abitat !a' #"ai &#'a' #b"t"*a''!a, A%abi+a a&a a'"a' !a' $#'i$%a %a&a *abitat aa' $#'!#baba' t#a&i %#"ba*a' %a&a /$%/'#' *abi *abita tat t #*i #*i' 'aa a&a a&a #$"' #$"'i i'a' 'a' *abi *abita tatt $#' $#'a&i a&i ti&a ti&a // // bai bai /a /a'i 'i$ $## !a' !a' $#'*"'i'!a 9a&i a%abi+a /'&ii *abitat b#"ba* *i'a &i titi $i'i$"$ &a' $ai$"$ (&i +"a iaa' 6at/-6at/ #/+/i) !a' &i%#+"a' /+#* #tia% /a'i$# &i &a+a$'!a $aa /a'i$# it" &a%at $ati ata" %i'&a* ($iai) # t#$%at +ai', 9ia %#"ba*a' !a' t#a&i &a+a$ *abitat *abitat b#a+a' b#a+a' +a$bat $ia+'!a $ia+'!a b#a+a' b#a+a' #+a$a b#b#a%a #'#ai $aa /a'i$# /a'i$# !a' $#'*"'i'!a %a&a "$"$'!a bia $#'!#"aia' &ii &#'a' /'&ii !a' ba" $#i%"' +"a bata-bata #$"+a, M#+a+"i %/# a&a%tai (%#'!#"aia' &ii) t##b"t +a$a-+a$a t#b#'t"+a* a-a ba" !a' $#$%"'!ai i6at b#b#&a &#'a' #b#+"$'!a, Habitat /a'i$# bia +#bi* &ai at" t#$%at, Mia+'!a b""' %i%it $#$%"'!ai *abitat &i aa* "'t" ati7ita $#'ai $aa' "a $#$%"'!ai *abitat &i ata %#%/*/'a' "'t" b#t#+", Habitat ia' a+#$ #tia &#aa a&a+a* &i +a"t at" aa' b#t#+" %i'&a* *abitat'!a &i "'ai ba*a' a$%ai # *"+" "'ai, Ia' a+#$ b#t#+" &i *"+" "'ai &a' a'a !a' t#+a* &it#taa' &it#taa' aa' ti'a+ ti'a+ b#ta*"'-ta b#ta*"'-ta*"' *"' &i "'ai #$"&ia' #tia $#$a"i $#$a"i 6a# &#aa ia' a+#$ it" %i'&a* *abitat +ai # +a"t, /'t/* +ai''!a a&a+a* ia' aa'a $#$%"'!ai *abitat &i ai taa &a' a&a %"+a !a' &i ai %a!a", Habitat ata #tia &#aa a&a+a* &i &aat #&a'a' #tia 6a# t#+" &a' b#"&" b#a&a &i ai taa, P/*/' a$i' (Gonystylus bancanus) bancanus) $#$%"'!ai *abitat &i *"ta' a$b"t "a &i *"ta'-*"ta' &aata' &#'a' ta'a* b#%ai #ti'ia' t#$%at 2-100 $ &ai %#$"aa' +a"t, P/*/' Mat/a ( Pometia Pometia pinnata) pinnata) $#$%"'!ai *abitat &i %i'i "'ai "a &i &a#a* !a' b#ta'a* +iat ta'a* %ai ata" +#$%"' &i *"ta' &aata' &ataa' #'&a* *i'a &i *"ta' %#"'"'a' (#ti'ia' t#$%at "a' &ai 1,00 $ &%+,), P/*/' #$%a Koompassia (
malaccensis) $#$%"'!ai *abitat &i *"ta' aa "a &i *"ta' &aata' &#'a' ta'a* +iat ata" %ai !a' #ti'ia' t#$%at'!a a&a+a* 0-;00 $ &%+, Di &a+a$ *abitat #tia% $a*+" *i&"% $#$%"'!ai aa t#t#'t" "'t" *i&"%, Mia+'!a b""' !a' *i&"% &i aa* a&a !a' $aa' #a'a a&a !a' $aa' b"a* %a&i a&a !a' $aa' ata a&a "a !a' $aa' ia', aa *i&"% /a'i$# #%#ti it" &i#b"t #+"' ata" 'i*#, Relung (niche) $#'"'"a' %#a'a' 6"'i/'a+ &a' %/ii "at" /a'i$# &a+a$
#/it#$, R#+"' !ait" %/ii ata" tat" /a'i$# &a+a$ "at" /$"'ita ata" #/it#$ t#t#'t", R#+"' "at" /a'i$# &it#'t"a' /+#* t#$%at *i&"%'!a (habitat ) &a' /+#* b#baai 6"'i !a' &i#aa''!a #*i'a &iataa' #baai %/6#i /a'i$# &a+a$ *abitat'!a, P/6#i /a'i$# $#'"'"a' 6"'i /a'i$# &a+a$ *abitat'!a, B#baai /a'i$# &a%at *i&"% b#a$a &a+a$ at" *abitat, Aa' t#ta%i ia &"a ata" +#bi* /a'i$# $#$%"'!ai #+"' !a' a$a &a+a$ at" *abitat $aa aa' t#a&i %#ai'a', Mai' b#a #a$aa' #+"' &ai /a'i$#-/a'i$#
!a'
*i&"% b#a$a &a+a$ at" *abitat $aa
$ai' i't#'i6
%#ai'a''!a, Relung (niche) &a+a$ #/+/i $#"" %a&a %/ii "'i !a' &it#$%ati /+#* "at"
%#i# t#t#'t" b#&aaa' #'ta' 6ii !a' &it#$%ati &a' %#a'a' !a' &i+a"a' &i &a+a$ /$"'ita'!a, 8/'#% i'i $#'#+aa' "at" aa !a' t#%at &ai "at" /a'i$# "'t" $#'!#+aaa' &ii &#'a' +i'"'a''!a, Habitat a&a+a* %#$a%aa' t#$%at "at" /a'i$# &a%at &it#$"a' #&a'a' #+"' a&a+a* %#t#+aa' +#'a% baai$a'a "at" /a'i$# b#*"b"'a' &#'a' +i'"'a' 6ii &a' bi/+/i'!a, E/+/i &ai "at" i'&i7i&" $#'a"% 7aiab#+ bi/ti ($a*+" *i&"% #%#ti t"$b"*a' *#a' $a'"ia bai ! $i/ $a"%"' ! $a/) &a' abi/ti (b#'&a ti&a *i&"%), R#+"' $#'#'t"a' baai$a'a %#i# $#$b#i ta'a%a' t#*a&a% #t##&iaa' "$b#&a!a *i&"% &a' #b#a&aa' %#ai' &a' %#$a'a &a+a$ "at" #/it#$,
Terminologi
8ata <#+"'< $"+ai $#'&a%at ati i+$ia* %a&a ta*"' 1=33 /+#* t"+ia' *a+# S"t*#+a'& E+t/' #/a' a*+i #/+/i !a' $#$%#+aai #/+/i /$"'ita &a' %/%"+ai +#at %#'!ataa''!a <#+"' "at" /a'i$# a&a+a* $/&# &ai #*i&"%a' /a'i$# t##b"t &a+a$ *a+ %#a' ata"
%/6#i'!a &a+a$ "at" /$"'ita $a'"ia,< 8/'#% $/&#' &ai #+"' &i#t"a' /+#* G, E7#+!' H"t*i'/' #/a' a*+i >//+/i %a&a ta*"' 1=5 !a' b#%#'&a%at ba*a #+"' a&a+a* aa-aa &i $a'a t/+#a'i &a' #b"t"*a' b#i't#ai "'t" $#'i'iia' /'&ii &a' "$b# &a!a a+a$ !a' &ib"t"*a' /+#* "at" i'&i7i&" ata" "at" %#i# "'t" $#'a+a'a' #*i&"%a''!a,
Dimensi relung
Di$#'i #+"' a&a+a* t/+#a'i t#*a&a% /'&ii-/'&ii !a' b#7aiai (#+#$ba%a' %H t#$%#at" ##%ata' a'i' a+ia' ai &a' #baai'!a) &a' #b"t"*a''!a aa' "$b# &a!a a+a$ !a' b#7aiai, Di a+a$ &i$#'i #+"' "at" %#i# b#i6at $"+ti&i$#'i, R#+"' &"a &i$#'i /'t/*'!a a&a+a* *"b"'a' t#$%#at" &a' a+i'ita #baai baia' &ai #+"' #a' &i %ai, .'t" #+"' tia &i$#'i /'t/*'!a a&a+a* *"b"'a' t#$%#at" %H &a' #t##&iaa' $aa'a' #baai baia' &ai #+"' "at" /a'i$#,
Klasifikasi
S"at" %#i# biaa'!a $#$i+ii #+"' !a' +#bi* b#a %a&a aat #ti&a*a&ia' %#&at/ &a' /$%#tit/ , D#'a' ata +ai' a&a b#b#a%a /$bi'ai t#'t#'t" &ai /'&ii &a' "$b# &a!a a+a$ !a' &a%at $#$b"at "at" %#i# $#$%#ta*a'a' 7iabi+ita (#*i&"%a') %/%"+ai'!a *a'!a bi+a ti&a #&a' &ib#i %#'a"* $#"ia' /+#* $""*-$""*'!a, Ata &aa i'i H"t*i'/' $#$b#&aa'
a'taa #+"' 6"'&a$#'ta+
&#'a' #+"' #a+ita, Relung
fundamenal a&a+a* a$baa' &ai %/t#'i ##+""*a' "at" %#i#, S#$#'taa relung realias $#'a$baa' %#t"$ !a' +#bi* t#bata aa' /'&ii-/'&ii &a' "$b# &a!a
a+a$ !a' &ib"t"*a' "'t" b#ta*a' ba*a' &#'a' #*a&ia' /$%#tit/ &a' %#&at/ !" #engerian Ha$ia
S#tia% %/%"+ai $a*+" *i&"% $#'#$%ati *abitat ata" bi/t/% t#t#'t",Habitat "at" %/%"+ai *#a' %a&a &aa'!a $#'"'"a' t/ta+ita &ai /a +i'"'a' !a' &it#$%ati %/%"+ai it"t#$a" 6at/6at/ abi/ti b#"%a "a'ti%# "btat"$ ata" $#&i"$ !a'&it#$%ati"aa &a' i+i$'!a #ta 7##tai'!a, %" &a'amma'am Ha$ia
S#aa ai b#a &i#'a+ #$%at ti%# *abitat "ta$a !a'i: &aata'%#aia'taa%#aia' %a!a"&a' #t"aia #ta %#aia' ba*ai?+a"t, Mai'-$ai' at#/i "ta$ait" &a%at &i%i+a* %i+a*a' +ai t#a't"' /a #%#'ti'a''!a$#'#'ai a%# !a' i'i'&i#ta*"i, Dai "&"t
%a'&a' &a' #%#'ti'a' %/%"+ai-%/%"+ai *#a' !a'$#'#$%ati'!a%#$i+i*a' ti%#-ti%# *abitat it" t#"ta$a &i&aaa' %a&a #i 7aiai'!a$#'""t at" &a' "a', B#&aaa' 7aiai *abitat $#'""t at" &a%at &i#'a+ 4 $aa$ *abitat !ait" : 1,Habitat !a' /'ta' !ait" "at" *abitat !a' /'&ii'!a t#"-$#'#"#+ati6 bai ata" "a' bai, 2, Habitat !a' b#i6at $#$"i$!ait" "at" *abitat !a' / '&ii'!a #aa #+ati6 t#at" #aa b#a'ti-a'ti a'taa bai &a' "a' bai, 3, Habitat !a' ti&a $#'#'t"!ait" "at" *abitat !a' $#'a+a$i "at" %#i/&a &#'a'/'&ii bai !a' +a$a'!a "a b#7aiai #*i'a /'&ii'!a ti&a &a%at&ia$a+a', 4, Habitat !a' #6#$#a+ !ait" "at" *abitat !a' $#'a+a$i %#i/&a /'&ii bai !a' b#+a'"' #+ati6 i'at&ii"ti /+#* "at" %#i/&a &#'a' /'&ii !a' b#+a'"' #+ati6 +a$a #a+i,
B#&aaa' 7aiai /'&ii *abitat $#'""t "a'*abitat &a%at &i+ai6iai $#'a&i3 $aa$ !ait" :
1,Habitat !a' b#i'a$b"'!ait" a%abi+a "at" *abitat $#'a'&"' a#a &#'a'/'&ii bai !a' +"a #a+i!a' $#+#bi*i +"a a#a !a' &a%at &i#+aa*i %/%"+i*#a' %#'*"'i'!a, S#baai /'t/* !a' +"a #baai *abitat &ai %/%"+ai "a !a' b#"$+a* 10 #/, 2,Habitat !a' t#%"t"-%"t"$#"%aa' "at" *abitat !a' $#'a'&"' a#a &#'a'/'&ii bai +#ta'!a b##+a'-#+i' &#'a' a#a b#/'&ii "a' bai&a'*#a'-*#a' %#'*"'i'!a &#'a' $"&a* &a%at $#'!#ba &ai a#a b#/'&ii bai !a' at" # !a' +ai''!a, 3,Habitat !a' t#i/+ai$#"%aa' "at" *abitat !a' $#'a'&"' a#a b#/'&ii bai !a' t#bata +"a'!a &a' +#ta'!a t#%ia* a"* &a' a#a b#/'&ii bai !a'+ai'#*i'a *#a'-*#a' ti&a &a%at $#'!#ba "'t" $#'a%ai'!a #"a+i bi+a &i&""' /+#* 6at/ #b#t"+a',Mia+ "at" %"+a" #i+ !a' &i*"'i /+#* %/%"+ai"a, 9ia $aa'a' *abi "a t##b"t ti&a &a%at %i'&a* # %"+a" +ai', P"+a" #i+ t##b"t b"a' $#"%aa' *abitat t#i/+ai bai "at" %/%"+ai b""' !a' &a%at&#'a' $"&a* %i'&a* # %"+a" +ai''!at#ta%i +#bi* // &i#b"t *abitat !a' t#%"t", P/%"+ai %/%"+ai *#a' !a' $#'&ia$i "at" *abitat t#t#'t" aa' t#/'#'tai&it#$%at-t#$%at &#'a' /'&ii !a' %a+i' // bai %#$#'"*a' %#!aata' *i&"%'!a$ai'-$ai', Mi/*abitat a&a+a* baia' &ai *abitat !a' $#"%aa' +i'"'a' !a'/'&ii'!a %a+i' // &a' %a+i' aab b#*"b"'a' &#'a' *#a', " #engerian Relung Ekologi
Iti+a* #+"' #/+/i &i+"a bi&a' #/+/i %ati ti&a &i#'a+, Ha+ i'i &ia#'aa'/'#% #+"' #/+/i #+ati6 ba", S#aa "$"$ &a%at &iataa' ba*a #+"' #/+/i$#"%aa' "at" /'#% abta $#'#'ai ##+""*a' %#!aata' *i&"% &a' i't#ai/a'i$# &a+a$ *abitat'!a, Da+a$ *a+ i'i *abitat $#"%aa' %#'!#&ia b#baai /'&ii &a'"$b#&a!a !a' &a%at &i"'aa' /+#* /a'i$# #"ai &#'a' %#!aata' *i&"%'!a,M#'""t 8#i'&#* (1=@0) R#+"' #/+/i "at" %/%"+ai ata" *#a' a&a+a* tat"6"'i/'a+ *#a' it" &a+a$ *abitat !a' &it#$%ati'!a b#aita' &#'a' a&a%tai-a&a%tai6ii/+/i t"t"?$/6/+/i &a' %/+a %#i+a" *#a' it" H"t*i'/' (1=5) &a+a$ B#/' #t a+, (1=@;) t#+a* $#'#$ba'a' /'#% #+"'#/+/i $"+ti&i$#'i (&i$#'i-' ata" *i%#7/+"$#), S#tia% iaa' t/+#a'i *#a' t#*a&a%"at" 6at/ +i'"'a' $ia+'!a "*" $#"%aa' "at" &i$#'i, Da+a$ #*i&"%a''!a*#a' &i%#'a"*i /+#* b"a' *a'!a at" 6at/ +i'"'a' aa $#+ai'a' ba'!a 6at/ +i'"'a' #aa i$"+ta', at/ +i'"'a' !a' $#$%#'a"*i ata" $#$batai#*i&"%a' /a'i$# b"a' *a'!a /'&ii +i'"'a' #%#ti "*" a*a!a #+#$baba'a+i'ita t#ta%i "a #t##&iaa' "$b# &a!a !a' &ib"t"*a' *#a' ($aa'a' &a' t#$%at"'t" $#$b"at aa' bai *#a' &a' '"ti#' bai t"$b"*a'), S#+a'"t'!a H"t*i'/' $#$bai /'#% #+"' $#'a&i #+"' 6"'&a$#'ta+ &a' #+"' !a' t##a+iaia', #+"' 6"'&a$#'ta+ $#'"'"a' %/t#'i #aa "t"* iaa't/+#a'i *#a' t#*a&a% 6at/ +i'"'a' !a' *a'!a &a%at &ia$ati &a+a$ +ab/at/i"$&#'a' /'&ii +i'"'a' t##'&a+i, R#+"' t##a+iai a&a+a* tat" 6"'i/'a+ !a' b#'a- b#'a &it#$%ati &a+a$ /'&ii a+a$i&#'a' b#/%#ai'!a ba'!a 6at/ +i'"'a' #%#tii't#ai 6at/ #*a&ia' %#ai' %#&at/ &b, Diba'&i'a' &#'a' iaa' #+"'6"'&a$#'ta+ iaa' &ai #+"' !a' t##a+iaia' it" %a&a "$"$'!a +#bi* #$%it a#'ati&a #+""*'!a &ai %/t#'i *#a' &a%at &i""&a' t#'t"'!a a#'a %#'a"* &ai b#/%#ai'!a b#baai #'&a+a &ai +i'"'a',D"a %#i# *#a' ata" +#bi* !a' *i&"% b#a$a &a+a$ at" *abitat &iataa' b#/*abitai ata" b#/#it#'i, H#a'-*#a' !a' b#/#it#'i biaa'!a $#$i+i##"%aa' &a+a$ iaa' t/+#a'i &a' %#6##'&"$ t#*a&a% 6at/ +i'"'a' &a+a$*abitat ba*a' $"'i' "a $#$i+ii ##"%aa' &a+a$ #'i "$b# &a!a !a'&ib"t"*a', B#&aaa' /'#% #+"' #/+/i $"+ti&i$#'i *a+ i'i b#ati a'taa #&"a %/%"+ai t##b"t $#$i+ii ##+i'"%a' #+"' ata" b#b#a%a &i$#'i, 9ia &a+a$ "at"aat "$+a* "$b# &a!a !a' &ib"t"t*a' t#bata $aa aa' t#a&i %#ai'a', *" Asas Ekslusi #ersaingan dan #emisa+an Relung Ekologi
Aa E+"i P#ai'a'C ata" at"a' Ga"# $#'!ataa' ba*a "at" #+"' #/+/i ti&a &a%at &it#$%ati #aa i$"+ta' &a' #$%"'a /+#* %/%"+ai tabi+ +#bi* &ai at" %#i#, S#*"b"'a' &#'a' aa t##b"t &iata $#'""t Aa /#it#'iC b#b#a%a%#i# !a' &a%at *i&"% #aa +a'#' &a+a$ *abitata !a' a$a ia+a* %#i#-%#i#!a' #+"' #/+/i'!a b#b#&a b#b#&a, Dai' $#'!ataa' ba*a #$ai' b#a %#b#&aa'-%#b#&aa' !a' &i%#+i*ata' /+#* b#baai %#i# !a' *i&"% &i"at" t#$%at
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E7/+"i !a' $#'*ai+a' %###a' ii %a&a %#i#-%#i# *#a' &a+a$ #a&aa' i$%ati $#$%"'!ai &"a #%#'ti'a' a&a%ti6 bai %#i#-%#i# !a' b#a'"ta',P#ta$aa#'a ii (a&a%tai $/6/+/i$ia+'!a) !a' '!ata b#&a'!a aa' $#'!#baba't#a&i'!a %#$ia*a' #+"' #/+/i &#'a' &#$iia' $aa #$"'i'a' t#a&i'!a i't#ai b#"%a %#ai'a' a%abi+a %#i# it" b#/*abitai aa' t##&"i, 8#&"a b#b#&a'!a ii $/6/+/i !a' $#'*ai+a' b#b#&a'!a %/+a %#i+a" $ia+'!a %#i+a" b#bia aa' +#bi* $#'a$i' t#a&i'!a %#$ia*a' #'#ti &ia'taa %#i#-%#i# !a' b##abat it" bia+ b#/*abitai ata" $#'*i'&ai t#a&i'!a i'b##&i' !a' ti&a $#'"'t"'a', S#tia% %/%"+ai $a*+" *i&"% $#'#$%ati *abitat ata" bi/t/% t#t#'t",Habitat "at" %/%"+ai *#a' %a&a &aa'!a $#'"'"a' t/ta+ita &ai /a +i'"'a' !a'&it#$%ati %/%"+ai it"t#$a" 6at/-6at/ abi/ti b#"%a "a'ti%# "btat"$ata" $#&i"$ !a' &it#$%ati"aa &a' i+i$'!a #ta 7##tai'!a,
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N"tii
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S"*"
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Ta'a*
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/'#'tai ab/'&i/i&a &i ata &a' &i&a+a$ /$"'ita &a%at &i %aai #baai i'&iai &ai %/&"ti7ita, Pa&a $a+a$ *ai /'#'tai ab/'&i/i&a aa' $#'i'at aibat t#a&i #%iai #&a'a' %a&a ia' *ai /'#'tai aa' $#'""' aibat %/# 6/t/i't#i, P#ba'&i'a' /'#'tai i'i $#"%aa' i'&iai b#a%a ba'!a ab/' &i/i&a !a' &i $a'6aata' &a+a$ 6/t/i't#i, &, M#t/&# a&i/ati6 Mat#i ati6 !a' &a%at &i i&#'ti6iai a&iai'!a &i $a"a' &a+a$ it#$, Mia+'!a ab/' ati6 (14) &a%at &i i't/&"i $#+a+"i "%+ai ab/'&i/i&a !a' 'a'ti'!a &i ai$i+aia' /+#* t"$b"*a' &a' &i %a'ta" "'t" $#'&a%ata' %#iaa %/&"ti7ita, T#*'i i'i a'at $a*a+ &a' $#$#+"a' %#a+ata' !a' a'i* t#ta%i $#$i+ii #+#bi*a' &ai $#t/&# +ai'!a !ait" &a%at &i %aai &a+a$ b#baai ti%# #/it#$ ta'%a $#+a"a' %#'*a'"a' t#*a&a% #/it#$, #,
M#t/&# %#'#'t"a' +//6i+ P/&"ti7ita b#*"b"'a' #at &#'a' "$+a* +//6i+ !a' a&a, Rai/ ai$i+ai "'t"
t"$b"*a' ata" #/it#$ a&a+a* +a" &ai %/&"ti7ita %#a$ +//6i+, 8/'#'tai +//6i+ &a%at &it#'t"a' b#&aaa' aa !a' #&#*a'a !ait" &#'a' aa $#'#tai %i$#' t"$b"*a', M"+a$"+a &i+a"a' %#'"%+ia' &a"' &#'a' ""a' t#t#'t", .'t" a$%+i' 6it/%+a't/' &i+a"a' &#'a' %#'a$bi+a' a$%#+ ai &a+a$ 7/+"$# t#t#'t", Oa'i$# #+ai' 6it/%+a't/' *a" &i %ia*a' &ai a$%#+, Sa$#+ #+a'"t'!a &i ai' &#'a' $#'"'aa' 6i+t# *"" 6it/%+a't/' %a&a %/$%a 7a"$ &#'a' t#a'a' #'&a*, i+t# !a' $#'a'&"' +//6i+ &i+a"ta' %a&a a#t/' @5 #$"&ia' &ibiaa' #$a+a$ &a' #+a'"t'!a &i #'ti6"#, S"%#'ata''!a &ib"a' &a' %#+#t !a' $#'a'&"' +//6i+ &i #i'a' &a' &i ti$ba' b#at'!a, B#at +//6i+ &i "" &a+a$ $ +//6i+?"'it a#a, P#'""a' +//6i+ "a bia &i +a"a' &#'a' %#t/6/t/$#t# &#'a' %a'a' #+/$ba' ;;5 '$, Bi+a ai/ ai$i+ai a&a +//6i+ &a' "$+a* #'#i a*a!a &i #ta*"i $aa %/&"ti7ita %i$# /t/ &a%at &i#ta*"i, M#t/&# i'i &a%at &i t#a%a' %a&a b#baai ti%# #/it#$, %"* #roduki-ias #rimer dalam Ekosisem Alami dan Gam$aran Umum #roduki-ias Ekosisem
1, P/&"ti7ita Pi$# &a+a$ E/it#$ A+a$i P/&"ti7ita %i$# &a%at &i'!ataa' &a+a$ #'#i %# at"a' +"a %# at"a' at" (9?$ ?ta*"') ata" #baai bi/$aa (b#at) 7##tai !a' &ita$ba*a' # #/it#$ %# at"a'
+"aa' %# at"a' at" (?$2?ta*"'), Bi/$aa "$"$'!a &i'!ataa' #baai b#at #i' ba*a' /a'i a#'a $/+#"+ ai ti&a $#'a'&"' #'#i !a' &a%at &i"'aa' &a' a#'a a'&"'a' ai t"$b"*a' b#7aiai &a+a$ a'a at" ! i'at, P/&"ti7ita %i$# "at" #/it#$ *#'&a'!a ti&a &i#+i"a' &#'a' t/ta+ bi/$aa &ai a"t/t/6 6/t/i't#ti ! t#&a%at %a&a "at" at" t#t#'t" !a' &i#b"t $iomassa anaman egakan (standing crop biomass ).
S#aa ai b#a %/&"ti7ita %i$# #/it#$ a+a$i &a%at &i#+/$%/a' &a+a$ tia at#/i !ait": 1, R#+ati6 ti&a %/&"ti6 t#$a" &i &a+a$'!a: +a"ta' t#b"a &a' %a&a' %ai, P/&"ti7ita'!a +#bi* #'&a* &ai 01 a$?$?*ai, 2, P/&"ti7ita $#&i"$ $#+i%"ti: %a&a' "$%"t #$i #i' %a'tai +a"t &a'a" &a'a+ &a' *"ta' &i ta'a* #i', Haa %/&"ti7ita'!a b#ia a'taa 1 -10 a$?$?*ai, 3,
Sa'at %/&"ti7 $#+i%"ti: #t"aia it#$ /a+ *"ta' +#$bab %a%aa' a+"7ia+ &a'
&a#a* %#ta'ia' !a' i't#'i6, P/&"ti7ita'!a a'taa 10-20 a$?$?*ai, P#'""a' %/&"ti7ita &a%at &i+a"a' &#'a' b#b#a%a $#t/&# #%#ti $#t/&# bi/$aa $#t/&# %#'a'&aa' &a' $#t/&# $#tab/+i$#, P#'#+itia' %/&"ti7ita &i I'&/'#ia "$"$'!a $#'"'aa' $#t/&# %#'a'&aa', P/&"ti7ita !a' &i%#/+#* &ai *ai+ %#'""a' i'i bia +#bi* #i+ &ai %/&"ti7ita !a' #b#'a'!a a#'a ti&a $#$%#*it"'a' #*i+a'a' ##a* %#'a"* a>i' *#a'-*#a' *#bi7/# !a' $#$aa' t"$b"*a', B#b#a%a %#'#+iti $#$bai bi/$aa ata" %/&"ti7ita $#'""t +#ta'!a t#*a&a% "btat !ait" bi/$aa &i ata "btat ($#+i%"ti bata' *#+aia' &a' %#+#%a* &a"') &a' bi/$aa &i baa* "btat $#+i%"ti aa &a' *i>/$# (D#&i 200=), T"'a-t"'a 6/t/i't#ti %a&a t"$b"*a' $#"%aa' /a' %#'ti' "'t" b#%/&"i, Na$"' ba'!a *ai+ 6/t/i't#i &ita'+/aia' # baa* ta'a* &i $a'a *ai+ 6/t/i't#i t##b"t $#'&""' %#t"$b"*a' aa' &a' &ii$%a', M#'""t M'a"*t/' &a' W/+6 (1==@) i+" ta*"'a' bi/$aa t"$b"*a' &i ata &a' &i baa* ta'a* $#'aa* #%a&a *"b"'a' t#ba+i, S#+a$a $"i$ %#t"$b"*a' #tia bi/$aa &i ata ta'a* $#'i'at #%at bi/$a &i baa* ta'a* "$"$'!a #'&#"' $#'""', S#&a'a' %a&a a*i $"i$ bi/$aa &i baa* ta'a* "$"$'!a $#'i'at #$ba+i a#'a #+#bi*a' %/&"i !a' &i*ai+a' t"'a-t"'a #$"&ia' &i%i'&a*a' # baa*, 2, Ga$baa' .$"$ P/&"ti7ita E/it#$
a,#baia' b#a %E#'ta# %#$"aa' b"$i b#a&a &a+a$ at#/i %/&"ti7ita !a' #'&a* aibat ti&a a&a'!a ai #%#ti %a&a' %ai ata" #"a'a' *aa #%#ti +a"ta' &a+a$, b, %/&"ti7ita +a"ta' %a&a #'!ataa''!a +#bi* #'&a* &ai%a&a %/&"ti7ita &aata', Ha+ i'i &iaibata' /+#* b#b#a%a %#'!#bab !a' %a+i' ti'i a&a+a* ti'i'!a %/#'ta# #'#i !a' &i%aai &a+a$ #%iai /+#* %it/%+a't/' &a' aibat #"a'a' *a t#"ta$a %a&a +a%ia' %#$"aa' ai, ,#/it#$ !a' %a+i' %/&"ti6 a&a+a* #/it#$ t#b"a $#$i+ii /$"'iai !a' i't#'i6 t#*a&a% #/iit#$ +ai''!a (a&a'!a $a"a'), Mia+'!a #t"aia aa &a' /a+ &a' ##$"a'!a $#'&a%ata' $a"a' '"tii &ai &a#a* #ita'!a, Sit#$ #t#'a* t#t"t"% &#'a' i+" '"tii !a' $a'&ii "$"$'!a "a' %/&"ti6, %", #roduki-ias dalam 2eranian dan Im2likasi Bagi Nurisi &anusia
1, P/&"ti7ita &a+a$ P#ta'ia' a, P#$a'6aata' ata-ata #'#i $ata*ai /+#* #/it#$ a+a$i a&a+a* &"a a$%ai t""* a+i ata-ata !a' &i%aai /+#* ta'a'a$ %#ta'ia', Ha+ i'i $#$i+ii i$%+iai !a' a'at +"a, B#ati #$"a ata" #t#'a* &ai %/+a %/&"i $aa'a' "a' #6ii#', Bi+a #/it#$ a+a$i i'i &i/'7#i $#'a&i #/it#$ %#ta'ia' #6ii#'i'!a $#'""', Rataata %/&"ti7ita bii-biia' &"'ia #ita 2 $?$2?*ai i'i $#"%aa' a'a #'&a* ia &iba'&i'a' &#'a' #/it#$ a+a$i b, Da+a$ b#b#a%a &a#a* i+i$it#$ %#ta'ia' !a' $#$a'6aata' #'#i "!a #%#'"*'!a a&a+a* ta'a$a' !a' #+a$a #ta*"' %#'"* $#$%"'!ai %#'"t"%a' ata" a'/%i !a' a%at, Da+a$ *a+ i'i %#ta'ia' t"$%a' ai a&a+a* a$baa' !t#$ %#ta'ia' !a' #6ii#', 9"$+a* +//6i+ %# "'it a# a&a+a* ti'i#*i'a #'#i +#bi* ba'!a !a' &i$a'6aata', , Pa&a #'!ataa''!a #$"a %/&"ti7ita !a' &i%#iaa' "'t" %#ta'ia' $#$#+"a' "bi&i #'#i, P#ta'ia' $#$#+"a' "bi&i #'#i ba*a' baa "'t" tat/ ata" "'t" $#'/+a* ta'a* $#$b#ia' %"%" %#tii&a &a' !a' +ai''!a, A%abi+a ##$"a'!a &i%#*it"'a' $aa #6ii#'i #/it#$ a'at #'&a*, 2, I$%+iai bai N"tii Ma'"ia
S#+a$a !t#$ a+a$i $a"%"' %#ta'ia' %/&"ti7ita'!a #'&a* $aa *a"+a* &i+a"a' "a*a "'t" $#'i'ata''!a "'t" $#$#'"*i #b"t"*a' *i&"% $a'"ia, aa'!a a&a+a* &#'a' $#'"a'i 6at/ %#$bata "'t" #*i&"%a' ta'a$a' t"$b"*a' #%#ti %#$b"ata' iiai%#'a$ba*a' %"%" $#'i'ata' t#'/+/i %#ta'ia' %#$b"ata' bibit "'"+ &a' +ai'-+ai''!a, Pa&a "$"$'!a *ai+ /$bi'ai "a*a i'i $#a"a'a%aa* &a%at $#'i'ata' %/&"i $aa'a' #%"+"* a+i +i%at #*i'a &a%at $#'i$ba'i +a" %#t"$b"*a' %#'&"&" $a'"ia &ib"$i i'i, 8#tia #6ii#'a' %/&"ti7ita %i$# %#ta'ia' i'i b#aita' &#'a' #'!ataa' ba*a #baia' b#a %/%"+ai $a'"ia $#'&"&"i ti'at t/%i &i ata *#bi7/a, D#'a' &#$iia' a'at b#a #'#i !a' *i+a' #b#+"$ &i$a'6aat' /+#* $a'"ia, D#'a' &#$iia' "a*a !a' &i+a"a' a&a+a* $#'a'a$ ta'a$a' !a' +a'"' &a%at &i$aa' /+#* $a'"ia,
