Gestão Comercial - Módulo 4 - Volume 2

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Búduo` 4 Uòu òubh bh 6 • Ohaksonáê Ohakso náê` ` J`bhrjkno

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HONF@VNÁÊ@ @ trnfnom` e`k dhshlvòvkd` phon hqukph dkdîtkj`-phdnaúakjn d` Klstktut` Xlkvhrsno Frnskohkr`, hsphjknokzndn hb honf`rnáê` dh bnthrkno pnrn Hdujnáê` dh C`vhls h Nduot`s n dkstæljkn.

NDBKLKZTVNÁÊ @3

HDKTND@ HDKT ND@ Y@V3

Oukz Ehrlnld` Dklkz Lns` C`së Jnro`s Dklkz Lns` Kalãs Dklkz Lns`

Klstktut` Xlkvhrsno Frnskohkr` Hdujnáê` dh C`vhls h Nduot`s Otdn. Nv.. Zê` C`ê`, l³ 68: - Jhltr` ‚ ZY Nv

EKJMN TËJLKJN Qnod`bkr` Vh Vhjjmk jjmk J``rdhlnd`r

B`dhst` Ynltnoën Ahrhlth Ahrno

Jnro`s Hdunrd` Y. Lns` Dkrháê` dh Nrth

Vnenhon Lns`

• Jurs` j`bpoht` Zhlnj - Yrèkssk`lnokznlth3 Yràrnbn dh Dhshlvòvkbhlt` dh Hdujnd`rhs. • Yrèhss`rn dh jurs`s okvrhs l` Zhlnj3 Vhdnáê` Hbprhsnrkno prhs nrkno h Arnb Arnbîtkj îtkjn n ln Oâla Oâlaun un Y`rtu Y`rtuauhsn auhsn,, Nthldkbhlt` n` jokhlth, J`bulkjnáê` npokjndn n` J`bërjk`, Vhjhp Vh jhpáê` áê` h Thoh hohe`l e`lks kstn, tn, Zh Zhjrh jrhtîr tîrkn kn j`b j`b` ` ahr ahrhlt hlth, h, Oâd Oâdhr hr h Okdhrnlán, Htkquhtn h Bnrghtkla Yhss`no. • Yrèhss`rn dh jurs`s tëjlkj`s dh Vhdnáê` Hbprhsnrkno h Arnbît Arnbîtkjn, kjn, lns îrhns dh Ndbkl Ndbklkstrná kstrnáê`, ê`, Zhjrhtnrknd`, Turksb` h Trnlsnáøhs Kb`fkokîrkns.

Nssksthlth Hdkt`rkno

C`ê` dh Dhus Dkns Lht` Jonudkn dh N. Bnrnlmê` Yrhsj`tt Ln Lns` s` V`shok Nlnstîjk` Zkovn Bnrjkn Bn rjkn B`rhkrn dh Jnrvnom` Vhvksê`

Bnrj`s Bn rj`s Yrnd` dh Jnrvnom` Yr`duáê`

No hxnl dr h B`rs Nohxnl B` rs kokoon on Bnrknln Uhjjm Uhjjmkk [nsbkl Jn Jnròkl ròkl n Jnvnooklk Kbnahls

V`fhrt` Jnro`s Novhs E`t`s

Krhlh V`drkauhs dh @okvhkrn Thkxhkrn Thkxhkrn Vkfhkr`

• Bhstrnd` hb Jkãljkns dn J`bulkjnáê` - HJN-XZY, Yús-arndund` hb Yr`pnanldn phon HZYB, Ndbklkstrnd`r dh Hbprhsns. • Yrèhss`r ulkvhrsktîrk` dns dksjkpoklns dh Yhsquksn dh Bnrghtkla, B`dho`s dh Ahstê` h Bnrghtkla Oàâstkj` l`s jurs`s dh Bnrghtkla dh Unrhc` h Oàâstkjn dns Enjuodndhs Nljmkhtn - Z. F. d` Jnbp` - ZY. • D`j D`jhlt hlth h dh Hb Hbprhh prhhld`r ld`rksb ksb`, `, Ahs Ahstê` tê` dn Tr Trnls nlse`rb e`rbnáê náê` ` @ranlkznjk`lno, Ahstê` dh Yr`dut`s h Bhrjnd`s h Ahstê` dn ûnokdndh ûnokdndh T`tno d` Jurs` dh Ndbklk Ndbklkstrnáê` strnáê` dn Enjuodndh juodnd h @jtúa`l` - Arup` Yhltîa`l` Yhltîa`l` - Zt`. Nldrë -ZY. -ZY. • Yrèhss`r dh Ndbklkstrnáê` h Hj`l`bkn ZHLNJ. • Hx-j``rdhlnd`r Yhdnaúakj` Jòëak` Frnsâokn - Z.F. Jnbp`. •J`lsuot`r •J `lsuot`r dh Hbprhsns h honf`rnd` honf`rnd`rr dh bnthrkn bnthrknoo phdnaúakj` pnrn jurs`s dh Ndbklkstrnáê` h Trhklnbhlt`.

Dkrht`rn Ahrno

Qnodkr Unsjulmnln Nut`rhs3

Z`lkn Jrkstkln Aukbnrêhs E`lshjn • Arndundn hb Ohtrns - Mnfkoktnáê`3 Fnjmnrho hb Trnduáê` - Oâlaun Y`rtuauhsn - Oâlaun Klaohsn h Okjhljknturn Yohln phon phon Xlkvhrskdndh Nlmhbfk-B`rubfk. • Tëjlkj` hb shjrhtnrknd`3 Vhakstr` DVT l³. 551>

KBYVHZZÊ@3

• Ndvàn Ndvànd` d` - Enjuod Enjuodndh ndh dh Dkrhkt` dh Aunruom`s, >;;9 • J`rrht`r dh Kbúvhks pho` Zkldkjnt` dh J`rrht`rhs dh Kbúvhks d` Vk` dh Cnlhkr`, >;;:. • Tëjlkj` dh J`rrht`r dh Zhaur`s - EXLHLZHA, 699>. • Yús -Arn -Arnduná dunáê` ê` hb Lhaú Lhaújk` jk`s s Kb` Kb`fko fkokîr kîrk`s k`s,, ENNY, 6996. 6996. • Hsphjknokstn hb D`jubhltnáê` Kb`fkokîrkn. • Yrèhss`r dh Dkrhkt` Kb`fkokîrk`.

KXFVN Arîekjn Arîekjn h Hdkt`rn Hdkt`rn Otdn. V`d`vkn Hstnduno F`ktuvn - Kphrú, gb >,> - Jnbp`s dh F`ktuvn F`kt F` ktuv uvn n - ZY JHY3 JH Y3 >= >=88 889-9 9-999 99

T`d`s `s dkrhkt`s sê` rhshrvn rhshrvnd`s. d`s. Lê Lê` ` ë phrbktkdn n rhpr`duáê rhpr`duáê` ` t`tno ù pnrjkno pnrjkno dhsth jurs`, shb j`lshltkbhlt` j`lshltkbhlt` d`s hdkt`rhs. hdkt`rhs.

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Âldkjh

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OHAKZONÁÊ@ J@BHVJKNO Kltr`duáê` ......................................................................................................................... : Ao`ssîrk` ........................................................................................................................... 4 NXON NXO N > ‚ @ J@BËVJK@ H N OHAKZO OHAKZONÁÊ NÁÊ@ @ Kltr`duáê` ....................................................................................................................... 1 Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno ............................................................................................................ 1 • E`lths d` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno ......... ................. ................ ................ ................. ................ ............... ................ ................ ................. .................. ......... 1 • N Ohk3 e`lth prkljkpno d` Dkrhkt` ........ ................ ................ ................. ................. ................ ................ ................. ............... ............... ............... ...... 1 • J`stubh Curâdkj` ........ ................ ................ ................ ................. ................. ................ ................ ................ ................ .................................. .......................... = • Dkvksê` d` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno ....... ................ ................. ................ ................ ................ ................................ ................................. ................. .......... = Nt`s Nt `s d` J`b J`bërj ërjkk ` ......................................................................................................... >> • Jonsskekjnáê` ................................................................................................................ >: ................. ...................... .............. >: Júdka` Jkvko j`b` sufstktut` d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` ......... Hbprhsîrk`s .................................................................................................................. >4 • Bhl`rhs Hbprhsîrk`s ........ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................. ................. ................ ................ ....................... ......................... .......... >4 • Buomhr jnsndn j`b` j`bhrjknlth ....................... ................................ ................. ................ ................ ............................... ....................... >5 • @s pr`kfkd`s dh j`bhrjknr ........ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ .......................... ........................... ......... >1 • ûnokdndhs d` hbprhsîrk` ........ ................ ................ ................. ................. ................ ................. ................ ..................... .......................... ............ >1 Uhcn sh Nprhldhu .......................................................................................................... >1 NXON NXO N 6 ‚ J@BHVJKNLTH KLDKUKDXNO Ekrbn J`bhrjkno ............................................................................................................>; Vhakstr` Vh akstr` dh J`bërjk` J`bërjk` .................................................................................................. 69 • Yr`jhdkbhlt`s ............................................................................................................. 6: • Nuthltkjnáê` d`s Okvr`s J`bhrjknks ........ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ............................ .................... 68 • Jnljhonbhlt` .............................................................................................................. 68 Yrîtkjns Bhrjnltks ........................................................................................................ 65 Dhvhrhs Yrèkssk`lnks d` J`bhrjknlth ...................................................................... 65 Hsjrkturnáê` J`bhrjkno ................................................................................................ 61 Okvr`s J`bh J`bhrjknks rjknks ......................................................................................................... 6; • Vhqukskt`s d`s Okvr`s J`bhrjknks h dn Hsjrkturnáê` ................................................... :9 • @utr`s Okvr`s J`bhrjknks ........ ................ ................. ................. ................ ................ ................. ................. ...................... ........................... ............. :9 • Okvr`s Nuxkoknrhs ....... ................ ................. ................ ................ ................ ................. ................. ................ ................ ............... .......................... ................... :> Nrqu Nr qukk vnb vnbhlt hlt` ` dh D`j D`jub ubhlt hlt `s l` Vhak Vhakst str` r` dh J`b J`bërj ërjk` k` ........................................ :6 J`lshrvnáê J`lsh rvnáê` ` d`s Okvr`s J`bh J`bhrjknks, rjknks, pnpëks pnpëks h d`jubhlt`s ................................... :6 Fnonlá` Ahrno ................................................................................................................ :: Yrnánss J`bhrjk nks ........................................................................................................ :4 Yrnán • Fòsns ........................................................................................................................... :8 • Bhrjnd` dh Jnpktnks ......... ................. ................ ................ ................ ................. ................. ................ ................ ............... .......................... ................... :8 • Z`jkhdndhs J`rrht`rns ................................................................................................. :5 • Jæbnrns dh J`bërjk` ........ ................ ................ ................. ................. ................ ................ ................. ................. ............................... ....................... :1 • Ehkrns h Bhrjnd`s ........................................................................................................ :1 • Hxp`skáøhs ................................................................................................................... :1 Uhcn sh Nprhldhu .......................................................................................................... := Nprr hld Np hldn n Enzhld` Enzhl d` .......................................................................................................... 49

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NXON NXO N : ‚ NAHLTHZ H J@LTVNT@Z D@ J@BËVJK@ Nahlt Na hlt hs d` J`b J`bërj ërj k` ................................................................................................... 4> • Nahlths Dhphldhlths ................................................................................................... 4> • Nahlths Nutôl`b`s ...................................................................................................... 46 J`ltrnt`s J`bhrjknks ................................................................................................... 48 Uhcn sh Nprhldhu .......................................................................................................... 5> NXON NXO N 4 ‚ J@LTVNT J@LTVNT@Z @Z DH Z@JKHDNDHZ J@BHVJKNKZ J`ltrnt` Z`jkno .............................................................................................................. 5: • Hspëjkhs dh Z`jkhdndhs J`bhrjknks ........ ................ ................ ................ ................. ................. ................ ............... ............... ............ .... 54 • Vhqukskt`s dh ub J`ltrnt` Z`jkno ....... ................ ................. ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ .......... 54 • J`lshquãljkns ............................................................................................................. 58 • J`bp`lhlths ................................................................................................................ 55 Yhrs`lnokdndh Curâdkjn dns Z`jkhdndhs J`bhrjknks ....... ................ ................. ...................... ........................ .......... 55 Z`jkhdndhs Vhauonrhs Vhauonrhs h Krrhauonrhs ........................................................................... 5= Tkp`s dh Z`jkhdndhs J`bhrjknks ................................................................................ 5; Jonsskekjnáê` dns Z`jkhdndhs J`bhrjknks ................................................................. 19 Uhcn sh Nprhldhu .......................................................................................................... =9 NXON NXO N 8 ‚ Z@JKHDNDH NLÔLKBN N LÔLKBN Vhqukskt`s Yrhokbklnrhs ............................................................................................... =: • Yr`vkdãljkns dhj`rrhlths d` jubprkbhlt` d`s rhqukskt`s ........................................... =4 Zufsjrkáê` Ynrtkjuonr d` Jnpktno ................................................................................. =4 E`rbnokdndhs J`bpohbhltnrhs é J`lstktukáê` dn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn ................ =8 Jnpkt Jn pktno no Z`jkno ................................................................................................................. =5 • B`dkekjnáøhs d` Jnpktno Z`jkno ......... ................. ................ ................ ................. ................. ................ ................ ................. ................. .......... .. =5 Okvr`s J`bh J`bhrjknks rjknks ......................................................................................................... =1 Náøhs Ná øhs .............................................................................................................................. =1 Ynrths Fhlhekjkîrkns ...................................................................................................... ;6 Ndbk Nd bk lk st strná rnáê` ê` dn Z`j Z`jkhd khdndh ndh Nl Nlôl ôlkb kbn n ....................................................................... ;6 Trnlse`r bnáê`, Klj`rp`r náê` h Eusê` Eusê` ....................................................................... ;: J`ltrnt` Z`jkno .............................................................................................................. ;4 Uhcn sh Nprhldhu .......................................................................................................... ;8 Nprr hld Np hldn n Enzhld` Enzhl d` .......................................................................................................... ;5 NXON NXO N 5 ‚ @YHVNÁØHZ DH JVËDKT@ Jrëdkt` ............................................................................................................................. ;1 J`ltrnt`s dh Anrnltkn dh Jrëdkt` ................................................................................ ;= @phrnáøhs @phrn áøhs Fnljîrkns .................................................................................................... ;= Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt` .......................................................................................................... ;; • Jonsskekjnáê` ............................................................................................................... >99 • Yrkljkpnks Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt` ......... ................. ................ ................ ................. ................. ................ ................. .................. .................... ........... >96 Uhcn sh Nprhldhu ........................................................................................................ >:: Vhsp`stns Vhsp`s tns - Uhcn Uhcn sh Nprhldhu Npr hldhu ................................................................................... >:4 Nprhl Np rhldn dn Enzhld Enzhld` ` - Vhsp` Vhs p`st stns ns ................................................................................... >4> Fkfokàrnekn ................................................................................................................... >4:

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O HA HAKZ KZO O N ÁÊ@ J@ J@BH BHVJ VJKNO KNO

@ j`lthód` eklno dhsth Jurs` Tëjlkj` hb J`bërjk` l`s enon s`frh ` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno (tnbfëb (tnbfëb j`lmhjkd` j`b` Dkrh Dkrhkt` kt` Hbprh Hbprhsnrkn snrkno), o), shld` shld` dh buktn kbp`rtæljkn pnrn ` hbprhsîrk`. hbprhsîrk`. Nlths dh nfrkr ubn hbprhsn ù dh b`ltnr ubn s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno, ` e utur` hbprh hbprhsîrk` sîrk` dhvh `fshrvnr noaubns ohks rhehrhlths rhehrhlths n kst` (h (hb b hsphjkno, hsphjkno, ` l`v` Júdka` Jkvko - 6996 6996). ). • N Nuon > enon s`frh N Ohk h ` J`bërjk` j`b n nprhshltnáê` dh noaubns ohks quh rhahb n j`lstktukáê` dh ubn hbprhsn. Tnbfëb shrî hstudnd` quhb sê` ns phss`ns quh p`dhb hxhrjhr n euláê` dh hbprhsîrk` h ns quh lê` p`dhb. • N Nuon 6 b`str nrî n kbp`rtæljkn d` Vhakstr` dh J`bërjk` J`bërjk` ln Cultn J`bhrjkno, n e`rbnokznáê` e`rbnokzn áê` d`s okvr`s j`bhrjknks (Okvr` Dkî Dkîrk`, rk`, dh r hakstr`s htj. htj.)) n` J`bhrjknlth J`bhrjknlth Kldkvkduno. Tnbfë Tnbfëb b mî ` utr`s nssult`s dh k lthrh lthrhssh ssh d` noul`. • N Nuon : nprhshltn `s Nahlths d` J`bërjk`, quh nuxkoknb ` j`bhrjknlth hb shu lhaújk`, h `s d kvhrs`s J`ltrnt`s d` J`bërjk` quh t`d` hbprh hbprhsîrk` sîrk` dhvh j`lmhjhr, j`lmhjhr, tnks tnks j`b` ` J`ltrnt` dh O`jnáê`, ` Bótu`, ` J`ltrnt` dh Zhaur` Zhaur` htj. • N Nuon 4 nf`rdn s`frh `s J`ltrnt`s dh Z`jkhdndhs J`bhrjknks h, tnbfëb, s`frh ns s`jkhdndhs prhshlths l` j`bërjk`3 Z`jkhdndh Okbktndn, Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn dhltrh ùtrns. • N Nuon 8 e`jnokzn ns ns d krhtrkzh krhtrkzhss h ns dhvkdns e` rbnokdndh rbnokdndhss ln j `lstktu káê` dh ubn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn. • Ln Nuon 5, shrî shrî nf`rdnd` ub nssult` quh ë dh bu ktn kbp` rtæljkn pnrn ` hbprhsîrk`, @phrnáøh @phrnáøhss d h Jrëdkt`, Jrëdkt`, tr nz nzhld` hld` ubn hxp`skáê` s`frh ` s pr kljkpnks Tâ Tâtuo`s tuo`s dh Jrëdkt`, Jrë dkt`, j` b` n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`, Jæbfk`, n L`tn Yr`bkssú Yr`bkssú rkn, ` Jmhquh dhltrh ùtr`s.

Ynrn n vksunokznáê` dh b`dho`s dh noauls Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt`, j`ltrnt`s s`jknks h hstntut` dh Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn, hltrh lhsths skths3 mttp3//www.bnrj`hvnlahoks mttp3//www.bnr j`hvnlahokstn.j`b.fr/tktuo`sPd tn.j`b.fr/tktuo`sPdhPjrhdkt`.mtb7 hPjrhdkt`.mtb7 mttp3//www.skthj`ltnfko.j`b.fr/J` mttp3//www.skth j`ltnfko.j`b.fr/J`ltrnt`s/j`ltrnt:.mtb ltrnt`s/j`ltrnt:.mtb77 mttp3//www.skthj`ltnfko.j`b.fr/J` mttp3//www.skth j`ltnfko.j`b.fr/J`ltrnt`s/j`ltrnt;.mtb ltrnt`s/j`ltrnt;.mtb

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Ná ê`3 D`jubhlt` ù tâtuo` rhprhshltntkv` dh ubn ernáê` ù j`tn d` jnpktno dh ubn Z`jkhdndh Náê`3 Nlôlkbn ù dh ubn hb J`bnldktn p`r Náøhs, quh j`lehrh n` shu tktuonr ub dkrhkt` dh jrëdkt` phrnlth nquhon n quh phrthljh. Njkk `l Nj `lks kstn3 tn3 Tktuonr dn náê` kltharnokzndn, ù shcn, dn j`tn dh jnpktno dn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn ù dn Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn p`r Náøhs. Neee hjt k` Z`j Ne Z`jkk htnt k s3 O`juáê` ontkln quh skalkekjn n v`ltndh ù klthláê` dh j`lstktukr h bnlthr ubn s`jkhdndh. Îakk ` 3 Dkehrhlán hxksthlth hltrh `s vno`rhs l`bklno h rhno dn b`hdn ù dh ub tâtuo`7 ù bhom`r, Îa ë ` dhsj`lt` ù f`lkekjnáê` j`ljhdkdn ù `ftkdn ln nqukskáê` dh ub tâtuo` dh jrëdkt` ù dh ubn dâvkdn pófokjn. Noeæl No eæl dha dhan n3 Vhpnrtkáê` pófokjn, okandn é Zhjrhtnrkn dn Vhjhktn Ehdhrno, hljnrrhandn dh nrrhjndnr trkfut`s ekxnd`s pnrn kbp`rtnáê` h hxp`rtnáê` dh bhrjnd`rkns, h dh eksjnokznr ` jubprkbhlt` dns ohks eksjnks dh sun j`bphtãljkn. Nokhl No khl náê` 3 Trnlsehrkr arntuktnbhlth n ùtr` ub dkrhkt` n pr`prkhdndh dh ubn j`ksn, quh, hltê`, pnssnrî n kltharnr ` pntrkbôlk` nomhk`. Nluãl Nl uãljk jkn n3 Nt` dh j`lshltkr j`lshltkr.. Np`r Np `r 3 Npokj Npokjnr nr ù dnr (nssklnturn). (nssklnturn). Ntkv Nt kv` ` 3 T`tnokdndh dh fhls búvhks ù kbúvhks, jrëdkt`s ù dkrhkt`s quh vhlmnb n j`lstktukr ` pntrkbôlk` dh ubn phss`n lnturno ù curâdkjn. Nvnok Nv nok znr 3 Dnr nvno7 nprhshltnr j`b` f`b. Nvhrf Nv hrf náê` 3 Dhjonrnáê` lhjhssîrkn pnrn n rhssnovn dh dkrhkt`s quh sh pr`jhssn ln bntrâjuon ù é bnrahb d` rhakstr`. Thb ` `fchtkv` dh kle`rbnr n hxkstãljkn dh dhthrbklnd` ent` suphrvhlkhlth quh, lê` shld` j`lstktutkv` dh d`bâlk` dh ôlus rhnks ù dh hljnra`s, vhlmn n ntklakr ` dkrhkt` rhno ù ns phss`ns lhoh klthrhssndns h, j`lshquhlthbhlth, ` rhakstr`, nothrnld`-` p`r b`dkekjnr, hsjonrhjhr ù hxtklaukr `s hohbhlt`s dhoh j`lstnlths. F`rdhrnu 3 L` Dkrhkt` Fnljîrk`, ë ub thrb` ernljãs pnrn l`tn dksjrkbklntkvn, s`f e`rbn dh hxtrnt`, dh bhrjnd`rkns hltrhauhs, j`lthld` ` dëfkt` h ` jrëdkt` dh ubn j`ltn, ù d`s b`vkbhlt`s dh ubn `phrnáê` bhrjnltko. Jnput 3 Thrb` ontkl` quh skalkekjn ‟jnfhán‒. Ynonvrn usndn pnrn kldkjnr ` klâjk`7 nsskb, qunld` sh dkz Nrtka` >99, jnput, quhr dkzhr Nrtka` >99, l` klâjk`. Jhrtkekjnd` dh Náê` 3 D`jubhlt` quh nthstn n p`ssh p`ssh ù nqukskáê` dh náê` dh Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn, j`lthld` shu lóbhr` h vno`r, thld`, p`rtnlt`, ` bhsb` shltkd` dh jnuthon. J`ksn3 Fh Fhb b bn bnth thrk rkno no ù kb kbnt nthr hrkn knoo qu quh h th thb b vn vno` o`rr hj hj`l `lôb ôbkj kj`, `, sh shrv rvkl kld` d` dh `f `fch cht` t` n ub ubnn rh rhon onáê áê`` cu curâ râdk dkjn jn.. J`ksn Jhrtn3 L` Dkrhkt` Jkvko, j`rp` kldkvkdund`, jhrt` h dhthrbklnd` phon hspëjkh, qunltkdndh h qunokdndh. Hxksth, tnbfëb, ` thrb` J`ksn Kljhrtn, shld` n b`bhltnlhnbhlth kldhthrbklndn. Y`r shr kldkjndn pho` aãlhr` h qunltkdndh, n j`ksn kljhrtn shrî dhthrbklndn bhdknlth ub nt` dh hsjòmn quh n kldkvkdunokznr, b`bhlt` hb quh sh trnlse`rbnrî lubn j`ksn jhrtn. J`ltn3 Tâtuo` usnd` ln j`ltnfkokdndh hb quh sh enz ` onlánbhlt` dh ub lhaújk`. J`tn3 Y`ráê` hb dklmhkr`, hb fhls, hb hehkt`s ù hb trnfnom` j`b quh jndn sújk` j`ltrkfuk pnrn n e`rbnáê` d` jnpktno s`jkno. J`bpr`fntúrk` 3 ûh j`bpr`vn. J`bnldktn3 E`rbn dh s`jkhdndh hb quh mî duns jntha`rkns dh sújk`s3 `s ahrhlths, quh rhsp`ldhb sòkdîrkn h kokbktndnbhlth p`r t`dns ns `frkanáøhs s`jknks, h `s j`bnldktîrk`s, quh sú sh `frkanb pho`s euld`s j`b quh hltrnrnb pnrn n s`jkhdndh. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno

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Klstktut` Xlkvhrsno Frnskohkr`

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J`lj`rdntn3 Nj`rd` hltrh j`bhrjknlth j`bhrjknlth hldkvkdnd` h shus jrhd`rhs jrhd`rhs pnrn hvktnr n dhjonrnáê` dh enoãljkn. J`lsufstnljknr 3 Xlkr pnrn e`rbnr ub t`d`7 ulkekjnr7 j`ljrhtkznr. Dnd`r 3 Kldkvâdu` quh hbprhstn dklmhkr` n rksj`. Hbnljkpnáê` 3 J`ljhssê` d` a`z` d`s dkrhkt`s jkvks n bhl`r dh 6> nl`s h bnk`r dh >= nl`s. Hbphlmnd`r 3 Nquh Nquhoh oh quhb dî hb phlm`r. phlm`r. pnrtkjuonr ù pófokj` `ldh ns bhrjnd`rkns sê` dhp`sktndns dhp`sktndns bhHltrhp`st`3 Nrbnzëb hsphjkno, pnrtkjuonr dknlth hbkssê` dh J`lmhjkbhlt` dh Dhpúskt` ù Qnrrnlt, naunrdnld` sun vhldn, hxp`rtnáê` ù rh-hxp`rtnáê`. Hxkaãljkn3 Náê` cudkjkno cudkjkno phon quno ` nut` nut`rr enz vnohr sun prhthlsê`. prhthlsê`. Hx èekjk` 3 O`juáê` ontkln. Hb rnzê` d` èâjk`7 èkjknobhlth7 p`r dhvhr dh kljubfãljkn. Enjt`rkla3 Thrb` klaoãs. @ bhsb` quh enturkznáê`, j`ltrnt` hb quh ub kldustrkno ù j`bhrjknlth (enturkznd`) jhdh n ùtr` (enturkznd`r), l` t`d` ù hb pnrth, `s jrëdkt`s pr`vhlkhlths dh suns vhldns bhrjnltks n thrjhkr`, bhdknlth ` pnanbhlt pnanbhlt` ` dh ubn rhbulhrnáê`, quh j`lsksth l` dhsj`lt` s`frh `s rhsphjtkv`s vno`rhs, ù shcn, j`le`rbh ` b`ltnlth dh tnks jrëdkt`s. Ekdhcussúrkn3 Jnuáê` phss`no7 eknlán. Eulaâvho 3 Fhb búvho quh p`dh shr sufstktuâd` p`r ùtr`s dn bhsbn hspëjkh, qunokdndh h qunltkdndh. Erukáê` 3 Dkrhkt` quh sh hxthrk`rkzn ln phrjhpáê` d`s erut`s dn utkokznáê` d`s pr`dut`s. Aãlhr` 3 Nquko` quh p`dh, p`r lê` shr kldkvkdunokznd`, shr sufstktuâd` sufstktuâd` p`r ùtr` dn bhsbn qunltkdndh ù qunokdndh, shld` eulaâvho. Mnvhrhs 3 Fhls, pr`prkhdndhs ù rkquhzns dh ubn phss`n quh j`bpøhb shu pntrkbôlk`. M`bòànr 3 J`lekrbnr p`r nt` ù p`r shlthlán. Kdndh lófko 3 Kdndh bâlkbn ekxndn p`r Ohk hb quh n phss`n, p`r thr ntklakd` jhrt` arnu dh bnturkdndh fk`pskjòúakjn, hstî nptn pnrn j`ltrnkr lópjkns. Kldkvkdunáê` 3 Yr`jhdkbhlt` pho` quno n hbprhsn lha`jkn j`b jndn hbprhand` kldkvkdunobhlth. Curksdkáê` 3 Thrrktúrk` l` quno ubn nut`rkdndh hxhrjh ` p`dhr cudkjkîrk`. Curksprudãljkn 3 J`lcult` dh dhjksøhs j`ljhrlhlths é klthrprhtnáê` rhphtkdn quh `s trkfulnks dê` é Ohk, l`s jns`s j`ljrht`s sufbhtkd`s n shu cuoanbhlt`. Bntërkn3 J`lthód` dh ubn dksjkpokln curâdkjn bklkstrndn. Bhdkdn jnuthonr okbklnr 3 Bhk` d` quno ` ndvànd` sh vnoh prn kbphdkr ub dnl` quh hstî prhsths n nj`lthjhr. Bhrjnljkn3 J`bërjk` hsjus`7 bhrjndhc`. Bklójkn3 Y`rbhl`r. Bótu` Ehlhrntâjk` 3 Hbprëstkb` dh dklmhkr` ù dh j`ksns eulaâvhks eulaâvhks n cur`s quh lê` uotrnpnssnb n tnxn dh >6% n` nl`. @fcht` 3 Nquko` s`frh ` quno kljkdh ub dkrhkt`, ubn náê` ù ubn `frkanáê`. Y`dh shr tnbfëb bntërkn ù j`ksn bnthrkno. Ôlus 3 Hljnra`, `frkanáê`, dhvhr. @ut`ranr 3 Dnr p`r dkrhkt`7 j`ljhdhr ohanobhlth. Ynpho 3 Tâtuo` lha`jkîvho dh jrëdkt`. Ynsskv` 3 Z`bn dh dâvkdns hxkaâvhks quh phsnb s`frh ub pntrkbôlk`. Yhrjhfhr 3 Ln oklaunahb curâdkjn, ë ` nt` dh sh rhjhfhr ` quh sh thb dkrhkt`. Yhr sh3 O`juáê` ontkln quh skalkekjn ‟p`r sk bhsb`‒7 dkz-sh d` ent` quh p`r sk prúprk` hvkdhljknsh, lê` prhjksnld` dh dhb`lstrnáê`. Yhss`n Yh ss`n Eâ Eâskjn skjn 3 Zhr mubnl` j`lskdhrnd` j`b` suchkt` dh dkrhkt`s h `frkanáøhs. Yhss`n Yh ss`n Curâdkjn Cu râdkjn3 Xlkdndh dh phss`ns lnturnks ù dh pntrkbôlk`s quh vksn é j`lshjuáê` dh jhrt`s ekls, rhj`lmhjkdn phon `rdhb curâdkjn j`b` suchkt` dh dkrhkt`s h `frkanáøhs. Ykal`rntâjk`3 Dkz-sh d` jrhd`r anrnltkd` j`b phlm`r. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno

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Yohlîrk` 3 O`jno ln Jæbnrn, Nsshbfohkn Ohaksontkvn ù Zhlnd` rhshrvnd` n` j`lcult` dh rhprhshltnlths ù pnronbhltnrhs. Yrnz` Yrn z` dh rhspkr` 3 Yrnz` dh ub dkn hb quh ` snjnd` phdh pnrn quh dhjkdn sh njhktn ù lê` ` tâtuo`. Yrhaê`3 Dkvuoanáê` dh èhrtns h pr`p`stns dh lhaújk`s ehktns pho`s j`rrht`rhs dn Fòsn dh Uno`rhs. Yrhsjrkáê` 3 Yhrdn dn `p`rtulkdndh dh ntrkfukáê` dh ub dkrhkt` ù dh npokjnáê` dh ubn phln p`r dhjurs` dh prnz` ohano. Yrëstkb`3 ûnokdndh dnquko` quh prhstn ù quh shrvh. Yr`jurnd`rkn3 O`jno `ldh ` pr`jurnd`r (j`frnd`r dh dâvkdns) hxhrjh shu èâjk`. Yr`p`skturn 3 Yr`p`skáê` dh ubn náê` cudkjkno. Yr` onf`rh3 O`juáê` ontkln quh skalkekjn ‟pho` trnfnom`‒. ûnokekjntkv` dn arntkekjnáê` n quh thb dkrhkt` ` trnfnomnd`r quh vkhr n prhstnr shrvká` hxtrn`rdklîrk`. Hstn arntkekjnáê` ë pnan p`r m`rn dh trnfnom` nlthjkpnd` ù pr`rrànd`. Yr` sòut` 3 O`juáê` ontkln quh skalkekjn ‟n tâtuo` dh pnanbhlt`‒. Yr` sòvhld` 3 O`juáê` ontkln quh skalkekjn ‟pnrn pnanr‒7 ` quh dhvh shr pna`. Yr`v`jnáê` 3 Nt` dh phdkr n bnlkehstnáê` bnlkehstnáê` dn custkán, klarhssnld` klarhssnld` hb cuâz` j`b ubn náê` ù klthrp`ld` rhjurs`. hrb` b` er ernl nljã jãss pn pnrn rn pn pnan anbh bhlt lt` ` qu quh h dh dhvh vh sh shrr fu fusj sjnd nd` ` ph pho` o` jr jrhd hd`r `r l` d` d`bk bkjâ jâokok`` d` dh dhvh vhd` d`rr. ûërnfoh3 Thr Vhjonb` 3 Yr`pnanldn7 nlóljk` dkvuoand` dh pr`dut`s ù shrvká`s. Vhonáê` ekdujkîrkn3 Fnshndn ln j`leknlán. Vhs spnrntn3 O`juáê` ontkln, skalkekjnld` ubn rhshrvn dh o`jnokznáê` prhthldkdn hb sm`ppkla jhlthr hb hb j`lstruáê` pho` eutur` o`ckstn quh, pnrn tnlt`, ekrbn j`b ` pr`prkhtîrk` ub j`ltrnt`, j`ltrkfukld` phrk`dkjnbhlth j`b jhrtn qunltkn ntë quh n hdkekjnáê` sh j`bpohth. Znláê` 3 Bhdkdn ohano quh p`dh vkr n shr kbp`stn, ntrnvës d` Y`dhr j`bphthlth, p`r quhb e`k ohsnd` phon vkònáê` dn l`rbn curâdkjn, n ekb dh enzhr jubprkr n l`rbn vkòndn, dh enzhr rhpnrnr ` dnl` jnusnd` ù dh kleuldkr rhsphkt` é `rdhb curâdkjn. Zko` 3 Dhpúskt` dh nrbnzhlnbhlt`, hb ahrno, d`tnd` dh npnrhomnbhlt` pnrn jnran h dhsjnran. Zújk` sòkdîrk` 3 Nquhoh quh, p`r hxhbpo`, hb Z`jkhdndh hb L`bh Jòhtkv`, rhsp`ldh sufskdkîrkn h sòkdnrknbhlth j`b `s dhbnks j`b shu pntrkbôlk` phss`no, phons `frkanáøhs s`jknks. Zufsjrkt`r 3 Njk Njk`lk `lkstn stn.. Zujursno 3 Hstnfhohjkbhlt` j`bhrjkno njhssúrk` h dkstklt` dh ùtr`, quh ë ` prkljkpno, dh juc`s lhaújk`s trntn h n jucn ndbklkstrnáê` sh okan, shb, l` hltnlt`, j`lstktukr ekokno ù naãljkn dhssh ùtr`. Trndkáê` 3 B`d` nquksktkv` dhrkvnd` dn p`ssh, quh ë n hltrhan ù trnlsehrãljkn dn j`ksn, lê` thld` n lhjhsskdndh dh hxprhssn dhjonrnáê` dh v`ltndh, fnstn quh mncn n klthláê` p`r pnrth dnquhoh quh `phrn n trndkáê` h dnquhoh quh rhjhfh n j`ksn. Trnsond` 3 Júpkn hxtrnâdn pho` èkjkno pófokj` ù tnfhokê` dh klstrubhlt` ù d`jubhlt` onvrnd` l` shu okvr` dh l`tns. Trntndkstn3 Yhss`n quh hsjrhvhu ub ù bnks trntnd`s. Turbn3 L` Dkrhkt` Yr`jhssuno, sufdkvksê` dh trkfulno. Tut`r 3 Nquhoh quh thb ` hljnra` hljnra` dh dkrkakr n phss`n h ndbklkstrnr ndbklkstrnr fhls dh bhl`r quh lê` hstî hstî s`f ` pîtrk` p`dhr d` pnk ù dn bêh, zhonld` phon sun jrknáê`, hdujnáê` h mnvhrhs. Xsuerut` 3 Dkrhkt` rhno j`lehrkd` n noauëb dh rhtkrnr, thbp`rnrknbhlth, dh j`ksn nomhkn `s erut`s h utkokdndhs quh hon pr`duz, shb nothrnr-omh n sufstæljkn. Xsuerut` dh jrëdkt` 3 J`lsksth l` dkrhkt` dh ` usuerutuîrk` j`frnr dâvkdns rhsphjtkvns, hbprhanld` j`b` qukshr ` qunltub (s`bn dh dklmhkr`) rhjhfkd`, npokjnld`-`, nakld` hb l`bh prúprk` h nssubkld` `s rksj`s dhstn npokjnáê`, pnrn, ubn vhz jhssnld` ` usuerut`, rhstktuâ-o` hb hspëjkh n` pr`prkhtîrk` quh vkhr n rhjusnr l`v`s tâtuo`s. Xsurpnd`r 3 Nquho Nquhohh quh sh np`d np`dhrn hrn d` quh lê` omh phrthljh phrthljh p`r dkrhkt`. Uâjk`3 Dhehkt` jnpnz dh klvnokdnr ub nt` curâdkj`. Uàno 3 Bhbfr` dh ubn nsshbfohkn, jæbnrn, j`lshom` ù trkfulno, dhokfhrntkv` ù cudkjkno, j`b dkrhkt` n v`t`. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno

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Y`rtnlt`, `s quh kltharnb ` j`rp` d` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno lê` sê` s`bhlth ns klthrbhdknáøh dkn áøhs, s, bns tnb tnbfë fëb b nqu nquhon honss ntk ntkvkd vkdndh ndhss rhonjk`lndns j`b n kldóstrkn enfrko ù bnluenturhkrn, ù shcn, ntkvkdndhs dh trnlse`rbnáê`, ` quh cî hrn prhvkst` l` Júdka` Jkvko. N Th`rkn d`s Nt`s dh J`bërjk`, J`bërjk`, quh tklmn tklmn p`r fnsh ` Vhauonbhlt` 1:1 (>=89), shld` rhvàndn, ë utkokzndn pnrn dhokbktnr ` Dkrhkt` Jkvko h ` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno. Hssn th`rkn hlthldh quh, qunld` ` `fcht` e`r Nt` dh J`bërjk`, shrî j`bhrjkno h, p`r hxjousê`, tud` nquko` quh lê` e`r Nt` dh J`bërjk` shrî jkvko. @ j`ljhkt` d` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno dhvh shr hlthldkd` j`b` ‟j`bpohx` dh l`rbns curâdkjns quh rhauonb ns rhonáøhs prkvndns, dhrkvndns dn kldóstrkn h ntkvkdndhs quh n Ohk j`lskdhrn bhrjnltks, nsskb j`b` `s dkrhkt`s h `frkanáøhs dns phss`ns quh prèkssk`lnobhlth ns hxhrjhb‒.

N XON > NXON N O HK H @ J@BËVJK@ Kltr`duáê` @ j`bërjk` shbprh hxhrjhu, ln vkdn dns phss`ns, ub pnpho dh arnldh kbp`rtæljkn. Ln nltkaukdndh, shrvku j`b` ent`r dh npr`xkbnáê` hltrh `s p`v`s, nsskb j`b` dh hxpnlsê` h dhshlvò shl vòvkb vkbhlt hlt`` pnr pnrnn n mub mubnlk nlkdnd dndh. h. Y`d Y`dh-s h-sh h dkz dkzhr hr quh, n` j`bërjk`, dhvhb-sh `s arnldhs dhsj`frkbhlt frkb hlt`s `s bnrâ bnrâtkb tkb`s, `s, quh kln klnuau uaurnrn rnrnb b ubn l`v l`vn n hrn pnrn n jkvkokznáê`. @ j`bërjk` j`lstktuk ` ho` dh okanáê` hltrh ` pr`dut`r h ` j`lsubkd`r, rhnokznld` ` klthrjæbfk` hltrh `s pr`dut`s h p`sskfkoktnld` n jkrjuonáê` dn rkquhzn, quh ë ub d`s nsphjt`s dh bnk`r kbp`rtæljkn ln hj`l`bkn buldkno. J`ls J` lstktktu tukl kld` d` ` j` j`bë bërj rjk` k` ub tktkp` p` dh rh rhon onjk jk``lnbh ln bhlt lt`` s` s`jk jkno no hl hltr trhh `s m` m`bh bhls ls,, ë hv hvkd kdhl hlth th qu quh h klth kl thrh rhss ssnn n` Dk Dkrh rhktkt`` n su sunn `r `rdh dhln lnáê áê`. `. H ns nssk skb, b, ns ntkvkdndhs, dhshlvòvkdns pho`s m`bhls h okandns n` j`bërjk`, sê` rhauondns pho` Dkrhkt`.

E`lths d` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno Ns l`rbns sê` prhjhkt`s, `rdhls dh jnrîthr ahrno. Zê` rharns s`jknks `frkantúrkns, quh sh kbpøhb n t`d`s `s kldkvâdu`s. Dh `ldh pr`vãb hssns l`rbns curâdkjns0 J`b` sh e`rbnb0 J`b` sh hstnfhohjhb0 E`lths sê` `s úraê`s rhvhond`rhs d` Dkrhkt`, kst` ë, `s úraê`s s`jknks hb quh fr`tnb ns rharns curâdkjns.

Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno @ Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno ë ub rnb` d` dkrhkt` prkvnd`, ekaurnd` n` ond` d` Dkrhkt` Jkvko, quh sh dhstkln n rhauonr ns rhonáøhs s`jknks d`s kldkvâdu`s hltrh sk, j`b` pnrtkjuonrhs. L` hltnl nltt`, ` Dk Dkrh rhkt kt`` J`b `bhr hrjjkn knoo thb p` p`rr ekb hsphjâekj` ns rhonáøhs quh lnsjhb d` hxhrjâjk` dn ntkvkdndh j`bhrjkno.

Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon >

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N Ohk Ohk33 e` e`lt lth h p rk rklj ljkk pno d` Dkr Dkrhkt hkt` `

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J`stubh Curâdkj`

Ohk ë ub prhjhkt`, ë ubn `rdhb, quh sh dkrkah, kldkstkltnbhlth, n t`d`s `s bhbfr`s quh kltharnb ubn jòhtkvkdndh. Thb ub jnrîthr j`ntkv`, kbphrntkv`, dhvhld` shr njntndn h `fhdhjkdn p`r t`d`s. N Ohk hbnln d` úraê` s`jkno quh thb j`bphtãljkn pnrn pr`duzk-on. Hltrh lús, p`r j`lstktukrb`s ub sksthbn dhb`jrîtkj`, `s úraê`s quh tãb j`bphtãljkn pnrn honf`rnr ns ohks, ù shcn, `s úraê`s quh j`lsufstnljknb ` Y`dhr Ohaksontkv` sê`3

N Ohk ë shbprh l`rbn curâdkjn hsjrktn. Bns, hbf`rn lê` shld` hsjrktn, dhvh shr jubprkdn. Zê` `s us`s h `s j`stubhs curâdkj`s. Znfhb`s quh ` j`stubh ë n prîtkjn nltkan h ahrno dh ub b`d` dh nakr. @ j`stubh curâdk râ dkj` j` tn tnbf bfëb ëb sh j` j`ls lstktktu tukk ln pr prît îtkj kjn, n, ln `fshrvæljkn dh ub j`bp`rtnbhlt` quh, p`r shr o`la` h ulke`rbhbhlth rhphtkd` p`r t`d`s, t`rlù-sh `frkantúrk`, trnlse`rbnld`-sh hb l`rbn njòmkdn h rhj`lmhjkdn pho` Dkrhkt`, hbf`rn lê` shcn l`rbn hsjrktn j`b` Ohk.

• ln hsehrn dn Xlkê`, ` J`larhss` Lnjk`lno (quh sh j`bpøh dn Jæbnrn d`s Dhputnd`s h d` Zhlnd` Ehdhrno)7 • ln hsehrn hstnduno, n Nsshbfohkn Ohaksontkvn7 • ln hs hseh ehrn rn bu bulk lkjk jkpn pno,o, n Jæ Jæbn bnrn rn Bu Bulk lkjk jkpn pno.o. Y`ssukld` jnrîthr j`ntkv`, n Ohk hljhrrn hb sk ubn snláê` quh lndn bnks ë d` quh ` rhe`rá` dn l`rbn p`r hon hxprhssn, ntrnvës dn kbponltnáê` dh ubn phln, hb jns` dh vkònáê` h dh dhs`fhdkãljkn. J`le`rbh ` th`r dn Ohk quh rhauon, ns ohks dkstrkfuhb-sh pho`s dkvhrs`s rnb`s d` Dkrhkt`, tnks j`b` ns ohks j`lstktujk`lnks, ohks ndbklkstrntkvns, ohks phlnks, ohks pr`jhssunks, ohks eksjnks ù trkfutîrkns, ohks trnfnomkstns ù prhvkdhljkîrkns, ohks jkvks, ohks j`bhrjknks htj. Ns ohks j`bhrjknks j`lstktuhb n prkljkpno e`lth d` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno. Ë lhstns ohks quh ` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno vnk fusjnr suns l`rbns, quh dhvhb shr `fhdhjkdns pho`s quh sh dhdkjnb n ntkvkdndhs j`bhrjknks.

L`s ùtr`s rnb`s d` Dkrhkt`, b`dhrlnbhlth, ` j`stubh, j`b` e`lth ahrnd`rn dns rharns curâdkjns, lê` thb ` vno`r h n kbp`rtæljkn quh p`ssuk l` Dkrhkt` nltka`, dhvhld` ns l`rbns j`lsuhtudklîrkns shr npokjndns nphlns l`s jns`s dh enotn ù `bkssê` dns l`rbns hsjrktns (ohks). Cî l` jnbp` d` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno, `s us`s h j`stubhs hlj`ltrnb bnk`r npokjnáê`, j`lstktukld`-sh hb e`lth dh jhrtn kbp`rtæljkn quh, ln enotn dh ohks hsphjâekjns, e`rlhjh rharns jucn juc n `fs `fshrv hrvælj æljkn kn sh kbp kbpøh. øh. Dhs Dhstn tn e` e`rbn rbn,, qunld`, lubn prnán, `s j`bhrjknlths, dh b`d` j`lstnlth, ulke`rbh h ahrno, nd`tnb jhrt` j`bp`rtnbhlt` j`bhrjkno, hsth j`bp`rtnbhlt tnb hlt` ` sh t`r t`rln, ln, dhp dhp`ks `ks dh dht dhthrb hrbkln klnd` d` thbp`, lub j`stubh j`bhrjkno, p`dhld` kljouskvh shr j`lskalnd` l`s nsshlt`s d` rhakstr` d` j`bërjk`. Trnlse`rbn-sh, hltê`, hb l`rbn curâdkjn j`bhrjkno, dhstklndn n rhauonr

N Ohk bnk bnkss kb kbp` p`rt rtnlt nlth h pnrn ` Dkr Dkrhkt hkt` ` J`bhrjkno J`bh rjkno Frnskoh Frnskohkr` kr` ë n Ohk l³ >9 >9.4 .495 95,, dh >9 dh cnlhkr` dh 6996, dhl`bklndn Júdka` Jkvko Frnskohkr` quh sufstktuku, hb arnldh pnrth, ` nltka nltka` ` Júdka` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` (Ohkk l³ 885, (Oh 885, dh 68 dh culm` cu lm` dh >=89) >=89).. Hsth l`rthnvn ns rhonáøhs j`bhrjknks ntë quh ` l`v` Júdka` tkvhssh e`rán dh Ohk. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon >

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nquhoh tkp` dh lhaújk` rhontkvnbhlth n` quno sh j`lsòkdù nquhoh j`bp`rtnbhlt` quh sh t`rlù j`stubhkr`.

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@ Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`, n` rhauonbhltnr ` j`bërjk`, hle`jnvn n ntkvkdndh dh klthrjæbfk`, dh jkrjuonáê` dh pr`dut`s h ` bhjnlksb` quh p`sskfkoktnvn ` dhshbphlm` dn ntkvkdndh3 ` trnlsp`rth. Hltê`, e`ssh p`r thrrn, bnr ù nr, vhrkekjnvn-sh n dhso`jnáê` dh pr`dut`s h sun phrbutn hltrh ns dkehrhlths rhakøhs dh ub pnâs h hltrh dkvhrs`s pnâshs. J`b kss`, ` Dkrht` J`bhrjkno sh dkvkdku hb trãs3 Dkrht` J`bhrjkno Thrrhstrh, Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno Bnrâtkb` h Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno Nërh`. • N` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno Thrrhstrh, jnfh hstudnr h hstnfhohjhr l`rbns njhrjn dns rhonáøhs oná øhs dh j`b j`bërj ërjk` k` eul euldnb dnbhlt hltnks nks,, kst kst`` ë, njhrjn d`s nsphjt`s ahrnks d` j`bërjk`, dhkxnld` pnrn ` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno Bnrâtkb` h Nërh` n kbp`skáê` dh rharns hsphjâekjns dhsshs d`ks rnb`s dh trnlsp`rths. • @ Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno Bnrâtkb` rhauon ns rhonáøhs dh lhaújk` qunld` sê` rhehrhlths n` trnlsp`rth p`r îauns lnvhaîvhks, kst` ë, bnrhs, rk`s h ona`s. • @ Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno Nërh` ë ` j`bpohx` dh l`rbns curâdkjns rhehrhlths n` j`bërjk` quh sh hehtkvn pho`s nrhs.

Nsskb, j`stubh j`bhrjkno ë ub b`d` dh nakr j`lstnlth, ulke`rbh h ahrno, lubn prnán, lub pnâs (ù bhsb` hltrh pnâshs), ` quno nkldn lê` e`k njòmkd` pho` Dkrhkt` j`b` Ohk, p`dhld`, p`rëb shr trnlsjrkt` l` rhakstr` dh j`bërjk`, ù bhsb` vkr n sh trnlse`rbnr hb Ohk.

Xbn `fshrvnáê` eklno s`frh ` j`stubh curâdkj`3 ë n dh quh n l`rbn j`lsuhtudklîrkn lê` p`dh shr j`ltrîrkn és Ohks J`bhrjkns, lhb é `rdhb pófokjn7 lê` p`dh shr kb`rno, ù j`ltrîrkn é f`n eë dns prî prîtkjns tkjns j`bhrjknks, j`bhrjknks, p`ks krkn sh t`rlnr, hltê`, hltê`, ub nt` koâjkt`.

Hb bntërkn j`bhrjkno, n Ohk h ` j`stubh j`bhrjkno sê` ns e`lths bnks kbp`rtnlths d` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno, shld` n prkbhkrn n prkljkpno e`lth dns l`rbns j`bhrjknks.

Dkvksê` d` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno

Cnbnks sh p`dh dkzhr quh ` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno lê` rhauon `s rnb`s hb quh dhshlvòv v` ovhb hb ` tr trnl nlsp sp`r `rth th në nërh rh`, `, th thrr rrhs hstr trhh ù bnrâtkb`. Yho` j`ltrîrk`, ` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno njrhsjhltn nquko` quh cî hxkstkn, nbòdnld` `s l`v`s jnbklm`s és rhonáøhs cî hxksthlths. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon >

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Y`dh pnrhjhr j`bpohx`, bns n bntërkn curâdkjn klthrnah n t`d` klstnlth h, j`b kss` ks s`,, nj njnf nfnn vh vhrk rkek ekjn jnld ld`` qu quh, h, p` p`rr vh vhzh zhs, s, ndhltrn ndhlt rn ùtr`s rnb`s rnb`s d` Dkrhkt`, Dkrhkt`, tno j`b` ë ` jns` d` Dkrhkt` Nhr`lîutkj`, hb quh sh dhvh j`ltrntnr `fshrvnld` ns rhauonbhltnáøhs dn Naãljkn Lnjk`lno dh Nvknáê` Jkvko (NLNJ), ns r`tns, `s prnz`s htj. L` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno Bnrâtkb`, bukt` sh kl`vù, h m`ch hxksth ubn sërkh dh thrb`s hsphjâekj`s ndvkld`s d`s j`stubhs klthrlnjk`lnks pnrn sh p`dhr j`ltrntnr. j`ltrntnr. Zê` `s jmnbnd`s Klj`thrbs.

Jnt ha ` r k ns

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@s Klj`thrbs ( Klthrlntk`lno J`bbhrjkno Thrbs - Thrb`s Klthrlnjk`lnks dh J`bërj bë rjk` k`)) sh shrv rvhb hb pn pnrn rn dh dhek eklk lkrr, dh dhlt ltr` r` dn hstruturn dh ub j`ltrnt` dh j`bprn h vhldn klthrlnjk`lnks, `s dkrhkt`s h `frkanáøhs rhjâpr`j`s d` hxp`rtnd`r h d` kbp`rtnd`r, hstnf nfho hohj hjhl hld` d` ub j`l `lcu cult lt``-pn pndr drê` ê` dh dheklkáøhs h dhthrbklnld` rharns h prîtkjns lhutrns, j`b`, p`r hxhbpo`, `ldh ` hxp`rtnd`r dhvh hltrhanr n bhrjnd`rkn, quhb pnan ` erhth, quhb ë ` rhsp`lsîvho phon j`ltrntnáê` d` shaur` htj. @fshrvh, l` qundr` nfnkx`, `s Klj`thrbs3

Kl j ` t hr b s

Zk a l k e k j nd ` s

Bhrj Bh rjnd nd`r `rkn kn hl hltr trha hauh uh n` H dh Hx (Ynrtkdn - Bâlkbn H]Q - Hx Q`rgs (É dksp`skáê`) j`bprn j`bprnd`r d`r l` hs hstnf tnfhoh hohjkjk`frkanáê` pnrn ` hxp`rtnd`r) bhlt` d` vhldhd`r. (Okvrh pnrn EJN - Erhh Jnrrkhr (Okvrh trnlsp`rtnr) E dh Erhh (Trnlsp`rth YrkljkBhrjnd`rkn hltrhauh n ub ENZ - Erhh Erhh No No`l `las askd kdh h Zm Zmkp kp pno lê` Yna` Yho` Hxp`rtntrnlsp`rtnd`r klthrlnjk`lno (Okvrh n` ond` d` lnvk`) d`r) kldkjnd` pho` j`bprnd`r. E@F - Erhh `l F`nrd (Okvrh n f`rd`) JEV - J`st nld Erhkamt (Just` h erhth) JKE - J`st J`st,, Kl Klsu surn rnlj ljh h nl nld d Erhkamt (Just`, shaur` h erhth) J dh J J`st `st ù J Jnrrknah nrrknah (TrnlsJYT - Jnrrknah Ynkd T` (Trnlsp`rth Yrkljkpno Yna` Yho` Hxp`rth pna` ntë) p`rtnd`r) JKY - Jnrrknah nld Klsurnljh Ynkd t` (Trnlsp`rth h shaur` pna`s ntë)

DNE - Dhokv Dhokvhrhd hrhd Nt Er`ltkhr Er`ltkhr (Hl (Hltrhauh ln er`lthkrn) DHZ - Dhokvhrhd Hx-Zmkp (Hltrhauh n` lnvk`) D dh D Dhokvhry hokvhry (Jmhandn - Bî- DH^ - Dhokvhrhd Hx-ûny (Hlxkbn `frkanáê` pnrn ` hxp`r- trhauh l` jnks) tnd`r) DDX - Dhokvhrhd Duty Xlpnkd (Hltrhauh dkrhkt`s lê` pna`s) DDY - Dhokvhrhd Duty Ynkd (Hltrhauh dkrhkt`s pna`s)

Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon >

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@ vhldhd`r j`ltrntn ` trnlsp`rth, shb nssubkr rksj`s p`rr phr p` hrddns ù dnl nl`s `s és bhrjnd`rkns ù just`s ndkjk``ln jk lnks ks dhj` j`rr rrhhlt lthhs dh hvhlt hvh lt`s `s `j` `j`rrk rrkd`s d`s npú npúss ` hbfnrquh h dhspnjm`.

@ vhldhd`r sh rhsp`lsnfkokzn p`r t`d`s `s just`s h rksj`s pnrn jò`jnr n bhrjnd`rkn l` o`jno dh dhstkl`.


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Nt` N t`ss dh J`b J`bër ërjj k`

Noauls dhsths thrb`s d`s Klj`thrbs cî e`rnb bhljk`lnd`s l` dhj`rrhr dhsth Búduo`.

@ Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno, shauld` ` curkstn C`ê` Hulîpk` F`rahs, rhauoù ‟ns rhonáøhs prkvndns dhrkvndns dn kldóstrkn h ntkvkdndhs quh n Ohk j`lskdhrn bhrjnltko, nsskb j`b` `s dkrhkt`s h `frkanáøhs dns phss`ns quh prèkssk`lnobhlth ns hxhrjhb‒. Hb ùtrns pnonvrns, dkzkn-sh dkzkn-sh quh ` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno hrn ` j`lcult` dh l`rbns curâdk râ dkjn jnss qu quh h rh rhau auon onvn vn bn bntë tërkn rkn bh bhrj rjnl nltk tkoo (bntërkn d` j`bërjk`). Hb j`bpohbhltnáê`, n bntërkn bhrjnltko bhrjnltko sh kdhltk kdhltkekjn ekjn l` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno, h hbprhsn lndn bnks ë d` quh ubn j`bfklnáê` dh ent`rhs dh pr`duáê` h phss`ns `ranlkzndns quh fusjnb ub `fchtkv`. Nsskb, skalkekjn quh n Ohk ë n quh ntrkfuk n qunokdndh bhrjnltko n dhthrbklnd dhthrbklnd`s `s tkp`s dh rhonáøhs s`jknks h ntkvkdndhs quh pnssnb n j`lstktukr bntërkn hbprhsnrkno. Y`r ùtr` ond`, ns rhonáøhs s`jknks h ntkvkdndhs dh `rdhb prkvndn, quh lê` sê` rhputndns j`b` bhrjnltks pho` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno, kltharnb ` ùtr` rnb` d` Dkrhkt` Yrkvnd`, quh ë ` Dkrhkt` Jkvko. Nprhldhb`s quh `s nt`s curâdkj`s sê` nquhon nqu honss náø náøhs hs vò vòult ultîrk îrkns ns prn prntkj tkjndn ndnss pho pho`` m`bhb dh nj`rd` j`b n Ohk, pnrn pr`duzkrhb dhthrbklnd`s hehkt`s curâdkj`s.

@s rhehrkd`s b`d`s dh j`ltrntnr lê` sê` `frkantúrk`s, p`rquh p`r sh trntnr dh ntkvkdndh vkd ndh hbp hbprhs rhsnrkn nrkno,o, npo npokjn kjn-sh -sh shb shbprh prh ` bhk` bnks npr`prknd` pnrn quh sh enán ubn j`ltrntnáê`.

J`b` p`dhb`s vhr, bukt` sh kl`vù, h arnldh pnrth dhssh nvnlá` nvnlá` vhk` dn dn nfhrtur nfh rtur n d`s p`rt`s, p`r t`s, dn ao`f nokzn nokznáê` áê` h dn lhjh lh jhsskdn sskdndh dh dh sh j`lq j`lqukstn ukstnrr l`v` l`v`ss bhrjnd`s q uh, nbpnrndn nbpnrndn phons e njkokdndhs thjlòúakjns, juobklnrnb p`r kljrhbhltnr t`d` ` sksthbn dh klthr-rhonáê` hbprhsnrkno.

L`v`s bhk`s dh j`bërjk` surakrnb ntë hxkst hx kstkrh krhb, b, m`c m`ch, h, o`c o`cns ns vkr vkrtu tunk nks, s, dh bko bkomøh møhss dh rhn rhnks. ks. @ dúonr h ùtrns b`hdns sê` lha`jknd`s dknrknbhlth lns Fòsns dh Uno`rhs dh t`d` ` buld bu ld`` h, nt ntrn rnvë vëss dn tr tr`j `jnn d` pn pnph phoo-b` b`hd hdn n ph pho` o` poîstkj` (jnrtê` dh jrëdkt` ù dh dëfkt`), n trnlsnáê` j`bhrjkno sh t`rlù bnks skbpohs phon j`bp j` bprn rn dh ub pr pr`d `dut ut`` vh vhld ldkd kd` ` d` ù ùtr tr` ` on ond` d` d` buld` ntrnvës dn Klthrlht h, ntë bhsb`, njhssnld` ub thohe`lh jhouonr.

Nt`s dh j`bërjk` tnbfëb sê` nt`s curâdkj`s d`s qunks j`lstktuhb ub tkp` hsphjkno. Zê` dhl`bklnd`s dh nt`s dh j`bërjk` nquhohs nt`s curâdkj`s quh tãb p`r `fcht` n bntërkn bhrjnltko7 sê`, p`ks, dksjkpoklnd`s phons ohks j`bhrjknks. N j`ljhktunáê` jhrtn dh nt`s dh j`bërjk` thb skd` tnrhen dkeâjko pnrn `s hsphjknokstns, dnd`s `s bóotkpo`s nsphjt`s quh dhvh nfrnlahr. Hltrhtnlt`, n bnk`rkn d`s trntndkstns d` Dkrhkt rh kt` ` J` J`bh bhrj rjkn knoo hl hltthl hldh dh j` j`b` b` nt nt``s dh j`bërjk` `s nt`s dh bhdknáê` hltrh ` pr`dut`r h ` j`lsubkd`r, pnrn jrknr h dhshlvòvhr n rkquhzn, ntkvnld`-omh n jkrjuonáê`, prntkjnd`s j`b ` kltukt` dh oujr`7 noëb dkss`, sê` j`lskdhrnd`s bhrjnltks `s nt`s prntkjnd`s j`b n eklnokdndh dh enjkoktnr h nuxkoknr ` hxhrjâjk` d` j`bërjk`. Dhstn l`áê`, rhssnotnb-sh duns jnrnjth-


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râstkjns kbp`rtnlths3

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oksnr ` j`ljhkt` é ouz d`s l`v`s thbp`s, trnzhld` nphlns ` l`v` j`ljhkt`.

• N bhdknáê`, p`ks, p`ks, quhb prntkjn nt`s dh j`bërjk` ` enz j`b` klthrbhdkîrk` hltrh ` pr`dut`r h ` j`lsubkd`r7 • @ ekt` dh oujr` quh, hb oklaunahb curâdkjn, dhl`bkln hsphjuonáê`.

Nsskb, vnb` Nsskb, vnb`ss rhohbfrnr rhohbfrnr ` Nrtka` Nrtka` ;55 ;55 d` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno, cî jktnd` hb l`ss` Búduo` >3 ‟J`lskdhrn-sh hbprhsîrk` quhb hxhrjh prèkssk`lnobhlth ntkvkdndh hj`lôbkjn `ranlkzndn pnrn n pr`duáê` ù n jkrjuonáê` dh fhls ù shrvká`s‒.

Tnbfëb sê` j`lskdhrndns bhrjnltks ns ntkv ntkvkdndh kdndhss kldus kldustrknks trknks,, vkst vkst` ` quh sê` rhauondns pho` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno, rnzê` p`r quh `s nt`s prntkjnd`s dhltr` dhssns ntkvkdndhs tnbfëb sê` j`lskdhrnd`s nt`s dh j`bërjk`.

Hb j`bpohbhltnáê` n hssh j`ljhkt`, ` prèhss`r h hsjrkt`r Eîfk` Xom`n J`hom` nekrbn quh ‟hssn phss`n p`dh shr tnlt` phss`n eâskjn j`b` n curâdkjn lnsjkdn dn ulkê` dh hse`rá`s dh shus kltharnlths‒. Unoh ohbfrnr tnbfëb ` quh ` prèhss`r dkz pnrn sh hvktnr n j`leusê` jnusndn phon dkstæljkn hltrh `s j`ljhkt`s tëjlkj`s d` Dkrhkt` h n oklaunahb lnturno3 ‟N phss`n curâdkjn hbprhsîrkn ë j`tkdknlnbhlth dhl`bklndn ”hbprhs pr hsn‛ n‛,, h `s sh shus us sú sújk jk`s `s sê sê`` jm jmnb nbnd nd`s `s ”hbprhsîrk`s‛‒. Hb thrb`s tëjlkj`s, ‟hbprhsn ë n ntkvkdndh, h lê` n phss`n quh n hxpo`rn7 h hbprhsîrk` lê` ë ` sújk` dn s`jkhdndh hbprhsnrkno, bns n prúprkn s`jkhdndh‒. @ prèhss`r nkldn hsjonrhjh quh ` kltharnlth dh ubn s`jkhdndh hbprhsîrkn (` sújk`) lê` ë hbprhsîrk`7 lê` hstî, p`r j`lshauklth, suchkt` és l`rbns quh dheklhb `s dkrhkt`s h dhvhrhs d` hbprhsîrk`. N hbprhsn p`dh shr hxpo`rndn p`r hssn phss`n eâskjn ù curâdkjn. L` prkbhkr` jns`, ` hxhrjhlth dn ntkvkdndh hj`lôbkjn sh jmnbn hbprhsîrk` kldkvkduno7 l` shauld`, s`jkhdndh hbprhsîrkn. J`b` ë n phss`n curâdkjn quh hxpo`rn n ntkvkdndh hbprhsnrkno, lê` ë j`rrht` jmnbnr ‟hbprhsîrk`‒ ` sújk` dn s`jkhdndh hbprhsîrkn.

@s tkp`s dh tr`jn l` nt` j`bhrjkno L` jhltr` dh t`d` nt` dh j`bërj j`bërjk`, k`, hxksth shbprh n tr`jn j`b` `fcht` kbhdknt` ù bhdknt`. Nsskb, p`r hxhbpo`, sh ubn phss`n vhldh ub pr`dut` n ùtrn, rhnokzn ubn tr`jn (d` pr`dut` p`r dklmhkr`) kbhdkntn ù dkrhtn, ù shcn, prntkjn ub nt` j`bhrjkno. Zh ubn phss`n ‟N‒ ndqukrh dh ùtrn phss`n ‟F‒ ub pr`dut`, j`b ` ekb dh rhvhldã-o` n ubn thrjhkrn phss`n (‟J‒), prntkjn tnbfëb ub nt` dh j`bërjk`, nakld` ‟N‒ j`b` klthrbhdkîrk` ln hehtkvnáê` dh tr`jn dh vno`rhs (ù fhls) hltrh ‟F‒ h ‟J‒, tr`jn hstn, p`rtnlt`, bhdkntn ù kldkrhtn.Tnbfëb n hbprhsn kldustrkno prntkjn nt` dh j`bërjk`, qunld` hehtun n tr`jn (bhdkntn) d`s shus pr`dut`s (rhsuotnlths d` trnfnom` rhnokznd` j`b bntërkn-prkbn) p`r ùtr`s fhls (hb hsphjkno, dklmhkr`). Kaunobhlth, prntkjn tnbfëb fë b ub nt nt` ` dh j` j`bë bërj rjk` k` nq nquh uhoh oh qu quh, h, p` p`r r hxhbpo`, ndqukrh ub b`fkokîrk` pnrn klstnonáê` dh ub hstnfhohjkbhlt` j`bhrjkno, p`ks hssh nt` thb p`r eklnokdndh p`sskfkoktnr n rhnokznáê` dns tr`jns, l` hxhrjâjk` dns ntkvkdndhs j`bhrjknks.

Hb ub d`s okvr`s d` prèhss`r Eîfk`, jktn-sh nkldn ` b`bhlt` dh arnldh hsjonrhjkbhlt` pnrn ` hstud` j`b ` shauklth rnjk`jâlk`3 @ dkrhkt` tnbfëb rhauon n sktunáê` d`s sújk`s, anrnltkld`-omhs anrnltkld` -omhs dkrhkt`s h kbputnld kbputnld`-omhs `-omhs rhsp`lsnfkokdndhs hb rnzê` dh hxpo`rnáê` dn ntkvkdndh hbprhsnrkno phon s`jkhdndh dh quh enz pnrth. Bns lê` sê` `s dkrhkt`s h rhsp`lsnfkokdndhs quh jnfhb é phss`n curâdkjn7 sê` ùtr`s rhshrvnd`s phon ohk pnrn `s quh sh hlj`ltrnb ln j`ldkáê` dh sújk`.

N prîtkjn j`lstnlth h mnfktuno d`s nt`s dh j`bërjk` ë ` quh jnrnjthrkzn ` j`bhrjknlth. J`ltud`, e`k dndn l`vn dheklkáê` n` thrb` hbprhsîrk` h, j`b` ` j`bhrjknlth dhvh m`ch shr hlthldkd` j`b` hbprhsîrk`, jubprh-l`s nlnOhaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon >

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Nsskb, n` bhljk`lnr ‟s`jkhdndh hbprhsîrkn‒, ù skbpohsbhlth ‟hbprhsîrk`‒, ` prèhss`r rhehrh-sh é phss`n curâdkjn quh hxpo`rn n ntkvkdndh hj`lôbkjn, h lê` n`s shus sújk`s. N hxprhssê` ‟hbprhsn‒ dhskalnrî n ntkvkdndh h luljn n s`jkhdndh.

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jnltks p`rquh n Ohk `s dhjonrn. Ë, p`rtnlt`, n prúprkn Ohk quh ntrkfuk n hsshs nt`s ns jnrnjthrâstkjns dh nt`s dh j`bërjk`. Zê` hohs3 >. @phrnáøhs h lhaújk`s s`frh tâtuo`s dn dâvkdn pófokjn7 6. Nt`s rhontkv`s é hxkstãljkn dns s`jkhdndhs bhrjnltks7 :. @phrnáøhs rhontkvns és Ohtrns dh Jæbfk`7 4. L`tns Yr`bkssúrkns7 8. Dupokjntns7 5. Jmhquhs7 1. Fkomhths dh bhrjnd`rkns7 =. Qnrrnlts7 ;. Zh Zhau aur`s r`s bn bnrâ râtktkb`s b`s33 rks rksj` j`ss h erh erhtn tnbhl bhlt` t`s7 s7 >9. Zhaur`s rhnks.

Jonsskekjnáê` Zhauld` ` ndvànd` C`së ]nvkhr Jnrvnom` dh Bhld`lán, `s nt`s dh j`bërjk` jonsskekjnb-sh hb3 n) nt`s dh j`bërjk` p`r lnturhzn7 f) nt`s dh j`bërjk` p`r dhphldãljkn ù j`lhxê`7 j) nt`s dh j`bërjk` p`r e`rán ù nut`rkdndh dn ohk.

Júdka` Jkvko j`b` sufstktut` d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`

Nt ` s dh j `b ër ërjk jk ` p` r l nt ntur ur hzn sê` nquhohs prntkjnd`s p`r j`bhrjknlths, l` hxhrjâjk` dh suns ntkvkdndhs prèkssk`lnks, `s qunks tãb jnrîthr bhrjnltko p`r sun prúprkn lnturhzn. Zê` hohs3 >. J`bprn h vhldn dh j`ksns búvhks7 6. Hsphjuonáê` s`frh kbúvhks qunld` rhnokzndn p`r Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn7 :. O`jnáê` (nouauho) dh j`ksns búvhks7 4. @phrnáê` dh jæbfk`7 8. @phrnáøhs fnljîrkns7 5. @phrnáøhs dh bhdknáøhs l`s lhaújk`s j`bhrjknks (j`ltnahb)7 1. @phrnáøhs dns hbprhsns dh eîfrkjns, dh j`bkssøhs, dh dhpúskt`, dh hxphdkáê`, j`lskalnáê` h trnlsp`rth, dh hsphtîjuo`s pófokj`s h dh ùtrns7 =. @phrnáøhs rhontkvns é lnvhanáê`, kldóstrkn h trîeha` nërh`.

Dksshb`s quh ` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` e`k n Ohk dh bnk`r rhohvæljkn pnrn ` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno dh l`ss` pnâs. E`k lnturno quh, l` dhj`rrhr dn hvòuáê` d`s thbp`s, thlmnb surakd` lubhr`sns j`ltrkfukáøhs h m`ch kltharnb n mkstúrkn dh l`ssn s`jkhdndh. Hssns j`ltrkfukáøhs e`rnb pnuontklnbhlth nbndurhjkdns p`r hsphjknokstns, klj`rp`rnld`-sh, p`r ekb, és l`ssns ohks. Dhssn e`rbn, ohks h dhjrht`s b`dkekjnb arnl ar nldh dh pn pnrt rth h d` d`ss rh rhjo jonb nb`s `s s` s`jk jknk nkss qu quhh

Nt `s dh j `b Nt`s `bërj ërj k` p` p`rr dhp dhphld hldãlj ãljkk n ù j`lhxê` sê` nt`s njhssúrk`s shjuldîrk`s, okand`s, dh noaubn e`rbn, n`s nt`s dh j`bërjk` p`r lnturhzn. ûnsh shbprh p`ssuhb lnturhzn jkvko, sú nssubkld` jnrîthr dh nt`s j`bhrjknks n` sh okanrhb, dh noaub b`d`, n` j`bërjk`, qunld` prntkjnd` p`r j`bhrjknlth h hb vkrtudh d` j`bërjk`. Nt `s dh j` Nt`s j`bër bër jk jk` ` p` p`rr e` e`rá rán n ù nut nut`r `rkkdndh dh ohk sê` nquhohs j`lskdhrnd`s bhrOhaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon >

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p`dhb shr ntrkfuâd`s tnbfëb n` jrhsjkbhlt` h dhshlvòvkbhlt` njhltund` dn kldóst dó strkn rkn h dn dnss rh rhon onáø áøhs hs dh j` j`bë bërj rjk` k` hb l`ss` pnâs. Unoh ohbfrnr quh, l` klâjk`, ` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` j`bpulmn-sh dh trãs pnrths h ub tâtuo` ólkj`, n snfhr3

prèkssk`lnobhlth ntkvkdndh hj`lôbkjn `ranlkzndn pnrn n pr`duáê` ù n jkrjuonáê` dh fhls ù shrvká`s‒. Y`r kauno th`r, jubprh dkzhr ` Ynrîarne` ólkj` d` bhsb` Nrtka`, quh trnz n hxjou jo usê sê` ` d` j` j`lj ljhhkt kt`, `, pnr nrnn hsj sjon onrh rhjjhr hvhltuno dóvkdn quh vhlmn n surakr3

• Yn Ynrt rthh Yr Yrkb kbhk hkrn rn ‚ D` j` j`bë bërj rjk` k` hb ahrno7

Lê` sh j`lskdhrn hbprhsîrk` quhb hxhrjh prèkssê` klthohjtuno, dh lnturhzn jkhltâekjn, okthrîrkn ù nrtâstkjn, nkldn j`b ` j`ljurs` dh nuxkoknrhs nuxkoknrhs ù jònf`rnd`rhs, snov` sh ` hxhrjâjk` dn prèkssê` j`lstktukr hohbhlt` dn hbprhsn.

• Ynrth Zhauldn ‚ D` j`bërjk` bnrâtkb`7 • Ynrth Thrjhkrn ‚ Dns quhfrns7 • Tâtuo` Ólkj` ‚ Dn ndbklkstrnáê` dn Custkán l`s lhaújk`s h jnusns j`bhrjknks. Ns pnrths dhsth Júdka` sh dkvkdhb hb tâtuo`s, hsths hb jnpâtuo`s h, eklnobhlth, `s jnpâtuo`s hb sháøhs. @ Tâtuo` Ólkj` d` Júdka` hstî m`ch klthkrnbhlth rhvànd`.

Ohks lê` suf`rdk lndn lndns s n` Júdka` Jkvko Dhvh Dh vhb` b`s s t` t`bn bnrr no noau auls ls ju jukd kdnd nd`s `s,, p` p`ks ks hx hxks ks-thb ohks quh lê` ekjnb suf`rdklndns n` Júdka` Jkvko, p`r shrhb hsphjknks. Jktnb`s j`b` hxhbpo`, n jonssh d`s ndvànd`s quh, hbf`rn hxhránb án b nt ntkv kvkd kdnd ndhs hs jk jkhl hltâ tâek ekjn jns, s, lê lê` ` p` p`dh dhb b sh shr r j`ls j` lskdh kdhrn rnd` d`s s hb hbprh prhsî sîrk` rk`s, s, hb vk vkrtu rtudh dh dn Oh Ohkk qu quh h rhauon ns suns ntkvkdndhs (Ohk l³ =.;95/;4).

Hbprhsîrk`s

@ prèhss`r Eîfk` Xom`n J`hom` dheklh hbprhsn j`b`3 Ntkvkdndh hj`lôbkjn `ranlkzndn pnrn n pr`duáê` ù jkrjuonáê` dh fhls ù shrvká`s. Zhld` ubn ntkvkdndh, n hbprhsn lê` thb n lnturhzn curâdkjn dh suchkt` dh dkrhkt` lhb dh j`ksn. Hb ùtrns pnonvrns, lê` sh j`leuldh j`b ` hbprhsîrk` (suchkt`) lhb j`b ` hstnfhohjkbhlt` fhohjkbhl t` hbprhsnrkno (j`ksn).

Bhl`rhs Hbprhsîrk`s N bn bnk` k`rkd rkdnd ndh, h, nl nlth thss nt ntkl klak akdn dn n` n`ss 6> nl`s, j`b n hltrndn hb vka`r d` l`v` Júdka` Jkvko, ë `ftkdn m`ch n` sh j`bpohtnr >= nl`s. @ bhl`r hltrh >5 h >= nl`s ë rhontkvnbhlth kljnpnz, bns ë p`ssâvho quh hsth bhl`r sh t`rlh pohlnbhlth jnpnz3

@ Júdka` Jkvko sh klkjkn e`rlhjhld` n j`ljhk j`l jhktun tunáê` áê` dh hbp hbprhs rhsîrk` îrk`,, kld kldkjn kjnld` ld` qunks ns jnrnjthrâstkjns ù qunokdndhs lhjhssîrkns pnrn shr hbprhsîrk`, fhb j`b` ns `frkanáøhs ù dhvhrhs, h qunks ns prhrràntkvns ù dkrhkt`s d` bhsb`. @ Júdka` èhrhjh n j`ljhktunáê` dh hbprhsîrk` dh b`d` dkrht` qunld` np`ltn suns jnrnjthrâstkjns, dkrhkt`s h dhvhrhs. J`b` cî e`k jktnd` tn d`,, ` Nr Nrtk tka` a` ;5 ;555 dk dksp spøh øh ` sh shau aukl klth th33 ‟J`lsk ‟J` lskdhr dhrn-s n-shh hbp hbprhs rhsîrk` îrk` quh quhb b hxh hxhrjh rjh Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon >

Zh e`r hbnljkpnd` N hbnljkpnáê` dhvhrî shr ùt`randn pho`s pnks, ù p`r ub dhohs ln enotn dh ùtr`, bhdknlth klstrubhlt` pófokj`, kldhphldhlthbhlth dh m`bòànáê` cudkjkno ù >4


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p`r shlthlán d` cukz. Zh ` bhl`r tkvhr >5 nl`s j`bpoht`s, dhvhrî shr ùvkd` pho` tut`r. @ l`v` Júdka` Jkvko lê` hxkah quh n hbnljkpnáê` shcn rhehrkdn cudkjknobhlth, j`ltud`, sh nsskb e`r ehktn, hxkah-sh quh n hbnljkpnáê` shcn nl`tndn l` Vhakstr` Jkvko dns Yhss`ns Lnturnks h, shauld` ` Nrtka` >.5;9 dhsth Júdka`3

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(...) U ‚ n kdndh bâlkbn dh dhz`kt` nl`s‒.

Hltê`, lê` sh phrbkth bnks n hbnljkpnáê` p`r hbprha` pófokj`, hb rhsphkt` n` jktnd` Júdka`. Zh jònr arnu hb hlskl` suphrk`r N nqukskáê` dh lâvho suphrk`r l`s ohvn n jrhr quh hxksth jnpnjkdndh dh trnfnom`.

J`bphth n`s pnks, h ln enotn dh ub dhohs n` ùtr`, j`b hxjouskvkdndh, rhprhshltnr `s ekom`s bhl`rhs dh dhzhsshks nl`s, fhb j`b` nsskstk-o`s ntë j`bpohtnrhb n bnk`rkdndh ù shrhb hbnljkpnd`s.

Zh tkvhr hj`l`bkn prúprkn phon hxkstãljkn dh rhonáê` dh hbprha` Dhsd Dh sdh h qu quhh hb eu eulá láê` ê` dh dhoh oh.. No Noëb ëb dkss`, jubprh-l`s ohbfrnr quh ` bhl`r p`dhrî ekaurnr ` hbprhsîrk`, sh rhprhshltnd` h, pnrn tnlt`, nlths dh klkjknr n ntkvkdndh bhrjnltko, dhvh pr`vkdhljknr ` Vhakstr` dh J`bërjk`, m`ch bnks j`lmhjkd` j`b` Vhakstr` Yófokj` Yófokj` dns Hbprhsns Bhrjnltks Bhrjnltks h Ntkvkdndhs Nekls.

Ynrîarne Ynrîa rne`` ól ólkj` kj`.. @s pn pnks ks dh dhvh vhb b dh dhjkd jkdkr kr hb j`bub ns quhstøhs rhontkvns n`s ekom`s h n shus fhls7 mnvhld` dkvhraãljkn, p`dhrî qunoquhr dhohs rhj`rrhr n` cukz pnrn n sòuáê` lhjhssîrkn.

Unoh ohbfrnr quh ` pnk h n bêh, hlqunlt` l` hx hxhrj hrjâj âjk` k` d` p` p`dh dhrr en enbko bkoknr knr,, sê` us usue uerut rutuîr uîrk`s k`s d`s fhls d`s ekom`s, ù shcn, p`dhb sh utkokznr d` fhb j`b` sh dhohs e`sshb, dhsdh quh lê` vhldnb vhl dnb.. J`l J`ltu tud`, d`, hs hstnr tnrê` ê` hx hxjou jouâd âd`s `s d` usu usueru erut` t` sú fhls ndqukrkd`s pho` ekom` bnk`r dh >5 nl`s, lns shauklths sktunáøhs3 • L` hxhrjâjk` dh ntkvkdndhs prèkssk`lnks, j`b tnks rhjurs`s7 • Ln `fthláê` dh fhls pho` ekom` e`rn d` jnsnbhlt`, nlths dh shr rhj`lmhjkd`7 • @s fhls dhkxnd`s ù d`nd`s n` bhl`r, s`f n j`ldkáê` dh lê` shrhb usueruâd`s ù ndbklkstrnd`s pho`s pnks7 • @s fhls dhkxnd`s ln mhrnlán qunld` `s pnks e`rhb hxjouâd`s dhon.

J`lt `ltklu klukdn kdndh dh dn hbpr bprh hsn p`r ub bhl`r @ Nrtka` ;14 d` l`v` Júdka` Jkvko thb rhohvnlths hsjonrhjkbhlt`s l` quh sh rhehrh é j` j`ltk ltklu lukdn kdndh dh dn hb hbpr prhs hsn n ph pho` o` bh bhl` l`rr, qunld` qun ld` hst hsth h rhj rhjhfã hfã-o` -o` p`r mhr mhrnlá nlán. n. @fshrvh ubn sktunáê` quh sh t`rlù j`bub hb l`ss` j`tkdknl`3 ` pnk, hbprhsîrk`, enohjh h ` bhl`r mhrdn ns j`tns dn hbprhsn. @ jktnd` Nrtka` dhthrbkln dhthrbkln quh3

Zh jnsnr Yrhjhktun ` Nrtka` >.869 d` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno3 ‟Hxjhpjk`lnobhlth, ‟Hxjhpjk`lnobhlth, shrî phrbktkd` ` jnsnbhlt` dh quhb nkldn lê` nojnláù n kdndh lófko (nrt. >.8>1), pnrn hvktnr kbp`skáê` ù jubprkbhlt` dh phln jrkbklno ù hb jns` dh arnvkdhz‒.

Y`dhrî ` kljnpnz, p`r bhk` dh rhprhshltnlth ù dhvkdnbhlth nsskstkd`, j`ltklunr n hbprhsn nlths hxhrjkdn p`r hoh hlqunlt` jnpnz, p`r shus pnks ù pho` nut`r dh mhrnlán.

Zh hxhrjhr hbprha` pófokj` Hsth kthb tklmn sun custkekjntkvn, p`ks `s bhl`rhs hrnb utkokznd`s j`b` nprhldkzhs, bns m`ch lê` sh nd`tn hssn prîtkjn, hb vkrtudh dn Ohk l ³ =.>>6/;9, quh dkspøh ` shauklth3 ‟Zê` rhqukskt`s fîskj`s pnrn klvhstkdurn hb jnra` pófokj`3 Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon >

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Lhsth jns`, shrî lhjhssîrkn prëvkn nut`rkznáê` cudkjkno, b`bhlt` hb quh sh jukdnrî dh hxnbklnr ns jkrjulstæljkns h rksj`s dn hbprhsn, fhb j`b` n j`lvhlkãljkn hb j`ltkluî-on. N nut`rkznáê` p`dhrî shr rhvàndn pho` cukz, n` ùvkr `s tut`rhs ù rhprh>8


Search Sign In Join  Explore   Top Charts   shltnlths shltnlth s ohanks d` bhl`r bhl`r,, shb prhcuâz` d`s nl`s (p`rquh n bnk`rkdndh hrn >= nl`s pnrn n dkrhkt`s quh thlmnb skd` ndqukrkd`s p`r thr- buomhr h 6> pnrn `s m`bhls h m`ch ë >= nl`s jhkr`s, quh p`dhb thr sh klthrhssnd` h ndpnrn nbf`s `s shx`s) j`b nut`rkznáê` dh shus bnrkd`s, quh dhvhrkn j`lstnr dn hsjrkturn qukrkd` ù bhsb` lha`jknd` j`b ` bhl`r. Noëb No ëb dk dkss ss`, `, sh ` rh rhpr prhs hshlt hlt nlt nlth h ù ns nssk skss- pófokjn d` Vhakstr` dh J`bërjk`. Zujhdh, p`rëb, quh j`b ` jrknáê` dn thlth d` bhl`r e`r phss`n quh, p`r dksp`skOhk l³ 4.>6>/56 (j`lmhjkdn j`b ‟Hstntut` dn áê` ohano, lê` pudhr hxhrjhr ntkvkdndhs dh Buomhr Jnsndn‒), quh dkspulmn s`frh n skhbprhsîrk`, shrî l`bhnd`, j`b n npr`vnáê` áê ` d` cu cukz kz,, ub ù bn bnks ks ah ahrh rhlt lths hs.. D` tunáê` curâdkjn dn buomhr, ekjù rhvànd` bhsb` b`d`, shrî l`bhnd` ahrhlth hb hsth Kljks` 4³, p`ks hssn Ohk nfòku n nut`rkt`d`s `s jns`s hb quh ` cukz hlthldhr shr znáê` d` bnrkd` pnrn ` hxhrjâjk` dns pr`j`lvhlkhlth. ekssøhs hb ahrno.

Hsth bhsb` Kljks` lê` sh custkekjn bnks, vkst` quh n pr`buoanáê` d` l`v` Júdka` Jkvko pôs ekb n qunoquhr dóvkdn quh nkldn hxkstkn l` quh sh rhehrh n hssh thbn, p`ks hstn l`vn Ohk njnfù p`r rhvànr ` Nrtka` >³ d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` h j`lsòkdù nquko` quh cî vklmn nbpnrnd` phon l`ssn J`lstktukáê` Ehdhrno (>;==). Ohbfrnb`s nsskb quh n J`lstktukáê` j`lsnarn ` prkljâpk` dh quh ‟T`d`s sê` kaunks phrnlth n ohk, shb dkstkláê` dh qunoquhr lnturhzn‒ (Nrtka` 8³) d`ldh lê` p`dh sufskstkr, j`ltrn hss hssh h th thxt` xt` prk prkb`r b`rdkn dkno,o, ` dks dksp`s p`sktk ktkv` v` d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno quh, noëb dh thr skd` rhvànd`, ë Ohk `rdklîrkn, ù shcn, dh bhl`r vno`r n l`ssn J`lstktukáê`. N nut`rkznáê` d` bnrkd` pnrn n buomhr jnsndn cî lê` sh custkekjn, dndn n hvòuáê` d`s thbp`s h ns klóbhrns j`lqukstns quh ` b`vkbhlt` ehbklkl` `fthvh, nbpnrndns p`r t`dns ns ohks dhsjrktns. Dhssh b`d`, p`dh n buomhr jnsndn rhquhrhr okvrhbhlth sun klsjrkáê` l` Vhakstr` dh J`bërjk`, pnrn quh hxhrán, shb qunoquhr kbphdkbhlt`, n prèkssê` dh hbprhsîrkn. Unoh dkzhr tnbfëb quh tnlt` ` hbprhsîrk` qunlt` n hbprhsîrkn jnsndn, p`dhb, shb lhjhsskdndh dh j`lshltkbhlt` j`lcuano, qunoquhr quh shcn ` rhakbh dh fhls, vhldhr kbúvhks quh kltharnb ` pntrkbôlk` dn hbprhsn ù arnvî-o`s dh ôlus rhno. H kss` ë j`lekrbnd` ntrnvës dn nlîoksh d` Nrtka` >.546 d` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno3

Ë kbp`rtnlth dkzhr quh n npr`vnáê` d` cukz lê` hxkbh ` rhprhshltnlth ù nssksthlth d` bhl`r dn rhsp`lsnfkokdndh pho`s nt`s d`s ahrhlths l`bhnd`s. Zh hsth rhprhshltnlth, nakld` dh bnlh bn lhkrn krn j` j`rrh rrhtn tn,, np npur` urùu prh prhcu cuâz âz`, `, ` bhl`r dhvhrî sup`rtî-o` j`b shu pntrkbôlk` ntë ` b`ltnlth dksp`st` l` j`ltrnt` dn hbprhsn.

Buomhr jnsndn j`b` j`bhrjknlth

Nltkanbhlth, enonvn-sh hb nut`rkznáê` d` bnrkd` pnrn n buomhr j`bhrjknr, bhsb` pnrn ns bnk`rhs dh >= nl`s. @fshrvn-sh quh ` Kljks` 4³ d` Nrtka` >³ d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` dkspulmn quh p`dknb hxhrjhr ` j`bërjk` ns buomhrhs jnsndns bnk`rhs dh >= Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon >

ûnoquhr quh shcn ` rhakbh dh fhls, tnlt` ` bnrkd` qunlt` n buomhr p`dhb okvrhbhlth3 K - prntkjnr t`d`s `s nt`s dh dksp`skáê` h dh ndbklkstrnáê` lhjhssîrk`s n` dhshbphlm` dh sun prèks>5


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Hssns phss`ns, p`rtnlt`, lê` tãb j`ldkáøhs ohanks pnrn sh t`rlnrhb hbprhsîrk`s, l` jns` dh n lnturhzn dns euláøhs quh hxhrjhb hxhrj hb shr klj`b klj`bpntâ pntâvho vho j`b ` hxhrj hxhrjâjk` âjk` d` trnfnom` hb j`bërjk`.

sê`, j`b ns okbktnáøhs hstnfhohjkdns l` kljks` K d` nrt. >.5417 KK - ndbklkstrnr `s fhls prúprk`s7 KKK - dhs`frkanr ù rhkvkldkjnr `s kbúvhks quh thlmnb skd` arnvnd`s ù nokhlnd`s shb ` shu j`lshltkbhlt` ù shb suprkbhlt` cudkjkno.

Bnks d` quh kss`, pr`vn vkvn dh quh n buomhr, dh ent`, j`lsnarù-sh, ndqukrkld` `s bhsb`s dkrhkt`s, vnb`s `fshrvnr ` quh dkspøh ` Nrtka` >.54: d` bhsb` Júdka`3

N phss`n ohanobhlth kbphdkdn dh hxhrjhr ntkvkdndh prúprkn dh hbprhsîrk`, sh n hxhrjhr, rhsp`ldhrî phons `frkanáøhs j`ltrnâdns.

Y`dhb `s jôlcuahs, kldhphldhlthbhlth dh nut`rkznáê` ub d` ùtr`3 K - j`bprnr, nkldn n jrëdkt`, ns j`ksns lhjhssîrkns é hj`l`bkn d`bëstkjn7

ûnokdndhs d` Hbprhsîrk`

KK - `fthr, p`r hbprëstkb`, ns qunltkns quh n nqukskáê` dhssns j`ksns p`ssn hxkakr.

J`lskdhrnld` tud` ` quh ntë na`rn hxpushb`s njhrjn d` hbprhsîrk`, p`dhb`s nekrbnr qu quh, h, pn pnrn rn ubn phss ss`n `n `s `stthl hlttnr n qunokdndh dh hbprhsîrk`, trãs rhqukskt`s hohbhltnrhs prhjksnb hstnr prhshlths3

@s Yr`kfk Yr`kfk d`s dh j`bhrjknr Mî phss`ns n quhb, p`r hxhrjhrhb dhthrbklndns euláøhs, ë vhdnd` ` hxhrjâjk` d` j`bërjk`, shauld` ` Nrtka` 6³ d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`, quh sh bnltëb j`b ` l`v` Júdka` Jkvko. N rhehrkdn pr`kfkáê` nthldh, hb ahrno, n rnzøhs dh `rdhb pófokjn h ntklah, hltrh ùtr`s, `s cuâzhs, `s bhbfr`s d` Bklkstërk` Yófokj` (pr`b`t`rhs), `s bkoktnrhs, `s euljk`lîrk`s pófokj`s, `s ohko`hkr`s, `s j`rrht`rhs htj. Tnbfëb Tnbfëb `s enokd`s lê` p`dhb j`bhrjknr, hlqunlt` lê` ohanobhlth mnfkoktnd`s.

>. Jnpnjkdndh curâdkjn7 6. Hxhrjhr prèkssk`lnobhlth ntkvkdndh hj`lôbkjn `ranlkzndn `ranlkzndn pnrn n pr`duáê` ù jkrjuonáê` dh fhls ù shrvká`7 :. Lê` thr kbphdkbhlt`s ohanks, ndvkld`s dh jnra`, hbprha` pófokj` ù rhstrkáê` ohano.

Nu N u on >

>) @ quh ë Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno0

V3PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPP PPPPPPP PPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPP PPPPPPP PPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPP PPPPPPP PPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPP Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon >

>1


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6) Lubhrh `s kthls j`rrhtnbhlth.

( > ) L`rbns ( 6 ) E`lths ( : ) Ohk Ohkss ( ) Úra Úraê`s ê`s rhv rhvhon hond`r d`rhs hs d` Dkrh Dkrhkt` kt`.. ( ) Yrhjhkt`s Yrhjhkt`s quh sh sh dkrkahb, dkrkahb, kldkstkltn kldkstkltnbhlt bhlth, h, n t`d`s t`d`s `s bhbfr`s bhbfr`s quh quh kltharnb kltharnb ubn ubn jòhtkvkdndh. ( ) Vharns Vharns s`jknks s`jknks `frkant `frkantúrkns, úrkns, quh sh sh kbpøhb kbpøhb n t`d`s `s kldkvâdu kldkvâdu`s. `s. :) ‟N ‟ N O h k b n k s k bp ` r t n lt h pn r n ` D k r hk t` J ` b hr jk no f r n sk o h k r ` ë ` PPPPPPP PPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPP, PP, quh sufs sufstkt tktuku uku,, hb arnldh arn ldh pnr pnrth, th, ` nltka` PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.‒ 4) N `fshrvæljkn `fshrvæljkn dh ub j`bp`rtnbhlt` quh, p`r shr o`la` h rhphtkd` p`r t`d`s, t`rlnsh `frkantúrk`, trnlse`rbnld`-sh hb l`rbn njòmkdn h rhj`lmhjkdn pho` Dkrhkt`, hbf`rn lê` shcn l`rbn hsjrktn p`r Ohk. Hstnb`s enonld` dh3

n) ( f) ( j) ( d) (

) Jú Júdk dka` a` Jk Jkvk vkoo ) Oha Ohakson ksonáê` áê` J`b J`bhrj hrjkno kno ) E` E`lt lths hs d` Dk Dkrh rhktkt` ` ) J` J`st stub ubhh Cu Curâ râdkj dkj` `

8) @ quh sê` Klj`thrbs0

V3 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPP PPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPP PPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PP 5) @ quh sê` Nt`s dh J`bërjk`0

V3PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPP PPPPPPP PPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPP PPPPPPP PPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPP 1) Ynrn quh n buomhr jnsndn shcn ubn j`bhrjknlth, ë lhjhssîrk`3

n) ( f) ( j) ( d) (

) thr thr nut`r nut`rkzn kznáê` áê` d` bnrkd bnrkd`. `. ) shr shr bnk`r bnk`r dh >= nl` nl`s. s. ) rhquhrhr rhquhrhr sun klsjrká klsjrkáê` ê` l` Vhakst Vhakstr` r` dh J`bërjk` J`bërjk`.. ) shr bnk`r bnk`r dh 6> 6> nl`s h thr nut`rkz nut`rkznáê` náê` d` d` bnrkd`. bnrkd`.


>=


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pøhb. M`ch, p`dhb`s nsshaurnr quh ` j`bhrjknlth kldkvkduno pnssù n shr j`lskdhrnd` j`b` hbprhsîrk` kldkvkduno dn b`dnokdndh ekrbn.

NXO N 6 NXON J@BHVJKNLTH KLDKUKDXNO

J`b n hvòuáê` d`s thbp`s, noaubns prîtkjns pnssnrnb n shr nd`tndns h nsskb, n` klvës dh sh utkokznr ` prúprk` l`bh, vhrkekjù-sh quh p`r vhzhs n bnrjn ë ` ntrkfut` bnks rhltîvho pnrn n hxpo`rnáê` dn ntkvkdndh hj`lôbkjn.

Nsskb, ` hbprhsîrk` utkokzn-sh dh l`bh hbprhsnrkn hbprh snrknoo pnrn kdhl kdhltkekj tkekjnr-sh nr-sh hj`l hj`l`bkjn `bkjn-bhlth j`b` prhstnd`r dh shrvká`s h pr`dut`s pnrn `s j`lsubkd`rhs. Lhssh shltkd`, ` prèhss`r Eîfk` nkldn hsjonrhjh3 L` pnssnd`, hrn j`bub quh ` j`bërjk` e`ssh hxhrjkd` p`r ubn phss`n lnturno, p`r sun prúprkn j`ltn h l`bh, lê` shld` j`lskdhrndn phss`n curâdkjn. Nsskb, prntkjnvn-sh ntkvkdndhs bhrjn bhr jnltk ltks, s, j`b j`b`` pr` prèks ekssê sê`, `, shl shld` d` ` j`b j`bhrj hrjknl knlth th j`lmhjkd` j`b` j`bhrjknlth kldkvkduno. Buktns vhzhs, vhrkekjnvn-sh n utkokznáê` dh ub l`bh dkehrhlth d` l`bh jkvko, pnrn kdhltkekjnáê` d` kldkvâdu` j`b` j`bhrjknlth, ` quh hrn tkd` j`b` ub hstrntnahbn (bhk` pnrn dhshbphlmnr ` lhaújk`).

M`ch hb dkn, ` l`bh hbprhsnrkno lê` jubprh bnks n euláê` bhrjndòúakjn d` pnssnd`. E`k sufstktuâd` ln euláê` phon bnrjn. Zh nlths, `s j`lsubkd`rhs e`rbuonvnb ` j`ljhkt` njhrjn dh qunokdndh d`s pr`dut`s, pho` prhstâak` d` l`bh d` j`bhrjknlth quh `s vhldkn, ln hj`l`bkn dh bnssn `phrn-sh ubn klvhrsê`3 j`lmhjh-sh n bnrjn h ë ntrnvës dhon quh, kldkrhtnbhlth sh kdhltkekjn ` hbprhsîrk`. @u shcn, nltkanbhlth n shdn hrn f`n p`rquh mnvkn skd` ndqukrkdn ln jnsn dh ub jhrt` j`bhrjknlth. M`ch hb dkn, n hbprhsn ë j`ljhktundn p`rquh vhldh n shdn kdhltkekjndn p`r ubn j`lmhjkdn bnrjn.

@ prèhss`r Eîfk` nkldn j`ltklun3

Ynrn ` prèhss`r Eîfk` Xom`n J`hom`3 ...hrn bnks eîjko n` j`lsubkd` j`lsubkd`rr rhp`rtnr-sh n` j`bhrjknlth pho` l`bh j`bhrjkno d` quh pho` jkvko. Hb ùtr`s thrb`s, j`b fnsh l` shu l`bh dh fntksb`, ` j`bhrjknlth j`stubnvn jrknr ùtr` l`bh dh bnks eîjko nsskbkonáê` pho`s j`lsubkd`rhs h dhbnks nahlths hj`lôbkj`s, pnssnld` n usî-o` l`s nt`s dh j`bërjk`.

@ j`bërjk` p`dkn shr hxhrjkd` phon s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno (phss`n curâdkjn) quh, hbf`rn f`r n j` j`lst lstktu ktuâdn âdn pho phonn rhu rhulkê lkê` ` dh phs phss`n s`nss lnturnks, thb phrs`lnokdndh curâdkjn prúprkn h ë kldhphldhlth dns phss`ns eâskjns quh n j`bOhaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 6

N euláê` d` l`bh hbprhsnrkno hstî bnks okandn és rhonáøhs d` shu tktuonr j`b ùtr`s hbprhsîrk`s sîr k`s,, h bhl bhl`s `s és vò vòtnd tndns ns n`s j`l j`lsub subkd` kd`rhs rhs custke cus tkekjn kjn n dke dkehrh hrhlán lán d` tr trntn ntnbhlt bhlt`` cur curâdk âdkj` j` quh omh omhss ë dksphlsnd` erhlth n bnrjns. Lhb p`r kss` sh p`dh dhsprhznr ` l`bh dh noauëb, vkst` quh dhvhsh shbprh rhsphktnr n rhputnáê` d` hbprhsîrk` l` bhk` hb quh ntun.

Ekrbn J`bhrjkno Jmnbn-sh ekrbn, ù rnzê` hbprhsnrkno, ` >;


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l`bh j`b ` quno ` j`bhrjknlth kldkvkduno, ù n s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno, hxhrjh ns ntkvkdndhs hbprhsnrknks h nsskln l`s nt`s rhehrhlths n hssns ntkvkdndhs. Jns` sh trnth dh hbprhsîrk` kldkvkduno, thrhb`s n ekrbn quh sh j`lstktukrî dh l`bh jkvko d` hbprhsîrk` p`r hxthls` ù nfrhvknd`, nj`bpnlmnd` ù lê` d` rnb` dh ntkvkdndhs.

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Vhakstr` dh J`bërjk`

ûnld` sh trntn dh s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno, shrî hon dhskalndn p`r ubn ekrbn ù rnzê` s`jkno, quh lndn bnks ë d` quh ` l`bh dhssn s`jkh jk hdn dndh dh s`f ` qun unoo hon hxhr hrjh jhrî rî su suns ns ntkvkdndhs bhrjnltks. L` quh tnlah és s`jkhdndhs j`bhrjknks, p`dhrê` thr ekrbn s`jkno ù dhl`bklnáê` s`jkno. Ë kb kbp` p`rt rtnl nlth th rh rhss ssno notn tnrr qu quh h ekekrb rbn n ë ` l` l`bh bh hbprhsnrkno, ù shcn, ë ` l`bh s`f ` quno ` j`bhrjknlth (quhr phss`n lnturno, quhr ubn s`jkhdndh) hxhrjh suns ntkvkdnd ntkvkdndhs hs bhrjnltk bhrjnltks. s.

Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 6

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N euláê` hxhrjkdn phon phon ekrbn ë eîjko dh dhduzkr qunld` sh `fshrvn quh, ln vkdn j`bhrjkno, hxksth n lhjhsskdndh h ` klthrhssh dh dkstklaukr h kldkvkdunokznr ` j`bhrjknlth j`b` suchkt` dh dkrhkt`s h `frkanáøhs. @ l`bh hbprhsnrkno dn ekrbn dhvh shr fhb dheklkd` pnrn dkstklaukr ` hbprhsîrk` dh shus j`lj`rrhlths, hvktnld`, nsskb, j`leusøhs h prhcuâz`s quh p`dhrknb ndvkr, lub bhsb` rhakstr`, dh duns ù bnks ekrbns kdãltkjns. Zh ` Zr. Nltôlk` Yhrhkrn dh Zùsn, d` hxhbpo` jktnd`, ekzhr ubn Z`jkhdndh Okbktndn j`b ` Zr. V`quh d`s Znlt`s, n ekrbn s`jkno shrî e`rbndn pho` l`bh dhohs, p`r hxthls` ù nfrhvkndn (Yhrhkrn & Znlt`s Otdn.), ndbktkld`-sh n sufstktukáê` d` l`bh d` sújk` (ù sújk`s, sh e`rhb trãs ù bnks) phon pnrtâjuon pnrtâjuon ‟& Jkn‒, fhb j`b` n rhehrã rhehrãlljkn n` rnb` dh ntkvkdndh hxpo`rndn (Yhrhkrn & Jkn Otdn.7 Búvhks Yhrhkrn h Znlt`s & Jkn7 J`bërjk` dh Búvhks Otdn.). N hxprhssê` ‟rnzê` s`jkno‒ dhskaln ` bhsb` quh ekrbn, qunld` tktuonrkzndn p`r phss`n curâdkjn.

N r nzê` s`j s `jkno kno ntr nvës d` l` l`bh bh d` hbprhsîrk`. Zh ubn phss`n j`b ` l`bh dh Nltôlk` Yhrhkrn Yhrhk rn dh Zùs Zùsn n sh hstnf hstnfhohj hohjh h j`bh j`bhrjkno rjkno-bhlth, p`dh nd`tnr, j`b` sun ekrbn kldkvkduno, hssh bhsb` l`bh, p`r hxthls` ù nfrhvknd`3 Yhrhkrn dh Zùsn, ù N. Y. dh Zùsn, ù Nltôlk` Y. dh Zùsn htj. @ quh lê` p`dh enzhr ë nothrnr ` shu l`bh jkvko.

Enz-sh j`leusê` hltrh `s thrb`s ekrbn h s`jkhdndh, t`bnld`-`s j`b` sklôlkb`s. Ln vhrdndh, lê` mî skl`lâbkn hltrh hsshs thrb`s, p`ks ekrbn ë nphlns ` l`bh hbprhsnrkno, hbprhsnrkno, shcn d` j`bhrjknlth kldkvkduno, kldkvkdun o, sh shcn cn dh jh jhrtns rtns s`jkh s`jkhdn dndh dhss bhrjnltks. Cî s`jkhdndh ë n nss`jknáê` dh phss`ns.

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Ynrn ` f`b `rdhlnbhlt` dns rhonáøhs curâdkj`-s`jknks, curâdkj`-s`jkn ks, enz-sh lhjhssîrkn lhjhssîrkn n hxkstãljkn dh ub rhakstr` pófokj` (èkjkno) jkvko dns phss`ns lnturnks, ù dh ub rhakstr` pófokj` dh kbúvhks, ù dh ub rhakstr` pófokj` jkvko dns phss`ns curâdkjns htj. Nsskb, dhvh mnvhr ub rhakstr` pófokj` d` j`bërjk`. 69


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N vkdn prèkssk`lno h eklnljhkrn d` j`bhrjknlth klsjrkt` klsjrkt` h jndn ent` quh omh dkan rhsphktkt` ph ` sê sê`` on onlá lánd nd`s `s h j` j`ls lshr hrvn vnd` d`ss l` l`ss nrqukv`s d` rhakstr` j`bhrjkno. Hb sh trntnld` dh rhakstr` pófokj`, ` Vhakstr` dh J`bërjk` sh njmn é dksp`skáê` dh t`dns ns phss`ns quh quhkrnb t`bnr j`lmhjkbhlt` dhoh, klthrhssnld`, nsskb, n quhb bnltkvhr rhonáøhs dh lhaújk`s j`b ` j`bhrjknlth.

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Unoh ohbfrnr quh ` Vhakstr` Jkvko dns Yhss`ns Yhss`ns Cur âdkjn âdkjnss j`ltklun vnoh vnohld` ld` pnrn klsjrkáê` d`s nt`s j`lstk tutkv`s d ns nss`jknáøhs h euldnáøhs quh lê` fusjnb ub ekb hj`lôbkj`.

Hssn pufokjkdndh `frkantúrkn rhsuotn hb fhlheâjk` d` j`bërjk` h dh sun ëtkjn.

@utrns s`jkhdndhs quh dhshbphlmnb ntkvkdndhs jkvks dhvhb fusjnr, l`s trkltn dkns sufshquhlths n sun e`rbnáê`, n klsjrkáê` dh shus nt`s l` Vhakstr` Jkvko dns Yhss`n Curâdkjns d` o`jno dh sun shdh, j`b` fhb dhthrbkln ` Nrtka` ;;= d` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno. T`dnvkn, T`dnvkn, sh `ptnrhb p`r nd`tnr n e`rbn okbktndn, j`ltnb j`b n p`sskfkokdndh dh ohvnrhb shus nt`s j`lstktutkv`s é Cultn J`bhrjkno.

Nltkanbhlth, tâlmnb`s `s Trkfulnks dh J`bërjk`, jrknd`s j`b n eklnokdndh dh rhsòvhr `s j`leokt`s hltrh j`bhrjknlths, bns, j`b n jrknáê` d` Y`dhr Cudkjkîrk`, hb bhnd`s dh >=18, hsshs j`leokt`s pnssnrnb n shr cuoand`s pho`s cuâzhs dh dkrhkt`. Hb >=15, e`rnb klstktuâdns ns shth Cultns J`bhrjknks shld` dkstrkfuâdns lns shauklths jnpktnks3 Vk` dh Cnlhkr`, Fhoëb, Zê` Oukz, Vhjkeh, E`rtnohzn, E`rtnohzn, Y`rt` Noharh h Znovnd`r. M`ch cî hxksth ubn Cultn J`bhrjkno hb jndn Hstnd` h ubn l` Dkstrkt` Ehdhrno.

Y`r e`rán dn Ohk l³ =.;:4/;4, lê` hstê` bnks hb vka`r3 n Ohk l³ 4.165/587 n Ohk l³ 5. ;:;/=>7 n Ohk l³ 5.984/147 ` Ynrîarne` 4³ d` Nrtka` 1> dn Ohk l³ 4.6>8/5: (njrhsjhltnd` phon Ohk l³ 5.==4/=9) h n Ohk l³ =.69;/;>. Dn bhsbn e`rbn, p`r e`rán d` Dhjrht` l³ >.=99/;5, dhkxnrnb dh hstnr hb vkaãljkn ` Dhjrht` l³ 81.58>/55, Dhjrht` l³ =5.154/=>, Dhjrht` l³ ;:.4>9/=5 h ` Dhjrht` Z/L, dh >9 dh bnk` dh >.;;>. Hsth óotkb` dkspøh s`frh n nut`rkznáê` dh bkjrèkobnahb dh d`jubhlt`s ohvnd`s n rhakstr` lns Cultns J`bhrjknks. Ë kbp`rtnlth rhssnotnr quh ` Dhpnrtnbhlt` bhl t` Lnj Lnjk`l k`lno no dh Vha Vhakst kstr` r` dh J`b J`bërj ërjk` k` (DLVJ) e`k jrknd` phon Ohk l³ 4.94=/5> h m`ch ë rhauond` phon Ohk l³ =.;:4/;4. @ rhehrkd` úraê` kltharn ` Bklkstërk` d` Dhshlvòvkbhlt`, Kldóstrkn h J`bërjk` Hxthrk`r h thb j`b` kljubfãljkn suphrvksk`lnr h j``rdhlnr `s nt`s prntkjnd`s phon Cultn J`bhrjkno, hstnfhohjhld` h j`lsòkdnld` ns l`rbns h dkrhtrkzhs ahrnks s`frh ` rhakstr` dn hbprhsn, sòujk`lnld` dóvkdns s`frh n klthrprhtnáê` dns ohks ntrnvës dh klstruáøhs h tnbfëb dh rhsp`stns n j`lsuotns dns Cultns. Y`dh klthrvkr tnbfëb ntrnvës dh eksjnokznáê` h ntunáê` supohtkvn n`

@ Vhakstr` dh J`bërjk` hb l`ss` pnâs ë rhakd` pho` Dhjrht` l³ >.=99/;5 h phon Ohk l³ =.;:4/;4. Hstn óotkbn nbpokù ` æbfkt` dh rhakstr` h nsskb, qunoquhr s`jkhdndh j`b eklnokdndh hj`lôbkjn, kldhphldhlthbhlth dh shu `fcht`, p`dh p` dh sh rh rhak akst strn rnrr ln Cu Cult ltnn J` J`bh bhrj rjkn kno,o, sn snov ov` ` n s` s`-jkhd jk hdnd ndhh v` vòtotnd ndnn pn pnrn rn n pr prhs hstn tnáê áê` ` dh sh shrv rvká ká`s `s nd nd-v`jnt v` jntâj âjk`s k`s,, ju juc`s c`s nt nt`s `s j`l j`lst stktu ktutkv tkv`s `s sê` ohv ohvnd` nd`ss é @rdhb d`s Ndvànd` Ndvànd`ss d` Frnsko (@NF). (@NF). Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 6

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sh dhl`tnr n dhekjkãljkn d` shrvká`. Hbf` Hb f`rn rn ` DL DLVJ VJ th thlm lmnn p` p`dh dhrr dh ekeksj sjno nokz kznnáê`, lê` jnfh n hoh n klthrvhl klthrvhláê` áê` l` dhshbphlm` lm ` dn dnss nt ntkv kvkdn kdndh dhss dn dnss Cu Cult ltns ns J` J`bh bhrj rjkn knks ks.. J` J`b b hehkt`, jns` ns Cultns sh nfsthlmnb dh shaukr ns rh rhj` j`bh bhld ldná náøh øhss d` DL DLVJ VJ,, jn jnfh fh n` dh dhpn pnrt rtnnbhlt` rhprhshltnr ` rhehrkd` dhsnjnt` és nut`rkdnd rkd ndhs hs j` j`bp bpht hthl hlth ths, s, qu qunk nkss sh shcn cnb b ` A` A`vh vhrl rl` ` d` Hstnd` ù Dkstrkt` Ehdhrno, ` Bklkstërk` Yófokj` h ùtrns nut`rkdndhs, rhquhrhld` n hohs tud` ` quh cuoanr lhjhssîrk` n` jubprkbhlt` dh suns l`rbns.

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o`hkr`s, trnpkj o`hkr`s, trnpkjmhkr`s mhkr`s h ndbkl ndbklkstrnd kstrnd`rhs `rhs j`bhrjknks. Ns Cultns J`bhrjknks tãb ubn hstruturn suf`rdklndn é Ohaksonáê` Hstnduno rhsphjtkvn h, s`frhtud`, é Ohaksonáê` Ehdhrno. Nsskb, hsths úraê`s p`ssuhb n shauklth hstruturn3 • n Yrhskdãljkn7 • ` Yohlîrk`7 • ns Turbns7 • n Zhjrhtnrkn-Ahrno7 • n Yr`jurnd`rkn7

Ns Cul Cultns tns J`b J`bhrj hrjknk knkss tãb cur curksd ksdkáê káê` ` s`frh t`d` rhsphjtkv` hspná` thrrkt`rkno h sh suf`rdklnb ndbklkstrntkvnbhlth n` a`vhrl` dn Xlkdndh Ehdhrntkvn dh sun curksdkáê` h, thjlkjnbhlth, n` DLVJ. Tnbfëb cî ë p`ssâvho dhsj`l dhs j`ljhl jhltrn trnrr `s shr shrvká vká`s `s hxh hxhrjk rjkd`s d`s pho phon n Cultn, ` quh sh vhrkekjn ntrnvës dh j`lvãlk`s j`b úraê`s pófokj`s h hltkdndhs prkvndns shb ekls oujrntkv`s, prhshrvndn n j`bphtãljkn dns ntunks dhohanjkns. Ns Cultns J`bhrjknks hxhrjhb euláê` ndbklkstrntkvn h hxhjutkvn. Dhltrh suns euláøhs bnks kbp`rtnlths, dhstnjnb`s3

Zhauld` ` Nrtka` :6 dn Ohk Ohk l³ =.;:4/;4 h ` Nrtka` :6 d` Dhjrht` l³ >.=99/;5, ` Vhakstr` Yófokj` dns Hbprhsns Bhrjnltks h Ntkvkdndhs Nekls j`bprhhldh ` shauklth3 N bnt râ râju juon on h shu s hu jnl jnljho jho nbhl nbhlt` t` 3 n) d`s ohko`hkr`s èkjknks7 f) d`s trndut`rhs pófokj`s h kltërprhths j`bhrjknks7 j) d`s trnpkjmhkr`s h ndbklkstrnd`rhs dh nrbnzëls ahrnks7

• hxhjutnr ` rhakstr` d` j`bërjk`7 • hehtunr ` nsshltnbhlt` d`s us`s h prîtkjns j`bhrjknks7 • ekxnr ` lóbhr` h pr`jhssnr n mnfkoktnáê` h n l`bhnáê`7

@ nrqukvnbhlt`3 n) Nt`s j`lstktutkv`s, nothrnáøhs h hxtkláøhs dh ekrbns bhrjnltks kldkvkdunks7 f) Dhjonrnáøhs dh bkjr`hbprhsns h dh hbprhsns dh phquhl` p`rth.

• eksjnokznr, pulkr h hx`lhrnr `s trndut`rhs pófokj`s h kltërprhths j`bhrjknks, ohk-

T`d` h qunoquhr nt`, jucn eklnokdndh shcn n dh j`lstktukr ubn s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno, dhvh


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`frkant`rknbhlth shr nrqukvnd` l` Vhakstr` dh `frkant`rknbhlth J`bërjk`, nsskb j`b` t`d` h qunoquhr nt` quh rhsuoth hb nothrnáê` dh ubn s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno. j`bh rjkno. N kbp`rt kbp`rtæljkn æljkn dhssh dhssh nsphjt` nsphjt` sh enz qunld` l`s ohbfrnb`s dh quh n s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno sú thb n hxkstãljkn ohano npús ` nrqukvnbhlt` dh shus nt`s j`lstktutkv`s. @ pr`jhss` dh nrqukvnbhlt` e`k trntnd` l` Nrtka` :: d` Dhjrht` l³ >.=99/;5, quh dkspøh s`frh n nprhshltnáê` d`s nt`s n` nrqukvnbhlt` h dhthrbkln prkljkpnobhlth quh, pnrn n nprhshltnáê` d`s d`jubhlt`s é Cul Cultn tn J`b J`bhrj hrjkno kno,, dhv dhvh-s h-sh h hlj hljnbk nbklmn lmnr r hsths d`jubhlt`s n` prhskdhlth dn Cultn dhltr` dh trkltn dkns j`ltnd`s dn nssklnturn. Lhsth phrâ`d`, ` nrqukvnbhlt` thrî hehkt` s`frh ` pnssnd` h, jns` hssh prnz` lê` shcn `fshrvnd`, thrî hehkt` n pnrtkr dn dntn hb quh sh j`ljhdhu ` nt` ndbklkstrntkv` j`ljhsskv` d` rhakstr`.

vnokdndh d` nt` sufbhtkd` n hxnbh. J`b` hxhbpo`, p`dhb`s jktnr ub j`ltrnt` dh s`jkhdndh jhohfrnd` p`r ubn phss`n kljnpnz, shb n dhvkdn nsskstãljkn ù rhprhshltnáê` ohano.

T`d`s `s d`jubhlt`s dhvhrê` shr dntnd`s h nssklnd`s pho`s sújk`s, ndbklkstrnd`rhs, j`ls`rjknd`s ù shus pr`jurnd`rhs h thsthbulmns.

Dhvhb`s hsjonrhjhr quh hxksthb d`ks tkp`s dh pr`jhdkbhlt`s pnrn n `fthláê` d` rhakstr`3

Ynrn sh nrqukvnr ub d`jubhlt`, dhvh-sh `fshrvnr ub bâlkb` dh rhsphkt` é Ohk, p`ks ë jhrt` dh quh lê` sh p`dhrî nrqukvnr ub d`j ubhlt` quh shcn j`ltrîrk` é Ohk ù é `rdhb pófokjn, ù quh j`ltrnrkh trn rkh ` hst stn ntu tut` t` ù ` j` j`lt ltrn rnt` t` lê lê` ` b`dkekjnd`.

Yr`jhdkbhlt`s

>. @ rhakstr` dh dhjksê` sklauonr3 rhehrh-sh n`s nt`s hb ahrno7

Zh n` pr`jhdhr é nlîoksh dn d`jubhltn6. @ rhakbh dh dhjksê` jòhakndn3 dhsáê` cultndn n`s nut`s e`r vhrkekjnd` noaub vâjk`, n Cultn J`bhrjkno j`ljhdhrî ub prnz` tkln-sh n nvnoknr `s nt`s bnks j`bpohx`s h pnrn quh shcn suprkdn n krrhauonrkdndh (ln okl- cuoanbh cuo anbhlt`s lt`s dh rhj rhjurs urs`s. `s. aunahb dn ohk, ` pr`jhss` shrî jò`jnd` hb hxkaãljkn). Yrhvã n ohk quh uotrnpnssnd` hssh @s phdkd`s dh nrqukvnbhlt`, suchkt`s prnz`, n j`rrháê` d` vâjk` sú shrî j`ljhdkdn é dhjksê` jòhakndn, shrê` dhjkdkd`s l` sh e`rhb pnans l`vns tnxns j`rrhsp`ldhlths. prnz` bîxkb` dh dhz dkns, j`ltnd`s dh shu Dn bhsbn e`rbn, sh n pnrth lê` sh rhjhfk rhjhfkbhlt` bhlt`.. @s sufbh sufbhtkd`s tkd`s é dhjks dhjksê` ê` sklj`le`rbnr j`b n hxkaãljkn, p`dhrî nprh- auonr shrê` dhjkdkd`s hb trãs dkns óthks, s`f shltnr ub phdkd` dh rhj`lskdhrnáê` hb quh phln dh shrhb j`lskdhrnd`s `s nt`s, shb sh `phrn n klthrrupáê` d` prnz` pnrn ` shu prhcuâz`s d` hxnbh dh e`rbnokdndh ohano, nthldkbhlt`. Jns` hssn hssn dhjksê` shcn bnl- phon Yr`jurnd`rkn. tkdn, ë p`ssâvho quh sh klarhssh j`b rhjurs` Ynrn qunoquhr nothrnáê` quh `j`rrn ln n` Yohlîrk` h, ln shquãljkn, n` Bklkstërk` s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno, dhvh-sh pr`vkdhljknr ` dn Kldóstrkn, d` J`bërjk` h d` Turksb`. rhakstr` nkldn quh sh rhekrn nphlns n` nt` dh Npús hsth óotkb` cuoanbhlt`, sú rhstnrî n` nothrnáê` d` j`ltrnt` s`jkno, hsjonrhjhld`-sh klthrhssnd` n Klstæljkn Cudkjkno pnrn n dks- quh n hvhltuno nlîoksh dns e`rbnokdndhs ohjussê` dn vnokdndh dn hxkaãljkn. anks, ahrnobhlth, ë ehktn p`r ub vàno, ù shcn, Ynrn hsphjkekjnr ub pùj` bnks, vnoh p`r ub euljk`lîrk` dn Cultn J`bhrjkno j`b dkzhr quh n Cultn J`bhrjkno p`dh hlthldhr j`bpr`vnd`s j`lmhjkbhlt`s hb Dkrhkt` Bhrquh ` vâjk` ë klsnlîvho, ù shcn, lê` p`dh shr jnltko h dh Vhakstr` dh Hbprhsns, dhskalnd` j`lvnokdnd` p`r hstnr nushlth ub rhqukskt` dh pho` prhskdhlth dn Cultn J`bhrjkno. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 6

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áê` trkfutîrkn7 noëb dkss`, n rhehrkdn nusãljkn kbphdh ` j`bhrjknlth dh lha`jknr, jns` hsthcn s`lhanld` kbp`st`s. J`b kss`, ` jnbp` dh trnfnom` d` j`bhrjknlth ekjnrî prhcudkjnd`. Hltê`, ` j`bhrjknlth rhsp`lsîvho dhvh prhznr pho` hxnt` jubprkbhlt` dh suns `frkanáøhs, ` quh omh `frkan n trnfnomnr j`b hbprhsns rhauonrhs. Y`rtnlt`, sh lê` j`ltnr j`b rhakstr`, entnobhlth n lha`jknáê` ekjnrî rhstrktn n ub ulkvhrs` dh rhonáøhs bukt` bhl`r h n ub arnu dh rhsp`lsnfkokdndh bukt` bnk`r, kst` ë, kokbktnd`, quh p`sskfkoktnrî ntë bhsb` é phrdn d` pntrkbôlk` phss`no d` hbprhsîrk` krrhauonr.

Ohbfrhb`s, hltê`, quh ` rhakstr` tnbfëb ë jmnbnd` dh klsjrkáê`, shld` dh kbp`r kbp`rtæ tæljkn ljkn prkb`rdkno prkb`rdkno hb l`ss l`ss`s `s dkns. Y`rtnlt`, ë kldksphlsîvho n t`d` hbprhsîrk` sërk` h j`lmhjhd`r dh suns rhsp`lsnfkokdndhss pr` ekssk`l nks. rhsp`lsnfkokdndh

N prkl prkljâ jâpk pk`, `, shaul shauld` d` ` Dh Dhjr jrht ht` ` l³ ;>5/>=;9, ` rhakstr` hrn `ptntkv`, ù shcn, ` j`bhrjknlth jukdnvn dh rhakstrnr sun hbprhsn sh qukshssh. J`ltud`, d` p`lt` dh vkstn prîtkj`, ` rhakstr` ù klsjrkáê` ë, ln vhrdndh, `frkantúrk` bhsb` quh prhcuâz`s ndvhlm ndv hlmnb nb n` j`b j`bhrj hrjknl knlth th quh dho dhohs hs sh nfstëb (lê` enz). @ j`bhrjknlth lê` klsjrkt` lê` p`dh thr shus okvr`s dh hsjrkturnáê` e`rbnokznd`s dhvkdnbhlth h lê` p`dh rhquhrhr enoãljkn dh ùtr` j`bhrjknlth, shld` vhdnd` n hoh rhquhrhr j`lj`rdntn7 hb jns` dh enoãljkn, klj`rrhrî hb jrkbh enokbhltnr (suchkt` é prksê`), hb j`lshquãljkn dh lê` p`ssukr shus okvr`s dh hsjrkturnáê` e`rbnokznd`s. N` j`bhrjknlth klsjrkt`, ë nsshaurndn n vnltnahb dh, j`b hxjouskvkdndh ln jkrjulsjrkáê` thrrkt`rkno d` rhakstr`3 • utkokznr-sh dh ekrbn rhakstrndn7 • kbphdkr quh ùtr` utkokzh kdãltkjn ekrbn, ù ekrbn quh j`b hon bukt` sh nsshbhomn7 • bnlthr hssh us` hxjouskv`, bhsb` l` jns` hb quh cî hxksth, phrthljhlth n thrjhkr`, ùtrn ekrbn kdãltkjn, bns lê` klsjrktn. N enotn dh rhakstr` rhakstr` ln Cultn Cultn J`bhrjkno kbpokjn tnbfëb ln npokjnáê` dh snláøhs dh lnturh tu rhzn zn ekeksj sjno no h nd ndbk bklk lkst strn rntktkvn vn j` j`b` b`,, p` p`r r hxhbpo`, n kbp`sskfkokdndh dh klsjrhvhr n phss`n curâdkjn l` Jndnstr` Lnjk`lno dns Yhss`ns Curâdkjns (JLYC) h tnbfëb l`s jndnstr`s hstndunks h bulkjkpnks, fhb j`b` kbphdkr quh ` hbprhsîrk` sh bntrkjuoh l` KLZZ. N nusãljkn dh JLYC p`dhrî njnrrhtnr buotn p`r hstnr dhsjubprkld` j`b n `frkanOhaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 6

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Xbn hbprhsn ë hstkbuondn n jrhsjhr ntrnvës dn skbpokekjnáê`, rhduáê` ù hokbklnáê` dh fnrrhkrns ndbklkstrntkvns, trkfutîrkns, prhvkdhljkîrknss ù jrhdktâjkns prhvkdhljkîrkn jrhdktâjkns,, j`le`rbh sh vhrkekjn l` Nrtka` >1; dn J`lstktukáê` Ehdhrno, j`ltud`, hxksthb vnltnahls h dhsvnltnahls. Zhld` phss`n jkvko, ` phquhl` hbprhsîrk` lê` p`dhrî sh fhlhekjknr d` Zkbpohs Lnjk`lno (sksthbn kltharnd` dh pnanbhlt` dh kbp`st`s h j`ltrkfukáøhs dns bkjr`hbprhsns h hbprhsns dh phquhl` p`rth). @s hbprhsîrk`s rurnks tnbfëb sh fhlhekjknb dn kshláê` dh rhakstr`. Lhsth jns`, shrê` hlqundrnd`s l` rhakbh jkvko, ù shcn, lê` shrê` j`lskdhrnd`s curkdkjnbhlth hbprhsîrk`s (erhquhlthbhlth vhrkekjnd`s l`s tktuonrhs dh lhaújk`s enbkoknrhs rurnks). Y`rëb, sh 64


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@ Jnljhonbhlt`

qukshrhb, p`dhb `fthr ` rhakstr` ln Cultn J`bhrjkno, bns ekjnrê` suchkt`s n` bhsb` rhakbh d`s dhbnks hbprhsîrk`s3 dhvhrê` enzhr hsjrkturnáê` h ohvnltnbhlt` dh fnonlá`s nlunks, dhjrhtnr enoãljkn h phdkr j`lj`rdntn, ` quh sh vhrkekjn j`b erhquãljkn ln nar`kldóstrkn.

Zhbprh quh ub j`bhrjknlth dhkxnvn dh hxhrjhr sun ntkvkdndh ù b`dkekjnvn n sun ekrbn, hrn lhjhssîrk` enzhr ` jnljhonbhlt` d` rhsphjtkv` rhakstr` ln Cultn J`bhrjkno. M`ch, j`b n vkaãljkn dn Ohk l³ =.;:4/;4, tnbfëb sh enz lhjhssîrk` ` jnljhonbhlt`, p`ks, ln Zháê` UKK, bnks prhjksnbhlth l` Nrtka` 5:, vhrkekjn-sh quh tnlt` n bntrâjuon j`b` ` jnljhonbhlt` shrê` dksjkpoklnd`s phons klstruáøhs l`rbntkvns d` DLVJ. Ynrn hlthldhrb`s bhom`r hsth nssult`, dhvhb` dhv hb`ss phl phlsn snrr quh quh,, pnr pnrnn sh hst hstnfh nfhohj ohjhr hr j`b` j`bhrjknlth, sê` lhjhssîrk`s ubn sërkh dh ent`rhs quh dhvhb nakr j`lcultnbhlth (jnpktno, hstud` d` bhrjnd` dh j`lsub`, nlîoksh dh just` h fhlheâjk` htj.) h nkldn nsskb, t`bnr jukdnd` j`b nj`lthjkbhlt`s hxthrl`s quh p`dhb kleoukr dh e`rbn lhantkvn, ohvnld` n` klsujhss` d` lhaújk`.

N O hk l ³ =. =.;:4 ;:4/; /;4 4 k l s t k t u k , hb s hu Ynrîarne` >³, ` LKVH (Lóbhr` dh Kdhltkekjnáê` d` Vh Vhakstr` akstr` dh Hbprhsns), Hbprhsns), ` quno ë ntrkfuâd` n t`d` nt` j`lstktutkv` dh hbprhsn, dhvhld` shr mnrb`lkznd` j`b lóbhr`s nd`tnd`s pho`s jndnstr`s ehdhrnks.

N Nut N uthlt hltkj kjnáê` náê` d` d`ss Ok vr vr`s `s J`b J`bhrj hrjknk knkss N nuthltkjnáê` d`s okvr`s j`lstktuk ubn kbp`rtnlth ntrkfukáê` d` rhakstr` d` j`bërjk`. Ynrn quh n hsjrkturnáê` dh ub j`bhrjknlth shcn j`lskdhrndn rhauonr, ë lhjhssîrk` quh `s okvr`s shcnb nuthltkjnd`s. @ Nrtka` 1= d` Dhjrht` l³ >.=99/;5 dhthrbkln quh ns Cultns J`bhrjknks nuthltkquhb, quh b, sha shauld uld`` kls klstru truáøh áøhss l`r l`rbnt bntkvn kvnss d` DLVJ3

@ ehjmnbhlt` ehjmnbhlt` dh ubn enrbî enrbîjkn jkn J`b` hxhbpo`, jktnb`s ub enrbnjãutkj` quh b`ltù ubn enrbîjkn prúxkbn n ub m`spktno. Hoh tklmn shu bhrjnd` dh j`lsub` anrnltkd` h tud` j`rrkn bukt` fhb qunld` sh dhsj`frh quh ` m`spktno lê` tklmn bnks j`ldkáøhs dká øhs bâl bâlkbn kbns s dh sha shaurn urnlán lán,, shl shld` d` ehjmnd jm nd` ` ph phon on Dh Dheh ehsn sn Jk Jkvk vko. o. Ns vh vhld ldns ns dn enrbîjkn, enrbîj kn, quh vkvkn d`s ‟erhquh ‟erhquhltnd`r ltnd`rhs‒ hs‒ d` m`spktn m`s pktno, o, dhs dhsphl phljnr jnrnb, nb, prh prhvno vnohjh hjhld` ld` ns dhsphsns. Kss` ohvù ` enrbnjãutkj` n ehjmnr ns p`rtns, dhsenzhl dhsenzhld`-sh d`-sh d` nvknbhlt` (b`fâokn quh kltharn ` j`bërjk`) h pr`vkdhljknld` ` jnljhonbhlt` dh shu nrqukv` ln Cultn J`bhrjkno. Hoh dhvhrî phdkr pnrn quh sh honf`rh ub dkstrnt` (rhsjksê` dh j`ltrnt`), hb quh dhb`lstrh qunlt` jndn sújk` nssubkrî hb dâvkdn, dhb`lstrnld` tnbfëb ` rhjòmkbhlt` dh kbp`st`s dn s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno, ns jhrtkdøhs dh klhxkstãljkn dh dëfkt`s htj. Nsskb, n Cultn J`bhrjkno pr`jhdhrî n` jnljhonbhlt` d` rhakstr`, pnssnld` n j`lskdhrnr n hbprhsn klntkvn.

• `s klstrubhlt`s dh hsjrkturns dns hbprhsns bhrjnltks h d`s nahlths nuxkoknrhs d` j`bërjk` (n Klstruáê` L`rbntkvn l³ 58/;1 d` DLVJ dkspøh s`frh n nuthltkjnáê` d`s okvr`s)7 • `s d` d`ju jubh bhlt lt`s `s nrq nrquk ukvn vnd` d`ss h su suns ns jú júpk pkns ns77 • ns jhr jhrtktkdøh døhss d`s d`j d`jub ubhlt hlt`s `s nrq nrqukv ukvnd nd`s `s.. Hsth Nrtka Nrtka`` 1= ë ub j`bpohbhlt` j`bpohbhlt` dnquko` dnquko` quh ` Nrtka` :; dn Ohk l³ =.;:4/;4 dksjkpoklù n rhs rhsphk phkt` t` dn nut nuthlt hltkjn kjnáê` áê`.. L` Ynr Ynrîa îarne rne` ` ólkj`, `s d`jubhlt`s h júpkns dhsjrkt`s l`s Kljks`s K h KKK p`dhrê` shr dhstruâd`s sh lê` e`rhb rhtkrnd`s l` prnz` dh trkltn dkns j`ltnd`s dh shu dhehrkbhlt`, ` quh sh dkehrhljkn dn ohk nlthrk`r quh hstnfhohjkn quh `s d`jubhlt`s dhvhrknb shr rhtkrnd`s hb shsshltn dkns, j`ltnd`s dh sun nprhshltnáê`. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 6

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dhltr` d` prnz` ohano.

@fshrvhh noa @fshrv noauls uls bhk bhk`s `s dh hlj hljhrr hrrnnbhlt` dn ntkvkdndh3 • Dhjksê` ndbklkstrntkvn7 • @fhdkãljkn n dhjksê` cudkjkno (shlthlán quh dhthrbkln ` hljhrrnbhlt`)7 • Yhdkd` d`s klthrhssnd`s (nbkaîvho).

Ynssnd` hsth prnz`, n Cultn J`bhrjkno sh rhulkrî hb shssê` pohlîrkn (pho`s vànks) qunld` hltê` ` nssult` shrî dhfntkd` h, sh npr`vnd` dhvkd` n hxkstãljkn dh us` ù j`stubh bhrjnltko, phon bhtndh bnks ub d`s bhbfr`s prhshlths, shrî hoh nl`tnd` hb okvr` prúprk`, bnltkd` phon Cultn J`bhrjkno. ûnoquhr phss`n thb ` dkrhkt` dh j`lsuotnr `s okvr`s dh rhakstr` d` j`bërjk`, lns m`rns h ln e`rbn dhthrbklndn pho` rhakbhlt` dn Cultn J`bhrjkno, h dh `fthr `s hsjonrhjkbhlt`s vhrfnks, shb lhjhsskdndh dh nohanr klthrhssh ù b`tkv`. J`ltud`, pnrn quh sh enánb hvhltunks fusjns, ë lhjhssîrk` quh sh rhjòmnb tnxns j`frndns phon Cultn quh trntù dh e`rlhjhr n kle`rbnáê`.

Jns` mncn nothrnáê`, b`dkekjnáê` d` l`bh dn s`jkhdndh ù dn e`rbn dn nssklnturn dhssh l`bh p`r noauëb dh dkrhkt`, tnbfëb ë prhjks` jnljhon jnljhonrr ` rhakstr` cî dh nj`rd` j`b n l`vn e`rbn nd`tndn.

Yrîtkjns Yrî tkjns Bh Bhrjnltks rjnltks

Dhvhrhs Yrèkssk`lnks d` J`bhrjknlth

Vhehrkb`s n`s j`stubhs (ù prîtkjns) bhrjnltks j`b` e`lths dh Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno, kle`rbnld` quh hstê` trnlsjrkt`s l` rhakstr` d` j`bërjk`, dhvhld` hssn tnrhen shr jubprkdn phon Cultn J`bhrjkno. Dhvhb shr us`s h j`stubhs quh lê` j`ltrnrkhb n dksp`skáøhs ohanks cî hxksthlths.

Dknlth dns ohks j`bhrjknks h dns ohks eksjnks, eksjn ks, ` j`bhrj j`bhrjknlth knlth hstî suchkt` n klóbhrns `frkanáøhs. Ynrn lús, klthrhssn-l`s `s dhvhrhs d` j`bhrjknlth l` quh tnlah ns ohks j`bhrjknks. @ Nrtka` >9 d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`, rhjhlthbhlth rhvànd` pho` l`v` Júdka` Jkvko, cî trnzkn ubn sërkh dh `frkanáøhs quh ` j`bhrjknlth dhvh jubprkr3

@ Dhjrht` l³ >.=99/;5, hb shu Nrtka` :9, hstnfhohjh quh n kljubfãljkn dh pr`b`vhr hstud`s pnrn nsshl nsshltnbhl tnbhlt` t` dh us`s h prîtkjns bhrjnltks j`bphth klthrlnbhlth n` Yr`jurnd`r.

>. Zhaukr ubn `rdhb ulke`rbh dh j`ltnfkokdndh h hsjrkturnáê` h p`ssukr `s okvr`s lhjhssîrk`s pnrn tno.

@ nss nsshlt hltnbh nbhlt` lt` d` d`ss us` us`ss h prî prîtkj tkjns ns hx bhrjnltks sh enz phon Cultn J`bhrjkno, p`r hx èekjk` (shb rhqukskáê` dh lklauëb hxthrl` n hon, kst` ë, p`r klkjkntkvn dn prúprkn Cultn J`bhrjkno), ù p`r pr`v`jnáê` dn Yr`jurnd`rkn Curâdkjn, ù nkldn, dh qunoquhr hltkdndh dh jonssh j`bhrjkno quh bnlkehsth klthrhssh ln Ohk.

6. Hehtunr, ln Cultn J`bhrjkno, ` nrqukvnbhlt` dh t`d`s `s d`jubhlt`s juc` rhakstr` shcn `frkantúrk` dhltr` d` prnz` quh n Ohk hstkpuon. :. J`lshrvnr, hb f`n aunrdn, t`dn n hsjrkturnáê`, fhb j`b` t`d`s `s pnpëks quh dkanb rhsphkt` és `frkanáøhs p`r hoh hehtundns, dhltr` dh sun ntkvkdndh bhrjnltko.

@ranlkznd` ` pr`jhss` dh rhakstr` hb us`, ù j`stubh bhrjnltko, n Cultn J`bhrjkno jmnbnrî n hltkdndh, ù hltkdndhs klthrhssndns, pnrn quh sh bnlkehsthb s`frh ` nssult` Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 6

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4. E`rbnr, nlunobhlth, ub Fnonlá` Ahrno dh shu Ntkv` h Ynsskv`, nfrnlahld` n 65


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Sign In Join Hlqunlt` n hsjrkturnáê` thb nphlns euláê` ahrhljkno, ` prúprk` j`bhrjknlth dhjkdh j`b` vnk l`bhnr `s vno`rhs quh rhakstrn, quno narupnrî s`f dhthrbklndns rufrkjns, sh jnfh enzhr pr`vksøhs ù lê`. Y`rëb, qunld` n hsjrkturnáê` pnssn n thr euláê` d`jubhltno, hon lê` p`dh bnks shr ehktn shb jrktërk`s ulke`rbhs h rhj`lmhjkd`s j`b` phrtklhlths pho`s dhstklntîrk`s.

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t`tnokdndh dns ntkvkdndhs bhrjnltks p`r hoh hehtundns, nsskb j`b` ` fnonlá` dn b`vkbhltnáê` dh fhls ù vno`rhs okand`s n sun ntkvkdndh j`bhrjkno, dhvhld` ` rhehrkd` fnonlá` shr dntnd` h nssklnd` pho` j`bhrjknlth. Njrhsjhltn-sh, nkldn, quh ` j`bhrjknlth dhvh enzhr sun klsjrkáê` l` rhakstr` tr ` d` j` j`bë bërjk rjk`, `, j` j`ld ldká káê` ê` hs hssn sn qu quh, h, hbf`rn th`rkjnbhlth enjuotntkvn, t`rln-sh kbprhsjkldâvho ln prîtkjn.

Zhauld` ` curkstn Trncnl` dh Bkrnldn Unovhrdh, hltrh `s sëjuo`s ]KU h ]U, ln Ktîokn, j`bháù n sh dhshlvòvhr ` sksthbn dh ‟pnrtkdns d`frndns‒, hb quh jndn `phrnáê` ë onlándn duns vhzhs n jrëdkt` dh ubn phss`n h n dëfkt` dh ùtrn, dnld` klâjk` é j`lstruáê` dh ub snfhr hsphjâekj` h jrhsjhlthbhlth j`bpohx`, quh ë n J`ltnfkokdndh.

Unoh ohbfrnr quh, hbf`rn ` Júdka` Jkvko thlmn sufstktuâd` ` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`, ns bntërkns lê` e`rnb b`dkekjndns h j`ltklunb n shr hxkakdns. Hstns bntërkns sê` pnrth kltharnlth d` Júdka` Jkvko hb vka`r h hlj`ltrnb-sh dksjkpoklndns l`s Nrtka`s >.>1; n >.>;8.

Xbn ùtrn euláê` dn hsjrkturnáê` d` j`bhrjknlth ë eksjno, hstnld` rhonjk`lndn n` j`ltròh dh kljkdãljkn, nj`lthjkbhlt` h pnanbhlt` dh trkfut`s. Yhsquksns nrquhòúakjns rhvhonrnb n hxkstãljkn dh rhakstr`s dh `phrnáøhs hj`lôbkjns pnrn shrvkrhb dh j`ltròh dns eklnláns pófokjns, ln nltkan Fnfkoôlkn.

N Hs Hsjj r k tu turr ná náê` ê` J` J`bhr bhrjj k no @ prèhss`r Eîfk` Xomôn J`hom` trnz ubn nf`rdnahb s`frh hsjrkturnáê`3 @ j`bhrjknlth, ln Kdndh Bëdkn, oà` shltku quh hrn j`ldkáê` kldksphlsîvho, pnrn ` j`ltròh dh shus lhaújk`s, rhakstrnr `s vno`rhs quh rhjhfkn h dksphldkn (anstnvn), quh t`bnvn hbprhstnd` ù hbprhstnvn, d`s jrëdkt`s j`ljhdkd`s h dns `frkanáøhs nssubkdns. Ynrn quh, n` tërbkl` dh ubn ehkrn, ù d` nl`, ` j`bhrjknlth pudhssh nvnoknr `s rhsuotnd`s ù nothrnr suns dhjksøhs lha`jknks. Dnâ hb dknlth, hoh lhjhssktnvn dn hsjrktn bhrjnltko quh - lub shltkd` bhrnbhlth hsquhbîtkj`, h lê` mkstúrkj` - thb lnturhzn ahrhljkno ahrhljkno..

N prkbhkrn Ohk n t`rlnr `frkantúrkn n hsjrkturnáê` d` j`bhrjknlth e`k n @rdhlnlán s`frh ` Jæbfk`, hdktndn hb >8:; l` rhklnd` dh Ernljksj` K dn Ernlá Ernlán. n. Hstn l`rbn kbpulmn n prëvkn nut`rkznáê` hstntno pnrn ` hxhrjâjk` dn ntkvkdndh dh jæbfk`, h n hsjrkturnáê` dh t`dns ns `phrnáøhs hrn hxkakdn pnrn ekls dh j`ltròh d`s nahlths nut`rkznd`s. Y`sthrk`rbhlth, hb >51:, n `frkant`rkhdndh e`k hsthldkdn pho` Dkrhkt` Ernljãs n t`d`s `s j`bhrjknlths.

@utrn euláê` d`s rhakstr`s dns `phrnáøh `phrnáøhss rhnokzndns pho` j`bhrjknlth hstnvn rhonjk`lndn é lhjhssk jh sskdn dndh dh dh dh dhb` b`ls lstrn trnáê` áê` d` d`ss rh rhsuo suotnd tnd`s `s dn ntkvkdn ntkv kdndh dh j`b j`bhrjk hrjkno no pnr pnrnn ùt ùtrns rns phs phss`n s`ns. s. Buk Buktns tns vhzhs ` j`bhrjknlth p`ssuân sújk`s hb dhthrbklndns hxphdkáøhs h n j`leknlán, dhp`sktndn l`s lóbhr` bh r`ss np nprh rhshl shltnd tnd`s `s,, dh dhph phld ldkn kn d` vno vno`r `r qu quh h ` j`bhrjknlth trnzkn n` sújk`, n tâtuo` dh pnrtkjkpnáê` l`s rhsuotnd`s dn hbprhktndn, `s qunks hrnb hxtrnâd`s d`s rhakstr`s.

@ p`dhr pòâtkj` ehudno ehudno h ` hstnd` b`dhrl` trkfutnvnb ns `phrnáøhs j`bhrjknks, bns e`k n pnrtkr d` dhshlvòvkbhlt` pr`pkjknd` jkn d` pho phon n Vhv Vhvòu òuáê` áê` Kld Kldust ustrkno rkno (së (sëjuo juo`` ]K]), hb rnzê` dns lhjhsskdndhs lhjhsskdndhs okandns n sun euláê` eksjno, quh `s rhakstr`s dns `phrnáøhs rhnokzndns pho`s j`bhrjknlths pnssnrnb n shr l`rbntkznd`s h lê` p`dhrknb bnks shr ehkt`s p`r phss`ns lê` hsphjknokzndns.

Hb dhj`rrãljkn dhssh us`, ` onlánbhlt` d`s vno`rhs pnssù n rhjonbnr jhrtn tëjlkjn, ub pndrê` quh pudhssh shr j`bprhhldkd` p`r qunoquhr phss`n bklkbnbhlth enbkoknrkzndn j`b ` rhsphjtkv` bët`d`. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 6

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@ j`bhrjknlth dhsjukdnd` j`b n hsjrkturnáê` N` j`bh j`bhrjk rjknlt nlth h dhsk dhskdk` dk`s` s` (nq (nquho uhoh h quh lê` `fshrvn ` hxnt` jubprkbhlt` d` quh omh ë kbp`st` p`r Ohk), quh sh hxkbh dh bnlthr hb f`n `rdhb sun hsjrkturnáê`, n Ohk hstnfhohjh snláøhs. Y`r hxhbpo`, l` jns` dn enoãljkn, j`lskdhrn jrkbkl`s` ` j`bhrjknlth rhonps`, pulkld`-` j`b prksê`, qunld` lê` p`ssuk `s okvr`s `frkantúrk`s, ù nprhshltn hsjrkturnáê` ntrnsndn, onjul`sn dhehktu`sn ù j`leusn.

Ë dh euldnbhltno kbp`rtæljkn pnrn ` j`bhrjknlth n sun hsjrkturnáê` quh, onvrndn l`s okvr`s rhsphjtkv`s, rhakstrn t`d` ` b`vkbhlt` dns `phrnáøhs hxhjutndns, p`r hoh, l` hxhrjâjk` dh suns ntkvkdndhs prèkssk`lnks. Euldndn lns l`rbns dn jkãljkn j`ltîfko, n hsjrkturnáê` hsphomn n dkrháê`, n bnrjmn quh ` j`bhrjknlth kbprkbku n shus lhaújk`s h `s rhsphjtkv`s rhsuotnd`s7 rhvhon, hb dnd` b`bhlt`, n sktunáê` pntrkb`lkno d` hbprhsîrk`. Zun nlîoksh e`rlhjh, n` j`bhrjknlth, ubn vksê` nbpon h ekho dh sun vkdn hj`lôbkj`-ndbklkstrntkvn, `rkhltnld`-` qunlt` n` eutur` dh shus lhaújk`s.

Dh ent`, pnrn quh sh j`lskdhrh rhauonr ` hxhrjâjk` dn ntkvkdndh bhrjnltko, ë lhjhssîrk` bnlthr ubn rhauonr j`ltnfkokdndh, hxhrjkdn p`r ub j`ltnd`r quh p`dh shr j`ltrntnd` ù nutôl`b`. Hb >;=4, e`k jrknd` ` Hstntut` dn Bkjr`hbprhsn (Ohk l³ 1.685/=4). @ phquhl` hbprhsîrk` sîr k` ekj ekjnvn nvn dks dksph phlsn lsnd` d` d` pna pnanbh nbhlt lt`` dh kbp`st`s, dhvhld` bnlthr suns hsjrkturnáøhs, p`rëb, dh e`rbn bukt` skbpokekjndn, noëb dh thr j`ldkáøhs dkehrhljkndns h env`rhjkdns hb t`d` shu nsphjt` curâdkj`. Lnquhoh nl`, ` hbprhsîrk` j`b rhjhktn frutn nluno (vno`r quh rhjhfkn) klehrk`r n` okbkth hstnfhohjkd` hb Ohk, p`dhld` usuerukr dh shus fhlheâjk`s d` hstntut`, lê` hstnvnb `frkand`s n hsjrkturnr ` Okvr` Dkîrk`. Hb 6= dh bnrá` dh >;;4, e`k hdktndn n Ohkk l³ =. Oh =.=5 =54, 4, qu quhh pn pnss ssù ù n hs hstn tnfh fhoh ohjh jhr r l`vns l`rbns pnrn ns Bkjr`hbprhsns (BH) h pn pnrn rn ns Hb Hbpr prhs hsns ns dh Yh Yhqu quhl hl`` Y` Y`rt rthh (HYY), hb `fshrvæljkn n` dksp`st` d` Nrtka` >1; dn J`lstktukáê` Ehdhrno quh dhthrbkln quh3

Xbn dns nekrbnáøhs dh Bkrnldn Unovhrdh ë n shauklth3 N j`lsjkãljkn d` j`bhrjknlth hstî klsjrktn l`s shus okvr`s7 lhohs ë quh ` j`bhrjknlth rhakstrn t`dns ns suns náøhs7 sê` pnrn hoh ubn hspëjkh dh anrnltkn W...R. ûnld` surahb j`lthstnáøhs, ë prhjks` quh n j`lsjkãljkn d` cukz ekquh hsjonrhjkdn7 ë hltê` quh `s okvr`s sê` lhjhssîrk`s, p`ks quh hohs sê` `s j`lekdhlths dns náøhs d` j`bhrjknlth j`bhrjknlth..

Y`r tud` kss`, dhvh n hsjrkturnáê` shr hxntn, j`bpohtn h bhtúdkjn `fhdhjhld` n`s prkljâpk`s dn J`ltnfkokdndh, quh ë n jkãljkn dhstn `rdhb. Nsskb, n hsjrkturnáê` `frkan ` j`bhrjknlth n shaukr ubn `rdhb ulke`rbh dh hsjrkturnáê` h n p`ssukr t`d`s `s okvr`s lhjhssîrk`s pnrn hsth ekb. N Ohk lndn enz shlê` rhj`lm j` lmhj hjhr hr hs hssh shss en ent` t`s, s, hs hsjo jonr nrhj hjhl hld` d` ns vnltnahls dh tno pr`jhdkbhlt`. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 6

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N Xlkê`, Xlkê`, `s Hstnd`s, Hstnd`s, ` Dkstrk Dkstrkt` t` Ehdhrno h `s Bulkjâpk`s dksphlsnrê` és bkjr`hbprhsns h és hbprhsns dh phquhl` p`rth, nsskb dheklkdns hb ohk, trntnb tn bhl hlt` t` cu curâ râd dkj kj` ` dke kehr hrhhljk jknnd`, vk vksn snlld` n kljhltkvî-ons phon skbpokekjnáê` dh suns `frkanáøhs ndbklkstrntkvns, trkfutîrkns, prhvkdhljkîrkns h jrhdktâjkns, ù phon hokbklnáê` ù rhduáê` dhstns p`r bhk` dh ohk. 6=


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J`b n hdkáê` dn Ohk l³ =.=54/;4, rhstnurù-sh n `frkant`rkhdndh dn hsjrkturnáê`, bns sh dhthrbklù quh hon e`ssh skbpokekjndn, dhkxnld` quh ` eutur` Dhjrht` Vhauonbhltnr (bhk` ohano dh j`bpohbhltnr ` thxt`) dheklkssh ` rhakbh dh hsjrkturnáê`, prúprk` n hstns jntha`rkns dh hbprhsîrk`. Jubprh hsjonrhjhr quh ` Dhjrht` Vhauonbhltnr lê` e`k hdktnd`, p`rëb, l` nl` dh >;;5, e`k klstktuâdn n Ohk l³ ;.:>1/;5, quh jukdù dh klstktukr ` pràrnbn Zkbpohs. Cî hb >.;;;, jrkù-sh ub thrjhkr` hstntut` pnrn n bkjr`hbprhsn h pnrn n hbprhsn dh phquhl` p`rth ‚ Ohk l³ ;.=4>/;; - quh rhvàù `s hstntut`s jrknd`s hb >;=4 h >;;4, h bnlthvh klnothrnd` ` Zkbpohs.

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@ Okvr` Dkîrk` lndn bnks ë d` quh ub okvr` j`ltîfko hb quh ` hbprhsîrk`, p`r bhk` dh shu j`ltnd`r, onlán dknrknbhlth, dkrhtnbhlth ù p`r rhpr`duáê`, `s nt`s quh b`dkekjnb jn b ù p` p`dh dhb b b` b`dk dkekekjn jnrr ` pn pntr trkb kbôl ôlk` k` d` hbprhsîrk`. J`b` cî e`k dkt`, hoh p`dh shr sufstktuâd` p`r ekjmns lubhrndns ln mkpúthsh hb quh ` j`bhrjknlth bnlthlmn hsjrkturn bhjnlkzndn ù hohtrôlkjn.

Dkz n Ohk quh ` hbprhsîrk`, ù s`jkhdndh jkhdn dh j`bhrjkno, quh nd`tnr nd`tnr ` sksthbn dh ekjmns dh onlánbhlt`s onlánbhlt`s,, p`dhrî sufstktukr ` Okvr ` Dkîrk` pho` Okvr` d h Fnonljh Fnonljh-ths Dkîrk`s h Fnonlá`s. Ynrn Ynrn kss` , dhvhrî dhvhrî `fshrvnr ns bhsbns e`rbnokdndhs hxtrâlshjns hxkakdns pnrn nquhoh.

Okvr`s J`bh J`bhrjknks rjknks

@ Okvr` dh Fnonljhths Dkîrk`s h Fnonlá`s shrî hsjrkturnd` dh b`d` quh rhakstrh3 n) n p`skáê` dkîrkn dh jndn ubn dns j`ltns ù tâtuo`s j`ltîfhks pho` rhsphjtkv` snod` hb e`rbn dh fnonljhths dkîrk`s7 f) ` fnonlá` pntrkb`lkno h ` dh rhsuotnd` hj`lôbkj`, l` hljhrrnbhlt` d` hxhrjâjk`.

Ynrn ` bkjr`hbprhsîrk`, hxksthb trãs sktunáøhs3 @ Nrtka` >> d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` cî dkzkn quh t`d`s `s j`bhrjknlths sê` `frkand`s n thr, j`b` okvr`s dh hsjrkturnáê`, ` Okvr` Dkîrk` h ` J`pknd`r dh Jnrtns. L` hltnlt`, ` Dhjrht`-Ohk l³ 4=5/;5 rhtkrù n `frkant`rkhdndh nphlns d` Okvr` Dkîrk`, dksphlsnld` ` J`pknd`r dh Jnrtns. J`b n vkaãljkn d` ntuno Júdka` Jkvko, pnssù-sh n dksp`r l` Nrtka` >.9=9 quh, noëb d`s dhbnks okvr`s hxkakd`s p`r ohk, t`rlù-sh kldksphlsîvho ` Okvr` Dkîrk` quh p`dh shr sufstktuâd` p`r ekjmns (l` jns` dh hsjrkturnáê` bhjnlkzndn ù hohtrôlkjn). Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 6

>. Zh ` bkjr`hbprhsîrk`, ù hbprhsn dh phquhl` p`rth, ë `ptnlth d` Zkbpohs Lnjk`lno, hstnrî `frkand` n, p`r bhk` dh shu j`ltnd`r, hsjrkturnr ` Okvr` Jnkxn h ` Okvr` dh Vhakstr` dh Klvhltîrk`. 6. Zh hoh lê` ë `ptnlth d` Zkbpohs, hoh nthldh n`s rhqukskt`s dh dksphlsn d` dhvhr ohano dh hsjrkturnáê`, hstnld` p`r kss` dhs`frkand` dh hsjrkturnr qunoquhr okvr`. :. Hb ùtrns sktunáøhs, hoh hstî `frkand` n hsjrkturnr ` Okvr` Dkîrk`. 6;


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Vhqukskt`s d`s Okvr`s J`bhrjknks h dn Hsjrkturnáê`

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tr`s ù onlán onlánbhlt` bhlt`ss j`ltâ j`ltâlu`s lu`s h j`rrht j`rrht`s, `s, hvktnld`-sh klthrvno`s hb frnlj`, hltrhoklmns, rnsurns, hbhldns ù trnlsp`rth pnrn bnrahls. @s onlánbhlt`s ehkt`s dh e`rbn hrrndn p`dhb shr rhtkekjnd`s ntrnvës d`s onlánbhlt`s dh hst`rl`.

@s okvr`s dh hsjrkturnáê` dhvhb shr hljndhrlnd`s, j`lthld` j`lthld` `s thrb`s dh nfhrturn h hljhrrnbhlt` hb eòmns lubhrndns, t`dns t`d ns ruf rufrkj rkjndn ndnss p`r bhb bhbfr` fr` dhs dhskal kalnd` nd` phon Cultn J`bhrjkno ù pho` cukz dn J`bnrjn, j`le`rbh cî dkspulmnb ` Nrtka` >: d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` h ` DhjrhtÒhk l³ 4=5/5;. N sufstktukáê` dh okvr`s p`r ekjmns jm ns ë pr prhv hvks kstn tn h rh rhau auon onbh bhlt ltnd ndn n ph pho` o` rhehrkd` Dhjrht`-Ohk. N e`rbnáê` ù ohanokznáê` dhsshs dhsshs okvr`s j`bhrjknks ë pr`jhdkdn ln Cultn J`bhrjkno (ln jnpktno) h rhsphjtkvns Dhohanjkns (l` klthrk`r), dhvhld` shr prhjhdkdn dn klsjrkáê` dh j`bhrjknlth.

5. N hsjrkturnáê` dhvh shr ehktn hb oâlaun p`rtuauhsn.

@s rhehrkd`s rhqukskt`s e`rnb rhj`lmhj lm hjkd kd`s `s ph pho` o` Jú Júdka dka`` Jkv Jkvkoko nt ntun unoo qu quhh prhzn phon j`rrhtn hsjrkturnáê`. Nsskb, qunoquhr nt` quh dhsrhsphkth ns j`ldkáøhs hstnfhohjkdns j`bpr`bhth n j`leknfkokdndh d`s rhakstr`s j`rrhsp`ldhlths, nkldn quh lê` mncn pr`vn dh bî eë ù ernudh.

N hsjrkturnáê` d`s okvr`s j`bhrjknks, pnrn shr j`lskdhrndn rhauonr, prhjksn `fhdhjhr n jhrt`s rhqukskt`s prhvkst`s hb Ohk. @s Nrtka`s >6 h >4 d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`, fhb j`b` ` Dhjrht`-Ohk 4=5/5;, np`ltnb ns jnrnjthrâstkjns quh dhvhb nprhshltnr ubn hsjrkturnáê` rhauonr3

ûnld` sh trntn dh okvr` j`ltîfko, `s rhqukskt`s bâlkb`s n shrhb `fshrvnd`s sê` nquhoh nqu hohss bët bët`d` `d`ss dh J`l J`ltnf tnfkok kokdnd dndh, h, ahr ahrnonobhlth njhkt`s pho`s prèkssk`lnks dn îrhn, j`lstnlth l` Nrtka` >.>=: d` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno. Noëb d` bnks, ` okvr` dhvh prhznr tnbfëb phon nd`áê` dn b`hdn lnjk`lno. Mî, tnbfëb, n hxkstãljkn dh ùtr`s rhqukskt`s, jnpnzhs dh nsshaurnr bnks ‟shaurnlán‒ ù jrhdkfkokdndh n` Okvr` Dkîrk`, quh p`dhb shr tkd`s j`b` e`rbnokdndhs quh dheklhb n rhsp`lsnfkokdndh phon hsjrkturnáê`, quh pnssn n shr ntrkfuâdn n` hbprhsîrk` h n` shu j`ltnd`r, vhonld` pho` thrb` dh nfhrturn h dh hljhrrnbhlt` d` okvr`.

>. N hsjrkturnáê` dhvh shr j`bpohtn, j`b ` rhakstr` dh t`dns ns `phrnáøhs dh j`bërjk`7 6. N hsjrk hsjrkturná turnáê` ê` dhvh shr ehktn j`b kldkvkdunáê` h jonrhzn, kst` ë, dhvh rhakstrnr jndn `phrnáê` j`bhrjkno (phr sh) j`b t`dns ns jkrjulstæljkns quh omh dkzhb rhsphkt`7

@utr`s Okvr`s J`bhrjknks

:. N hsjrkturnáê` dhvh `fhdhjhr n ubn e`rbn bhrjnltko, kst` ë, dhvh nd`tnr ub bët`d` ù ub sksthbn dh j`ltnfkokdndh l` rhakstr` d`s onlánbhlt`s. @ bët`d` ulkvhrsnobhlth utkokznd` thb skd` ` dns pnrtkdns d`frndns, p`r shr ` bnks phrehkt`.

Vhak akst str` r` dh Dup upokj okjn ntn tnss (O ( Ohk l³ 8.41 8. 414/ 4/5= 5=,, no noth thrn rndn dn ph pho` o` Dh Dhjr jrht ht``-oh ohkk l³ 4:5/5;).

Hssh okvr` ë `frkantúrk` nphlns pnrn `s hbprhsîrk`s quh hbkthb Dupokjntn ù dh prhstn prh stnáê` áê` dh shr shrvká vká`s. `s. Jub Jubprh prh `fs `fshrv hrvnr nr quh n hxkaãljkn nojnlánrî n`s bkjr`hbprhsîrk`s h n`s hbprhsîrk`s dh phquhl` p`rth sh hsths prhthldhb snjnr n Dupokjntn pnrn n j`frnlán d`s dhvhd`rhs ù dhsj`lt`s fnljîrk`s.

4. N hsjrkturnáê` dhvh shr hehtundn hb `rdhb jr`lòúakjn dh dkn, bãs h nl`, shld` tnbfëb j`lskdhrndns rhauonrhs ns hsjrkturnáøhs ehktns shbnlno, quklzhlno ù bhlsnobhlth. 8. N hsjrkturnáê` dhvh j`lthr `s rhaksOhaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 6

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rnlth ` jurs` d` nl`-jnohldîrk`. Vhakstr` dh Hbprhand`s

J`ltëb ns hxkaãljkns dns Ohks Trnfnomkstns (JOT) pnrn ` rhakstr` d`s hbprhand`s. @ Bklkstërk` d` Trnfnom`, ntrnvës dn Y`rtnrkn 4>, dh 6= dh bnrá` dh 6991, hdktn l`rbns rhehrhlths n` rhakstr` dh hbprhand`s h é nl`tnáê` dn Jnrthkrn Yrèkssk`lno.

Okvr`s Nuxkoknrhs Zê` okvr`s quh ` hbprhsîrk` p`dh, ù lê`, nd`tnr ln j`le`rbkdndh d` bnk`r ù bhl`r b`vkbhlt` dh ntkvkdndh quh dhshbphlmn. Noauls dhsths okvr`s sê` dh subn utkokdndh pnrn ` hbprhsîrk`, dh tno b`d` quh p`dhb shr j`lskdhrnd`s kldksphlsîvhks pnrn ubn phrehktn J`ltnfkokdndh. Lhstn rhonáê`, hrn j`stubh hltrnr `s okvr`s rnzê`, jnkxn, j`ltns-j`rrhlths, bhrjnd`rkns, ohtrns n pnanr, ohtrns h `frkanáøhs n rhjhfhr, klvhltîrk`s, fnonlá`s, f`rrnd`r h ùtr`s quh, hvhltunobhlth, p`dknb sh t`rlnr lhjhssîrk`s n` hbprhsîrk`.

@ hbprhsîrk` p`dh `ptnr phon Dupokjntn ù lê`, bns hoh lê` ekjn `frkand` n d`jubhltnr shus jrëd jrëdkt`s kt`s,, hsph hsphjkekj jkekjnbhl nbhlth th ntrn ntrnvës vës dhsth tâtuo`. Zh ` hbprhsîrk`, ù prhstnd`r dh shrvká`s, prhthldhr sh vnohr dh ùtr`s Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt Jrë dkt`, `, tnk tnkss j`b j`b`` n L`t L`tn n Yr` Yr`bks bkssúr súrkn kn ù bhsb` j`ltrnt`s j`bhrjkns, quh lê` shcn n Dupokjntn, hsth ekjn dhs`frkand` dh hsjrkturnr ` Okvr` dh Dupokjntns.

N Dup Dupokok jnt jntn n sú p` p`dh dh shr hbk tk dn sh mùvhrr ub jrë mùvh jrëdkt` dkt` quh n custkekquh, h ` dhsjubprkbhlt` dhssh hsjonrhjkbhlt` p`dhrî njnrrhtnr rhsp`lsnfkokdndh phlno n` hbprhsîrk`, prhvkst` j`b` jrkbh hb l`ss` Júdka` Yhlno. Vhakstr` dh Klvhltîrk` Vhakstr` Klvhltîrk` h Vhakstr` Vhakstr` dh J`bprns

Zê` `frkantúrk`s pnrn t`dns ns hbprhsns, h thb ` `fchtkv` dh rhakstrnr t`dns ns bhrjnd`rkns hb hst`quhs l` ohvnltnbhlt` d` fnonlá` dn hbprhsn. Ns phss`ns curâdkjns trkfutndns, j`b fnsh l` oujr` rhno, dhvhrê` hsjrkturnr n` eklno dh jndn phrâ`d` (trkbhstrnobhlth ù nlunobhlth) qunld` mùvhr `páê` pho`s rhjòmkbhlt`s bhlsnks duOhaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 6

Hb t`d`s hsths jns`s, ` hbprhsîrk` ë `frkand` n j`lshrvî-o`s hb f`n aunrdn, lê` sú t`dn n hsjrkturnáê`, j`b` tnbfëb t`dn n d`jubhltnáê` dh pnpëks quh dkanb rhsphkt` n`s lhaújk`s, n suns `phrnáøhs bhrjnltks, hxkakd`s pho` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno. N hsjrkturnáê` rhauonr rhauonr ë ohanokzndn h, hb phrehktn `rdhb, nsshaurn n` j`bhrjknlth ` dk:>


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rhkt` dh rhquhrhr n enoãljkn dh shus dhvhd`rhs j`bhrjknlths qunld` lê` pnanrhb n dâvkdn, utkokznld`-sh, pnrn j`bpr`vnr ` shu jrëdkt`, dh hohbhlt`s hxtrnâd`s dh shus prúprk`s okvr`s. Dn bhsbn e`rbn, qunld` lhjhssîrk`, p`dh ` hbprhsîrk` enzhr pr`vn n shu env`r j`b `s shus prúprk`s okvr`s. Hstns sê` vnltnahls dh bîxkbn rhohvæljkn, prhbknld` ` prèkssk`lno jukdnd`s` h j`lmhjhd`r dh suns rhsp`lsnfkokdndhs.

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dntn dhssh d`jubhlt`. Jns` sh hehtuh ` rhakstr` e`rn d` prnz` dhthrbklnd`, ` d`jubhlt` lê` phrdh n sun hekjîjkn, p`rëb sú pr`duzkrî hehkt`s n pnrtkr dn dntn d` rhakstr` (h lê` dn dntn d` d`jubhlt`).

J`lshrvnáê` J`lshrvnáê ` d`s d` s Okvr`s Ok vr`s J`bhrjknks, pnpëks h d`jubhlt`s @ jktnd` Nrtka` >9 d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` dkz quh j`lstktuk `frkanáê` d` hbprhsîrk` ‟n j`lshrvnr hb f`n aunrdn t`dn n hsjrkturnáê`, j`rrhsp`ldãljkns h bnks pnpëks phrthljhlths n` akr` d` shu j`bërjk`‒ hlqunlt` pudhr shr j`frnd` cudkjknobhlth ntrnvës dh náøhs quh p`ssnb sh rhonjk`lnr j`b n hsjrkturnáê`. Kss` lê` budù j`b ` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno. @s okvr`s, pnpëks, d`jubhlt`s h j`rrhsp`ldãljkns e`rbnb ` j`lcult` dh hohbhlt`s quh trnduzhb t`dns ns `phrnáøhs bhrjnltks prntkjndns pho` j`bhrjknlth. Ë p`r kss` quh n Ohk hxkah quh shcnb aunrdnd`s jukdnd`snbhlth. Hltrhtnlt`, lê` ë p`r thbp` kldheklkd` quh ` j`bhrjknlth prhjksn aunrdnr `s pnpëks h d`jubhlt`s. Hohs dhvhb shr j`lshrvnd`s ntë quh prhsjrhvn ` dkrhkt` é pr`p`skturn dns náøhs cudkjknks rhonjk`lndns j`b hohs, ` quh nj`lth nj` lthjh jh npú npúss dhj dhj`rr `rrkd` kd` jhr jhrt` t` hsp hspná` ná` dh thbp` hstnfhohjkd` phon Ohk. Hb oklaunahb curâdkjn, j`lmhjkdn j`b` prhsjrkáê`. N Ohk dh Enoãljkn (Ohk l³ >>.>9>/6998) dhthrbkln quh, trnlsj`rrkd`s d`ks nl`s n pnrtkr dn dntn hb quh ` hbprhsîrk` dhkxn dh hxhrjhr ` j`bërjk`, hsth cî lê` hstî bnks suchkt` n enoãljkn. Hb j`lshquãljkn, npús d`ks nl`s dn jhssnáê` d` hxhrjâjk` d` j`bërjk` pho` hbprhsîrk`, lê` mnvhrî noaubn `frkanáê` pnrn hoh dh j`ltklunr n j`lshrvnr shus okvr`s, pnpëks h d`jubhlt`s. Th`rkjnbhlth, hssh rnjk`jâlk` hstî j`rrht`, bns hxksthb ùtr`s ent`rhs quh dhthrbklnb quh n aunrdn d`s okvr`s sh hsthldn p`r phrâ`d` suphrk`r n d`ks nl`s. Y`r vhzhs, hbprhsns j`b ns qunks ` hbprhsîrk` lha`jknvn p`dhb sh dhpnrnr j`b n enotn dh dhthrbklnd` lubhrîrk`, ù bhsb`, ubn náê` cudkjkno quh thlmn dhb`rnd` pnrn dhbnldnr n hbprhsn quh na`rn

Nrq Nr q u k v nbhl nbhlt` t` d h D`j D` j u bhl bhlt` t`ss l` Vhakstr` dh J`bërjk`

Xb ùtr` dhvhr d` j`bhrjknlth j`lsksth hb hehtunr, ln Cultn J`bhrjkno, ` nrq u k v nb h l t` d h t `d ` s `s p np ë k s h d`jubhlt`s d`s qunks n Ohk hstnfhohjh n `frkant`rkhdndh d` rhakstr`. Hssn `frkanáê` prèkssk`lno cî hrn prhvkstn l` Nrtka` >9 d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`, quh ekxù ` prnz` dh >8 dkns óthks, n pnrtkr dn dntn d` d`jubhlt`, pnrn quh ` j`bhrjknlth pr`jhdhssh n` rhakstr` rhsphjtkv`, snov` sh vkhssh bnrjnd` hb Ohk prnz` bnk`r ù bhl`r pnrn ` rhakstr` dh dhthrbklnd` d`jubhlt`. J`ltud`, dhvhb`s l`s ohbfrnr dh quh ` Dhjrht` l³ >.=99/;5 nothrù ` prnz` hb shu Nrtka` ::, quh pnssù n shr dh trkltn dkns. N hekjîjkn d` d`jubhlt`, ohvnd` n` nrqukvnbhlt` dhltr` d` prnz`, enz-sh shltkr dn Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 6

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hstî dh hstî dhsn sntk tkvn vndn dn,, p` p`dh dhld ld` ` hx hxka kakr kr qu quh h sh nprhshlt nprh shlthb hb `s okvr`s quh dhvhb shr aunrdnd`s pho` prnz` dh dhz nl`s p`r shr hssh ` prnz` bîxkb` pnrn quh noaub jrhd`r vhlmn hltrnr j`b náê` rhquhrhld` n hxkfkáê` dh okvr`s. Unoh ohbfrnr quh ` Y`dhr Yófokj`, p`r shr d`tnd` dh úraê`s quh jukdnb d`s klthrhsshs dh t`dn n s`jkhdndh (Enzhldn Yófokjn h ` Bklkstërk` Yófokj`), thb noauls prkvkoëak`s, dhltrh `s qunks, ` prnz` hb quîdrupo` dru po` pnr pnrnn j`l j`lths thstnr tnr (rh (rhsp` sp`ldh ldhrr n ubn náê`) h hb d`fr` pnrn rhj`rrhr (`p`r n ubn shlthlán cudkjkno quh omh shcn dhsenv`rîvho). Ynrn sh hvktnr qunoquhr pr`fohbn, j`lvëb quh `s okvr`s shcnb aunrdnd`s aunrdnd`s p`r ntë qunrhltn nl`s, sh n hbprhs hbprhsn n lê` tkvhr skd` dhbnldndn pho` Y`dhr Yófokj`. Jns` cî thlmn skd` njk`lndn h anlm` n jnusn, j`lvëb quh hsshs okvr`s shcnb bnltkd`s p`r phrâ`d` dh thbp` duns vhzhs suphrk`r n` tërbkl` dn prhsjrkáê` dn okdh (quhstê` cudkjkno).

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Zhb`vhlth ë tud` ` quh sh b`vh p`r sk bhsb`. Lhsth Lhsth Nrtka`, hstnvn sh rhehrkld` n`s nlkbnks.

L`rbnobhlth,, ` Fnonlá` L`rbnobhlth Fnonlá` Ahrno ë ehkt` ehkt` nlunobhlth h thb j`b` rhehrhljkno ` nl` jkvko, j`ltud` hxksthb nkldn ùtrns s`jkhdndhs j`bhrjknks quh hxkahb quh ` Fnonlá` shcn ehkt` n jndn shks bhshs, j`b` l` jns` dn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn (Z/N) quh hxkah quh sh dks dkstrkf trkfunb unb `s dkv dkvkdh kdhld` ld`ss (ouj (oujr`s r`s quh dhvhb sh dkstrkfukr n`s sújk`s h njk`lkstns). @utr` jns` hb quh sh hxkah quh ` Fnonlá` shcn ehkt` shbhstrnobhlth ë ` dns klstktukáøhs eklnljhkrns, eklnljhkrns, rhauon rhauondns dns pho` Nrtka` :> dn Ohk l³ 4.8;8/54.

Fnonlá` Ahrno

Hlthldh-sh ` p`rquã dn hxkstãljkn d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` qunld` sh j`lskdhrn quh ` Fnonlá` Ahrno j`lsksth lub npnlmnd` ahrno, pnl`ræbkj` h, n` bhsb` thbp`, bukt` hekjnz, quh dhb`lstrn t`dns ns `phrnáøhs prntkjndns pho` j`bhrjknlth, l` dhj`rrhr d` nl`, h ns j`lshquhlths b`dkekjnáøhs `j`rrkdns hb shu pntrkbôlk`.

Zhauld` ` Nrtka` >9 d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`, hxksth nkldn bnks ubn `frkanáê` n` j`bhrjknlth3 ...n e`rbnr nlunobhlth ub fnonlá` ahrno d` shu ntkv` h pnsskv`, ` quno dhvhrî j`bprhhldhr t`d`s `s fhls dh rnkz búvhks h shb`vhlths, bhrjnd`rkns, dklmhkr`, pnpëks dh jrëdkt`, h ùtrn qunoquhr hspëjkh dh vno`rhs, h fhb nsskb t`dns ns dâvkdns h `frkanáøhs pnsskvns7 h shrî dntnd` h nssklnd` pho` j`bhrjknlth n quhb phrthljhr. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 6

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@utr` hohbhlt` dh dhstnquh pnrn n honf`rnáê` d` fnonlá` ë ` klvhltîrk` d`s fhls d` j`bhrjknlth. Zhauld` ` curkstn C`ê` Hulîpk` F`rahs, ` klvhltîrk` j`ltëb ‟n rhonáê` dh tud` ` quh ` j`bhrjknlth p`ssuk h dh tud` ` quh dhvh hb ubn dhthrbklndn dntn‒. @ klvhltîrk` nprhshltn, hb bklójkn, n sktunáê` pntrkb`lkno d` j`bhrjknlth h ` Fnonlá` Ahrno dh e`rbn rhsubkdn. @ Nrtka` >6 d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` dhthrbklù quh l` Okvr` Dkîrk`, dhvhrî shr onlánd` ` rhsub` d` Fnonlá` Ahrno, nssklnd` h dntnd` ln bhsbn `jnskê` d` rhehrkd` Fnonlá`. Hb `fhdkãljkn é Ohk dh Enoãljkn, ` j`bhrjknlth, `frkant`rknbhlth, dhvh nprhshltnr ` Fnonlá` Ahrno j`b n rufrkjn d` cukz dn curksdkáê` `ldh sh sktun shu hstnfhohjkbhlt` j`bhrjkno. Hstn pr`vkdãljkn dhvh shr t`bndn dhltr` dh shsshltn dkns npús n dntn ekxndn pnrn ` hljhrrnbhlt` d` Fnonlá`. Hb jns` dh enoãljkn, ` j`bhrjknlth quh lê` jubprkr hstn `frkanáê` hstnrî suchkt` n jrkbh enokbhltnr, pulkd` j`b prksê`. @ prèhss`r Eîfk` Xomôn J`hom` enz rhehrãljkn n ùtr`s d`ks tkp`s dh fnonlá`3 ` Fnonlá` Yntrkb`lkno h ` Fnonlá` dh Dhthrbklnáê`. Hsths fnonlá`s, shauld` ` prèhss`r, ‟sê` klstrubhlt`s j`ltîfhks quh n s`jkhdndh hbprhsîrkn pr`vkdhljkn qunld` lhjhssîrkn n bhlsurnáê` (nvnoknáê`) dh shu pntrkbôlk` durnlth ` hxhrjâjk`‒. N `frkanáê` ohano kbpøh n`s hbprhsîrk`s ` ohvnltnbhlt` d` fnonlá` pntrkb`lkno n` të tërb rbkl kl`` dh ub dh dhth thrb rbkl klnd nd` ` ph phrâ râ`d `d` ` (nluno ù shbhs shbhstrno). trno). Ë ` fnonlá` `rdklîrk` ù phrkúdkj`. Hxksthb, j`ltud`, sktunáøhs vhrkekjndns l` trnlsj`rrhr d` phrâ`d` hb quh phdhb n dheklkáê` d` vno`r d` pntrkbôlk` oâqukd` (quh p`dh shr okvrhbhlth b`vkbhltnd`, j`b` ` dklmhkr`) dn s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno lub dhthrbklnd` b`bhlt`, lê` j`kljkdhlth j`b ` tërbkl` d` hxhrjâjk` s`jkno. Lhsths jns`s, ohvnltn-sh ` Fnonlá` Hsphjkno ù ` dh Dhthrbklnáê` (cî jktnd`).

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thrb`s, n lhlmubn rhnvnoknáê` dh Ntkv` ù Ynsskv`. Zun eklnokdndh ë nphlns n dh ntunokznr ` Fnonlá`, j`lskdhrnld` `s ent`s j`ltîfhks vhrkekjnd`s dhsdh ` tërbkl` d` hxhrjâjk` ntë n dntn d` shu ohvnltnbhlt`. • L` Fnonlá` dh Dhthrbklnáê`, nothrnbsh `s jrktërk`s dh npr`prknáê` dh j`ltns h nvnokokná náê` ê` dh fh fhls ls h dk dkrh rhktkt`s `s nd nd`t `tnd nd`s `s ph pho` o` fnonlá` `rdklîrk` pnrn nthldhr é lhjhsskdndh hsphjkekjn dn s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno j`b`, p`r hxhbpo`, n dh npurnr `s mnvhrhs dh sújk` enohjkd`, hxpuos` ù dksskdhlth (sújk` quh snku, quh sh rhtkrù, quh nfnld`lù n s`jkhdndh). @s fhls d` Ntkv` h dkrhkt`s d` Ynsskv` sê` hltê` rhnvnoknd`s (n prhá` dh bhrjnd`).

Yrnáns J`bhrjknks @ Nr Nrtktka` a` :6 d` Jú Júdk dka` a` J` J`bh bhrj rjkn knoo Fr Frns nskokohk hkr` r` dheklku3 ‟Yrnán d` j`bërjk` ë lê` sú ` o`jno, bns tnbfëb n rhulkê` d`s j`bhrjknlths, jnpktêhs tê hs h bh bhst strh rhss dh ln lnvk vk`s `s,, j` j`rr rrht ht`r `rhs hs h bn bnks ks ph phsss`ns s` ns hb hbpr prha hand ndns ns l` j` j`bë bërj rjk` k`‒. ‒. H nk nkld ldnn njrhsjhltn3 ‟Hsth o`jno h rhulkê` hstê` suchkt`s é pò pòâj âjkn kn h kls klsph pháê` áê` dn dnss nut nut`rk `rkdnd dndhs hs j`b j`bph phth thllths‒. L` Nrtka` ::, hstnfhohjhu-s hstnfhohjhu-shh quh3 @ rhsuotnd` dns lha`jknáøhs quh sh `phrnrhb ln prnán dhthrbklnrî ` jurs` d` jæbfk` h ` prhá` j`rrhlth dns bhrjnd`rkns, shaur`s, erhths, trnlsp`rths dh thrrn h îaun, euld`s pófokj`s, lnjk`lnks ù hstrnlahkr`s, h dh ùtr`s qunksquhr pnpëks dh jrëdkt`, juc` jurs` p`ssn shr nl`tnd`.

• L` Fnonlá` Hsphjkno, sê` bnltkd`s `s bhsb`s jrktërk`s dh npr`prknáê` dh j`ltns h nvnoknáøhs d`s fhls h dkrhkt`s nd`tnd`s pho` fnonlá` `rdklîrk`. Lê` sh pr`jhdh, hb ùtr`s Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 6

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Tnks hlsklnbhlt`s dhsth Júdka` sê` nbpo nb po`s `s h kb kbpr prhs hss` s`ss h, l` dh dhj` j`rrh rrhrr d` thbp`, b`tkvnrnb ` surakbhlt` dh lubhr`sns dóvkdns h dkehrhlths j`ljhktunáøhs j`b rheohx`s ln curksprudãljkn d`s trkfulnks. lnk s. @ cukz dh dkrhk dkrhkt` t` Dnr Dnrjy jy Nrrud Nrrudn n Bkrnld rn ldn n en enzz ub hs hsjo jonr nrhj hjkb kbhl hlt` t` s` s`fr frh h ns Yrnáns d` J`bërjk`3 ‟Lub shltkd` nbpo`, skalkekjn ub jhltr` `ldh ns `phrnáøhs j`bhrjknks nssubhb arnldh vuot` h hl`rbh dhshlvòvkbhlt`‒. Ë p`r kss` quh hlj`ltrnb`s Yrnán dh Zê` Ynuo`, Yrnán dh Znlt`s, Yrnán d` Vk` dh Cnlhkr`, Yrnán dh Y`rt` Noharh htj. Hltê`, Yrnán d` J`bërjk` dhskaln ` ouanr `ldh `s j`bhrjknlths sh rhólhb pnrn trntnrhb dh shus lhaújk`s. Lhssh shltkd`, shu skalkekjnd` j`kljkdh j`b ` dh Fòsn.

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Hssns duns rhsòuáøhs hsjonrhjhb quh ns Fòsns dh Uno`rhs sê` nss`jknáøhs jkvks, shb eklnokdndhs oujrntkvns, juc` `fchtkv` s`jkno ë, s`frhtud`, bnlthr o`jno ndhqund` quh p`sskfkokth ` hlj`ltr` dh shus bhbfr`s, pnrn n rhnokznáê` dh trnlsnáøhs dh j`bprn h vhldn dh tâtuo`s h vno`rhs b`fkokîrk`s hb bhrjnd` okvrh h nfhrt`, hsphjknobhlth p`r hohss `ra hoh `ranlkz nlkznd` nd`ss h eks eksjno jnokzn kznd`s d`s,, klj kljous ouskvh kvh phons nut`rkdndhs b`lhtîrkns. N Fòsn dh Bhrjnd`rkns Bhrjnd`rkns thb p`r `fchtkv` `fchtkv` n j`bprn h vhldn d`s pr`dut`s dns kldóstrkns narâjòns h bnluenturhkrns, n pr`b`áê` d` j`bërjk`, ` dhshlvòvkbhlt` dn pr`duáê` d`s aãlhr`s d` pnâs j`b n `ranlkznáê` dh tkp`s èkjknks dhsshs aãlhr`s h rhsphjtkvn jonsskekjnáê`. @utrn kbp`rtnlth euláê` ë n d` hstnfhohjkbhlt` dns j`tnáøhs d`s prhá`s dns bhrjnd`rkns, dkvuoanld`-`s. Bhsb Bh sb` ` qu quhh n F` Fòs osnn dh Bh Bhrj rjnd nd`r `rkn knss prhsth rhohvnlths shrvká`s n` j`bërjk`, hon lê` thb arnldh kbp`rtæljkn hb l`ss` pnâs. Hb Zê` Ynuo`, hxksth ubn Fòsn dh Bhrjnd`rkns, dh jnrîthr lê` èkjkno, j`lstktukld`-sh dh úraê` tëjlkj` h j`lsuotkv` d` Y`dhr Yófokj` pho` Dhjrht` l³ 1.11>/4>, shld` j`lskdhrndn dh utkokdndh pófokjn. N pnonvrn Fòsn ë hbprhandn pnrn dhskalnr, shauld` ` ndvànd` C`së ]nvkhr Jnrvnom` dh Bhld`lán3

Fòsns L`ssn ohaksonáê` ndbkth duns hspëjkhs dh Fòsns3 n Fòsn dh Uno`rhs h Fòsn dh Bhrjnd`rkns. N Fòsn dh Uno`rhs ë ` o`jno `ldh sh lha`jknb náøhs dh j`bpnlmkns bhrjnltks, quh onlánb náøhs l` bhrjnd` eklnljhkr`, pnrn `fthrhb bnk`r vòubh dh jnpktno dh lhaújk`s. Hsth sksthbn ë utkokznd` hb bukt`s pnâshs. N Vhsòuáê` l³ :;/55, d` Fnlj` Jhltrno d` Frnsko e`k ` rhauonbhlt` quh dksjkpoklù n j`lstktukáê`, `ranlkznáê` h ` euljk`lnbhlt` dns Fòsns dh Uno`rhs hb l`ss` pnâs. Hon e`k fnkxndn j`le`rbh dhokfhrnáê` d` J`lshom` B`lhtîrk` Lnjk`lno, dh nj`rd` j`b n Ohk l³ 4.16=/58 h n Ohk l³ 4.8;8/54.

...n rhulkê` hb klthrvno`s phrkúdkj`s (mnfktunobhlth dkîrk`s) dh j`rrht`rhs h dhbnks phss`ns klthrhssndns, n ekb dh rhnokznrhb trnlsnáøhs s`frh vno`rhs búvhks ù bhrjnd`rkns W...R ` o`jno `ldh sh rhólhb `s quh trntnb dh tnks `phrnáøhs, ù shcn, ` hdkeâjk` ù prnán nfhrtn `ldh hssn rhulkê` sh jhohfrn W...R ` j`bpohx` dns `phrnáøhs rhnokzndns durnlth ubn dh suns shssøhs.

Bhrjnd` Bh rjnd` dh Jnpkt Jnpktnks nks Ë ub sksthbn dh dkstrkfukáê` dh vno`rhs b`fkokîrk`s quh pr`p`rjk`ln okqukdhz n`s tâtuo`s dh hbkssê` dh hbprhsns h p`sskfkoktn shu pr`jhss` dn jnpktnokznáê`. Ë j`lstktuâd` phons Fòsns dh Uno`rhs, s`jkhdndhs j`rrht`rns h ùtrns klstktukáøhs eklnljhkrns nut`rkzndns. Lhsth bhrjnd`, `s prkljkpnks tâtuo`s lha`jknd`s sê` `s rhprhshltntkv`s d` jnpktno dh hbprhsns (náøhs) ù hbprëstkb`s t`rlnd`s,

Y`sthrk`rbhlth, e`k npr`vnd` pho` Fnlj` Jhltrno Jhltrno d` Frnsko, ln e`rbn d` Nrtka` ;³ dn Ohk l³ 4.8;8/54, quh t`rlù pófokj` ` J`lsh J`lshom` om` B`lh B`lhtîrk` tîrk` Lnjk`lno, Lnjk`lno, n Vhsòuáê` Vhsòu áê` l³ >.585/=; >.585/=;.. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 6

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vkn bhrjnd`, p`r hbprhsns ‚ Dhfãlturhs j`lvhrsâvhks hb náøhs, fôlus dh sufsjrkáê` h j`bbhrjkno pnphrs (tâtuo`s dh hbkssê` dh Z`jkhdndhs Nlôlkbns nfhrtns, rhprhshltntkv`s dh dâvkdns dh jurt` prnz`, bâlkb` dh :9 h bîxkb` dh >=9 dkns) - quh phrbkthb n jkrjuonáê` d` jnpktno pnrn justhnr ` dhshlvòvkbhlt` hj`lôbkj`. Noëb No ëb dk dkss ss`, `, ` Bh Bhrj rjnd nd`` dh Jn Jnpk pktn tnks ks nf nfrn rnla lah h nkldn ns lha`jknáøhs j`b dkrhkt`s rhjhfkd`s dh sufsjrkáê` (dkrhkt` dh nqukskáê` dh ub l`v` o`th dh náøhs pho`s njk`lkstns j`b prhehrãljkn ln sufsjrkáê`, hb qunltkdndh pr`p`rjk`lno és p`ssuâdns suâ dns,, hb j`l j`ltrn trnpnr pnrtkd tkdnn é hst hstrnt rntëak ëakn n dh nub nubhlt hlt` ` dh jnpktno dn hbprhsn) dh vno`rhs b`fkokîrk`s, jhrtkekjnd`s dh dhpúskt`s dh náøhs h dhbnks dhrkvntkv`s nut`rkznd`s é lha`jknáê`.

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klvhstkbhlt`, dh nj`rd` j`b `s `fchtkv`s dheklkd`s pho` npokjnd`r. Zh prhthldhr ndqukrkr náøhs dh hbkssê` l`vn, ù shcn, l` bhrjnd` prkbîrk`, ` klvhstkd`r dhvhrî pr`jurnr ubn klstktukáê` eklnljhkrn, ubn j`rrht`r `rn n ù ub ubn n dks kstr trkf kfuk ukdd`r `rnn dh vno no`r `rhhs b`fkokîrk`s quh pnrtkjkpn d` onlánbhlt` dns náøhs prhthldkdns. Ns j` j`rr rrht ht`r `rns ns p` p`dh dhb b sh shrr dh dhek eklk lkdn dnss j`b` klthrbhdkîrkns, hsphjknokzndns ln hxhjuáê` dh `rdhls h `phrnáøhs p`r j`ltn prúprkn, dhthrbklndns p`r shus jokhlths, noëb dn prhstnáê` dh ubn sërkh dh shrvká`s n klvhstkd`rhs h hbprhsns, tnks j`b`3 n) kl klthr thrbhd bhdkná knáê` ê` dh `ph `phrná rnáøhs øhs dh jæb jæbfk` fk`77 f ) nsshss`rkn é hbprhsn ln nfhrturn dh jnpktno, hbkssê` dh Dhfãlturhs j`lvhrsâvhks hb náøhs, rhl`vnáê` dh jnpktno dh akr` htj.

Noëb dkss`, ns s`jkhdndhs j`rrht`rns j`ltrkfuhb pnrn ub euld` dh anrnltkn bnltkd` phons Fòsns dh Uno`rhs j`b ` pr`púskt` dh nsshaurnr n shus jokhlths hvhltuno rhp`skáê` dh tâtuo`s h vno`rhs lha`jknd`s hb prhaê` h nthldhr n ùtr`s jns`s prhvkst`s hb Ohk.

Nrr bnzël N bnzëlss Ahrnk Ahrnkss Ns hb hbpr prhs hsns ns dh dhNr Nrbn bnzë zëls ls Ah Ahrn rnks ks hs hstê tê`` rh rh-auondns pho` Dhjrht` l³ >.>96/>;9:. Zê` hstnfhohjkbhlt`s jucn eklnokdndh ë n dh aunrdnr h j`lshrv j`l shrvnr nr bhr bhrjnd jnd`rkn `rkns, s, hbk hbktkl tkld` d` tât tâtuo` uo`ss hsp hsphjk hjknks nks quh ns rhprh rhprhshl shltnb. tnb. Tnks hst hstnfho nfhohjkb hjkbhlt hlt`s `s p`dh p` dhb b sh shrr pó pófok fokj` j`ss ù pn pnrt rtkju kjuonr onrhs, hs,bnl bnltktkd` d`ss p` p`r r phss`ns lnturnks ù curâdkjns. @ Jú Júdk dka` a` J` J`bh bhrj rjkn knoo Fr Frns nskokohk hkr` r` lê lê`` `s pr prhhvku, vk u, h ` Jú Júdk dka` a` Jk Jkvk vkoo nt ntun unoo lê lê`` enz qu quno noqu quhr hr bh bhlláê` n hssh rhsphkt`. L` Júdka` J`bhrjkno, mî rhehrã rhe hrãljk ljkn n np nphln hlnss n`s n`sNrb Nrbnzë nzëls ls dh Dh Dhpús púskt` kt`ss h n`s trnpkjmhkr`s3 `s prkbhkr`s sê` dhstklnd`s é aunrd au nrdn n dh bh bhrj rjnd nd`rk `rkns ns qu quhh ph phrbn rbnlh lhjkn jknb b é dks dks-p`skáê` dh shus pr`prkhtîrk`s7 `s shauld`s, é fhkrn-bnr, sê` dhstklnd`s é aunrdn dh bhrjnd`rkns pnrn hxp`rtnáê` h dh bhrjnd`rkns kbp`rtnd p`r tndns. ns. E`r E`rnb nb dks dksjkp jkpokl oklnd` nd`ss pho pho`s `sNrt Nrtka` ka`ss =1 n ;= d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`.

Z`jkhdndhs J`rrht`rns Ns Z`jkhdndhs J`rrht`rns sê` klstktukáøhs eklnljhkrns bhbfr`s dns Fòsns dh Uno`rhs, dhvkdnbhlth jrhdhljknd`s pho` Fnlj` Jhltrno d` Frnsko, phon J`bkssê` dh Uno`rhs Kb`fkokîrk`s (JUB) h phons prúprkns Fòsns, hstnld` mnfkoktnd`s n lha`jknr vno`rhs b`fkokîrk`s hb prhaê`. Ynrn `phrnr l` bhrjnd` shjuldîrk` dh náøhs, ë lhjhssîrk` quh ` klvhstkd`r sh dkrkcn n ubn Z`jkhdndh J`rrht`rn, ln quno euljk`lîrk`s hsphjknokznd`s p`dhrê` e`rlhjhr dkvhrs`s hsjonrhjkbhlt`s h `rkhltnáøhs ln shoháê` d` Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 6

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Tnlt` ns ehkrns qunlt` `s bhrjnd`s sê` o`jnks `ldh ` j`bërjk` ë nfhrt` n` pófokj`. Nok sh rhólhb `s vhldhd`rhs h, j`lshquhlthbhlth, `s j`bprnd`rhs, n ekb dh hehtunrhb `s shus lhaújk`s, ns suns vhldns h j`bprns. N pr prkl kljk jkpno pno dk ehr hlá hlán n hlt hltrr h ` Nr Nrbnbnzëb dh Dhpúskt` h Trnpkjmh h ` Nrbnzëb Ahrno Ah rno ë quh hsth hsth óotkb`, óotk b`, j`lehrkld` j`lehrkl d` bnk`r dklnbksb` (e`rán) n`s lhaújk`s, hbkth d`ks tâtuo`s ulkd`s, bns shpnrîvhks, dhl`bklnd`s J`lmhjkbhlt` dh Dhpúskt`s h Qnrrnlt (Nuo (Nuon n 5), 5), rhprhshltnld` ns bhrjnd`rkns jnd`rk ns dhp`skt ndns. Trntn-sh Trntn-sh dh tâtuo tâtuo`s `s trnlsehrâ trnls ehrâvh vhks ks p`r hld`ss` hb j`lcult` ù shpnrndn shpnrndnbhlth. bhlth.

Jæbnrns Jæ bnrns dh J`bërjk` J`bërj k`

N dkehrhlán hltrh ns ehkrns h `s bhrjnd`s ë n quh ns ehkrns sê` `ranlkzndns hb o`jnks nfhrt`s, lê` hdkekjnd`s ahrnobhlth h, dh nlthbê`, ekxnd`s phons nut`rkdndhs j`bphthlt pht hlths. hs. Vhn Vhnokzn okznb-s b-shh phr phrk`d k`dkjn kjnbhl bhlth th h lê` hb jnrîthr phrbnlhlth7 `s bhrjnd`s, p`r sun vhz, nprhshltnb ub jnrîthr phrbnlhlth, o`jnokznld`-sh hb hdkeâjk`s, ù j`l cult` cu lt` dh hdk hdkeâj eâjk` k`ss hsp hsphjk hjknk nks, s, `ld `ldhh sh rhnokznb ns trnlsnáøhs h sê` hxp`st`s `s pr`dut`s pnrn vhldn. Tnlt` ns ehkrns j`b` `s bhrjnd`s sê` ndbklkstrnd`s phons Yrhehkturns, n quhb phrthljhb, kljouskvh, `s hdkeâjk`s h klstnonáøhs d`s bhrjnd`s. bhrjnd`s. Ns Yrhehkturns hstnfhohjhb ns rharns rhonjk`lndns n` euljk`lnbhlt` h é `ranlkznáê` dh nbfns klstktukáøhs nuxkoknrhs d` j`bërjk`.

N rhohvæljkn dns Jæbnrns dh J`bërjk` hstî l` æbfkt` d` j`bërjk` klthrlnjk`lno, quh `fchtkvn kljrhbhltnr h pr`b`vhr ` j`bërjk` hltrh d`ks pnâshs. Zktundns l`s pnâshs hstrnlahkr`s, ns Jæbnrns dh J`bërjk` J`b ërjk` nuxko nuxkokn knb b sh shus us a` a`vh vhrl rl`s `s dh `rka `r kahb hb,, fh fhb b j` j`b` b` `s d` d`ss pn pnâs âshs hs `l `ldh dh hs hstê tê` ` sh sh-dkndns, ln dksp`skáê` dh rhonáøhs j`bhrjknks, e`rlh e` rlhjhl jhld` d` kle kle`rb `rbná náøh øhss h dnd dnd`s `s n`s klt klthrh hrhss ssnnd`s. d` s. Dh Dhsh shlv lvòv òvhh ` pr prà àrh rhss ss`, `, j` j`b b su sun n nt ntun unáê áê`, `, h ` j`bërjk` hltrh d`ks pnâshs, juotkvnld` ub jokbn dh npr`xkbn npr`xkbnáê` áê` dh rhjkpr`jkdn rhjkpr`jkdndh. dh.

Ehkrns Eh krns h Bhrjnd`s

Hxp`skáøhs Ntunobhlth, ns hxp`skáøhs vãb ndqukrkld` hl`rbh kbp`rtæljkn, tnbfëb dhl`bklndns ehkrns ehkrns dh nb`strns, nb`strns, hb vkrtudh d` d ` arnldh Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon 6

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kljhltkv` quh pr`p`rjk`lnb n` j`bërjk`, shcn o`jno, rhak`lno, lnjk`lno ù bhsb` klthrlnjk`lno. Dhstklnb-sh n hxkfkr `s pr`dut`s dh dhth dh thrb rbkl klnd nd`` o` o`jn jno, o, rh rhak akê` ê` ù pn pnâs âs (` (ù u bhsb`, dh dkvhrs`s pnâshs), rhvhonld` ` dhshlv dhs hlvòv òvkbh kbhlt` lt` h ` pr` pràrh arhss` ss` ntk ntklak lakd` d` phon pho n kld kldóst óstrkn, rkn, pr` pr`p`r p`rjk` jk`lnl lnld` d` ` j`l j`ltnt tnt` ` hltrh vhldhd`rhs h j`bprnd`rhs h nuxkoknld` ln rhnokznáê` dns `phrnáøhs bhrjnltks. Y`dhb rhnokznr-sh shbprh l` bhsb` o`jno, ù hb o`jnks dkvhrs`s (shld` buktns vhzhs phrkúdkjns), hb lnvk` (hxp`skáê` eoutunlth), bhk` lê` rnr` hbprhand` p`r ub pnâs, l` kltukt` dh dkvuoanr shus pr`dut`s l` hxthrk`r.

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Ln jnpktno pnuokstn, ns hxp`skáøhs ù ehkrn ehkrnss dh nb`strns nb`strns tãbtãb-sh sh buotkpokjnd`, jn d`, t`b t`bn nld` pr` pr`p`r p`ráøh áøhss buk buktn tnss vhzhs akanlthsjns, klstnondns hb o`jnks npr`prknd`s pnrn hsth hsth ek b. Dhssh b`d`, sê` `ranlkzndns hxp`skáøhs dh nut`búvhks, dn kldóst rkn tãxtko, dh utkokdndhss d`bëstkj ns, dh nrtka`s d h jùr` dndh htj. T`dns b`lubhltnks!

Nuoo n 6 Nu

>) @ >) @ quh ë Ekrbn J`bhrjkno0 V3

6) Ë kbp`rtnlth rhssnotnr quh ekrbn ë ` shcn, ë ` l`bh s`f ` quno ` j`bhrjknlth hxhrjh suns ntkvkdndhs bhrjnltks.

, ù

:) N vkdn prèkssk`lno h eklnljhkrn d` j`bhrjknlth klsjrkt`, h jndn ent` quh omh :) N dkan rhsphkt`, sê` onlánd`s h j`lshrvnd`s l`s fnonlá`s j`bhrjknks. Hstn nekrbnáê` hstî3 ( ) J`rrhtn

( ) Klj`rrhtn

4)

T`d`s `s d`jubhlt`s dhvhrê` shr PPPPPPPPPPPPPP hPPPPPPPPPPP pho`s sújk`s, ndbklkstrnd`rhs, j`ls`rjknd`s ù shus pr`jurnd`rhs h thsthbulmns. n) ( f) ( j) ( d) (

) pr` pr`t`j t`jòn ònd`s d`s h oha ohanok nokznd znd`s `s ) dn dntn tnd` d`ss h ns nssk skln lnd` d`ss ) oha ohanok nokznd znd`s `s h dnt dntnd` nd`ss ) l`b l`bhnd hnd`s `s h pr` pr`t`j t`jòn ònd`s d`s


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8) ûnks 8) ûnks sê` ns vnltnahls dh ub j`bhrjknlth klsjrkt` (rhakstrnd`)0 V3

5) Zhbprh quh ub j`bhrjknlth dhkxnvn dh hxhrjhr sun ntkvkdndh ù b`dkekjnvn 5) Zhbprh n su n ekr bn, h rn lhj hs sî rk` enz hr ` ln C ultn J`bhrjkno. 1) Nssklnoh (U) pnrn ns nothrlntkvns vhrdndhkrns h (E) pnrn ns enosns, l` quh dkz rhsphkt` n`s dhvhrhs prèkssk`lnks d` j`bhrjknlth. ( ( ( (

) Zhaukr Zhaukr ubn ubn `rdhb `rdhb ulke`r ulke`rbh bh dh j`ltn j`ltnfkokd fkokdndh ndh h hsjrkt hsjrkturnáê` urnáê`.. ) Hehtunr Hehtunr,, ln Vhjhktn Vhjhktn Ehdhrn Ehdhrno,o, ` nrqukvnbh nrqukvnbhlt` lt` dh t`d`s `s d`jubhlt` d`jubhlt`s. s. ) J`lshrvn J`lshrvnrr, hb f`n aunrd aunrdn, n, t`dn n hsjrktu hsjrkturnáê`. rnáê`. ) E`rbnr E`rbnr,, bhlsnobhl bhlsnobhlth, th, ub ub Fnonlá` Fnonlá` Ahrno Ahrno dh dh shu Ntkv` h Ynsskv`. Ynsskv`.

=) Ë ub okvr` j`ltîfko hb quh ` hbprhsîrk`, p`r bhk` dh shu j`ltnd`r, onlán dknrkn=) Ë bhlth, dkrhtnbhlth ù p`r rhpr`duáê` `s nt`s quh b`dkekjnb ù p`dhb b`dkekjnr ` pntrkbôlk` d` hbprhsîrk`. Hstnb`s enonld` dh3 n) ( f) ( j) ( d) (

) Ok Okvr vr`` Jn Jnkx kxn n ) Okvr Okvr`` dh dh Vhak Vhakstr str`s `s dh Klv Klvhlt hltîrk îrk`s `s ) Okvr Okvr`` dh dh Vhak Vhakstr str`s `s dh dh Hbpr Hbprhan hand`s d`s ) Ok Okvr vr`` Dk Dkîr îrk` k`

;) Nssklnoh3 ;) Nssklnoh3 (n) Fòsn dh Uno`rhs (f) Fòsn dh Bhrjnd`rkns ( ) O`jno O`jno `ldh sh sh thb, p`r `fchtkv `fchtkv`, `, n j`bprn j`bprn h vhldn vhldn d`s d`s pr`dut`s pr`dut`s dns dns kldóstrkn kldóstrknss narâjòns h bnluenturhkrns. ( ) O`jno `ldh `ldh sh hstnfho hstnfhohjhb hjhb ns j`tná j`tnáøhs øhs d`s prhá`s prhá`s dns dns bhrjnd`r bhrjnd`rkns, kns, dkvuodkvuoanld`-`s. ( ) O`jno O`jno `ldh sh lha`jknb lha`jknb náøhs dh j`bpnlm j`bpnlmkns kns bhrjnl bhrjnltks. tks. ( ) Lê` Lê` thb thb arnld arnldhh kbp`r kbp`rtæl tæljkn jkn hb l`ss l`ss`` pnâs. pnâs. ( ) O`jno O`jno `ldh sh onlánb onlánb náøhs l` bhrjn bhrjnd` d` eklnl eklnljhkr` jhkr`.. ( ) Ë ubn nss`jk nss`jknáê` náê` jkvko, shb ekln eklnokdnd okdndhs hs oujrnt oujrntkvns. kvns. >9) T >9) Tnlt` nlt` ns ehkrns j`b` `s bhrjnd`s sê` ndbklkstrnd`s phons , n quhb phrthljhb, kljouskvh, `s hdkeâjk`s h klstnonáøhs d`s bhrjnd`s. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 6

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J@BHVJKNLTH KLDKUKDXNO Zktunáê`-pr`fohbn >

@ Zr. Ynuo` p`ssuk ubn phquhln okvrnrkn hb ubn arnldh nvhlkdn, thld` ` dhvkd` rhakstr` ln Cultn J`bhrjkno. Xb dkn, lhstn bhsbn nvhlkdn, e`k klnuaurndn ubn ùtrn okvrnrkn, bnk`r h bnks hspná`sn hspná`sn quh n d` Zr Zr.. Ynuo`. J`b kss`, shu j`bërjk` e`k nbhnánd` p`r hstn l`vn okvrnrkn, enzhld` j`b quh ehjmnssh ` shu lhaújk`. ûnks `s pr`jhdkbhlt`s pnrn ` ehjmnbhlt` dn okvrnrkn d` Zr. Ynuo`0 V3PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP V3PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP Zktunáê`-pr`fohbn 6

@ Zr. @dnkr thb ubn phquhln pnphonrkn ln run prúxkbn dh sun rhskdãljkn. @ pr`fohbn ë quh hoh lê` rhakstrù shu j`bërjk` ln Cultn J`bhrjkno h hstî n p`lt` dh phdkr enoãljkn. ûnks ns j`lsh j`lshquãlj quãljkns kns quh p`dhrê p`dhrê` ` njnrrh njnrrhtnr tnr n` Zr Zr.. @dnkr, p`r phdkr enoãlj enoãljkn kn shb ` dhvkd` rhakstr`0 V3PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP V3PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 6

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@s j`bhrjknlths sê` rhsp`lsîvhks pho`s nt`s dh shus prhp`st`s, rhontkv`s é ntkvkdndh j`bhrjkno d` shu j`bërjk`, nkldn quh lê` sh njmhb nut`rkznd`s p`r hsjrkt`. Dn bhsbn e`rbn, sê` j`lskdhrnd`s j`b` hsjrkturnd`s pho` prúprk` j`bhrjknlth `s nsshlt`s l`s okvr`s ehkt`s pho`s j`ltnd`rhs, hljnrrhand`s dn hsjrkturnáê` h j`ltnfkokdndh. Hb jns` dh hrr` ù `bkssê` quh vhlmn n prhcudkjnr thrjhkr`s, ` j`bhrjknlth ë rhsp`lsîvho, qunld` prntkjnd` p`r prhp`st`.

N XON : NXON NAHLTHZ N AHLTHZ H J@LTVNT@Z D@ J@BËVJK@ Na N a hl hlths ths d ` J` J`bër bërjj k ` Zê` nahlths d` j`bërjk` ns phss`ns lnturnks ù curâdkjns quh, dh ubn e`rbn ù dh ùtrn, klthrvãb ln prîtkjn d` j`bërjk`, nuxkoknld` ` j`bhrjknlth. @s nahlths d` j`bërjk` p`dhb shr3 N ‚ Na hlt hs dh dhphl phl dh dhlt lt hs (j`bhrjkîrk`s, fnljîrk`s, kldustrkîrk`s)3 sê` `s nuxkoknrhs klthrl`s, nahb hb l`bh dh ùtrhb7 sê` prhp`st`s (prhstnd`rhs dh shrvká`s), p`rtnlt`, lê` sê` j`bhrjknlths. F ‚ Nahlth Na hlthss nutôl`b`s3 sê` j`lskdhrnd`s j`bhrjknlths (j`rrht`rhs, ohko`hkr`s, j`bkssîrk`s, sîrk `s, dhsp dhspnjmn njmnlths lths dh noeæ noeældha ldhan, n, hbpr hbprhsî hsîrk`s rk`s dh trnlsp`rths h dh nrbnzëls ahrnks h `s rhprhshltnl shl tnlths ths h nah nahlth lthss j`b j`bhrjk hrjknks nks,, trnp trnpkjm kjmhkr` hkr`s, s, trn trn-dut`rhs, nahlths dh kle`rbnáøh kle`rbnáøhs). s).

Yrhp`skáê` ë ` j`ltrnt` pho` quno Yrhp`skáê` quno ` j`bhrjknlth ù kldustrkno ndbkth noauëb hb shu hstnfhohjkbhlt`, pnrn ahrkr shus lhaújk`s, jubprkr dhthrbkln dhthrbklndn dnss `frkanáøhs `frkanáøhs h nssubkr jhrt` jnra`, hb shu l`bh, p`r sun j`lt j` ltn n h s` s`f f su sun ns `r `rdh dhls ls77 cî pr prh hp` p`st st` ` ë nqu quh hoh quh, l` j`ltrnt` dh prhp`skáê`, `frkan-sh n jubprkr ub j`bpr`bkss` ù n prhstnr shrvká` s`f ns `rdhls d` prhp`lhlth, quh rhbulhrn bulh rn `s shus shrvká`s. shrvká`s.

Na hlt hlths hs Dhphl Dhphldhl dhlths ths

Nahlt Na hlths hs Nu Nutô tôl` l` b` b`ss

@ Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` hstnfhohjhu l`rbns n rhsphkt` dn rhonáê` dh prhp`skáê`, ù shcn, n rhonáê` dh hbprha` hltrh j`bhrjknlths h nuxkoknrhs prhp`st`s. Hstn rhonáê` hstî t`tnobhlth dksjkpoklndn phon J`lsòkdnáê` dns Ohks d` Trnfnom` (JOT). Nquhohs quh ` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` dhskalnvn j`b` ehkt`rhs m`ch sê` dhl`bklnd`s ahrhlths. Zhauld` ` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno, Nrtka` >.>163 ‟J`lskdhrn-sh ahrhlth ` prhp`st` phrbnlhlth l` hxhrjâjk` dn hbprhsn, ln shdh dhstn, ù hb sujursno, ekokno ù naãljkn‒. Tnbfëb sh nothrù n dhskalnáê` d`s aunrdn-okvr`s, `s qunks sê` jmnbnd`s m`ch dh j`ltnd`rhs. @s hbprhand`s d` j`bhrjknlth sê` m`ch dhl`bklnd`s dh j`bhrjkîrk`s, nsskb j`b` `s hbprhand`s dh hstnfhohjkbhlt`s kldustrknks sê` jmnbnd`s dh kldustrkîrk`s.

Nutôl`b`s sê` nquhohs quh, j`b` phss`ns lnturnks ù curâdkjns, hxhrjhb ntkvkdndhs óthks n` j`bhrjknlth. j`bhrjknlth. T`d`s hohs, p`rëb, sê` kldhphldhlths dhphldhl ths n` j`bhrjknlth. j`bhrjknlth. Zê` p`r p`r hohs quh ` j`b j`bhrjk hrjknlt nlth h pr` pr`jurn jurn qun qunld` ld` prh prhjks jksn, n, pna pnanld nld`òmhs pho`s shrvká`s prhstnd`s.

Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon :

4>


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dhb j`b ns `frkanáøhs d`s trnpkjmhkr`s, l`tnld`-sh quh nbf`s `s thrb`s e`rnb trntnd`s j`lcultnbhlth l` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` Frnskoh kr` (Nrtka`s =1 n ;=).

Trnpkjmhkr` h Ndbklkstrnd`r dh Nrbnzëls Nrbnzëls dh Dhpúsk Dhpúsk t` Trnpkjmhkr`s sê` ns phss`ns lnturnks ù curâdkjns quh bnltãb hstnfhohjkbhlt`s dhstklnd`s n rhjhfhr h aunrdnr, ntë quh shcnb hbfnrjndns, ns bhrjnd`rkns dhstklndns é hxp`rtnáê`. @s hstnfhohjkbhlt`s p`r hohs bnltkd`s dhl`bklnb-sh trnpkjmhs. @s trnpkjmhkr`s sê` `frkand`s n `fhdhjhr é dksp`skáê` dn Cultns J`bhrjknks, quh p`dhb hxnbklnr shus okvr`s, kbp`ldòmhs, sh e`r ` jns`, buotns ù ùtrns phlns. Hohs sê` `frkand`s, shauld` dhthrbklù ` Nrtka` =1 d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`, n nssklnr thrb` dh ekëks dhp`sktîrk`s d`s aãlhr`s quh rhjhfhrhb dn Cultn J`bhrjkno, pnrn quh thlmnb dkrhkt` n rhjhfhr j`bkssê` phon aunrdn dh bhrjnd`rkns quh omh sê` j`lekndns. Zhauld` ` Nrtka` == d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`, hohs sê` `frkand`s n thr, noëb d`s okvr`s usunks, ub okvr` nuthltkjnd` j`b ns e`rbnokdndhs hxkakdns l` Nrtka` >: dhsth bhsb` Júdka` h onlánr, l` bhsb` okvr`, dh e`rbn lubhrndn h jr`lòúakjn (dkn, bãs h nl`), t`d`s `s hehkt`s (jnran) quh rhjhfhrhb. Dhvhb hsphjkekjnr, j`b jonrhzn h kldkvkdunáê`, ns qunokdndhs h qunltkdndhs dhsths hehkt`s, cultnbhlth j`b `s l`bhs dns phss`ns quh `s rhbhthrnb h ` dhstkl`, j`b suns bnrjns h lóbhr`s, nl`tnld`, tnbfëb n sun snâdn.

Ë kbp`rtnlth ohbfrnr quh ` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`, fhb j`b` n Ohk l³ 4.165/58 (Nrtka` :1, Kljks` K), `frkan `s trnpkjmhkr`s h `s ndbklkstrnd`rh ndbklkstrnd`rhss dh nrbnnrbnzëls zë ls a hrnks é bntrâjuon. bntrâjuo n.

N` ond` d`s trnpkjmhkr`s h ndbklkstrnd`rhs dh nrbnzëls dh dhpúskt`, noklmnb-sh, j`b` nahlths nuxkoknrhs nutôl`b`s, ns phss`ns lnturnks ù curâdkjns quh sh dhdkjnb n` rnb` dh nrbnzëls ahrnks. Ohbfrnb`s quh hsth hs thss sê sê` ` dk dksj sjkp kpokl oklnd nd`s `s ph pho` o` Dh Dhjr jrht ht`` l³ >.>96/>;9: h tãb j`b` jnrnjthrâstkjn n enjuodndh dh hbktkr tâtuo`s hsphjknks (J`lmhjkbhlt`s dh Dhpúskt`s h Qnrrnlts) rhprhshltntkv`s dns bhrjnd`rkns lhohs j`lshrvndns. ûnlt` équhohs quh bnltãb nrbnzëls ahrnks, ë `frkantúrkn n bntrâjuon ln Cultn J`bhrjkno, dhvhld` thr ub okvr` dh tnoê` d` quno hxtrnkrê` `s J`lmhjkbhlt`s dh Dhpúskt`s h `s Qnrrnlts hbktkd`s. Hsth okvr` dhvh j`lthr t`dns ns dhjonrnáøhs j`lstnlths d`s rhehrkd`s tâtuo`s h ` lóbhr` dh `rdhb j`rrhsp`ldhlth (Dhjrht` l³ >.>96/>;9:, Nrtka` >8, Ynrîarne` 6³).

J`bkssîrk` h J`ldut`r d h Trnlsp`rths

@s d`ks okvr`s Wdkîrk` h j`pknd`rR s`frhdkt`s dhvhb shr hljndhrlnd`s, lubhrnd`s, shond`s h rufrkjnd`s hb t`dns ns suns eòmns p`r ub d`s bhbfr`s d` Trkfulno d` J`bërjk` rhsphjtkv`, n quhb jùfhr p`r dkstrkfukáê`, j`b thrb`s dh nfhrturn h hljhrrnbh hljhrrnbhlt` lt` sufsjrkt`s pho` shjrhtîrk` d` bhsb` trkfulno h nssklnd`s pho` prhskdhlth prhskdhlth..

Zê` phss`ns j`b shrvká`s `ranlkznd`s pnrn ` trnlsp`rth dh bhrjnd`rkns ù phss`ns. Zhauld` ` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` (Nrtka`s ;; n >>=), `s j`bkssîrk`s h j`ldut`rhs dh aãlhr`s dhvhb hehtunr n sun hltrhan ekhobhlth, l` thbp` h l` ouanr d` ncusth, j`b jukdnd` pnrn quh `s aãlhr`s h bhrjnd`rkns lê` sh dhthrk`rhb, suchktnld`-sh n kldhlkznáê`, jns` kss` `j`rrn. ûnld` ûn ld` ns bhr bhrjnd jnd`rk `rkns ns e` e`rhb rhb hlt hltrhrhauhs, ` j`ldut`r dhvh e`rlhjhr ubn jnuthon (d`jubhlt`) (d`jubhlt `) hb quh dhvh j`lthr vîrk`s dnd`s

Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` Nrtka` >: ‚ Júdka`

Jmnbnb-sh ndbklkstrnd`rhs dh nrbnzëls dh dhpúskt`s `s quh p`ssuhb nrbnzëls dhstklnd`s n rhjhfhr, hb dhpúskt`s, bhrjnd`rkns ù aãlhr`s dh vîrkns hspëjkhs, bnlthld`-`s s`f sun aunrdn, é dksp`skáê` d`s pr`prkhtîrk`s. Zuns `frkanáøhs j`kljkOhaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon :

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prhvkst`s l`s Nrtka`s jktnd`s d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno. Hssn jnuthon ë dhl`bklndn dh J`lmhjkbhlt lmhj kbhlt`` dh Tr Trnlsp nlsp`rth `rth (rhau (rhauonbhl onbhltndn tndn pho` Dhjrht` l³ >;.41:/>;:9, quh dkspøh s`frh `s j`lmhjkbhlt`s dh trnlsp`rths dh bhrjnd`rkns p`r thrrn, îaun ù nr, h pho` Dhjrht` l³ 69. 4848/>;:>).

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hxkah n kdndh bâlkbn dh 68 nl`s h d`bkjâok` dh bnks dh ub nl` l` ouanr `ldh hxhrjh sun prèkssê`, qunld` sh trntn dh j`rrht`r èkjkno. Lê` p`dhb shr j`rrht`rhs, shauld` n Ohk, nquhohs quh lê` p`dhb shr j`bhrjknlths (Nuon >), nquhohs quh e`rnb dhstktuâd`s dh suns euláøhs áø hs dh j` j`rr rrht ht`r `rhs hs h `s en enokokd` d`ss hl hlqu qunl nlt` t` lê lê`` rh rhnnfkoktnd`s. T`d` j`rrht`r ë `frkand` n bntrkjuonr-sh ln Cultn J`bhrjkno, `ldh p`dh `fthr n okjhlán pnrn hxhrjhr suns ntkvkdndhs (Nrtka` := d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`), dhvhld` tnbfëb prhstnr eknlán.

Fnlquhkr` Zê` dh hxtrhbn kbp`rtæljkn ns ntkvkdndhs dhshlvòvkdns phons klstktukáøhs eklnljhkrns. @ Júdka` J`bhrjkno J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`, hb shu Nrtka` >>;, >>;, j`ljhktuù fnlquhkr`s j`b` shld` ‟`s j`bhrjknl jk nlth thss qu quhh tã tãb b p` p`rr pr prè èks kssê sê` ` mn mnfk fktu tuno no d` sh shu u j` j`-bërjk` ns `phrnáøhs jmnbndns dh Fnlj`‒.

Ë phrbktk phrbktk d` n` j`rrht`r3

• shr pr`jurnd`r dh shus jokhlths pnrn n j`bprn h vhldn dh tâtuo`s dn Fòsn dh Uno`rhs, rhjhfkbhlt`s dh cur`s h dkvkdhld`s dhltrh ùtr`s7 • shr j`rrhsp`ldhlth dh ùtr` j`rrht`r, hb prnán dkvhrsn ù bhsb` l` hstrnlahkr`7 • thr hbprhand`s h ndcult`s7 • enzhr s`jkhdndh j`b shus nuxkoknrhs7 • rhjhfhr n j`bkssê` dhvkdn pho` shu trnfnom`.

@ thxt` fîskj` pnrn n ohaksonáê` quh rhauon ns ntkvkdndhs fnljîrkns ë n Ohk l³ 4.8;8/54, j`bpohbhltndn p`r klóbhrns dksp`skáøhs dksp`s káøhs,, rhssno rhssnotnld` tnld` ns j`lt j`ltkdns kdns ln Ohk l³ 4.16=/58. @ euljk`lnbhlt` dh ub fnlj` hstî su chkt` é prëvkn nut`rkznáê` a`vhrlnbhltno h é rka`r`sn eksjnokznáê`, bhsb` quh suns `phrnáøhs jufrnb ns bnks nbpons jnbndns dn p`puo uon náê áê`. `. No Noëëb d`s fnlj lj`s `s,, ns Jn Jnkx kxn ns Hj`lôbkjns p`dhb rhnokznr `phrnáøhs fnljîrkns tnbfëb.

Zê` dhvhrhs d` j`rrht`r3

• dhshbphlmnr phss`nobhlth suns euláøhs hxjht` hb mkpúthsh dh sufstktukáê` p`r prhp`st`, prhstnáê` dh shrvká`s d` shu èâjk`7 • hbprhanr dkokaãljkn l` dhshbphlm` dhshbphlm` dh suns euláøhs7 • thr hsjrktn rhauonr7 • hbktkr l`tn dh vhldn7 • bnlthr skako` hb rhonáê` n`s lhaújk`s7 • anrnltkr n hltrhan d`s tâtuo`s j`b quhb lha`jknr7 • nsskstkr é hltrhan dns j`ksns ndqukrkdns7 • hehtunr n hltrhan d`s tâtuo`s7 • rhjhfhr `s prhá`s dns bhrjnd`rkns.

J`rrht`r @s j`rrht`rhs sh `jupnb, prèkssk`lnobhlth, dh npr`xkbnr ns pnrths klthrhssndns hb hehtunr `phrnáøhs bhrjnltks, enjkoktnld` nsskb n rhnokznáê` d`s lhaújk`s. Zê` nuxkoknrhs d` j`bërjk` p`rquh ` trnfnom` dhohs euljk`ln j`b` ho`, lê` sú hltrh pr`dut`rhs h j`bhrjknlths, bns tnbfëb ‚ h prkljk prk ljkpno pnobhl bhlth th ‚ hlt hltrh rh j`b j`bhrj hrjknl knlths ths,, kls kls-trukld`-`s s`frh vnltnahls ù dhsvnltnahls dh jhrtns `phrnáøhs, npr`xkbnld`-`s hb dhthrbklnd`s jns`s, bnlthld` hb sharhd` ` l`bh dh ub dhohs. Hb ùtr`s jns`s, rhonjk`lnb n èhrtn h n pr`jurn, ekxnld` prhá`s j`rrhlths dh bhrjnd`rkns. @ Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` dksjkpoklù n bntërkn rhehrhlth rhehrhlth n`s j`rrh j`rrht`rhs t`rhs l`s Nrtka Nrtka`s `s :5 h :1. Ynrn ` hxhrjâjk` dhssn ntkvkdndh, Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon :

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@ j`rrht`r dhvhrî thr okvr`s j`bhrjknks, hsjrkturnld`-`s dh nj`rd` j`b ns l`rbns prhvkst vk stns ns l` rh rhau auon onbh bhlt lt`` d` Dh Dhjr jrht ht``-Oh Ohkk l³ 4=5/5;, s`f phln dh ekjnr suchkt` n kldhlkznr thrjhkr`s, jns` sun hsjrkturnáê` sh hlj`ltrh krrhauonr. D`ks sê` `s okvr`s quh t`d` j`rrht`r dhvh 4:


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p`ssukr3 @ Jndhrl` Bnluno h ` Yr`t`jò` (Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`, Nrtka` 89). @ prkbhkr` hqukvnoh n` f`rrnd`r d` j`bhrjknlth7 cî ` shauld` j`rrhsp`ldhldh n` Okvr` Dkîrk` d` j`bhrj j`b hrjknl knlth th,, hb quh sh rha rhakst kstrnb rnb,, dkn dknrkn rkn-bhlth, `s nsshlt`s j`lstnlths d` Jndhrl` Bnluno.

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@s ohko`hkr`s p`dhb bnlthr prhp`st`s, r hjh hjhfhr fhr rhbulhrnáê` pho` shu t rnfnom`, shr rhhbfòsnd`s dns dhsphsns j`b ` nlóljk` h n hehtkvnáê` d` ohkoê`, j`b n aunrdn h ` trnlsp`rth dh bhrjnd`rkns htj. Zê` suns `frkanáøhs3

• bnlthr, dhvkdnbhlth hsjrkturnd`s, `s okvr`s Dkîrk` dh Hltrndn, Dkîrk` dh Znâdn, Dkîrk` dh J`rrhlths, Yr`t`jò`, Dkîrk` dh Ohkoøhs h Okvr`-Tnoê`7 • hxhrjhr phss`nobhlth sun euláê`, lê` p`dhld` dhohaî-on n lklauëb, s`bhlth hb jns` dh hlehrbkdndh, jns` hb quh p`dhrî dhskalnr prhp`st` pnrn sufstktuâ-o`.

Ohko`hkr` Ë t`dn phss`n quh, `fhdhjhld` és hxkaãljkns dns ohks j`bhrjknks, nd`th n prèkssê` dh vhldhr fhls ù bhrjnd`rkns dh ùtrhb p`r bhk` dh ohkoøhs hb vhldns pófokjns s`f prhaê`. Ynrn hxhrjhr sun ntkvkdndh, ` ohko`hkr` dhvh, j`b` j`rrht`r, prhstnr eknlán h bntrkjuonr-sh ln Cultn J`bhrjkno. Ynrn j`lshaukr hssn bntrâjuon, prhjksn pr`vnr quh3 • ë frnskohkr`, hstnld` l` a`z` d`s dkrhkt`s jkvks h pòâtkj`s7 • ë bnk`r dh 68 nl`s7 • hstî d`bkjkoknd` l` ouanr hb quh prhthldh hxhrjhr sun prèkssê` mî bnks dh 8 nl`s7 • ë phss`n kdôlhn. Ë vhdnd` ` hxhrjâjk` dhstn prèkss ê` 3

Ohko`hkr` rurno

N` ond` d` ohko`hkr` èkjkno (n quhb jnfh, hxjouskvnbhlth, hehtunr ns vhldns cudkjk cud kjknks nks h ns dhth dhthrbk rbklndn lndnss pho phons ns nut` nut`rkrkdndhs pófokjns), hxksth ` ohko`hkr` rurno, j nt h a` r k n hs tn j r k nd n ph o n O h k l ³ 4.96>/5>. Jnfh n hoh hehtunr n vhldn hb ohkoøhs pófokj`s dh hstnfhohjkbhlt`s rurnks, shb`vhlths, pr`dut`s narâjòns, vhâjuo`s, bîquklns, uthlsâok`s h ùtr`s fhls dh pr`prkhdndh dnquhohs quh sh dhdkjnb é onvùrn. Dhvhb bnlthr bnlthr `s bhsb`s okvr`s dh hsjrkturnáê` hsjrkt urnáê` d`s ohko`hkr ohko`hkr`s `s èkjkn èkjknks, ks, hxjhtunld`-sh ` Okvr` Yr`t`jò`, quh ë sufst k tu â d` p h o ` J ` p k n d `r d h J n r t ns h j`rrhsp`ldh j`rrhs p`ldhlths lths.. Zê` sufbh sufbhtkd`s tkd`s é eksjnokznáê` phon Ehdhrnáê` dns Nss`jknáøhs Vurnks dh jndn Hstnd`.

• n`s quh lê` p`dhb shr j`bhrjknlths7

J`bkssîrk` Bhrjnltko

• n`s quh e`rnb nlthrk`rbhlth dhstktuâd`s dhstn prèkssê`7 • n`s enokd`s lê` rhnfkoktnd`s. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon :

Ë ` j`bhrjknlth quh rhjhfh bhrjnd`rkns 44


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ù pr`dut`s dh ùtrhb (j`bhrjknlth ù lê`, dhl`bklnd` j`bkthlth) pnrn vhldn, nakld` nsskb p`r j`ltn dhsth, shb, l` hltnlt`, shr `frkand` n dhjonrnr ù bhljk`lnr ` l`bh dhsth j`bkthlth. Yho` shu trnfnom`, rhjhfh ubn rhbulhrnáê` jmnbndn j`bkssê` bhrjnltko, shld` rhauondn l`s Nrtka`s >58 n >;9 d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`, `ldh e`rnb dhjonrnd`s `s dkrhkt`s h `frkanáøhs d`s j`bkssîrk`s bhrjnltks.

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akstrnd` l` J`lshom` Vhak`lno d`s Vhprhshltnlths J`bhrjknks, ë nsshaurndn n rhbulhrnáê` dhvkdn pho`s shrvká`s prhstnd`s j`b` bhdknd`r dh lhaújk`s j`bhrjknks, shauld` ` Nrtka` 8³ dn Ohk l³ 4.==5/58. Trndut`rhs Yófokj`s h Kltërprhths @ekjknks

Mî duns jntha`rkns dh prèkssk`lnks quh tnbfëb hxhrjhb ntkvkdndhs nutôl`bns kldhphldhlths, rhonjk`lndns j`b ` j`bërjk`3 ë n d`s trndut`rhs pófokj`s h d`s kltërprhths prht hs èkjknks. èkjknks. Y`r hsths prèkssk` prèkssk`lnks, lnks, sê` ehktns trnduáøhs dh d`jubhlt`s hsjrkt`s hb oklaunahb hstrnlahkrn h dh phss`ns quh, hb ubn j`lvhrsnáê`, enonb oâlauns dkehrhlths. Hsth trnfnom` ë ehkt` shbprh s`f n eë dh shu jnra`, p`ks hxhrjhb euláê` pófokjn h sê` curnbhltnd`s. Zhus shrvká`s sê` j`lv`jnd`s, hb rnrns vhzhs, hb jnusns cudkjknks. @ Dhjrht` l³ >:.59;/>;4: rhah hstn prèkssê`.

Vhprhshltnlth J`bhrjkno Nu N utôl`b` N Ohk l³ 4.==5/58, quh rhauon ns ntkvkdndhs d`s rhprhshl rhprhshltnlth tnlthss j`bhrjkn j`bhrjknks ks nutôl` nut ôl`b`s b`s,, dî-l dî-l`s `s ubn j`l j`ljhkt jhktuná unáê` ê` dhssn kbp`rtnlth jntha`rkn d`s nahlths nuxkoknrhs d` j`bërjk`. Zhauld` ` shu Nrtka` >³3 Hxhrjh n rhprhshltnáê` j`bhrjkno nutôl`bn n phss`n curâdkjn ù n phss`n eâskjn, shb rhonáê` dh hbprha`, quh dhshbphlmn, hb jnrîthr lê` hvhltuno p`r j`ltn dh ubn ù bnks phss`ns, n bhdknáê` pnrn n rhnokznáê` dh lhaújk`s bhrjnltks, nahljknld` pr`p`stns ù phdkd`s, pnrn trnlsbktk-o`s n`s rhprhshltnd rhprhshltnd`s, `s, prntkjnld` ù lê` nt`s rhonjk`lnd`s j`b n hxhjuáê` d`s lhaújk`s.

J`ltrnt`s J`bhrjknks Dhltrh Dhlt rh `s nt nt`s `s cu curâ râdk dkj` j`s, s, ekekau aurn rn ` j` j`lt ltrn rnt` t`,, jucn kbp`rtæljkn ë bukt` arnldh l` jnbp` dns rhonáøhs mubnlns lns `rdhls pho` Dkrhkt`. @ j` j`lt ltrn rnt` t` ë, nl nlth thss dh tu tud` d`,, ub nt nt`` cu curâ râdk dkj` j` h, j`b` tno, dhstkln-sh n ndqukrkr, j`lshrvnr, trnlsehrkr,, b`dkekjnr ù hxtklaukr dkrhkt`s. trnlsehrkr @rkakln-sh ` j`ltrnt` ntrnvës dh ubn j`lvhláê`, kst` ë, dh ub nj`rd` hltrh duns ù bnks phss`ns. Dhsth b`d`, ë dn sufstæljkn d` j`ltrnt` quh duns (ù bnks) phss`ns j`lj`rdhb hltrh sk j`b rhonáê` é dhthrbklndn j`ksn ù nssult`.

@ rhprhshltnlth j`bhrjkno nutôl`b` ë `frkand` n sh rhakstrnr l` J`lshom` Vhak`lno dh Vhprhshltnlths J`bhrjknks, pho` quno ë eksjnokznd`, l` hxhrjâjk` dh suns ntkvkdndhs. @ Nrtka` :³ dn Ohk l³ 4.==5/58 rhonjk`ln ns hxkaãljkns quh omh sê` ehktns qunlt` n` shu rhakstr` ln Cultn J`bhrjkno. Ë vhdnd` ` hxhrjâjk` dhstn prèkssê`3

• n`s quh lê` p`dhb shr j`bhrjknlths7 • n`s enokd`s lê` rhnfkoktnd`s7 • n`s quh thlmnb skd` j`ldhlnd`s p`r klernáê` phlno dh lnturhzn klenbnlth7 • n`s quh tkvhrhb shus rhakstr`s j`bhrjknks jnljhond`s j`b` phlnokdndh (Nrtka` 4³, Ohk l³ 4.==5/58).

@ j`ltrnt` j`ltr nt` ë n hxprhssê` dhstn j`lj`rdæljkn, dhvhld`, p`ks, j`lstktukr-sh ln bnlkehstnáê` okvrh dn v`ltndh dns phss`ns quh lhoh t`bnb pnrth.

N` rhprhshltnlth j`bhrjkno nutôl`b` rhOhaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon :

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Sign In Join   J`ltrnt` dh Trnfnom` pho` quno ubn dns pnrths (` hbprhand`) sh `frkan n prhstnr shrvká`s n ùtrn (` hbprhand`r), bhdknlth ubn rhbulhrnáê`. Xb j`ltrnt` dh ‟lê` enzhr‒ p`dh `j`rrhrr, p` rh p`rr hx hxhb hbpo po`, `, hl hltrh trh d` d`ks ks hb hbpr prhs hsîr îrk` k`s s hstnfhohjkd`s hb o`jnks bukt` prúxkb`s pnrn quh ub dhohs lê` enán j`lj`rrãljkn n` ùtr`, p`dhld` nbf`s j`lj`rdnr hb lê` hxpo`rnr ` bhsb` rnb` d` lhaújk`.

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L`ssn ohaksonáê` lê` dheklh j`ltrnt`. L` hltnlt`, j`ljhktun j`b` ‟` nj`rd` dh v`ltndhs quh thb, p`r ekb, jrknr, b`dkekjnr ù hxtklaukr ub dkrhkt`‒. J`b` sh vã, hstn dheklkáê` j`ldkz j`b n dh ent` curâdkj`, j`bpohbhltndn j`b ` hsjonrhjkbhlt` dh quh, l` j`ltrnt`, ë euldnbhltno n okvrh bnlkehstnáê` dn v`ltndh dns pnrths. Hb vkstn dkss`, t`rln-sh hvkdhlth quh lub j`ltrnt` `s nahlths (ns pnrths) dhvhb thr jnpnjkdndh curâdkjn pnrn j`ltrntnr.

@ Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` cî hstnfhohjkn tnfh ohjkn ns rharn rharnss h dksp dksp`ská `skáøhs øhs d` Dkrhkt` Jkvko pnrn `s j`ltrnt`s hb ahrno, quh hrnb npokjîvhks n` j`ltrnt` j`bhrjkno. (Nrtka`ss >6> n >:;). (Nrtka`

Lê` thrî vnokdndh ub j`ltrnt` jucns pnrths lê` tkvhrnb jnpnjkdndh curâdkjn pnrn nssubkrhb ns `frkanáøhs h dkrhkt`s dhj`rrhlths. @ `fcht` (` nssult`) d` j`ltrnt` dhvh shr oâjkt` (lê` j`ltrîrk` é Ohk). Ë kbp`rtnlth `fshrvnr quh n e`rbn d` j`ltrnt` dhvh shr n quh n Ohk prhsjrhvh ù, pho` bhl`s, ubn quh n Ohk lê` pr`âfh. Mî j`ltrnt`s quh sú tãb vno`r qunld` `fhdhjhb n jhrtn e`rbn hxkakdn phon Ohk.

Bhsb` nlths dn hxtkláê` d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`, ns bntërkns cî sh j`bpohbhltnvnb, p`ks ` Dkrhkt` Jkvko fusjnvn, l` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno, ns l`rbns fîskjns d`s j`ltrnt`s hb ahrno, l`rbns hstns quh pnssnrnb n rhahr `s j`ltrnt`s j`bhrjknks h quh, phon hvòuáê` d`s thbp`s, pnssnrnb n shr dksjkpoklndns n ar`ss` b`d` pho` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno. J`b` j`lshquãljkn, n bntërkn, nlths tkdn j`b` j`bhrjkno h m`ch j`lmhjkdn p`r hbprhsnrkno, pnssù n enzhr pnrth d` ulkvhrs` d` Dkrhkt` Jkvko. Y`dh-sh nekrbnr, hltê`, quh m`ch `s j`ltrnt`s sê` rhauond`s pho` Dkrhkt` Jkvko.

Jonsskekjnáê` @s j`ltrnt`s, s`f ` p`lt` dh vkstn ahrno, sê` jonsskekjnd`s dh vîrk`s b`d`s j`le`rbh noauls nsphjt`s s`frh `s qunks sê` hxnbklnd`s.

J`ltrnt`s Yófokj`s h Yrkvnd`s Dhltr` d` jnbp` d` Dkrhkt` Yófokj`, ù d` Dkrhkt` Dkrhkt` Yrkvnd`, Yrkvnd`, p`dhb` p`dhb`ss thr J`lJ`ltrnt`s Yófokj`s ù Yrkvnd`s. Thrhb`s ub J`ltrnt` Yófokj` qunld` lhoh t`bnr pnrth n ndbklkstrnáê` pófokjn, nakld` hb sun euláê` prúprkn quh ë n dh ndbklkstrnr n s`jkhdndh, ` pnâs. Lhsth j`ltrnt`, shbprh, pho` bhl`s ubn dns pnrth pnrthss ë ubn phss`n curâ cu râdk dkjn jn dh Dk Dkrh rhktkt` ` Yóf Yófokokj` j` (n Xl Xlkê kê`, `, ub Hs Hs--

Tkp`s dh j`ltrnt`s

T`dns ns mkpúthshs dh j`ltrnt`s sh rhsubhb hb trãs pnonvrns3 dnr, enzhr h lê` enzhr. @ j`ltrnt` bnks j`bub lns ntkvkdndhs bhrjnlt jn ltks ks ë ` J` J`lt ltrn rnt` t` dh Uhl hldn dn h J` J`bp bprn rn.. ûnld` ubn dns pnrths sh `frkan n ‟enzhr‒ noaubn j`ksn n ùtrn, ` hxhbpo` bnks usuno ë ` Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon :

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tnd`, ub Bulkj Bulkjâpk`). âpk`). Xb J`ltr J`ltrnt` nt` Yrkvnd` ë qunld` hsth e`r jhohfrnd` p`r phss`ns lnturnks ù curâdkjns.

aunodndh, tnbfëb j`lmhjkdn j`b` vuolhrnfkokdndh h quh p`dh shr vhrkekjndn lhssns sktunáøhs dh kbprhvkskfkokdndh.

J`ltrnt`s Jkvks

Y`r sun vhz, hb ubn sktunáê` l`rbno hltrh j`ltrntnlths dh kauno jnpnjkdndh hj`lôbkjn h nbpnrnd`s pho`s bhsb`s klstrubhlt bh lt`s `s dh j` j`lm lmhj hjkb kbhl hlt` t`,, np npokokjn jn-s -shh ` Júdka` Jkvko.

N dkvksê` hltrh J`ltrnt` Jkvko h J`bhrjkno pnssù n shr nvnokndn pho` hlvòvkbhlt` dn ntkvkdndh hj`lôbkjn dh pr`duáê` ù jkrjuonáê` dh fhls h shrvká`s h p`r vkn dh j`lshquãljkn l`s shus prhá`s. Y`r ùtr` ond`, n` Dkrhkt` Jkvko, enotn hssn jnrnjthrâstkjn ln bhdkdn hb quh sê` npokjndns ns rhonáøhs j`ltrntunks hltrh lê`-hbprhsîrk`s. Zh ` `f cht` ch t` d` j`l j`ltr trnt` nt` e`s e`ssh sh rh rhau auon ond` d` pho phons ns oh ohks ks jkvks, tâlmnb`s ub J`ltrnt` Jkvko, h m`ch kss` nkldn phrbnlhjh.

Tuthon d`s J`lsubkd`rhs

J`b n jrknáê` d` Júdka` dh Dhehsn d` J`lsubkd`r (Ohk l³ =.91=/;9), ` thbn j`lsubkd`r ë rhvka`rnd` phon jrknáê` dh bnks ub rhakbh l` Dkrhkt` Yrkvnd`3 ` Dkrhkt` J`lsubhrkstn. J`b kss`, thvh klâjk` ub thrjhkr` rnb` dh klthrprhtnáê` d`s j`ltrnt`s, jrknd` prkb`rdknobhlth pnrn rhauonr n rhonáê` hltrh j`lsubkd`rhs (Nrtka` 6³) h e`rlhjhd e`rlhjhd`rhs `rhs (Nrtka` (Nrtka` :³). L` j`ltrnt`, qunld` ns pnrths lê` p`dhb shr kdhltkekjndns j`b` j`lsubkd`r h e`rlhjhd` lhj hd`rr, hst hstnrh nrhb`s b`s dkn dknlth lth d` Dkr Dkrhkt hkt`` Jkvko.

J`ltrnt` dh Uhldn h J`bprn

Xb hxhbpo` dh J`ltrnt` Jkvko ë ` J`ltrnt` dh Uhldn h J`bprn dh ub kbúvho rhskdhljkno rhauond` p`r ohks jkvks, s`frhtud`, pho` Júdka` Jkvko. Cî ub J`ltrnt` dh Uhl hldn dn h J` J`bp bprn rn dh j` j`ks ksns ns bú búvh vhks ks (bhrjnd`rkns, p`r hxhbpo`), ehkt` p`r j`bhrjknlths l` hxhrjâjk` dh sun ntkvkdndh, j`lstktuk-sh lub J`ltrnt` J`bhrjkno, nlths rhauond` phons ohks j`bhrjknks h, m`ch, pho` Júdka` Jkvko.

J`ltrnt`s Xlko nth nthrnks rnks h Fk onthrn onthrnks ks Ë Xlkonthrno ` j`ltrnt` hb quh s`bhlth ubn dns pnrths ekjn `frkandn7 n `frkanáê` dh dnr, enzhr ù lê` enzhr noaubn j`ksn,, p`r j`lshauklth, j`ksn j`lshauklth, rhjnk nphlns s`frh ubn dns pnrths. Cî l` J`ltrnt` Fkonthrno, ns pnrths sh `frkanb hltrh sk, mnvhld`, p`rtnlt`, ubn rhjkpr`jkdndh dh prhstnáê`.

Hxksthb nkldn noauls nsphjt`s quh bhrhjhb shr hstudnd`s. Uhcnb`s `s j`ltrnt`s hltrh hbprhsîrk`s quh p`dhb shr klthrprhtnd`s dh e`rbns dkvhrsns, sh ub d`s hbprhsîrk`s lê` e`r kle`rbnd` ndhqundnbhlth s`frh n hxntn hxthlsê` d`s dkrhkt`s h `frkanáøhs l` j`ltrnt` ‚ `jnskê` hb quh sh npokjn ` rhakbh jkvko. Lns rhonáøhs j`ltrntunks, p`dhb `j`rrhr trnlsnáøhs quh vhlmnb dhsenv`rhjhr ubn dns pnrths quh shcn lha`jknlth lha`jknlth dhskauno. dhskauno. Nsskb, n Ohk dhvh nsshaurnr, n` bnks ernj`, ubn j`ldkáê` curâdkjn prkvkohakndn quh bklkbkzh n dhskOhaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon :

@fshrvh quh ` ent` dh ` j`ltrnt` shr ulkonthrno lê` kldkjn quh sú mncn ubn pnrth lhsth7 shbprh mî pho` bhl`s duns pnrths lub j`ltrnt`. L` J`ltrnt` Xlkonthrno, ` quh `j`rrh ë quh nphlns ubn dns pnrths sh `frkan n dnr, enzhr ù lê` enzhr noaubn j`ksn n ùtrn, shb rhjhfhr lndn hb tr`jn h shb quh hssn ùtrn pnrth vhlmn thr qunoquhr `frkanáê` hb rhonáê` é prkbhkrn. L` J`ltrnt` Fkonthrno (tnbfëb dhl`bklnd` skln41


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onabîtkj`), ns `frkanáøhs sê` rhjâpr`jns, rhjnkld` s`frh nbfns ns pnrths.

J`ltrnt`s Hsjrk t`s h Uhrfnks Uhrfnks @ J`ltrnt` Hsjrkt`, j`b` ` prúprk` l`bh dkz, ë nquhoh quh sh enz p`r hsjrkt`, p`dhld` shr pófokj` ù pnrtkjuonr3 n) Ë pófokj` ` J`ltrnt` Hsjrkt` j`lsufstnljknd sufst nljknd`` (ulkd` (ulkd`)) hb hsjrkt hsjrkturn urn onvrnd onvrndn n l`s Jnrtúrk`s dh Vhakstr`s Yófokj`s. f ) Ë pnrtkjuonr ` j`ltrnt` rhprhshltnd` p`r hsjrkt`, honf`rnd` p`r pnrtkjuonrhs. Lhoh, sê` klshrkd`s t`d`s `s d`jubhlt`s quh rhprhshltnb ` nj`rd` dh v`ltndh hltrh ns pnrths (jnrtns, j`rrhsp`ldãljkns, rhjkf`s htj.).

Vhquksk Vh qukskt`s t`s Ohan Ohanks ks N vnokdndh dh ub j`ltrnt` dhphldh dn `fhdkãljkn n jhrtns l`rbns, n jhrt`s rhqukskt`s prhsjrkt`s phon Ohk. Tnks rhqukskt`s, quh t`d` j`ltrnt` dhvh j`lthr, sê` kbprhsjkldâvhks pnrn quh hoh p`ssn ahrnr `s hehkt`s curâdkj`s, ndbktkd`s phons pnrths. @s rhqukskt`s ohanks dh ub j`ltrnt` sê` dh lnturhzn sufchtkvn ù `fchtkvn, j`le`rbh dkanb rhsphkt` és pnrths ù n` j`ltrnt` hb sk rhsphjtkvnbhlth.

@ J` J`lt ltrn rnt` t` Uhr hrfn fno, o, j` j`b` b` ` pr prúp úprk` rk` l`bh dkz, enz-sh vhrfnobhlth, `rnobhlth, shb e`r e`rbn bn hsj hsjrkt rktn. n. Hb sun hsb hsbnan nand`r d`rn n bnk`rkn, `s phquhl`s lhaújk`s h trnlsnáøhs hb l`ssn vkdn dkîrkn sê` ehktns dhssn e`rbn. Y`r hxhbpo`, qunld` jmnbnb`s ` hljnlnd`r, ` hohtrkjkstn, ` pklt`r dhltrh ùtr`s prèkssk`lnks, j`bfklnb`s `rnobhlth j`b hohs ns j`ldkáøhs d` trnfnom` h ` rhsphjtkv` prhá`.

Vhqukskt` Vh qukskt` s Zufch Zufchtkv`s tkv`s

Vhehrhb-sh és qunokdndhs dns phss`ns quh j`ltrntnb, kst` ë, dns pnrths j`ltrntnlths. Zê` hohs3

Hstn jon Hstn jonssk sskekj ekjnáê náê`` dkz rhs rhsphk phkt` t` é e`rbn h n` b`d` dh nprhshltnáê` d`s j`ltrnt`s.

Jnpnjkdndh jkdndh dns d ns pnrths • Jnpn Ns phss`ns, d` p`lt` dh vkstn jkvko, p`dhb shr pohlnbhlth jnpnzhs ù rhontkvnbhlth kljnpnzhs, ù nkldn, kljnpnzhs pnrn n prîtkjn dh nt`s curâdkj`s. n) Lhlmubn rhstrkáê` phsn s`frh `s pohlnbhlth pohlnb hlth jnpnzhs. Hohs p`dhb prntkjnr t`d`s `s nt`s curâdkj`s h tnbfëb j`ltrntnr, j`ltrntnr, p`ks hstê` ln pohln p`ssh dh shus dkrhkt`s. f ) N`s rhontkvnbhlth kljnpnzhs, kljnpnzhs, cî ë p`ssâvho quh pnrtkjkphb dn hehtunáê` dh j`ltrnt`s, p`rëb j`b rhstrkáøhs. Dhvhb shr nsskstkd`s p`r shus rhprhshltnlths ohanks.

J`ltrnt`s Yrkljkpnks h Njj hs N hsss ú r k ` s Zê` dhl`bklnd`s Yrkljkpnks `s j`ltrnt`s quh sufsksthb p`r sk prúprk`s, shld` kldhphldhlths dh qunoquhr j`lvhláê`, p`r hxhbpo`, ub j`ltrnt` dh o`jnáê`, dh vhldn h j`bprn, dh hbprëstkb`s htj. Njhssúrk`s sê` `s j`ltrnt`s jucn hxkstãljkn dhphldh dh ùtr` j`ltrnt` pnrn anrnltkr n `frkanáê` quh rhsuotn dh ub J`ltrnt` Yrkljkpno. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon :

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j) @s kljnpnzhs lê` p`dhb j`ltrntnr. @s j`ltrnt`s hehtund`s p`r hohs phss`nobhlth shrknb luo`s, p`ks hohs sú p`dhb prntkjnr nt`s curâdkj`s ntrnvës dh shus rhprhshltnlths rhprhshltnlths ohanks. • J`lshltkbhlt` Ë hsshljkno quh, hb t`d` j`ltrnt`, t`rlhsh hvkdhlth n v`ltndh dns pnrths j`ltrntnlths, j`lsufstnljkndns j`lsufstnljkn dns lub nj`rd` hb quh dhvhb nssubkr ns `frkanáøhs h `s dkrhkt`s quh rhsuotnb dhsth. dhsth. N bnlkeh bnlkehstnáê stnáê`` dn v`ltndh v`ltndh dns pnrths hb dh dhokokffhrn rnááê` (d (dh hjk jkssê` ê`), ), t`b `bnd ndn n okvrhbhlth shb dò`, hrr`, bnoâjkn ù bî eë j`lsksth l` j`lshltkbhlt`. Zhld` ` j`ltrnt` ub nt` okvrh h vòultîrk`, vnoh dkzhr quh ub nt` j`lshltkd` klvnokdn qunksquhr jkrjulstæljkns dh quh rhsuotnb kbp`skáê`, j`náê` ù hrr` pnrn ns pnrths n` dhokfhrnrhb. okfhr nrhb. Tnks jkrju jkrjulstæ lstæljkn ljknss nduot nduothrnb hrnb n v`ltndh dns pnrths. Zhld` nsskb, ` j`ltrnt` dhkxn dh rhprhshltnr n okvrh bnlkehstnáê` dn v`ltndh d`s j`ltrntnlths. @ j`lshlt j`lshltkbh kbhlt` lt` p`dh p`dh shr tîj tîjkt` kt` ù hxprhss`. n) Ë tîjkt` qunld` sh p`dh vhrkekjnr sun hxkstãljkn p`r bhk` dh nt`s quh ` dhb`lstrhb7 ub hxhbpo` ë n enotn dh ub d`jubhlt` hsjrkt` ù ub ncusth `rno quh ` j`bpr`vh. f) @ j`lshltkbhlt` ë hxprhss` qunld` bnlkehstnd` dh e`rbn p`sktkvn, quhr p`r hsjrkt`, quhr vhrfnobhlth, bns shb dnr bnrahb n dóvkdns qunlt` n sun hxkstãljkn.

N arnldh bnk`rkn d`s j`ltrnt`s hljhrrn ` j`lshltkbhlt` hxprhss`, d` quno sh dhduzhb ns dkvhrsns e`rbns j`ltrntunks.

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• E`rbn hsphjkno Mî j`ltrnt`s quh n Ohk hxkah quh shcnb rhnokznd`s, `fhdhjhld` n ubn e`rbn hsphjkno, jhrtn h dhthrbklndn7 shb kss`, dhkxnb dh thr vnokdndh. @ j`ltrnt` dh s`jkhdndh (jkvko ù j`bhrjkno) dhbnldn e`rbn hsphjkno. Noaubns s`jkhdndhs j`bhrjknks rhquhrhb j`ltrnt`s onvrnd`s p`r hsjrkturn pófokjn, ùtrns sh sntksenzhb j`b j`ltrnt`s rhprhshltnd`s p`r klstrubhlt`s7 p`rëb, hb t`d`s `s jns`s, dhvhb shr ohvnd`s n rhakstr` l` Vhakstr` Yófokj` j`bphthlth. • Jnusn Jnusn jhrtn jhrt n @ j`ltrnt` dhvh thr p`r `fcht` ubn j`ksn dhthrbklndn, kldkvkdunokzndn h dheklkdn, p`ks sú dhssn bnlhkrn ë quh ekjnrê` dhbnrjndns, j`b prhjksê`, ns `frkanáøhs quh dhvhb ndvkr pnrn ns pnrths j`ltrntnlths. Nsskb, noëb dn ekxnáê` dn j`ksn (quh j`lstktuk ` `fcht` d` j`ltrnt`), ë lhjhssîrk` quh ekquhb hxntnbhlth dhokbktndns ns `frkanáøhs quh j`lstktuhb n jnusn d` j`ltrnt` dns pnrths. Dn dhthrbklnáê` (ù jhrthzn) dn j`ksn, d` `fcht` d` j`ltrnt`, pr`vëb `s dkrhkt`s dns pnrths7 dn dhthrbklnáê` dn jnusn, ns `frkanáøhs dns pnrths. • @fcht` @fcht` k oâjkt` Ohvn-sh hb j`ltn n eklnokdndh d` j`ltrnt`, ` ekb hsphrnd` phons pnrths j`ltrntnlths, quh dhvh shr oâjkt` h ohano, j`lshltkd` phon Ohk. Lê` p`ssuk np`k` curâdkj` ` j`ltrnt` d` `f cht` koâjkt`. koâjkt`. J`bprhhldh-sh J`bprhhldh-sh phrehktnbhlt phrehktnbhlthh hssn hxkaãljkn dn okjktudh d` `fcht`, p`ks ë lnturno quh sh rhsaunrdhb n m`lhstkdndh h n b`rnokdndh d`s lhaújk`s curâdkj`s, vhdnld` n `j`rrãljkn dh j`ltrnt`s quh vksnb n ekls kb`rnks, dhs`lhst`s, j`ltrîrk`s j`ltrîrk`s é ëtkjn h n`s f`ls j`stubhs, j`lshquhlthbhlth, j`ltrîrk`s é `rdhb pófokjn njnuthondn pho` Dkrhkt`.

Vhqukskt` Vh qukskt` s `fchtkv`s

Yr`vn d`s J`ltrnt`s

Hvkdhljknb-sh Hvkdhljkn b-sh `s rhqu rhqukskt` kskt`ss `fch `fchtkv` tkv`ss qunld` sh j`lskdhrnb j`ltrnt`s hb sk bhsb`s hxnbklnd`s hb suns qunokdndhs `fchtkvns. Hsths rhqukskt`s surahb n` sh nlnoksnr n lnturhzn, ` tkp` dh j`lvhrsn h ` nj`rd` quh `j`rrhu hltrh pnrths j`ltrntunks. @s rhqukskt`s sê` `s shauklths3 Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon :

Ë shbprh lhjhssîrk`, ln vkdn prîtkjn, j`bpr`vnr n hxkstãljkn dh ub j`ltrnt` j`b ns rhsphjtkvns j`ldkáøhs. N`s bhk`s hstnfhohjkd`s phon Ohk, pnrn quh ns pnrths dhb`lstrhb n hxkstãljkn dh ub j`ltrnt`, dnb`s ` l`bh dh pr`vns dhsth. 4;


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Y`dh-sh dkzhr, hltê` quh `s j`ltrnt`s ‟sh pr`vnb‒ p`r hsjrkturns pófokjns, hsjrkturns pnrtkjuon ju onrh rhs, s, l` l`tn tnss d` d`ss j` j`rr rrht ht`r `rhs hs,, jh jhrt rtkd kdøh øhss hxtrnâdns d`s shus pr`t`jò`s, j`rrhsp`ldãljkn hpkstònr, okvr`s dn s`jkhdndh hbprhsnrkno h thsthbulmns. Hb sh trntnld` dh j`ltrnt` hsjrkt`, n pr`vn dh sun hxkstãljkn sh enz pho` klstrubhlt` dh j`ltrnt` (d`jubhlt` hsjrkt`) hb quh j`ltëb ` nj`rd` h ns rhsphjtkvns j`ldkáøhs quh hxprhssnb n v`ltndh dns pnrths. ûnld` n trnlsnáê` sh hehtun ntrnvës dh j`rrht`r, ` j`ltrnt` p`dh shr pr`vnd` phons l`tns j`ltkdns l`s okvr`s dhsth (dns qunks sh p`dhb hxtrnkr jhrtkdøhs). Y`r j`rrhsp`ldãljkn hpkstònr, dhvh-sh hlthldhr t`dns n e`rbns dh j`bulkjnáê` p`r hsjrkt` hltrh ns pnrths quh enzhb trnlsnáê`3 jnrtns, èâjk`s, bhb`rnld`s, l`tns, enturns, thoharnbns, enx, h-bnko htj. Tnks d`jubhlt`s p`dhb j`lstktukr-sh hb pr`vns dh j`ltrnt`s j`bhrjknks, d` ncusth hehtund` hltrh ns pnrths. @s okvr`s `frkantúrk`s j`lstktuhb pr`vn pohln dns trnlsnáøhs hbprhsnrknks ohvndns n jnf` pho` hbprhsîrk`. ûnlt` n`s okvr`s nuxkoknrhs, hbf`rn lê` fnsthb p`r sk sú j`b` pr`vn, rhe`ránb ns trnlsnáøhs hxtrnâdns d`s okvr`s `frkantúrk`s.

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jnáê` d` jubprkbhlt` dh suns `frkanáøhs trkfutîrkns. N hxkfkáê` kltharno d`s okvr`s d` j`bhrjknlth cî hrn prhvkstn l` Nrtka` >= d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`, pr`jhdhld` n` hxnbh dn hsjrkturnáê` hb sun t`tnokdndh. M`ch, ` Júdka` dh Yr`jhss` Jkvko, hb shu Nrtka` :=>, dhthrbkln quh ` cukz p`ssn `rdhlnr ` rhquhrkbhlt` kltharno d`s okvr`s j`bhrjknks h d`s d`jubhlt`s d` nrqukv`. Mî jn jns` s`ss hb qu quhh sh en enzz lh lhjh jhss ssîr îrk` k` ` hxnbh nphlns pnrjkno d`s okvr`s, dhthrbklnld` quh ` cukz hehtuh ` ohvnltnbhlt` (n phrâj ph râjkn kn j` j`lt ltîfk îfko) o) s` s`bhl bhlth th j` j`b b rhs rhsphk phkt` t` équhohss onlánbh équhoh onlánbhlt`s lt`s rhontkv`s n quhstø quhstøhs hs susjktndns, susjktnd ns, j`le`rbh cî prhsjrhvkn ` Nrtka` >; d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`, h quh m`ch j`lstn l` Nrtka` :=6 d` Júdka` dh Yr`jhss` Jkvko. Hb t` t`dn dnss ns mkp mkpút úths hshs hs dh hxk hxkfká fkáê` ê` j`bpuosúrkn d`s okvr`s d` j`bhrjknlth, ` cukz lê` nah hsp`ltnlhnbhlth, bns n rhquhrkbhlt` dn pnrth klthrhssndn ù l` dhj`rrhr dh ubn náê` cudkjkno pr`p`stn. Hsth rhquhrkbhlt`, ù phdkd`, p`dh shr ehkt` nlths dn pr`p`stn é j`bphthlth náê` cudkjkno, nlths dh quhstê` cudkjkno, j`lstktukld`-sh lubn dns jmnbndns bhdkdns prhvhltkvns. Hstn mkpúthsh sh vhrkekjn qunld` n phss`n, n quhb klthrhssn pr`p`r ubn náê` j`ltrn ` j`bhrjknlth, prhjksn hxnbklnr prhvknbhlth `s okvr`s dhsth pnrn custkekjnr hssn náê`, n ekb dh dhb`lstrnr quh thb euldnbhlt` é náê` cudkjkno, quh prhthldh klkjknr j`ltrn ` rhehrkd` j`bhrjknlth.

Dhstn e`rbn, j`ljouk-sh quh ` bnk`r fhlhekjknd` p`r ubn hsjrkturnáê` j`ltîfko hb `rdhb ë ` prúprk` j`bhrjknlth. Ns thsthbulmns p`dhb shr jmnbndns pnrn pn rn pr pr`v `vnr nr n hx hxks kstã tãlj ljkn kn dh ub j` j`lt ltrn rnt` t`.. Y`rëb, qunsh shbprh, n pr`vn thsthbulmno ë ndbktkdn s`bhlth j`b` sufskdkîrkn ù j`bpohbhltnr dh ùtrns pr`vns prhehrhljknks, quh sê` ns hsjrktns.

Hxkfkáê` Cudkjkno d`s Okvr`s J`bhrjknks

Ë prhjks` rhssnotnr quh ` j`bhrjknlth, hb qunoquhr jns`, sú ë `frkand` n hxkfkr shus okvr`s hb `fhdkãljkn `fhdkãljkn n dhthrdhthrbklnáê` d` cukz, shld` ` hxnbh dh sun hsjrkturná hs jrkturnáê` ê` hehtun ehtund` d` p`r ph phrkt`s rkt`s hb J`ltnfkokdndh, l`bhnd`s h j`bpr`bkssnd`s pho` cukz, l`s nut`s nut`s d` pr`jhss`.

Hb prkljâpk`, prhvnohjkn n l`rbn d` skako` d`s okvr`s dh hsjrkturnáê` d` j`bhrjknlth. M`ch, lê` bnks prhvnohjh tno l`rbn dhvkd` és ohks eksjnks quh suchktnb ` j`bhrjknlth é j`lstnlth vkakoæljkn p`r pnrth d`s nahlths dn Enzhldn Yófokjn, pnrn n vhrkekOhaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon :

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J`ltrnt`s J`bhrjknks hb Hspëjkh

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jnb-sh é tr`jn ns dksp`skáøhs rhehrhlths é j`bp j` bprn rn h vh vhld ldn‒ n‒.. Hs Hssn sn nt ntkv kvkd kdnd ndhh ë bu buktkt`` pùj` hbprhandn l` jnbp` dns ntkvkdndhs bhrjnltks.

Uîrk`s j`l Uîrk`s j`ltrn trnt`s t`s sh rha rhahb hb pho phons ns ohk ohkss jkvks, h `s j`lskdhrnd`s bhrjnltks sê` prntkjnd`s p`r j`bhrjknlths ù hb euláê` d` j`bërjk`. Mî rhnobhlth noauls j`ltrnt`s - j`b` n mkp`thjn - quh shbprh sh rhauonb phon ohk jkvko, thld` ` jnrîthr dh j`ltrnt` jkvko, bhsb` quh shcnb hehtund`s p`r j`bhrjknlths, ù bhsb` hb euláê` d` j`bërjk`.

Bnldnt` Bn ldnt` Bh Bhrjnltk rjnltkoo Bnldnt` ë ` j`ltrnt` pho` quno noauëb (bnldntîrk` ù pr`jurnd`r) rhjhfh dh ùtr` (bnldnlth) p`dhrhs pnrn, hb shu l`bh, prntkjnr nt`s ù ndbklkstrnr klthrhsshs. @ Júdka` Jkvko dh >;>5 cî jktnvn ` bnldnt` hb shu Nrtka` >.6== h, ntunobhlth, ` Júdka` Jkvko, hb shu nrtka` 58:, dkspøh ` shauklth3 ‒@phrn-sh ` bnldnt` qunld` noauëb rhjhfh dh ùtrhb p`dhrhs pnrn, hb shu l`bh, prntkjnr nt`s ù ndbklk bk lkst strn rnrr kl klth thrh rhss sshs hs.. N pr pr`j `jur urná náê` ê` ë ` klstrubhlt` d` bnldnt`‒. Bnldntîrk`, ù jònf`rnd`r, ë n phss`n quh rhjhfh ` bnldnt` (` quno sh ulkekjn ln pr`jurnáê`) h quh, p`rtnlt`, p`dh prntkjnr nt`s h ndbklkstrnr fhls (klthrhsshs) phrthljhlths n ùtrn phss`n (bnldnlth), hxhrjhld` tnks dkrhkt`s hb l`bh dhstn j`b` sh e`ssh hon prúprkn. L` bnldnt`, ` bnldntîrk` nah hb l`bh d` bnldnlth, rhprhshltnld`-` hb ubn j`bprn h vhldn h, p`r hssn lha`jknáê`, hoh rhjhfh rhbulhrnáê`.

J`bprn h Uhldn Bhrjnltko Y`r J`ltrnt` dh J`bprn h Uhldn, ` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno (Nrtka` 4=>) dhjonrn3 ‟Yho` j`ltrnt` dh j`bprn h vhldn, ub d`s j`ltrntnlths sh `frkan n trnlsehrkr ` d`bâlk` dh jhrtn j`ksn, h ` ùtr`, n pnanr-omh jhrt` prhá` hb dklmhkr`‒. Hsth j`ltrnt` sh dhstkln n enzhr trnlsehrãljkn dh pr`prkhdndh (d`bâlk`) dh ub pr`dut` jhrt`, bhdknlth ` pnanbhlt` dh ub prhá` hb dklmhkr`. Xbn dns pnrths (` vhldhd`r) hltrhan n ùtrn (` j`bprnd`r) ub pr`dut` jhrt`, rhjhfhld` dhsth j`bprnd`r ubn kbp`rtæljkn j`rrhsp`ldhlth n` prhá` d` pr`dut`. Dh nj`rd` j`b ` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno, pnrn quh sh hlthldn n j`bprn h vhldn j`b` bhrjnltko, pnssù n dhphldhr nphlns dn j`ldkáê` dh j`bhrjknlth d`s d`ks hbprhsîrk`s. ûnld` ` j`bprnd`r, bhsb` shld` hbprhsîrk`, ndqukrh ub fhb quh lê` ë hstrktnbhlth lhjhssîrk` n` dhshlvòvkbhlt` dh sun ntkvkdndh hj`lôbkjn, n j`ksn, pnrn ` Dkrhkt`, lê` sh j`lskdhrn klsub` (s`bn dh t`dns ns dhsphsns). @ j`ltrnt` j`rrhsp`ldhlth lê` ë bhrjnltko. Hstn mkpúthsh sh jnrnjthrkzn hb ubn rhonáê` dh j`lsub`.

J`bkssê` Bhrjnltko @ Nrtka` 5;: d` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno dhthrbkln3 ‟@ j`ltrnt` dh j`bkssê` thb p`r `fcht` n nqukskáê` ù n vhldn dh fhls pho` j`bkssîrk`, hb shu prúprk` l`bh, é j`ltn d` j`bkthlth‒, ù shcn, quhb vhldh dhvh prhstnr j`ltns n` d`l` dn bhrjnd`rkn, bns nssubh `s rksj`s dhstn vhldn. Kss` skalkekjn quh ` j`bkssîrk` (vhldhd`r) ekjn dkrhtnbhlth `frkand` j`b ns phss`ns quh j`ltrntnr, shb quh hstns thlmnb náê` j`ltrn ` j`bkthlth, lhb hsth j`ltrn hons, snov` sh ` j`bkssîrk` jhdhr shus dkrhkt`s n qunoquhr dns pnrths. @ j`bkssîrk` lê` rhsp`ldh phon klsòvãljkn (lê` pnanbhlt`) dns phss`ns j`b quhb trntnr, hxjht` hb jns` dh juopn ù sh l` j`ltrnt` quh ekrbnr j`b ` j`bkthlth j`lstnr n joîusuon dho jrhdhrh , quh prhvã ubn rhbulhrnáê` rhbulhrnáê` bnk`r pnrn j`bph j`bphlsnr lsnr ` rksj` nssubkd`.

Hsjnbf` ù Tr`jn Bhrjnltko Tnbf nbfëb ëb dhl dhl`bk `bklnd lnd` ` dh phr phrbut butn, n, ` J`ltrn J`l trnt` t` dh Hsj Hsjnbf nbf`` ù Tr`j r`jn n Bhr Bhrjnl jnltko tko `j`rrh qunld` ns pnrths sh `frkanb n, rhjkpr`jnbhlth, dnr ubn j`ksn p`r ùtrn. Nsskb, jndn jnd n j`l j`ltrn trntnl tnlth th rhj rhjhfh hfh ubn j` j`ksn ksn,, `f `frkrkanld`-sh n hltrhanr ùtrn j`ksn quh omh shcn hqukvnohlth. @ Júdka` Jkvko ntuno rhauon hsth j`ltrnt` l` Nrtka` 8::. Lhoh, hstkpuon ` shauklth3 ‟NpokOhaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon :

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`frkand` pho`s nt`s d` nahlth. N` j`ltrîrk` d`s dhbnks j`ltrnt`s, quh rhontnb s`frh n bntërkn, l` j`ltrnt` dh naãljkn,, ` pr` jkn pr`p`l p`lhlt hlthh lê` p`d p`dhh j`l j`lstk stktu tukr kr,, n` bhsb` thbp`, bnks dh ub nahlth ln bhsbn z`ln quh thb bnks dh ub nahlth j`b n bhsbn ntrkfukáê`.

Dho jrhdhrh ë ubn hxprhssê` ontkln utk-

okzndn pnrn dheklkr j`bkssê`, prãbk` pna` p`r ub j`bhrjknlth n shu rhprhshltnlth.

Vhprhshltnlth J`bhrjkno Nutôl`b` Klstktuâd` phon Ohk l³ 4.==5/58 h nothrnd` phon Ohk l³ =.469/;6, ` J`ltrnt` dh Vhprhshltnáê` J`bhrjkno Nutôl`b` ë nquhoh hb quh ubn dns pnrths (rhprhshltnlth) `frkan-sh n `fthr phdkd`s dh j`bprn d`s fhls pr`duzkd`s ù j`bhrjknokznd`s phons ùtrns (rhprhshltnd`). Zh ` j`ltrnt` dh rhprhshltnáê` lê` hstnfhohjhr ùtr`s prnz`s, dhvh-sh `fhdhjhr n`s prnz`s ohanks (>8 dkns, sh ln bhsbn jkdndh7 :9 dkns, sh hb jkdndhs dkehrhlths l` bhsb` Hstnd`7 >69 dkns, qunld` ` klthrhssnd` lê` e`r d`bkjkoknd` l` pnâs).

Dkstrkfukáê` / Npr`x kbnáê kbnáê` ` N dkstrkfukáê` e`k dheklkdn l` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno hb shu nrtka` 1>9 j`b` n b`dnokdndh dh j`ltrnt` dh naãljkn hb quh ` nahlth thb n p`ssh dh bhrjnd`rkns quh jònf`rn pnrn ` hsj`nbhlt`. Y`ssh ë ` pr`d u t` , ` u p r ` d ut `s , qu h ` n ah l th , ù dkstrkfukd`r, p`ssuk, pnrn n dkstrkfukáê`, n sun dksp`skáê`. @ dkehrhljkno lhsth tkp` dh j`ltrnt` hstî ln j`leknlán dhp`sktndn l` dkstrkfukd`r, quh ekjn j`b n bhrjnd`rkn, h lê` dhphldh d` j` j`ls lshl hltk tkbh bhlt lt`` d` d` d`l` l` dh dhst stnn pn pnrn rn nokhlî-on, p`ks ` j`ltrnt` vksn nphlns é dkstrkfukáê`.

D`bkjâok` ë n jnsn, ouanr `ldh, shauld` n Ohk, n phss`n thb n shdh dh shus klthrhsshs.

O`jnáê` J`bhrjkno

Bhsb` ` bnks skbpohs rhprhshltnlth ë tkd` j`b` hbprhsîrk`, p`ks dhshbphlmn sun ntkvkdndh dh jònf`rnáê`, jrknáê` ù j`lsòkdnáê` dh bhrjnd`s pnrn ` pr`dut` rhprhshltnd`, bhdknld` sktunáøhs pnrn n rhnokznáê` dh lhaújk`s bhrjnltks. Ynrn shr ub rhprhshltnlth, ë prhjks` hstnr, `frkant`rknbhlth, rhakstrnd` l` úraê` prúprk` dh eksjnokznáê`. @utr` rhqukskt` pnrn n rhprhshltnáê` j`bhrjkno ë ` j`ltrnt` hb quh, lhjhssnrknbhlth, dhvhb j`lstnr ns j`ldkáøhs h `s rhqukskt`s ahrnks dn rhprhshltnáê`.

@ nrtka` 665 d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` dkz ` shauklth3 N o`jnáê` bhrjnltko ë ` j`ltrnt` pho` quno ubn dns pnrths sh `frkan n dnr n ùtrn, p`r dhthrbklnd` thbp` h prhá` jhrt`, ` us` dh noaubn j`ksn, ù d` shu trnfnom`. @ quh dî n j`ksn ù prhstn shrvká` jmnbn-sh o`jnd`r, h ` quh n t`bn ù njhktn ` shrvká`, o`jntîrk`.

N o`jnáê` dh j`ksns dh lnturhzn j`bhrjkno p`dh vhrsnr nphlns s`frh `fcht`s búvhks. @ prhá`, n rhtrkfukáê` dhvkdn pho` us` h a`z` dhstn j`ksn búvho, dhl`bklnsh nouauho. @ Júdka` Jkvko ntuno rhauonbhltn hstn bntërkn h, noëb dkss`, ns Ohks Trnfnomkstns (JOT) pnssnrnb n rhauonr n o`jnáê` dh shrvká`s (J`ltrnt` dh Trnfnom`), quh nfrnlah hvkdhlthbhlth ` j`bhrjknlth h shus hbprhand`s. Mî kl`vnáøhs trnzkdns phon Ohk dh O`jnáê` dh Kbúvhks (Ohk l³ =.648/;>). J`b ` ndvhlt` dhstn Ohk, n o`jnáê` pnssù n shr dkvkdkdn hb d`ks arnldhs rnb`s3

Naãlj Na ãljkn kn h Dkst Dk strr kf kfu u ká káê` ê` @ Júdka` Jkvko ntuno kl`vù n` nd`tnr hstn bntërkn quh nlths sú hrn rhj`lmhjkdn hb Dkrhkt` dh ùtr`s pnâshs (hb hsphjkno, nrahltkl` h hspnlmò). N naãljkn suraku dn lhjhsskdndh dh sh prhhljmhr ub hspná` quh hstnvn dhsj`fhrt` p`r l`ssn ohaksonáê`. L` j`ltrnt`, ` nahlth lha`jknd`r lê` thb p`dhrhs dh rhprhshltnáê` d` pr`p`lhlth h, nsskb, hsth tnbfëb lê` ekjn Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon :

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• O`jnáê` Vhskdhljkno3 dh jnr jnrîth îthrr enb enbkokn koknrr. • O`jnáê` Lê` Vhskdhljkno3 dh jnrîthr j`bhrjkno.

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prhthldh pnanr.

Vht`bndn Vh t`bndn d` Kbúvho

Hsth óotkb` rnb` jktnd` hstî dkvkdkd` hb sufhspëjkhs3 O`jnáê` Kldustrkno, O`jnáê` J`bhrjkno h O`jnáê` dh Yrhstnáê` dh Zhrvká`s.

Na`rn, trntnrhb`s d` dkrhkt` d` d`l` d` kbúvho (o`jnd`r), ù shcn, dns mkpúthshs quh mnfkoktnb n rht`bndn d` kbúvho3 >. @ o`jnd`r p`dh rht`bnr ` kbúvho bhsb` quh ` o`jntîrk` quhkrn j`ltklunr (sh hsth lê` ekzhr pr`p`stn d` pnanbhlt` d` nouauho).

N Ohk pnssù n rhsaunrdnr ` dkrhkt` d` hbprhsîrk`, p`ks phrjhfhu-sh quh bukt`s pr`prkhtîrk`s, npús vhrkekjnrhb ` sujhss` d` lhaújk` dh shus klqukokl`s, pnssnrnb n rht`bnr ` kbúvho pnrn dhshbphlmnrhb n bhsbn ntkvkdndh ù, ntë bhsb`, rhpnssnr nquhoh o`jno pnrn ùtr` hbprhsîrk` j`b bnk`r oujr`, ` quh hrn trhbhldnbhlth klcust` pnrn nquhoh hbprhsîrk` quh sh hse`ráù pnrn `fthr sujhss`. J`b fnsh lkss`, pnssù-sh n pr`thahr nquhoh o`jntîrk` h ` shu p`lt` hbprhsnrkno, ù shcn, kbúvho quh sh t`rlù j`lmhjkd`. Ynrn kss`, jrkù-sh n Náê` Vhl`vntúrkn Vhl`vntúrkn dh O`jnáê`.

6. @ o`jnd`r p`dh rht`bnr ` kbúvho sh tkvhr ubn pr`p`stn bhom`r dh nouauho dh ub ùtr` o`jntîrk`, h ` o`jntîrk` ntuno lê` pudhr pnanr ` prhá` èhrhjkd` pho` ùtr`. Hsth o`jntîrk` thrî dkrhkt`, lhsth jns`, n kldhlkznáê` phon phrdn d` p`lt`. :. Zh ` o`jnd`r qukshr ` kbúvho pnrn shu us`, lê` p`dhrî hxhrjhr n bhsbn ntkvkdndh quh ` o`jntîrk`, snov` sh nut`rkznd`.

Hssn bhdkdn fusjn n rhl`vnáê` j`bpuosúr puo súrkn kn (`f (`frka rkantú ntúrkn rkn)) dn o`j o`jná náê` ê` p`r kau kauno no prnz`, dhsdh quh prhhljmn jubuontkvnbhlth (hb j`lcult`) `s shauklths rhqukskt`s3

4. Jns` ` o`jnd`r quhkrn dhstklnr ` kbúvho n pnrhlths, hsths tnbfëb lê` p`dhrê` hxhrjhr n bhsbn ntkvkdndh quh ` o`jntîrk`.

>. @ klthrhssnd` dhvh shr hbprhsîrk` (j`bhrjkno, kldustrkno, prhstnd`r dh shrvká`s)7 6. N o`jn o`jnáê` áê` dhvh shr p`r prnz` dhthrbkdhthrbklnd` dh, l` bâlkb`, jklj` nl`s h, pnrn tnlt`, ` o`jntîrk` ntuno p`dh s`bnr ` thbp` d` j`ltrnt` n` d` shu klqukokl` nlthrk`r7 :. @ o`jntîrk` dhvh hstnr dhshlvòvhld` n bhsbn ntkvkdndh mî, pho` bhl`s, trãs nl`s klklthrruptnbhlth qunld` e`r pr`p`r n náê` rhl`vntúrkn7 4. N náê` dhvh shr pr`p`stn l` óotkb` nl` d` j`ltrnt`, hsphjkekjnbhlth l`s prkbhkr`s shks bhshs nlthrk`rhs n` tërbkl` d` j`ltrnt` h, sh lê` e`r `fshrvnd` kss`, ` d`l` d` kbúvho (o`jnd`r), n` ekb d` thbp` hstnfhohj hstn fhohjkd` kd` pnrn ` j`lt j`ltrnt`, rnt`, p`dhrî rht`bnr ` kbúvho, sòkjktnld`-` j`b trkltn dkns dh nlthjhdãljkn7 8. ûhb nouan h prhthldh rhl`vnr ` nouauho dhvh j`bpr`vnr ` pnanbhlt` dh t`d`s `s nouauëks, enzhld` ubn pr`p`stn dh qunlt`

8. Zh ` Y`dhr Yófokj`, hb hsphjkno n Yrhehkturn, dhthrbklnr n rhe`rbn d` kbúvho, hb trnlse`rbnáê` rndkjno dhsth ù hb trnlse`rbnáê` quh nubhlth ` vno`r dn pr`prkhdndh, ` o`jntîrk` dhvhrî dhs`jupî-o`, hxjht` sh nssubkr n `frkanáê` dh rhe`rbnr.

Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon :

O`jnáê` hb Zm`ppklas Jhlthrs

@s sm`ppklas sm`ppklas jhlt jhlthrs hrs sê` hstnfhohjkbhlt`s quh fusjnb jò`jnr, é dksp`skáê` d`s j`lsubkd`rhs, dkvhrs`s tkp`s dh e`rlhjhd`rhs 8:


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dh bhrjnd`rkns h prhstnd`rhs dh shrvká`. Hxksthb noaubns dkehrhláns dn o`jnáê` lê` rhskdhljkno quh lê` thb ln o`jnáê` dh o`cns hb sm`ppkla jhlthr . @ o`jnd`r, nquk jmnbnd` hbprhhldhd`r3

L` bãs dh dhzhbfr`, dhvkd` n` arnldh b`vkbhlt` hj`lôbkj`, `s o` c ckk s t ns d hv hvhb hb p na nanr nr b hl hlss no nokk d nd ndh h d up o n, quh p`dh shr jnojuondn s`frh ` enturnbhlt`.

• lê` p`dh phdkr n` o`jntîrk` ` kbúvho pnrn dhstklî-o` n shus pnrhlths7 • lê` p`dh j`frnr phons rhe`rbns quh prhjksn enzhr ln hstruturn d` kbúvho7 • pnrn n bhom`r `ranlkznáê` d` hspná` h bh bhom` om`rn rn dn jok jokhl hlth thon, on, p` p`dh dh nohanr nohanr,, hb pr`jhss pr`j hss`s, `s, quh ` o`jn o`jntîrk tîrk` ` hst hstî î prhc prhcudkudkjnld` ` lhaújk` phon lê` njhktnáê` d`s pr`dut`s vhldkd`s pho`s j`lsubkd`rhs ù, skbpohsbhlth, phon dhjndãljkn dnquhoh hstnfhohjkbhlt`.

Bótu` @ Bótu` ë ` j`ltrnt` pho` quno ub d`s j`ltrntnlths trnlsehrh n pr`prkhdndh dh ub fhb eulaâvho n` ùtr`, quh sh `frkan n rhstktukr-omh j`ksn d` bhsb` aãlhr`, qunokdndh h qunltkdndh. Hsth ë ` j`ltrnt` bnks kbp`rtnlth rhonjk`lnd` és ntkvkdndhs fnljîrkns. @ Nrtka` >5 dn Ohk l³ 1.4;6/=5 nekrbn quh quhb rhnokzn jnptnáê`, klthrbhdknáê` ù npokjnáê` dh rhjurs`s eklnljhkr`s, shb hstnr nut`rkznd`, j`bhth jrkbh, pulkd` j`b rhjousê` dh > n 4 nl`s h buotn. @ Bótu` hstî m`ch rhauond` rhauond` l`s Nrtka`s 8=5 n 8;6 d` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno h ë j`lmhjkd` j`b` Bótu` Fnljîrk`7 cî hrn rhauond` pho`s Nrtka`s 641 n 688 d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`.

@ o`jntîrk`3

• dhvh pnanr nouauho bhlsno ekx` ù p`dh pnaî-o` dh nj`rd` j`b shu enturnbhlt`7 • pnan p`r sh hstnfhohjhr lub ouanr j`b jokhlthon prúprkn (rhs sphrntn). Lhssh sh Lhssh shltk ltkd`, d`, vn vnoh oh bhl bhljk` jk`lnr lnr n shauklth curksprudãljkn3

M`ch, ` Bótu` sh dkvkdh hb Bótu` Bhrjnltko h Bótu` Jkvko, quh ë ` hbprëstkb` dh j`ksns eulaâvhks (quh p`dhb shr tr`jndns p`r ùtrns dh bhsbn hspëjkh, qunokdndh h qunltkdndh). Dhsshs hbprëstkb`s, dhj`rrh n `frkanáê` dh rhstktukáê` (dhvòuáê` dn j`ksn).

TCVC - O`jnáê TCVC O`jnáê` ` ‚ Zm`ppkla Jhlthr ‚ ‚ J`ltrnt` J`ltrn t` dh rhs sphrntn - J`frnlán dh vno`rhss hxk o`rh hxkakd akd`s `s hb jub jubprk prkbhl bhlt` t` és `fr `frkan kanáøh áøhss nssubkdns pho` o`jntîrk` hb rnzê` d`s dkrhkt`s h vnl vnltn tnahl ahlss quh dhs dhseru erutn tnrkn rkn pn pnrn rn hx hxpo` po`rnr rnr hspná`s l` hbprhhldkbhlt`. Uhrfn dhvkdn sh lê` mùvhr j`bpr`vnáê` dh quh ` o`jnd`rr, p` d` p`rr su sunn ju juop opn, n, dh dhkx kxù ù dh pr pr`p `pkj kjkn knrr n` n`ss o` o`- ckstns cks tns hb ahr ahrno no n utk utkokz okzná náê` ê` dh tn tnks ks vnl vnltn tnahl ahls. s.

@ bhl`r dh kdndh lê` rhsp`ldh p`r shus nt`s. Nsskb, qunlt` t`bn n j`ksn hbprhstndn, shb n prëvkn nut`rkznáê` dh shus pnks, lê` hstî `frkand` n dhvòvã-on (n lê` shr quh shus pnks rhj`lmhánb n vnokdndh d` hbprëstkb`) ù sh, ln nusãljkn dhohs, vkush `frkand` n enzhr hbprëstkb`. Jns` thlmn oujrnd` j`b ` hbprëstkb` h n rht`bndn dhsth lê` suphrù nquko` quh anlmù, ` bhl`r naku dh bî eë.

Vhvkstn d`s Trkfulnks, l³ 185, p. ::9.

Bhljk`ln-sh nkldn ` ent` dh quh ` o`jntîrk` dhvh ekoknr-sh n Nss`jknáê` d`s O`ckstns, pnanld` bhlsnokdndhs n hon, pnrn quh hstn nss`jknáê` pnauh ns dhsphsns j`b pufokjkdndh h pr`b`áøhs dh Lntno. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon :

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Dhpúskt`

T`dns hstns bhdkdns e`rnb jrkndns pnrn pr`thahr pr`thahr ` bhl`r dh kdndh dh phss`ns quh omh èhrhjhb hbprëstkb` pnrn dhp`ks j`frnrhb j`b cur`s, ` quh njnfnvn prhcudkjnld` lê` sú ` bhl`r, bns tnbfëb sun enbâokn.

@s Nrtka`s 561 n 586 d` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno trntnb d` klstktut` klstktut` d` dhpús dhpúskt` kt` quh sh dkvkdh hb duns sháøhs3 dhpúskt` vòultîrk` h dhpúskt` dhpúskt` lhjhss lhjhssîrk` îrk`.. Hb nbfns nbfns ns sháøhs, nquhoh quh dhp`sktn ë ` dhp`sktnlth h ` quh aunrdn n j`ksn ë ` dhp`sktîrk`. Ë f`b quh ` dhp`sktîrk` thlmn, ln aunrdn h j`lshrvnáê` dn j`ksn, ` jukdnd` h n dkokaãljkn n quno j`stubn thr j`b ` quh omh phrthljh, dhvhld` dhvòvã-on j`b t`d`s `s shus njhssúrk`s oà` quh n j`ksn e`r hxkakdn, n lê` shr quh thlmn ` dkrhkt` dh rhthláê`. @ dkrhkt` dh rhthláê` sh vhrkekjn p`r lê` dhkxnr n j`ksn shr rhtkrndn ntë quh ns dhsphsns dh bnluthláê` dn j`ksn pho` dhp`sktîrk` shcnb rhssnrjkdns (pnans).

L` Bótu` Jkvko, `s cur`s lê` p`dhb uotrnpnssnr n tnxn hb vka`r pnrn ` ntrns` l` pnanbhlt` dh kbp`st`s dhvkd` é Enzhldn Lnjk`lno. Kst` quhr dkzhr quh lê` p`dhb shr suphrk`rhs é tnxn rhehrhljkno d` Zksthbn Hsphjkno dh Okqukdnáê` h dh Justúdkn (ZHOKJ) pnrn `s tâtuo`s ehdhrnks d` bãs shauklth n` d` vhljkbhlt` quh sh j`lt j` ltn n d` bã bãss sh shau aukl klth th n` vh vhlj ljkb kbhl hlt` t`,, nt ntë ë ` bã bãss nlth nl thrk rk`r `r n` pn pnan anbh bhlt lt`, `, h bn bnks ks >% rh rhon ontktkv` v` n hs hsth th óotktkb` óo b`,, j` j`le le`r `rbh bh dh dhth thrb rbkl kln n n Oh Ohkk l³ =. =.;= ;=>/ >/;8 ;8,, Nr Nr-tka` =4, Kljks` K h Ynrîarne`s >¹h 6¹. Ntun Nt unob obhl hlth th,, ` Bó Bótu tu` ` lê lê` ` vk vka` a`rn rn lh lh-lmubn okbktnáê` ohano, shld` n tnxn, m`ch, rhauon au ondn dn hx hxjo jous uskv kvnb nbhl hlth th ph phon onss e` e`rá ráns ns d` Bhrjnd` Bhrjn d` Ekln Eklnljhkr ljhkr`. `. @ Bótu Bótu` ` j`ls j`lstktu tktuk-sh, k-sh, hltê`, hb hltrhan d` dklmhkr`, `fcht` d` hbprëstkb` n` jokhlth, l`rbnobhlth bhdknlth jrëdkt` hb j`ltn dh dhpúskt`.

Hssns dhsphsns p`dhb hxkstkr nkldn quh ` dhpúskt` shcn arntukt`. L` jns` dh phrdn dn j`ksn, p`dhb`s vhrkekjnr duns mkpúthshs3 n) N j`ksn sh phrdh shb juopn d` dhvhd`r j`b`, p`r hxhbpo`, l` jns` dh rùf` p`r phss`ns quh lê` sê` dh sun j`leknlán ‚ lê` sê` hbp hbprh rhand and`s. `s. Lh Lhsth sth jns jns`, `, ` dh dh-p`sktî p`s ktîrk` rk` lê` rhs rhsp`l p`ldh dh pho phonn bhr bhrjnd jnd`rkn `rkn,, jns` shcn pr`vnd` p`r e`rán bnk`r7 f ) Hb jns` dh phrdn dn j`ksn p`r juopn d` dhp`sktîrk`, hsth ë rhsp`lsîvho phon kldhlkznáê`.

Yho` j`ltrnt` dh dhpúskt` vòultîrk`, ` dhp`sktîrk` rhjhfh ub `fcht` búvho pnrn aunrdnr ntë quh ` dhp`sktnlth ` rhjonbh h sh jnrnjthrkzh j`b` arntukt`, hxjht` sh mùvhr j`lvhláê` (nj`rd`) hb j`ltrnrkhdndh ù sh rhsuotnr hb ntkvkdndh bhrjnltko. Hsth dhp`sktîrk`, dhp`sktî rk`, pnrn hehkt`s ohanks, sú pr`vn p`r hsjrkt`. @ dhpúskt` lhjhssîrk` ë ehkt` ntrnvës dh ubn `frkanáê` ohano, j`b` ` m`sphdh m`sphdhkr`. kr`. Tnbfëb ë hehtund` p`r `jnskê` dh ubn jnonbkdndh pófokjn, j`b` ub kljãldk`, kluldnáê`, lnuerîak` ù snquh, pr`vnld`-sh p`r qunoquhr bhk`.

Xbn jnrn jnrnjth jthrâst râstkjn kjn bukt bukt` ` kbp` kbp`rtnl rtnlth th d` bótu` bótu ` hstî l` Nrtk Nrtka` a` 69 dn Ohk l³ 1.4;6/=5, 1.4;6/=5, quh dksjkpoklù shr jrkbh j`ltrn ` sksthbn eklnljhkr` lnjk`lno, pulkd` j`b 6 n 5 nl`s dh rhjousê` h buototn, bu n, hb ekekln lnokokdn dndh dh dkvhr dkvhrsn sn dn pr prhv hvks kstn tn hb j` j`lltrnt`, trn t`, `s rhju rhjurs` rs`ss pr`v pr`vhlkh hlkhlth lthss d` ekl eklnlj nljknb knbhlt hlt`, `, ù sh shcn cn,, bh bhsb sb`` qu quhh ` jr jrëd ëdktkt` ` sh shcn cn j` j`lj ljhd hdkd kd`, `, ho hoh h dhvh, lhjhssnrknbhlth, shr dhstklnd` n` `fcht` d` but utuuîrk rk``. @ fn fnllj` thb ` dhv hvh hr dh eks ksjjno nokz kzn nr n j`rrhtn npokjnáê` d` vno`r eklnljhkr`. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon :

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ahrno ` jnrîthr dh utkokdndh pófokjn (tno n kbp`rtæljkn d` trnlsp`rth ln vkdn d` m`bhb ntuno) h hstê hs tê` ` su suchk chktn tnss és oh ohks ks rh rhau auon ond` d`rns rns dn dnss nt ntkvk kvkdn dndh dhss hbprhsnrknks s`frh ` trnlsp`rth (ohks quh phrthljhb n` jnbp` d` Dkrhkt` Yrkvnd`). @ Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` rhauoù ` J`ltrnt` dh Trnlsp`rth l`s Nrtka`s ;; n >>=. Lhsths dksp`sktkv`s, lê` mî noaubn rhehrãljkn és ehrr`vkns, p`rquh, l` thbp` dn pr`buoanáê` dhsth Júdka` (>=89), lê` hxkstknb nkldn hstrndns dh ehrr` hb l`ss` pnâs

Zhcn ` dhpúskt` vòultîrk` ù lhjhssîrk`, ` dhp`sktîrk` quh lê` ` rhstktukr (qunld` hxkakd`) shrî `frkand` n enzã-o` bhdknlth prksê` (lê` hxjhdhlth dh > nl`), j`bphlsnld` `s prhcuâz`s.

Dhpúskt` Dh púskt` Fnljîrk` Trntn-sh dh ub thrjhkr` tkp` dh dhpúskt` quh sh vhrkekjn l` trnt` j`b ns klstktukáøhs eklnljhkrns h j`lstktukld`-sh l` skbpohs nt` dh sh j`leknr n aunrdn dh ubn dhthrbklndn qunltkn n ubn klstktukáê` eklnljhkrn. Y`r shus shrvká`s, ` fnlj` enz n j`frnlán dh tnrkens h, hxkstkld` tnbfëb ubn rhonáê` ekdujkîrkn, ` fnlj` p`dh usnr ` dklmhkr` dh shus jokhlths pnrn pnanr n sun prúprkn dhsphsn ù pnrn hbprhstnr n ùtr` jokhlth.

L` æbfkt` dns rhonáøhs hbprhsnrknks, shb dóvkdn noaubn, ` J`ltrnt` dh Trnlsp`rth thb arnldh kbp`rtæljkn. Hsth j`ltrnt` ë ehkt` ntrnvës dh ub d`jubhlt` hstnfhohjkd` hltrh ns pnrths kltktuond` on d` dh J` J`lm lmhj hjkb kbhl hlt` t` dh Trn rnls lsp` p`rt rth, h, nbponbhlth rhauonbhltnd` p`r Ohk, nsskb j`b` sê` npokjîvhks, l` quh jùfhrhb, `s prhjhkt`s dn ohaksonáê` hsphjkno h d`s trntnd`s h j`lvhláøhs klthrlnjk`lnks. L` J`ltrnt` dh Trnlsp`rth, ` trnlsp`rtnd`r sh `frkan n jubprkr rhontkvnbhlth ` j`ltrnt` n` phrjurs`, rhsp`ldhld` pho`s dnl`s jnusnd`s n phss`ns h j`ksns.

Zê` trãs ns b`dnokdndhs dh dhpúskt` fnljîrk`3 >) É vkstn3 ` dhp`sktîrk` (fnlj`) dhvh dhvòv dhv òvhr hr kbh kbhdkn dkntnb tnbhlt hlthh n` dhp dhp`sk `sktnl tnlth th n qunltkn qunld` sòkjktnd`. 6) N prë-nvks`3 ` dhp`sktnlth nvksn quh vnk rhtkrnr n qunltkn hb prnz` ekxnd` phons pnrths. :) N prnz` ekx`3 ek x`3 ` dhp`sktnlth p`dh sòkjktnr n rhtkrndn npús ubn dhthrbklndn dntn. Lhsth jns`, hb ahrno, sê` shbprh rhbulhrnd`s, n hxhbpo` dns jndhrlhtns dh pùpnlán.

Trnlsp` rnlsp`rth rth dh d h Yhss` Yhss`ns ns @ trnlsp`rtnd`r rhsp`ldh pho`s dnl`s jnusnd`s és phss`ns trnlsp`rtndns h suns fnanahls, snov` p`r b`tkv` dh e`rán bnk`r, shld` luon qunoquhr joîusuon quh hxjoun rhsp`lsnfkokdndhs. Y`r hssh b`tkv`, ë phrbktkd` n` trnlsp`rtnd`r hxkakr n dhjonrnáê` d` vno`r dn fnanahb, n ekb dh ekxnr ` vno`r dn kldhlkznáê`.

J`ltrnt` dh Trnlsp`rth @ J`ltrnt` dh Trnl Trnlsp`rth sp`rth thb sh t`rlnd` t`rlnd` jndn vhz bnks rhohvnlth l`s dkns hb quh j`rrhb h p`dh rhehrkr-sh tnlt` n bhrjnd`rkns qunlt` n phss`ns. @ prhá` d` trnlsp`rth p`dh rhonjk`lnr-sh n bhrjnd`rkns7 thb`s, hltê`, ` erhth h n pnssnahb. Hsth j`ltrnt`, qunksquhr quh shcnb ns jnrnjthrâstkjns h hohbhlt`s quh ` j`lstktuhb, ë shbprh hbprhsnrkno, shld` m`ch rhauond` pho` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno, j`b rheohx`s l` Júdka` dh Dhehsn d` J`lsubkd`r. Ns hbprhsns quh sh e`rbnb j`b ` `fchtkv` dh dhdkjnr-sh n` shrvká` dh trnlsp`rth, shcnb hons ù lê` d` Y`dhr Yófokj`, tãb hb Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon :

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@ trnlsp`rth ehkt` arntuktnbhlth p`r nbkz nbkzndh ndh ù j`rthskn (n jmnbndn jnjnr`ln) lê` p`dh shr hlqundrnd` j`b` J`ltrnt` dh Trnlsp`rth. 85


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@ trnlsp`rtnd`r hstî suchkt` n m`rîrk`s h ktklhrîrk`s prhvkst`s, s`f phln dh rhsp`ldhr p`r phrdns h dnl`s, snov` p`r b`tkv` dh e`rán bnk`r, j`b` cî e`k dkt`. Y`r sun vhz, ` trnlsp`rth dhvh sh sufbhthr és l`rbns hstkpuondns pho` trnlsp`rtnd`r, nkldn quh hsth lê` p`ssn rhjusnr pnssnahkr`s, snov` sh ns j`ldkáøhs dh mkakhlh ù dh snódh d` klthrhssnd` custkekjnrhb.

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dhvhld` ` dhstklntîrk` kldkjnr, pho` bhl`s, ` l`bh h ` hldhrhá` dh dhstkl`. dhstkl`. Yhlsnld` ln hxkstãljkn dh ` rhbhthlth thltnr ohvnr vnltnahb s`frh ` trnlsp`rtnd`r, ` Nrtka` 148 d` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno jktn ` shauklth3 Hb jns` dh kle`rbnáê` klhxntn ù enosn dhsjrkáê` l` d`jubhlt` n quh sh rhehrh ` nrtka` nlthjhdh jh dhlt lth, h, shr shrî î ` trn trnls lsp` p`rtn rtnd` d`rr kl kldh dhlk lkzn znd` d` ph pho` o` prhcuâz` quh sèrhr, dhvhld` n náê` rhsphjtkvn shr ncukzndn l` prnz` dh jhlt` h vklth dkns, n j`ltnr dnquhoh nt`, s`f phln dh dhjndãljkn.

Noëb dkss`, ` trnlsp`rtnd`r p`dh rhjusnr n j`ksn quh thlmn hbfnonahb klndhqundn, fhb j`b` n quh p`ssn pôr hb rksj` n snódh ù n vkdn dns phss` phss`ns ns ù dnlke dnlkekjnr kjnr ` vhâjuo` h ùtr`s fhls. @ trnlsp`rtnd`r dhvh, `frkant`rknbhlth, rhjusnr-sh n trnlsp`rtnr n bhrjnd`rkn, juc` trnlsp`rth ù n j`bhrjknokznáê` shcn pr`kfkd` p`r Ohk, ù bhsb` ln mkpúthsh dh quh n j`ksn vhlmn dhsnj`bpnlmndn d`s d`jubhlt`s hxkakd`s p`r Ohk ù Vhauonbhlt`.

@ trnlsp`rtnd`r tnbfëb thb dkrhkt` é rhthláê` s`frh n fnanahb d` pnssnahkr` h ùtr`s `fcht`s phss`nks dhsth, pnrn anrnltkr ` pnanbhlt` d` vno`r dn pnssnahb quh lê` tkvhr skd` ehkt` l` klâjk` ù durnlth ` phrjurs`. phrjurs`.

Trnlsp`rt h dh J`ks ns

Erhtnbhlt`

@ trnlsp`rth dh j`ksns ë n ntkvkdndh hj`lôbkjn dh trnlsehrãljkn dh fhls (jnrans, bhrjnd`rkns htj.) dh ub o`jno pnrn ùtr`. Nsskb j`b` l` trnlsp`rth dh phss`ns, p`dh shr ehkt` pho` us` dh vhâjuo` nut`b`t` t`b `t`rr thr thrrhs rhstrh trh,, nqu nquîtk îtkj`, j`, ehr ehrr`v r`vkîrk kîrk` ` h tnbfëb p`r bhk` nërh`. N hsjòmn dh jndn ub dhsshs bhk`s shrî ehktn, ln bnk`r pnrth dns vhzhs, phon nlîoksh dh ubn sërkh dh jrktërk`s j`b`, p`r hxhbpo`, prhá` bnks vkîvho, prnz` dh hltrhan, vòubh h qunltkdndh dn bhrjnd`rkn, rksj`s h, prkljkpnobhlth, pho` nthldkbhlt` dns lhjhsskdndhs d` trnlsp`rtnd`. N f` f`nn nd ndbk bklk lkst strn rnáê áê` ` hb hbpr prhs hsnr nrkn knoo sh prh`jupn m`ch j`b n rhduáê` dh just`s h n prntkjkdndh dns `phrnáøhs. Fusjn-sh, ln bnk`r pnrth dns vhzhs, ` bhl`r prhá`, ` bhom`r prnz` h `s bhl`rhs rksj`s. Kss` tud` vksn dnr bnk`r oujrntkvkdndh n`s lhaújk`s. @ trnlsp`rth dh j`ksns dhvh j`lstnr tnbfëb hb j`ltrnt` quh, lhjhssnrknbhlth, dhvhrî jnrnjthrkznr n lnturhzn, ` vno`r, ` phs`, n qunltkdndh qunltkdndh h ` quh bnks e`r lhjhssîrk` pnrn quh lê` sh j`leuldn j`b ùtrns, Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon :

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81

@ erhtnbhlt` e`k rhauond` pho`s Nrtka`s 855 (h `s shauklths) d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` h klshrh-sh ln pnrth d` j`bërjk` bnrâtkb`, kltharnld`, hltê`, n` jnbp` d` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno Bnrâtkb`. @ Júdka` Jkvko lndn dkspøh s`frh hssn bntërkn, ù shcn, hb lndn n nothrù7 nsskb, ln pnrth d` Dkrhkt` Bnrâtkb`, ` Júdka` J`bhrjkno j`ltklun vnohld`.

Nrr b nzh N nzhl l na nahb hb N nrbnzhl nrbnzhlnahb nahb ë n ntkvkdndh hj`lôbkjn hj`lôbkjn quh dkz rhsphkt` n` rhjhfkbhlt` pho` nrbnzhlnd`r dh bhrjnd`rkns quh lê` tãb j`b` shrhb rhtkrndns lub dhthrbklnd` b`bhlt` ù prhjksnb shr hst`jndns. Lê` sh trntn nphlns dn mkpúthsh dh quh ` j`ltrnt` hsthcn hb sktunáê` nomhkn é v`ltndh d` trnlsp`rtnd`. Uhrkekjnsh tnbfëb hb ëp`jns dh suphrsnern d`s pr`dut`s narâjòns, hb quh ` pr`dut`r thb shus dhpúskt`s o`tnd`s h prhjksn dh bnks hspná` pnrn nrbnzhlnahb. N j`ksn ë dhp`sktndn, h quhb n dhp`sktn rhjhfh ub J`lmhjkbhlt` dh Dhpúskt` Klstktut` Xlkvhrsno Frnskohkr`

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quh p`dh, n phdkd` d` dhp`sktnlth, shr sufstktuâd` p`r tâtuo`s dhl`bklnd`s J`lmhjkbhlt` dh Dhpúskt` h Qnrrnlt. Y`dh nj`lthjh th jhrr nk nkld ldnn qu quh, h, n` kl klvë vëss dh vh vhld ldhr hr n bhrjnd`rkn, ` dhp`sktnlth prhthldn nphlns `fthr jrëdkt`. Nsskb, Nsskb, hsth sh dkrkah n` fnlj` h hltrhan ` Qnrrnlt j`b` anrnltkn d` hbprëstkb` quh prhthldh ohvnltnr h, jns` lê` pnauh hsth hbprëstkb`, ` fnlj` p`dhrî lha`jknr nquhon bhrjnd`rkn l`s nrbnzëls ahrnks rn ks p` p`rr ub ubnn `p `phr hrná náê` ê` j` j`lm lmhj hjkd kdn n j` j`b` b` ohkoê` quh, rhsubkdnbhlth, j`lsksth hb sh trnlsehrkr n bhrjnd`rkn équhoh quh sh pr`pushr n pnanr bnks p`r hon.

J`ltrnt` dh Zhaur`

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L` Nrtka` 15= d` Júdka` Júdka` Jkvko, j`lstn j`lstn ` shauklth3 ‟@ shaurnd` phrdhrî ` dkrhkt` é anrnltkn sh narnvnr klthljk`lnobhlth ` rksj` `fcht` d` j`ltrnt`‒. Hxksth tnbfëb ` Zhaur` Bnrâtkb` quh j`ltklun shld` rhauond` pho`s Nrtka`s 555 n 5=4 d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` h hsths lê` e`rnb rhvànd`s. Ns Ns dhbnks b`dnokdndhs sê` rhauondns pho` Dkrhkt` Jkvko, dhltrh hons3 `s shaur`s thrrhstrhs, thrrhstrhs, njkdhlths, j`ltrn eà`, s`frh n vkdn dhltrh ùtr`s. Dhvhb shr dksjrkbklnd`s hltê` n vnokdndh, ` okbkth dn anrnltkn h ` prãbk` dhvkd`, ` l`bh dn shaurnd`rn h d` fhlhekjkîrk`.

@ J`ltrnt` dh Zhaur` cî e`k prhvkst` l` Júdka` Jkvko dh >;>5 h, nkldn m`ch, thb arnldh utkokdndh hb l`ss` `rdhlnbhlt`, j`b` rhj`lmhjkd` pho` l`v` Júdka` Jkvko. Hsth j`ltrnt` ë usunobhlth vhrkekjnd` ntrnvës dh ub d`jubhlt` dhl`bklnd` Npúokjh dh Zhaur` (ù fkomhth dh shaur`), quh shrvh j`b` pr`vn dn e`rbnáê` dhsth j`ltrnt`.

@ shaurnd`r ë `frkand` n pnanr hb dklmhkr` lmhk r` ` prhcu prhcuâz` âz` rhsuotnlth rhsuotnlth d` rksj` nssubkd`, snov` sh j`lvhljk`lndn n rhp`skáê` dn j`ksn. Ynrn quh sh ohaktkbh n ntkvkdndh dh shaur`, e`k npr`vnd` ` Dhjrht`-Ohk l³ 1:/55, quh klstktuk ` Zksthbn Lnjk`lno dh Zhaur`s Yrkvnd`s, j`bp`st` pho`s shauklths úraê`s ù s`jkhdndhs3

Ln Npúokjh, hlj`ltrnb`s `s hohbhlt`s prkljkpnks d` j`ltrnt`, tnks j`b` rksj`s nssubkd`s, ` klâjk` h ` ekb dh sun vnokdndh, ` okbkth dn anrnltkn h ` prãbk` dhvkd` h, qunld` e`r ` jns`, ` l`bh d` shaurnd` h d` fhlhekjkîrk`. N Ohk pr`âfh quh, l` shaur` dh phss`ns, n Npúokjh shcn n` p`rtnd`r. Ohbfrnb`s quh ë ` shaurnd` quhb dhjonrn n shaurnd`rn ` quh prhthldh shaurnr h, p`r hstn rnzê`, suns dhjonrnáøhs dhvhb shr e`rtnohjkdns phon vhrdndh. Zh ` shaurnd`, p`r sk ù p`r shu rhprhshltnlth, ekzhr dhjonrnáøhs klhxntns ù `bktkr jkrjulstæljkns quh p`ssnb kleoukr ln njhktnáê` dn pr`p`stn ù ln tnxn d` prãbk`, phrdhrî ` dkrhkt` é anrnltkn, noëb dh ekjnr `frkand` n` prãbk` vhljkd`. Hssn rhsp`lsnfkokdndh ë justhndn p`r ub pnanbhlt` j`frnd` phon shaurnd`rn dhl`bklnd` prãbk`. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon :

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ZXZHY (Zuphrklthldãljkn dh Zhaur`s Yrkvnd`s) - Nutnrqukn (hbprhsn j`ltròndn pho` Hstnd`) vkljuondn n` Bklkstërk` dn Enzhldn, quh hxhrjh euláê` hxhjutkvn. JLZY (J`lshom` Lnjk`lno dh Zhaur`s Yrkvnd`s) - Úraê` dn ndbklkstrnáê` dkrhtn rh tn d` Bk Bklk lkst stërk ërk`` dn En Enzh zhld ldn, n, n` qu quno no j`bphth l`rbntkznr n pòâtkjn h n ntkvkdndh dh shaur`s prkvnd`s. KVF-Frnsko Vh. Z/N (Klstktut` dh Vhsshaur`s d` Frnsko Z/N) / Z`jkhdndh dh Hj`l`bkn Bkstn - Hbprhsn quh thb pnrth dh shu jnpktno e`rbndn phon klkjkntkvn prkvndn h ùtrn pho` Hstnd`, quh ntun l` rnb` dh rhsshaur`s (shaur`s quh ns prúprkns shaurnd`rns enzhb j`b ùtrns pnrn dkvkdkrhb hvhltuno rksj`).

8=


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Sign In Join dhrkn thr hj`l`bkznd`7 n shaurnd`rn n shu turl`, tnbfëb lê` thb j`b` nlthjkpnr sh dhvhrî nrjnr j`b ` pnanbhlt` dn prhstnáê` hb e nv`r dnquhohs shaurnd`s hb pnrtkjuonr. Hb vkrtudh dkst`, j`lskdhrn-sh n îohn (s`rth) klhrhlth n` shaur`3 ` j`ltrnt` sú hxksth ln bhdkdn hb quh ë kbp`ssâvho és pnrths nlthvhr sun hxhjuáê` hxhjuáê`..

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@ njkdhlth d` E`gghr >99, dn TNB

@ pnanbhlt` hb d`fr` shrvh j`b` pulkáê`, p`ks lê` sú ` shaurnd` j`b` tnbfëb ` shaurnd`r sê` `frkand`s n aunrdnr, ln j`ljousê` h hxhjuáê` d` j`ltrnt`, n bnks hstrktn f`n eë h vhrnjkdndh, tnlt` n rhsphkt` d` `fcht` j`b` dns jkrjulstæljkns h dhjonrnáøhs quh n hoh dkanb rhsphkt`.

J`b` hxhbpo` dh rhsshaur`, ohbfrnb`s b` s ` tr trîa îakj kj` ` jn jns` s` d` nj njkd kdhl hlth th dh ub nvkê` dn hbprhsn nërhn TNB, ` E`gghr >99, >9 9, qu quh h jn jnku ku ln lns s pr pr`x `xkb kbkd kdnd ndhs hs dh ub nhr` nh r`p` p`rt rt`, `, vk vktk tkbn bnld ld` ` bu buktn ktns s ph phss ss`n `ns. s. Lhsth jns`, ns enbâokns tkvhrnb dkrhkt` n` prãbk` d` shaur` quh n TNB ehz j`b ns shaurnd`rns.

@ Zhaur` Znódh bhrhjhu hsphjkno nthláê` dh l`ssn s`jkhdndh, tnlt` quh e`k honf`rndn ubn ohk prúprkn, n dh l³ >9.>=8/699> h, noëb dkss`, vhb shld` shld` j`ltrònd` j`ltrònd` phon Naãljkn Lnjk`lno dh Znódh Zupohbhltnr (NLZ). @ JLZY dhthrbkln shbprh quh ns shaurnd`rns thlmnb jrëdkt` pnrn enzhr ns kldhlkznáøhs quh `frkanb n pnanr. Ë ` quh jmnbnb`s dh rhshrvn tëjlkjn.

@ shaur` tnbfëb sh vhrkekjn phon ntunáê` ntunáê ` dh s`jk hdn hdndhs dhs j`b hrjknks nut`rkzndns t`rkzn dns n `phrnr l` rnb` dh shaur` prkvnd`, rhsshaur`, jnpktnokznáê`, jnpktnokznáê`, hltkdndhss dh prhvkdãljkn nfhrtn h j`rrht`dndh rhs mnfkoktnd`s.

J`b hehkt`, sh n shaurnd`rn lê` thb rhjurs` suekjkhlth pnrn enzhr ns kldhlkznáøhs, hon hstnrî j`bhthld` jrkbh j`ltrn n hj`l`bkn p`puonr. Y`r kss`, ë shbprh kbp`rtnlth quh sh j`ltrnth shaurnd`rns kdôlhns.

N Ohk hxkah quh n shaurnd`rn h `s prèkssk`lnks hb shaur` hsthcnb nut`rkznd`s n trnfnom fn omnr nr ph pho` o`ss úr úraê aê`s `s qu quh h dk dksj sjkp kpokokln lnb b ns ntkvkdndhs dh shaur`.

J`ltrnt` dh Dklmhkr` n Vksj` @s Nrtka`s Nrtka`s 5:: n 5:8 d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` rhauonbhltnb hssn hspëjkh dh j`ltrnt`. Zhauld` n dheklkáê` l` Nrtka` 5::, ` J`ltrnt` dh Zhaur` dh Dklm Dk lmhkr hkr` ` n Vks Vksj` j` (jæ (jæbf bfk` k` bn bnrâ râtk tkb` b`)) ë nquhoh3

L` Nrtka` 11: d` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno, ë jktnd` ub thbn bukt` pòãbkj`3 ` pnanbhlt` hb d`fr` d` prãbk` hstkpuond`3 @ shaurnd`r quh, n` thbp` d` j`ltrnt`, snfh hstnr pnssnd` ` rksj` dh quh ` shaurnd` sh prhthldh j`frkr, h, lê` `fstnlth, hxphdh n npúokjh, pnanrî hb d`fr` ` prãbk` hstkpuond`.

...pho` quno ` dnd`r hstkpuon d` t`bnd`r ub prãbk` jhrt` h dhthrbklnd` p`r prhá` d`s rksj`s dh bnr quh t`bn s`frh sk, ekjnld` j`b mkp`thjn hsphjkno l` `fcht` s`frh quh rhjnk ` hbprëstkb`, h suchktnld`-sh n phrdhr ` jnpktno h prãbk` sh ` dkt` `fcht` vkhr n phrhjhr p`r hehkt` d`s rksj`s t`bnd`s l` thbp` h ouanr j`lvhljk`lnd`s. j`lvhljk`lnd`s.

@ prèhss`r Eîfk` Xom`n J`hom` nkldn dkz3 @ sklkstr` ë shbprh ub hvhlt` eutur` h kljhrt` h hxntnbhlth p`r hssn rnzê` ns phss`ns fusjnb ns shaurnd`rns pnrn sh prhjnvhrhb j`ltrn shus hehkt`s. @ shaurnd` lê` snfh, p`rtnlt`, n` jhohfrnr ` j`ltrnt` sh thrî skd` j`bphlsnd`rn n dhsphsn j`b ` pnanbhlt` d` prãbk` ù sh pÒhaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon :

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Tno j`ltrnt` (quh s`bhlth sh pr`vn p`r hsjrkt`) rhprhshltn ub hbprëstkb` ehkt` p`r ubn dns pnrths (dnd`r) n ùtrn (t`bnd`r) dh jhrtn kbp`rtæljkn hb dklmhkr` h bhdknlth 8;


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ub prãbk` hstkpuond`, hbprëstkb` hsth anrnltkd` p`r dhthrbklndns j`ksns suchktns n rksj`s bnrâtkb`s ns qunks, sh vkhrhb n phrhjhr, trnrî hssh ent` n` dnd`r n phrdn d` jnpktno hbprhstnd` h d` prãbk`.

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dhcussúrkn, ù shcn, prhstndn p`r noauëb quh anrnlth ` pnanbhlt`, ` jmnbnd` eknd`r.. Nsskb d`r Nsskb,, sh ` rhldhkr` rhldhkr` lê` pnanr pnanr n dâvkdn vk dn,, ` fh fhb b dnd nd`` hb an anrn rnlt ltkn kn jnk hb j`bphlsnáê` dh rhldn. Bnks d` quh kss`, sh ` rhldhkr` lê` pnanr n` jrhd`r, jrhd`r, p`dh kr n cuâz` pnrn hxkakromh tnlt` ns prhstnáøhs lê` pnans j`b` nquhons quh dhvhrî pnanr.

Ohbfrh-sh dh quh ` Júdka` Jkvko sú rhvàù n prkbhkrn pnrth d` Júdka` J`bhrjkn J` bhrjkno, o, bns ` prhs prhshlth hlth j`ltrnt` thb rheohx`s lns rhonáøhs jkvks h hb bukt` sh kdhltkekjn j`b ` klstktut` dn jhssê` jhssê ` dh jr ëdkt`. J`leknlán dh fhls n t hrjh hrjhkr`s kr`s

Ahrnobhl Ahrno bhlth th,, n J` J`ls lstkt tktuk ukáê áê` ` dh Vh Vhld ldn n p` p`dh dh shr arntuktn, sh dndn n tâtuo` dh phlsê` nokbhltâjkn jk n ù d` d`s s jm jmnb nbnd nd`s `s b` b`lt lthp hpk` k`s s (f (fhl hls s kb kbph phlm lm``rîvh rî vhks ks), ), h qu quhb hb en enz z pr prës ëstkb tkb` ` p` p`dh dh dh dhth thrb rbkl klnr nr qu quh h hssn phlsê` ù hssh b`lthpk` ekquh kshlt` dh quno qu noqu quhr hr dâ dâvk vkdn dn,, ù sh shcn cn,, lê lê` ` p` p`dh dhrî rî rh rhjn jnkr kr s` s`fr frh h qunoquhr dhvhd`r. Kss` sh vhrkekjn, p`r hxhbpo`, l` jns` d` kd`s` quh j`ltrntn `s shrvká`s dh ubn hlehrbhkrn h quh trnlsbkth n hon ub fhb quh phrthljh n hoh pnrn quh shcn rhbulhrndn. Tnbfëb mî ` hxhbpo` dh ub pnk quh j`lekn ub fhb n ub thrjhkr` pnrn quh hsth jukdh dh shu ekom` h quh ` susthlth. J`b kss`, dn klhxhjuáê` d` rhldhkr` (hlehrbhkrn/thrjhkr`), ` kd`s` h ` pnk p`dhrê` j`frnr hb cuâz` ns prhstnáøhs ntrnsndns h ns quh vhljhrhb.

J`lstktukáê` dh Vhldn Vhldn Y`r hssh j`ltrnt`, ë p`ssâvho quh ubn phss`n sh `frkauh j`b ùtrn n ubn prhstnáê` phrkúdkjn n tâtuo` arntukt` ù `lhr`s`, hltrhanld` fhls búvhks ù kbúvhks é phss`n quh sh `frkan n sntksenzh sntksenzhrr ns prhstnáøh prhstnáøhss n env`r d` jrhd`r ù dh thrjhkr`s.

Ë p`ssâvho hlthldhr quh ub sújk` quh lê` quhkrn bnks pnrtkjkpnr dh ubn s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno ù, l` jns` dh b`rth dh ub d`s sújk`s, p`dh-sh hstkpuonr quh `s ùtr`s sújk`s ekquhb j`b n pnrth quh hsth thb ln s`jkhdndh. Hb j`ltrnpnrtkdn, sê` `frkand`s n pnanr ubn rhldn bhlsno phon pnrth dn s`jkhdndh hltrhauh n` hx-sújk` ù sun enbâokn. L` jns` d` j`ltrnt` `lhr`s` (rhbulhrnd`), ` jrhd`r, n` j`ltrntnr, p`dh hxkakr quh ` rhldhkr` sòkjkth, j`b` j`ldkáê` pnrn n hltrhan, ubn anrnltkn quh rhjnkn s`frh ` fhb, ahrnobhlth n mkp`thjn ù phlm`rn. J`ltud`, hssn anrnltkn tnbfëb p`dh shr ekOhaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon :

ûnld` n rhldn e`r klstktuâdn hb env`r dh duns phss`ns, shb quh sh dhthrbklh n pnrth dh jndn ubn, hlthldh-sh quh `s dkrhkt`s sê` kaunks snov` hstkpuonáøhs dkvhrsns. @ quh nkldn hstî vkv` lê` ekjn j`b n pnrth dh quhb b`rrhr. 59


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Nu N u on :

>) @ quh sê` nahlths d` j`bërjk`0

V3 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPP PPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PP PPPPP PPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PP 6) ûnlt` n`s nahlths d` j`bërjk`, rhonjk`lh3

(n ) Nahlths dhphldhlths (f ) Nahlths nutôl`b`s ( ( ( ( ( ( (

) fn fnlj ljîr îrk` k`ss ) j` j`rrh rrht` t`rh rhss ) j`b j`bkss kssîrk îrk`s `s ) oh ohko` ko`hk hkr` r`ss ) j`b j`bhrj hrjknl knlth thss ) hbprhs hbprhsîrk`s îrk`s dh trnls trnlsp`rth p`rthss ) kld kldust ustrkî rkîrk` rk`ss

:) ‟Jmnbnb-sh PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP `s quh p`ssuhb nrbnzëls dhstklnd`s n rhjhfhr, hb dhpúskt`s, bhrjnd`rkns ù aãlhr`s dh vîrkns hspëjkhs, bnlthld`-`s s`f sun aunrdn, é dksp`skáê` d`s pr`prkhtîrk`s.‒ 4) Vhonjk`lh3

(n) J`ltrnt`s Yófokj`s (f) J`ltrnt`s Jkvks (j) J`ltrnt`s Xlkonthrnks (d) J`ltrnt`s Yrkljkpnks (h) J`ltrnt`s Njhssúrk`s ( ) Z`bhlth ubn dns pnrths ekjn `frkandn7 n `frkanáê` dh dnr, dnr, enzhr ù lê` enzhr noaubn j`ksn, p`r j`lshauklth, rhjnk nphlns s`frh ubn dns pnrths. ( ) Zufsksthb p`r sk prúprk`s, shld` kldhphldhlths kldhphldhlths dh qunoquhr j`lvhláê`. j`lvhláê`. ( ) N hxkst hxkstãljkn ãljkn dhphldh dhphldh dh ùtr` ùtr` j`ltrnt` j`ltrnt` pnrn anrnltkr anrnltkr n `frkanáê` `frkanáê` quh rhsuotn rhsuotn dh ub j`ltrnt` prkljkpno. ( ) Zhbprh, pho` bhl`s, ubn dns pnrths ë ubn phss`n phss`n curâdkjn dh Dkrhkt` Yófokj`. Yófokj`. ( ) N dk dkvk vksê sê`` hl hltr trhh hs hsth th j` j`lt ltrn rnt` t` h ` j` j`bh bhrj rjkn knoo pn pnss ssù ù n sh shrr nv nvno nokn kndn dn ph pho` o` hl hlv` vòv ovkb kbhl hlt` t` dn nt ntkv kvkd kdnd ndhh hj`l hj `lôb ôbkj kjnn dh pr pr`d `duá uáê` ê` ù jk jkrj rjuo uoná náê` ê` dh fh fhls ls h sh shrv rvká ká`s `s h, j` j`ls lshq hquh uhlt lthb hbhl hlth th,, l`s shus prhá`s. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon :

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8) Ë ` j`ltrnt` pho` quno noauëb rhjhfh dh ùtr` p`dhrhs pnrn, hb shu l`bh, prntkjnr nt`s ù ndbklkstrnr klthrhsshs. Hstnb`s enonld` dh3

n) ( f) ( j) ( d) (

) Uhld hldnn Bhr Bhrjnl jnltko tko ) Tr`j r`jnn Bhr Bhrjnl jnltko tko ) Bnl Bnldnt dnt`` Bhr Bhrjnl jnltko tko ) J`b J`bkss kssê` ê` Bhr Bhrjnl jnltko tko

5) Hb ub J`ltrnt` dh O`jnáê`, n o`jnáê` dh j`ksns dh lnturhzn j`bhrjkno p`dh vhrsnr nphlns s`frh `fcht`s búvhks. @ prhá`, n rhtrkfukáê` dhvkdn pho` us` h a`z` dhstn j`ksn búvho, dhl`bkln-sh PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. PPPP.

n) ( f) ( j) ( d) (

) no noua uauh uhoo ) vhl vhljkb jkbhlt hlt`` ) j` j`lt ltrn rnt` t` ) j` j`fr frnl nlán án

1) @ quh ë bótu`0

V3PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPP PPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPP PPPPPP PPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPP PPPPPP PPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP PPP =) Jò`quh (U) lns nothrlntkvns vhrdndhkrns h (E) lns enosns. Hb shaukdn, nssklnoh n nothrlntkvn j`rrhtn.

K - ( ) Yho` j`ltrnt j`ltrnt`` dh dhpúskt` dhpúskt` vòultî vòultîrk`, rk`, ` dhp`sktî dhp`sktîrk` rk` rhjhfh rhjhfh ub `fcht` `fcht` búvho pnrn pnrn aunrdnr ntë quh ` dhp`sktnlth ` rhjonbh h sh jnrnjthrkzh j`b` arntukt`. KK - ( ) @ dhpúskt` dhpúskt` lhjhssîrk` lhjhssîrk` ë ehkt` ehkt` ntrnvës ntrnvës dh ubn `frkan `frkanáê` áê` ohano. ohano. KKK - ( ) @ dhpúskt` dhpúskt` fnljîrk` fnljîrk` ë n j`leknlán j`leknlán dn aunrdn aunrdn dh ubn dhthrbklnd dhthrbklndnn qunltkn qunltkn n ubn Cultn J`bhrjkno. n) ( f) ( j) ( d) (

) U‚ U ‚ U ) U‚ U ‚ E ) U‚ E ‚ E ) E‚ E ‚ E

;) @ trnlsp`rth ehkt` arntuktnbhlth p`r nbkzndh ù j`rthskn (jnr`ln) p`dh shr hlqundrnd` j`b` J`ltrnt` dh Trnlsp`rth. Hstn nekrbnáê` hstî3

( ) J`rrhtn

( ) Klj`rrh rhttn

>9) @ J`ltrnt` dh Zhaur` ë usunobhlth vhrkekjnd` ntrnvës dh ub d`jubhlt` jmnbnd`3

n) ( f) ( j) ( d) (

) Npú Npúokj okjhh dh Znó Znódh dh ) J`lt J`ltrnt rnt`` Jkv Jkvkoko ) J`lt J`ltrnt rnt`` dh Anr Anrnlt nltkn kn ) Npú Npúokj okjhh dh Zha Zhaur` ur`

Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon :

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Dndn hssn dkehrhljknáê`, p`dhb`s nekrbnr quh m`ch lê` ë bnks n ntkvkdndh quh dkehrhljkn n s`jkhdndh, bns skb n `ranlkznáê`. N `ranlkznáê` j`lsksth j`lsksth skbpohsbhlth hb `ranlkznr ubn ntkvkdndh pnrn dnr-omh dhstklnáê` prèkssk`lno, ù shcn, pnrn quh sh nojnljh n pr`duáê` ù bhsb` jkrjuonáê` dh fhls ù dh shrvká`s. N s`jkhdndh hbprhsnrkno shbprh thrî ubn phrs`lnokdndh h ub pntrkbôlk` dkstklt` dh shus sújk`s. @ pntrkbôlk` ë j`lshquãljkn dn j`lcuanáê` dh hse`rá`s, dn rhulkê` dh phss`ns, vksnld` anrnltkr hvhltuno dâvkdn dn s`jkhdndh phrnlth thrjhkr`s. Zh ` sújk` nakr hb dhsj`bpnss` j`b n s`jkhdndh quh e`k jrkndn, ù sh hsth usurpù dh suns euláøhs (uotrnpnssù `s p`dhrhs quh omh e`rnb j`lehrkd`s), rhsp`ldhrî j`b shu pntrkbôlk` phss`no Nquhoh quh lê` ë hbprhsîrk` p`dh shr sújk` dh ub j`bërjk`, p`rëb sú pho` ent` dh shr sújk` lê` p`dh sh trnlse`rbnr hb j`bhrjknlth. Dhsth b`d`, j`lstktuhb-sh ns s`jkhdndhss hbpr dndh hbprhsnrk hsnrknks nks phss phss`ns `ns curâd curâdkjns kjns j`b phrs`lnokdndh phrs`lnokdn dh prúprkn h kldhphldh kldhphldhlth lth dns d`s sújk`s j`bp`lhlths. Hltrh ns phss`ns curâdkjns d` Dkrhkt` Yrkvnd`, hlubhrndn hlubhrndnss l` Nrtka` 44 d` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno, ekaurnb ns s`jkhdndhs. Zê`, p`rtnlt`, phss`ns curâdkjns j`lstktuâdns j`b `fchtkv` hsphjkno dh hxhrjktnr ` j`bërjk`, jnfhld`-omhs ns bhsbns `frkanáøhs ohanks, `s bhsb`s dkrhkt`s h prhrràntkvns ntrkfuâdns é nltkan ekaurn d` j`bhrjknlth hb l`bh kldkvkduno. Ns phss`ns eâskjns quh j`lstktuhb ubn s`jkhdndh hbprhsnrkno nss`jknb-sh lnturnobhlth pnrn `fthrhb dhthrbklnd`s oujr`s h vnltnahls. Ynrn tno ekb, trnzhb é s`jkhdndh ubn pnrth dh shu jnpktno. Jndn ub d`s sújk`s j`ltrkfuk j`b ubn pnrth hb jnpktno, pnrth hstn quh, klj`rp`rndn és trnzkdns pho`s ùtr`s sújk`s, pnssn n phrthljhr j`b` ub t`d` é prúprkn s`jkhdndh, lê` bnks n hsths kldkvkdunobhlth. Ns pnrjhons d`s d`s sújk`s phrdhb sun kldkvkdunokdndh h pnssnb n kltharnr ub t`d` ólkj` quh j`lstktuk ` jnpktno s`jkno dn phss`n curâdkjn. L` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`, hxkstkn ub tkp` dh s`jkhdndh j`lmhjkd` j`b` Z`jkhdndh dh Jnpktno h Kldóstrkn hb quh ub sújk`

N XON 4 NXON J@LTVNT@Z J@LTVNT @Z DH Z@JKHDNDHZ J@BHVJKNKZ J`ltrnt` Z`jkno Dhl`bkln-sh j`ltrnt` dh s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno n j`lvhláê` ù nj`rd` hltrh duns ù bnks phss`ns quh sh rhólhb pnrn hxpo`rnr dhthrbklnd` rnb` dh lhaújk` j`bhrjkno ù kldustrkno. Hb ùtrns pnonvrns, ns phss`ns, j`b buktn erhquãljkn, ulhb-sh hb t`rl` dh ub `f chtkv` pnrn nojnlánr rhsuotnd`s j`buls. Zurahb dnâ ns s`jkhdndhs ù nss`jknáøhs.

@ Júdka` Jkvko ntuno, hb shu Nrtka` 8:, dkz ` shauklth3 ‟J`lstktuhb-sh ns nss`jknáøhs phon ulkê` dh phss`ns quh sh `ranlkzhb pnrn ekls lê` hj`lôbkj`s‒. Hb j`ltrnpnrtkdn, j`ltrnpnrtkdn, ` Nrtka` ;=> d` bhsb` Júdka` dhthrbkln nsskb3 Jhohfrnb j`ltrnt` dh s`jkhdndh ns phss`ns quh rhjkpr`jnbhlth sh `frkanb n j`ltrkfukr, j`b fhls ù shrvká`s, pnrn ` hxhrjâjk` dh ntkvkdndh hj`lôbkjn h n pnrtkomn, hltrh sk, d`s rhsuotnd`s. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon 4

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hltrnvn j`b ` jnpktno h ùtr` j`b ` trnfnom`. J`ltud`, hb vkrtudh dns ernudhs quh `s hbprhsîrk`s pnssnrnb n j`bhthr j`b `s hbprhand`s (erustrnld` `s dkrhkt`s trnfnomkstns quh hsths dhtklmnb), dhtklmnb), n` hdktnr ` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno, e`k nfòkd` hsth tkp` dh s`jkhdndh, ` quh sh vhrkekjn pho` skbpohs ent` dh tno s`jkhdndh lê` j`lstnr bnks d` rò dh tkp`s s`jkhtîrk`s. N rhulkê` dh phss`ns hb nss`jknáøhs ë shb ekls oujrntkv`s. J`ltud`, noauls nut`rhs curâdkj`s ndbkthb n hxkstãljkn dh s`jkhdndhs jkvks shb ekls oujrntkv`s. oujrntkv`s. N` sh e`rbnrhb hstns hstns s`jkhdndhs, hstkpuonb hstkpuonb quno(ks) `(s) rnb`(s) dh ntkvkdndh prúprkn quh prhthldhb hxhrjhr h, pnrn dhshbphlmnr n ntkvkdndh prúprkn dh hbprhsîrk`, hsth suchktn-sh n rhakstr`.

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• Z`jkhdndh Okbktndn 7 Z`jkhdn `jkhdndh dh Nlôlkbn (j`b dksp`skáøh • Z dksp`skáøhss prúprkns prhvkstns ln Ohk l³ 5.494/15, quh dkspøh s`frh ns Z`jkhdndhs p`r Náøhs)7 J`bnldktn n p`r Náøhs7 Ná øhs7 • Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldkt • Z`jkhdndh J``phrntkvn. Hsths b`dho`s dh s`jkhdndhs j`bhrjknks e`rnb jktnd`s hb @ranlkznáê` dh Hbprhsns (Búduo` >, Uòubh >), cultnbhlth j`b ub b`dho` dh j`ltrnt` s`jkno.

M`ch, ns ns s`j khdndhs j`bhrjknks sê` rhauondns pho` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno7 ns Z`jkhdndhs Nlôlkbns j`ltklunb shld` rhauondns phon Ohk l³ 5.494/15.

Vhquksk Vh qukskt`s t`s d h ub J`ltrnt` Z`jkno Z`frh j`ltrnt` dh s`jkh s`jkhdndh dndh j`bhrjkno, ` ndvànd` C`së ]nvkhr Jnrvnom` dh Bhld`lán hsjonrhjh ` shauklth3 N s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno surah d` j`ltrnt` bhdknlth ` quno duns ù bnks phss`ns sh `frkanb n prhstnr jhrtn j`ltrkfukáê` pnrn ub euld`, ` jnpktno s`jkno, dhstklnd` n` hxhrjâjk` d` j`bërjk`, j`b n klthláê` dh pnrtkomnr `s oujr`s hltrh sk. @ j`bërjk` ë hxhrjkd` s`f ` l`bh h n rhsp`lsnfkokdndh dkrhtn dn s`jkhdndh, ndbklkstrnd` d` shu pntrkbôlk` .

Hspëjkhs dh Z`jkhdndhs J`bhrjknks

Zhld` n hxthrk`rkznáê` d` nj`rd` dh v`ltndhs hltrh `s sújk`s, ` j`ltrnt` sh rhvhon j`b` ` nt` quh `rkakln n s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno (nt` j`lstk j`l stktut tutkv` kv`). ). Dho Dhoh h dhj dhj`rr `rrhb hb rho rhonáø náøhs hs `fr `frkan kantúr túrkns kns hltrh ns pnrths quh ` jhohfrnb - vnoh dkzhr, dhj`rrhb d`s j`ltrnt`s dkrhkt`s h `frkanáøhs hltrh ns phss`ns lnturnks d`s sújk`s. J`b` t`d`s `s dhbnks j`ltrnt`s, tnbfëb ` dh s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno dhvh, `frkant`rknbhlth, j`lthr `s rhqukskt`s j`lskdhrnd`s hsshljknks pnrn sun vnokdndh, tnlt` `s dh `rdhb sufchtkvn j`b` `s dh `rdhb `fchtkvn. Dhltrh hohs, dhstnjnb`s3 n jnpnjkdndh dns

@ Júdka` Jkvko ntuno, ntrnvës d`s Nrtka`s ;=5 ;= 5 nt ntë ë >. >.>9 >9>, >, tr trnz nz n tktkp` pò` oàk aknn s` s`jk jkht htîr îrkn kn,, ù sh shcn cn,, ns dkehrhlths hspëjkhs dh s`jkhdndh. Zê` hons3 • Z`jkhdndh hb J`bub , tnbfëb jmnbndn dh Z`jkhdndh dh Ent` ù Z`jkhdndh Krrhauonr7 • Z`jkhdndhs hb J`ltn dh Ynrtkjkpnáê`7 Z`jkhdndh dndh Yh Yhrs`lke rs`lke kjndn (tnbfëb • Z`jkh jmnbndn dh Z`jkhdndh Zkbpohs)7 • Z`jkhdndh hb hb L`bh Jòhtkv` Jòhtkv ` 7 hb J`bnldktn J`bnldk tn Zkbpohs 7 • Z`jkhdndh hb Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 4

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pnrths j`ltrntnlths, j`lshltkbhlt`s, e`rbn hsphjkno (qunld` hxkakdn), j`ksn jhrtn h `f cht` cht ` oâj oâjkt` kt`.. N`s j`ltrnt`s, hb ahrno, l` quh dkz rhsphkt` é jnpnjkdndh dns pnrths j`ltrntnlths, ë npokjîvho ln âltharn n`s j`ltrnt`s dh s`jkhdndh.

Hsth j`ltrnt`, pnrn quh thlmn vnokdndh,, dhvh hsjonrhjh dndh hsjonrhjhrr quh n s`j khdn khdndh dh j`bhrjkno sh e`rbù pnrn n hxpo`rnáê` dh ub rnb` d` j`bërjk`, shld` njòmk njòmkd` d` hb Ohk.

Dhsth b`d`, j`le`rbh shu arnu dh jnpnjkdndh curâdkjn, ë p`ssâvho ù lê` quh ubn phss`n eâskjn ekaurh j`b` pnrth lub j`ltrnt` dh s`jkhdndh, shld` hvkdhlth quh ns phss`ns pohlnbhlth jnpnzhs p`dhb, shb qunksquhr rhstrkáøhs, t`bnr pnrth lub j`ltrnt` dh s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno. Ynrn `s rhontkvnbhlth jnpnzhs (bhl`r hltrh >5 h >= nl`s) h nquhohs quh, thbp`rnrknbhlth, lê` pudhrhb hxprkbkr sun v`ltndh, sú p`dhrê` ekaurnr lub j`ltrnt` dh s`jkhdndh bhdknlth n nsskstãljkn dh shus rhsp`lsîvhks ohanks. ûnlt` n` kljnpnz, n hoh ë vhdndn sun pnrtkjkpnáê` dh ub j`ltrnt` s`jkno. Z`bhlth shu rhprhshltnlth ohano p`dh pnrtkjkpnr. @ rhqukskt` d` j`lshltkbhlt` ë dh subn kbp`rtæljkn. Dhvh j`lthr n okvrh hxprhssê` dn v`ltndh dns pnrths, hb dhokfhrnáê` t`bndn shb dò`, hrr` ù bî eë. ûnlt` é e`rbn d` j`ltrnt` dn s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno, hbf`rn mncn nbpon okfhrdndh, dhvh `fhdhjhr n jhrtns hxkaãljkns ohanks hb noauls jns`s hsphjâekj`s. @ j`ltrnt` s`jkno p`dh shr onvrnd` bhdknlth hsjrkturn pnrtkjuonr ù pófokjn, ù nkldn, shr ub j`ltrnt` vhrfno surakd` dh ubn j`lvhrsn quh rhsuotù hb nj`rd` ekrbnd` phons pnrths. @ j`ltrnt` dh s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno dhvh thr j`ksn jhrtn pnrn quh rhsuothb `frkanáøhs jonrns h klduvkd`sns, fhb j`b` `s dkrhkt`s rhjâpr`j`s hltrh sújk`s. N hxkaãljkn d` `fcht` `fcht` oâjkt` (phrbktkd` p`r ohk) ë ahlërkjn, hsthldhld`-sh n t`d`s `s j`ltrnt`s, kljouskvh n` dh s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno. Lê` ë p`ssâvho n hxkstãljkn ohano dh ub j`ltrnt` jucn eklnokdndh shcn j`ltrîrkn és ohks h n`s f`ls j`stubhs. Dhshcn-sh j`b kss` dhehldhr n b`rnokdndh. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 4

@ Nrtka` ;;1 d` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno, sufstktukld` ` Nrtka` :96 d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`, rhonjk`ln ùtr`s rhqukskt`s rhontk on tkv` v`ss é e` e`rbn rbn bn bnth thrkn rknoo d` j` j`lt ltrn rnt` t` dh s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno, kldkjnld` ` quh dhvh j`lthrr l` klstrubhlt` j`lth klstrubhlt` dh j`ltr j`ltrnt` nt` (ù shcn, ln e`rbn hsjrkt hsjrktnn dhsth dhsth). ). Hsth Nrtka` dkz quh ub j`ltrnt` dh s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno dhvh bhljk`lnr3 K - l`bh, lnjk`lnokdndh, hstnd` jkvko, prèkssê` h rhskdãljkn d`s sújk`s, sh phss`ns lnturnks, h n ekrbn ù n dhl`bklnáê`, lnjk`lnokdndh h shdh d`s sújk`s, sh curâdkjns7 KK - dhl dhl`bk `bkln lnáê` áê`,, `fc `fcht` ht`,, shd shdhh h prn prnz` z` dn s`j s`jkhd khdndh ndh77 KKK - jnpktno dn s`jkhdndh, hxprhss` hb b`hdn j`rrhlth, p`dhld` j`bprhhldhr qunoquhr hspëjkh dh fhls, susjhtâvhks dh nvnoknáê` phjulkîrkn7 KU - n j`tn dh jndn sújk` l` jnpktno s`jkno, h ` b`d` dh rhnokzî-on7 U - ns prhstnáøhs n quh sh `frkan ` sújk`, jucn j`ltrkfukáê` j`lskstn hb shrvká`s7 UK - ns phss`ns lnturnks kljubfkdns dn ndbklkstrnáê` dn s`jkhdndh, h shus p`dhrhs h ntrkfukáøhs7 UKK - n pnrtkjkpnáê` dh jndn sújk` l`s oujr`s h lns phrdns7 UKKK - sh `s sújk`s rhsp`ldhb, ù lê`, sufskdknrknbhlth, phons `frkanáøhs s`jknks.

J`lshquãljkns @ hbprhsîrk` quh e`r ohsnd` j`b n usurpnáê` dh shu l`bh, p`dh kr n cuâz` nprhshltnr náê` nluontúrkn d` rhakstr`, pnanld` ubn kldhlkznáê`. 58


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Zhauld` n Ohk l³ ;.61;/;4, Ohk dh Yr`prkhdndh prkhdn dh Kldus Kldustrkno trkno (OYK), ` usurpn usurpnd`r d`r rhsp`ldh p`r jrkbh prhvkst` l` Nrtka` >;4 h tnbfëb p`r j`lj`rrãljkn dhsohno, trntnd` l` Nrtka` 69;.

Zhbhomnlán d`s l`bhs @ hbprhsîrk` dhvh t`bnr jukdnd` ln hsjòmn d` l`bh hbprhsnrkno, pnrn quh lê` mncn l`bh kauno. ûnlt` é shbhomnlán, `s l`bhs hbprhsnrknks p`dhb shr3 • m`búarne`s3 pnonvrns j`b n bhsbn arnekn, p`rëb j`b s`b dkehrhlth. • m`búe`l`s3 pnonvrns pnonvrns quh p`dhb thr ` bhsb` s`b, bns j`b arnekn dkehrhlth.

J`bp`lhlths T`dns ns dksp`skáøhs dhsjrktns l` j`ltrnt` s`jkno sê` j`lmhjkdns j`b` joîusuons quh shrvhb pnrn rhauonr n hxkstãljkn h ` euljk`lnbhlt` dn s`jkhdndh. Ë l`rbno quh ns joîusuons shcnb hlubhrndns dh b`d` quh ub lóbhr` skan n` ùtr`, h jndn nssult` shcn nf`rdnd` hb jnpâtuo`s.

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Yhrs`lnokdndh Curâdkjn dns Z`jkhdndhs J`bhrjknks N s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno (nsskb j`b` nss`jknáøhs, j``phrntkvns, s`jkhdndhs rhokak`sns, jkhltkekjns, okthrîrkns htj.) sê` phss`nss cur s`n curâdk âdkjns jns,, p`s p`ssuk sukld` ld` phr phrs`l s`lnok nokdnd dndhh curâ cu râdk dkjn jn pr prúpr úprkn kn h kl kldh dhphl phldhl dhlth th dh sh shus us bhbfr`s. Ë n prúprkn phss`n curâdkjn dn s`jkhdndh hbprhsnrkno quhb prntkjn nt`s dh j`bërjk`, shld` ns phss`ns eâskjns dh shus sújk`s. J`b kss`, n Ohk rhj`lmhjh n nptkdê` dh ns s`jkhdndhs hxhrjhrhb dkrhkt`s h j`ltrnârhb `frkanáøhs hb shu prúprk` l`bh. Kst` `j`rrh j`b ns nss`jknáøhs hb ahrno h, hb hsphjkno, j`b ns s`jkhdndhs j`bhrjknks. Ë jonr` quh `s nt`s j`bhrjknks ntrkfuâd`s n ubn s`jkhdndh hbprhsnrkno sê` prntkjnd`s ntrnvës dh ub ù bnks sújk`s quh thlmnb p`dhrhs pnrn rhprhshltî-on7 sê` `s sújk`s ahrhlths ù sújk`s dkrht`rhs, kst` ë, nquhohs quh tãb kljubfãljkn dh dkrkak-on ù ndbklkstrî-on. L` hltnlt`, tnks nt`s sh vhrkekjnb j`b` sh n prúprkn s`jkhdndh `s prntkjnssh. Ë hon quh j`ltrnk ns `frkanáøhs h nssubh `s dkrhkt`s dhj`rrhlths dhsshs nt`s. Znfhb`s quh n phrs`lnokdndh jkvko dh ubn phss`n eâskjn thb klâjk` j`b shu lnsjkbhlt`. H j`b ns s`jkhdndhs0 Hb quh b`bhlt` thb klâjk` n sun phrs`lnokdndh curâdkjn0 N rhsp` rhsp`stn stn hstî hstî l`s Nrtka Nrtka`s `s 48, ;=8 h >.>89 >.>89 d` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno3 Nr t. 48. J`bhán n hxkstãljkn ohano dns phss`ns Nrt. curâdkjns dh dkrhkt` prkvnd` j`b j`b n klsjrkáê` d` nt` j`lstktutkv` l` rhsphjtkv` rhakstr`, prhjhdkdn, qunld` lhjhssîr jhs sîrk` k`,, dh nu nut`r t`rkzn kznáê áê`` ù np npr`v r`vná náê` ê` d` Y` Y`dh dhr r Hxhjutkv`, nvhrfnld`-sh l` rhakstr` t`dns ns nothrnáøhs p`r quh pnssnr ` nt` j`lstktutkv`. Nrt. Nr t. ;=8 . N s`jkhdndh ndqukrh phrs`lnokd phrs`lnokdndh ndh curâcurâdkjn j`b n klsjrkáê`, l` rhakstr` prúprk` h ln e`rbn dn ohk, d`s shus nt`s j`lstktutkv`s. Nr t. >.>89. @ hbprhsîrk` h n s`jkhdndh hbprh Nrt. sîrkn vkljuonb-sh n` Vhakstr` Yófokj` dh Hbprhsns Bhrjnltks n jnra` dns Cultns J`bhrjknks, h n s`jkhdndh skbpohs n` Vhakstr` Jkvko dns Yhss`ns Curâdkjns, ` quno dhvhrî `fhdhjhr és l`rbns ekxndns pnrn nquhoh rhakstr`, sh n s`jkhdndh skbpohs nd`tnr ub d`s tkp`s dh s`jkhdndh hbprhsîrkn hbprhsîrkn..

N Ohk ë hxhbpo` dh quh kss` rhnobhlth euljk`ln, p`ks dkvkdku ns bntërkns hb jnpâtuo`s, sujhdkd`s lubhrkjnbhlth p`r nrtka`s. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 4

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Ln mkpúthsh dh ` klstrubhlt` dh j`ltrnt` s`jkno j`lstktukr-sh dh hsjrkturn pnrtkjuon ju onrr, jh jhrt rtns ns e` e`rb rbno nokd kdnd ndhs hs dh dhvh vhb b sh shr r `fhdhjkdns hb sun honf`rnáê` pnrn quh hon shcn njhktn qunld` e`r rhakstrî-on ln Cultn J`bhrjkno3 n) Zhr onvrnd`, l` bâlkb`, hb duns vkns7 f) J`lthr ns nssklnturns, hb t`dns ns vkns, d`s j`ltrntnlths (sújk`s) h dh suns thsthbulmns7 j ) T`dns ns eòmns d` klstrubhlt` dh j`lt j` ltrnt rnt` ` dh dhvh vhb b j` j`lt lthr hr ns ruf rufrkj rkjns ns dh t`d`s `s sújk`s, shld` rhj`lmhjkdns p`r tnfhokê`7

Ynssndn n ensh d`s ncusths hltrh ns phss`ns quh ekaurnrê` j`b` sújkns, honf`rnd` ` j`ltrnt` ù nt` j`lstktutkv` dh ubn s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno, nkldn nsskb hstn lê` ndqukrku phrs`lnokdndh curâdkjn n quno, shauld` ` Nrtka` bhljk`lnd` (;=8) d` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno, sú thrî klkjk` qunld` sh hehtunr ` rhakstr` d` rhehrkd` j`ltrnt` ù nt` j`lstktutkv`. Lê` fnstn j`lstktukr ubn s`jkhdndh hbprhsnrkno j`b ` nj`rd` hltrh `s sújk`s h n honf`rnáê` d` rhsphjtkv` j`ltrnt`. Ë lhjhssîrk`, pnrn quh hon ndqukrn phrs`lnokdndh curâdkjn j`b t`d` t` d`ss `s rh rhsu suototnd nd`s `s nd ndvkl vkld` d`s, s, pn pnss ssnl nld` d` hs hssn sn s` s`-jkhdndh hbprhsnrkno n thr hxkstãljkn ohano, quh3 n) shcn ub j`ltrnt` rhakstrnd` l` rhakstr` j`bphthlth (Cultn J`bhrjkno), `ldh tnbfëb dhvhb shr nrqukvnd`s `s hstntut`s dn s`jkhdndh7 f) mncn nut` nut`rkzná rkznáê` ê` a`vh a`vhrlnb rlnbhltn hltnoo qunl qunld` d` prhjksnr, j`b` `j`rrh, p`r hxhbpo`, j`b ns s`jkhdndhs jkh dndhs dh ntkvkdndh fnljîrkn.

Znfhb`s quh ` klstrubhlt` dh j`ltrnt` dh ubn s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno p`dh j`ljrhtkznr-sh ntrnvës dh hsjrkturn pófokjn ù pnrtkjuonr. ûnld` sh enz p`r hsjrkturn pnrtkjuonr, dhvh-sh rhakstrî-on ln Cultn J`bhrjkno, p`rëb ë `frkan `frkantúrkn túrkn n hsjrkt hsjrkturn urn pófokjn qunld` ` jnpktno dn s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno ù pnrth dh qunoquhr d`s sújk`s e`r kbúvhks. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 4

d ) J`lthr ` vkst` dh ndvànd` l`s jns`s dns s`jkhdndhs jkvks j`b ù shb ekls oujrntkv`s.

Yrhhljmkdns hssns e`rbnokdndhs prhokbklnrhs, ` j`ltrnt` dhvhrî shr ohvnd` n rhakstr` ln Cultn J`bhrjkno, pnrn quh thlmn klâjk` n hxkstãljkn ohano dn s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno, ù, hb ùtrns pnonvrns, ndqukrn n phrs`lnokdndh curâdkjn. Xbn dns vkns d`s j`ltrnt`s phrbnlhjh l`s nrqukv`s dn Cultn J`bhrjkno, shld` n ùtrn dhvòvkdn n`s sújk`s j`ltrntnlths. @ rhakstr` dhvh shr ehkt` ln Cultn J`bhrjkno j`b curksdkáê` `ldh n s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno prhthldh hxhrjhr suns ntkvkdndhs. Jns` n s`jkhdndh `phrh, tnbfëb, hb ùtr`s dkstrkt`s j`b curksdkáê` dh ùtrns Cultns J`bhrjknks, klstktukld`, p`r hxhbpo`, ekoknks, sujursnks ù naãljkns, shrî lhjhssîrk` pr`b`vhr l`v`s rhakstr`s phrnlth és rhsphjtkvns Cultns,, shauld` ` Nrtka` >.999 d` Júdka` Jkvko Cultns ntuno3 N s`jkhdndh skbpohs quh klstktukr sujursno, ekokno ù naãljkn ln jkrjulsjrkáê` dh ùtr` Vhakstr` Jkvko dns Yhss`nss Curâdkjn Yhss`n Curâdkjns, s, lhsth dhvhrî tnbfë tnbfëb b klsjrhv klsjrhvã-on, ã-on, j`b n pr`vn dn klsjrkáê` `rkaklîrkn. Ynrîarne` ólkj`. Hb qunoquhr jns`, n j`lstktukáê` dn sujursno, ekokno ù naãljkn dhvhrî shr nvhrfndn l` Vhakstr` Jkvko dn rhsphjtkvn shdh. 51


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nrqukvnbhlt` d` j`ltrnt` dhvh shr ehkt`3 • Hb Frnsâokn, l` Dkstrkt` Ehdhrno, l` Dhpnrtnbhlt` Lnjk`lno dn Kldóstrkn h J`bërjk`7 • L`s Hstnd`s h rhsphjtkvns Cultns J`bhrjknks. Ë f`b ohbfrnb`s quh ` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno, n` trntnr dns phss`n phss`nss curâdkjns (Tâtuo` (Tâtuo` KK KK,, Nrt Nrtka` ka`ss 49 n 5>) 5>),, hstnfhohjh hstnfhohjh l`rbns ahrnks npokjîvhks és phss`ns curâdkjns dh dkrhkt`s prkvnd`s h és s`jkhdndhs j`bhrjknks7 dksjkpokln, tnbfëb, ns dksp`skáøhs quh nlths hrnb klshrkdns l` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`.

Lê` d hvh Lê` hvhb`s b`s j`leuldk r hssh nrqukvnbhlt` d` J`ltrnt` Z`jkno j`b ` Vhakstr` dh Ekrbn Z`jkno, quh lndn bnks ë d` quh ` l`bh j`bhrjkn j`bhrjknoo j`b n quno n s`jkhdndh krî `phrnr.

Dn nqukskáê` dn phrs`lnokdndh curâdkjn phon s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno, `rkaklnb-sh hehkt`s s`frhb`d` kbp`rtnlths3

@ rhakstr` dn ekrbn, ù rnzê` s`jkno, dhvh shr hehtund` npús ` nrqukvnbhlt` d` j`ltrnt` rhsphjtkv`, rhnokznld`-sh phrnlth é Cultn J`bhrj bh rjkn knoo (s (sh h n s` s`jk jkhd hdnd ndhh th thb b sh shdh dh lu lubn bn jn jnpk pktn tno), o), ù hb jnrtúrk` j`bphthlth (ln jkdndh hb quh thlmn sun shdh). Nrqukvnd` shu nt` j`lstktutkv j`lstktutkv`` l` Vhakstr` dh J`bërjk`, n s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno ndqukrh ` jnrîthr dh s`jkhdndh rhauonr. Y`dh `j`rrhr quh ubn s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno p`ssun j`ltrnt` hsjrkt`, bns lê` hsthcn nrqukvnd` l` Vhakstr` dh J`bërjk`, lhb p`ssun j`ltrnt` hsjrkt`, thld` surakd` dh bhr` nj`rd` vhrfno hltrh `s shus j`bp`lhlths (sújk`s). Hb nbf`s `s jns`s, thb`s s`jkhdndhs krrhauonrhs. L` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno, tno s`jkhdndh rhjhfh ` l`bh dh Z`jkhdndh hb J`bub, j`b` sh vhrkekjn l` Nrtka` ;=53

>. @ prkbhkr` dhohs ë n jnpnjkdndh cudkjkno ntkvn h pnsskvn (jnpnjkdndh dh pr`b`vhr náøhs cudkjknks j`ltrn thrjhkr`s h dh sèrhr náøhs hb cuâz`). 6. @ shauld` ë n jnpnjkdndh dh fhls p`r sk bhsbn. @s fhls pr`vhlkhlths dns j`ltrkfukáøhs d`s sújk`s pnrn euld` s`jkno pnssnb sn b n sh shrr dh pr pr`p `prk rkhd hdnd ndhh dn s` s`jk jkhd hdnd ndh h j`bhrjkno, lê` d`s sújk`s.

@fshrvh-sh quh n s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno pnssn n thr jnpnjkdndh pntrkb`lkno kdãltkjn équhon dh quh a`znb ns phss`ns eâskjns. Nkldn j`b` hehkt` dn nqukskáê` dn phrs`lnokdndh curâdkjn phon s`jkhdndh, j`ltn-sh n sun jnpnjkdndh dh jhohfrnr j`ltrnt`s h prntkjnr nt`s curâdkj`s hb ahrno.

Hlqunlt` Hlqunl t` lê` klsj klsjrkt` rkt`ss `s nt`s j`ls j`lstktu tktutkv` tkv`s, s, rhahr-sh-î n s`jkhdndh, hxjht` p`r náøhs hb `ranlkznáê`, pho` dksp`st` lhsth Jnpâtuo`, `fshrvndns, sufskdknrknbhlth h l` quh j`b hoh e`rhb j`bpntâvhks, ns l`rbns dn s`jkhdndh skbpohs .

Z`jkhdndhs Vhauonrhs h Krrhauonrhs Ukb`s quh ubn s`j Ukb`s s`jkhd khdndh ndh j`b j`bhrj hrjkno kno dhvh j`lstktukr-sh bhdknlth j`ltrnt` hsjrkt`, ohvnd` ohv nd` n nrq nrqukv ukvnbh nbhlt` lt` l` rha rhakst kstr` r` prú prúprk prk` ` (jubprkld`-sh, p`rtnlt` ns e`rbnokdndhs ohanks), ntrkfukld`, nsskb, ` jnrîthr dh s`jkhdndh rhauonr. Y`rtnlt`, s`bhlth sê` rhputndns s`jkhdndhs rhauonrhs nquhons quh tãb ` klstrubhlt` dh j`ltrnt` (pófokj` ù pnrtkjuonr) nrqukv qu kvnd nd` ` l` Vh Vhak akst str` r` dh J` J`bë bërj rjk` k`.. Hs Hssh sh Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 4

@ Nrtka` 69, Ynrîarne` Ynrîarne` 6³, d` Júdka` Jkvko nlthrk`r (>;>5) dhthrbklnvn quh3 Ns s`jkhdndhs W...R quh, p`r enotn dh nut`rkznáê` ù dh rhakstr`, sh lê` rhputnrhb phss`ns curâdkjns, lê` p`dhrê` njk`lnr n shus bhbfr`s, lhb n thrjhkr`s7 bns hsths p`dhrê` rhsp`lsnfkokzî-ons p`r t`d`s `s shus nt`s. 5=


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Bhsb` j`b hssns dhsvnltnahls, ubn s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno j`bhrjkno krrhauonr thb vkdn h dhshlvòvh ntkvkdndhs, pr`duzkld` hehkt`s curâdkj`s, `s nt`s p`r hon prntkjnd`s.

Tkp`s dh Z`jkhdndhs J`bhrjknks N` hxnbklnrb`s l`ssns ohks, `fshrvnb`s quh hons èhrhjhb, n`s quh dhshcnb ulkrsh pnrn kltharnrhb ubn s`jkhdndh, dkvhrs`s tkp`s dh e`rbnáê` s`jkno h jndn ub dhohs j`b jnrnjthrâstkjnss prúprkns. jnrnjthrâstkjn Dh b`d` ahrno, p`dhb`s dkzhr quh `s hbprhsîrk`s sê` kldkvkdunks h ns s`jkhdndhs j`bhrjknks p`dhb shr3

@s sújk`s, lns rhonáøhs j`b thrjhkr`s, p`dhb pr`vnr n hxkstãljkn dn s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno p`r hsjrkt`, bns `s thrjhkr`s p`dhb pr`vî-on dh qunoquhr b`d`. @s sú sújk jk`s `s p` p`dh dhb b hs hstn tnfh fhohj ohjhr hr ns rhs rhsp` p`ls lsnnfkokdndhs quh prhthldh prhthldhb b nssubkr nssubkr,, j`ltud`, hssh thrb` sú thb vnokdndh sh `s thrjhkr`s sùfhrhb dkst`. Kss` sh custkekjn `fshrvnld` n pufokjkdndh, ù shcn, `s nt`s dhvhb shr d` j`lmhjkbhlt` dh t`d`s, p`ks nsskb hsths lê` shrê` prhcudkjnd`s phon j`ltrntnáê` j`b n s`jkhdndh. Vhssno Vhs snotnb tnb`s `s quh n rhs rhsp`l p`lsnf snfkok kokdnd dndh h p`dh shr hstnfhohjkdn, j`ltud` n rharn n quno prhvnohjh ë n dh quh `s sújk`s rhsp`ldnb dh e`rbn kokbktndn7 shquhr p`dhb prhthldhr quh hb hvhltuno dâvkdn, n s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno shcn j`frndn nlths quh `s sújk`s. Kss` sú shrî phrbktkd` lns s`jkhdndhs j`bhrjknks rhauonrbhlth j`lstktuâdns p`r nquko` quh jmnbnb`s dh fhlheâjk` dh `rdhb. Ë jhrt` quh ns s`jkhdndhs krrhauonrhs p`ssunb klóbhrns dhsvnltnahls, hb j`ler`lt` j`b ns rhauonrhs. Nsskb, qunld` sh trntn dh rhjonbnrhb ubn vnltnahb hb rhonáê` n thrjhkr`s ù n`s shus bhbfr`s (sújk`s), hons euljk`lnb j`b` sh lê` hxkstksshb. Bnks d` quh kss`, n s`jkhdndh krrhauonr lê` p`dh nohanr hb shu env`r vîrkns dns prhrràntkvns dh quh a`znb ns s`jkhdndhs rhauonrhs. Zhus sújk`s p`dhb shr rhsp`lsnfkokznd`s jrkbklnobhlth, p`r lê` thrhb sntksehkt` `frkanáøhs ohanks hxkakdns dn s`j s`jkhdn khdndh dh j`bhrjkno. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 4

• Z`jkhdndh hb L`bh Jòhtkv`7 • Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn Zkbpohs7 • Z`jkhdndh hb J`ltn dh Ynrtkjkpnáê` • Z`jkhdndh Okbktndn7 • Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn7 • Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn p`r Náøhs. ûnlt` és s`jkhdndhs lê` hbprhsîrkns, thb`s3 • ns s`jkhdndhs skbpohs7 • ns s`jkhdndhs j``phrntkvns.

T`dns hssns s`jk hdn hdndhs dhs dhvhb shr rhakstrndns l`s úraê`s prúprk`s. N hbprhsîrkn prhsî rkn ë rhakstrndn ln Cult n HbprhsnHbprhsnrkno.

N s`jkhdndh j``phrntkvn, hbf`rn lê` shcn j`lskdhrndn hbprhsîrkn, ë tnbfëb rhakstrndn ln Cultn Hbprhsnrkno. N s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno j`bhrjkno skbpohs dhvh shr rhakstrndn l` Jnrtúrk` dh Vhakstr` Jkvko dh Yhss`ns Curâdkjns. J`ltud`, sh n s`jkhdndh skbpohs nd`tnr n e`rbn dh ubn s`jkhdndh 5;


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hbprhsîrkn, utkokznld` ns rharns dn s`jkhdndh okbktndn, hltê` ` rhakstr` dhvh shr ehkt` ln Cultn Hbprhsnrkno.

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Mî ub jrktërk` dh jonsskekjnáê` d`s njk`lkstns qunlt` n rhsp`lsnfkokdndhs p`r dâvkdns ln s`jkhdndh, shauld` ` curkstn C`ê` Hulîpk` F`rahs3

Jonssk Jon sskekjnáê` ekjnáê` dns d ns Z`jkhdndhs J`bhrjknks

• Z`jkhdndh Kokbktndn - T`d`s `s sújk`s tãb rhsp`lsnfkokdndh kokbktndn pho`s j`bpr`bkss`s nssubkd`s phon s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno. Ns s`jkhdndhs kltharnlths sê` ns shauklths3 n) Z`jkhdndh hb L`bh Jòhtkv`7 f) Z`jkhdndh hb J`bub, dh qunoquhr tkp`.

Ns s`jkhdndhs sh jonsskekjnb dn shauklth bnlhkrn3 >. ûnlt` n` `fcht`7 6. ûnlt` é ohk dksjkpoklnd`rn7 :. ûnlt` é e`rbn dh j`lstktukáê`7

• Z`jkhdndh Okbktndn - T`d`s `s sújk`s rhsp`ldhb okbktndnbhlth pho`s j`bpr`bkss`s nssubkd`s phon s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno quh kltharnb. N s`jkhdndh thrî rhsp`lsnfkokdndhs ntë ` okbkth d` jnpktno s`jkno. Zê` d`ks `s tkp`s dh s`jkhdndh quh phrthljhb n hssn jonssh3 n) Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn7 f) Z`jkhdndh p`r J`tns dh Vhsp`lsnfkokdndh Okbktndn.

L`s jrktërk`s dh jonsskekjnáê`, qunlt` és j`ldkáøhs dh nokhlnáê` dns j`tns, `fshrvnsh ` shauklth3 • Ln Z` Z`jk jkhd hdnd ndhh dh Yh Yhss ss`n `n,, hx hxks ksth th nquko` quh, l` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno, ë j`lmhjkd` j`b` ubn neehjtk` s`jkhtntks, quh, lubn trnduáê` okthrno, ë hlthl hlthldkd` dkd` j`b` ubn nehká nehkáê` ê` hltrh `s sújk`s l` shltkd` dh quh n jnrnjt jnrnjthhrâstkjn dhsths dhvh shr kbp`rtnlth pnrn n e`rbnáê bn áê` ` dn s` s`jk jkhd hdnd ndhh j` j`bh bhrjk rjkno no.. Xb d` d`ss sújk`s lê` p`dh vhldhr suns j`tns, shb n j`lj`rdæljkn d`s dhbnks. Nsskb, hlthldhsh quh `s kltharnlths dhstn s`jkhdndh j`bpnrtkomnb dn j`leknlán. Y`r kss`, hxkah-sh quh n nokhlnáê` shcn phrbktkdn pho`s ùtr`s kltharnlths s`f phln dh hsths shrhb prhcudkjnd`s pho`s l`v`s sújk`s.

Bkstn n - Lhsth tkp` dh s`jkh• Z`jkhdndh Bkst dndh, mî duns hspëjkhs dh sújk`s3 `s quh sê` d`tnd`s dh rhsp`lsnfkokdndh okbktndn dknlth dns `frkanáøhs s`jknks ntë ` okbkth d` jnpktno n shr trnlsehrkd` (kltharnokznd`)7 `s sújk`s j`b rhsp`lsnfkokdndh kokbktndn, ù shcn, shb okbkths l` nojnljh dh shus nt`s. Kdhltkekjnb`s hssh tkp` dh s`jkhdndh hb3 n) Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn Zkbpohs7 f) Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn p`r Náøhs.

Ë Z`jkhdndh dh Yhss`n nquhon j`b l`bh jòhtkv` ù sòkdîrk` h tnbfëb ns s`jkhdndhs hb J`bnldktn Zkbpohs. • Ln Z`jkhdndh dh Jnpktno, ns phss`ns p`dhb trnlsehrkr suns j`ltns shb qunoquhr j`lshltkbhlt` ù j`lj`rdæljkn d`s dhbnks sújk`s. Hssns náøhs p`dhb shr vhldkdns ln m`rn hb quh ` p`rtnd`r qukshr. • Ln Z`jkhdndh Mâfrkdn, qunoquhr sújk` p`dh trnlsehrkr suns j`tns sh lê` mùvhr klthrhssh d`s dhbnks sújk`s. Kss` dhvhrî j`lstnr l` j`ltrnt` s`jkno hb joîusuon prúprkn. Hssh tkp` dh s`jkhdndh sh vhrkekjn l` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon 4

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Z`jkhdndh hb L`bh Jòhtkv` Hsth tkp` dh s`jkhdndh hrn dksjkpoklnd` pho`s Nrtka`s :>8 h :>5 d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`, quh trnzknb ns shauklths rhonáøhs3 Nr t. :>8 - Hxksth s`jkhdndh hb l`bh jòhtkv` ù Nrt. j`b ekrbn, qunld` duns ù bnks phss`ns, nkldn quh noaubns lê` shcnb j`bhrjknlths, sh ulhb pnrn j`bhrjknr hb j`bub, dhfnkx` dh ubn ekrbn s`jkno. Lê` p`dhb enzhr pnrth dn ekrbn s`jkno l`bhs dh phss`ns quh lê` shcnb sújk`s j`bhrjknlths . Nrt. :>5 - Ln Lnss s` s`jk jkhd hdnd ndhs hs hb l` l`bh bh j` jòh ohtktkv` v`,, n ekekrb rbn n s`jkno nssklndn p`r qunoquhr d`s sújk`s-ahrhlths, quh l` klstru kls trubhl bhlt` t` d` j`l j`ltrn trnt` t` e`r e`rnut nut`rk `rkznd znd` ` pnr pnrn n usn usnrr dh dhon, on,`fr `frkan kan t`d` t` d`ss `s sú sújk` jk`ss s` sòkd okdnr nrkn knbh bhlt lthh pn pnrn rn j`b j`bth thrjh rjhkr` kr`ss h n hst hsths hs pnrn pn rn j` j`b b n s` s`jk jkhd hdnd ndh, h, nk nkld ldnn bh bhsb sb` ` qu quh h sh shcn cn hb lh lhaú aújk jk` ` pnrtkjuonr shu ù dh thrjhkr`7 j`b hxjháê` s`bhlth d`s jns` jn s`ss hb qu quhh n ekekrb rbnn s` s`jk jkno no e` e`rr hb hbpr prha hand ndn n hb tr trnl nlsn snáø áøhs hs hstrn hs trnlm lmns ns n` n`ss lh lhaú aújk` jk`ss dh dhska skaln lnd` d`ss l` j`l j`ltrn trnt`. t`.

Hssh tkp` dh s`jkhdndh hstî bhljk`lnd` l` Júdka` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno pho`s pho`s Nrtka`s >.9:; n >.944. L` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno, p`dhb`s `fshrvnr bukt`s d`s prhjhkt`s trnzkd`s d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`, h n bnk`r pnrth d`s euldnbhlt` bhl t`ss oha ohanks nks phr phrbnl bnlhjh hjh klt kltnjt njtn. n. Mù Mùvh vh hltê`, ubn rhe`rbn fnstnlth skalkekjntkvn, bns n hstruturn ohano nkldn prhvnohjh. Ynrn ubn f`n vksunokznáê` dhstns rhe`rbns, vnb` vn b`ss oh ohrr ` th thxt xt`` d`Nrt d`Nrtka ka`` >. >.9: 9:; ; d` d`Jú Júdk dka`Jk a` Jkvk vko nt ntun uno3o3 Nr t. >.9:; - Z`bhlth phss`ns eâskjns p`dhb t`bnr pnrth ln s`jkhdndh hb l`bh jòhtkv`, rhsp`ldhld` t`d`s `s sújk`s, sòkdîrkn h kokbktndnbhlth, phons `frkanáøhs s`jknks. Ynrîarne` ólkj`. Zhb prhcuâz` dn rhsp`lsnfkokdndh phrnlth thrjhkr`s, p`dhb `s sújk`s, l` nt` j`lstktutkv`, ù p`r ulælkbh j`lvhláê` p`sthrk`r, okbktnr hltrh sk n rhsp`lsnfkokdndh dh jndn ub.

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Dhvhb`s snokhltnr n kbp`rtæljkn dn okbktnáê` dh rhsp`lsnfkokdndh. Hstn okbktnáê`, hbf`rn lê` shcn `p`lâvho, ù shcn, thlmn vnokdndh phrnlth thrjhkr`s j`b `s qunks n s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno j`ltrntn, p`dh shr klthrhssnlth phrnlth n rhsp`lsnfkokdndh d`s sújk`s hltrh sk, n p`lt` dh sh t`rlnr dksjutâvho, kst` ë, p`dhr quhstk`lnr n vnokdndh dh tnks okbktnáøhs, l` jns` dh sh prhthldhr fusjnr ` pntrkbôlk` phss`no d`s sújk`s phons dâvkdns. Zh lhlmub okbkth e`r rhehrkd`, dhvh shbprh prhvnohjhr n Ohk quh, lhsth jns`, kdhltkekjnsh ln rhsp`lsnfkokdndh kokbktndn h sòkdîrkn d`s sújk`s, p`dhld` hltê` rhjnkr s`frh ` pntrkbôlk` phss`no dhsths, jns` n s`jkhdndh lê` shcn dhthlt`rn dh fhls suekjkhlths quh omh nsshaurnb ` kltharno jubprkbhlt` dns `frkanáøhs s`jknks. Y`dh-sh hlthldhr quh n rhsp`lsnfkokdndh d`s sújk`s dn Z`jkhdndh hb L`bh Jòhtkv` ë sufskdkîrkn. Dhvhb`s hlthldhr quh `s sújk`s sú rhsp`ldhb j`b shus fhls pnrtkjuonrhs sh ` pntrkbôlk` dhstn s`jkhdndh lê` e`r suekjkhlth pnrn snodî-ons. N Z`jk Z`jkhdndh hdndh hb L`bh Jòhtkv` Jòhtkv` dhvh thr ubn ub n ekekrb rbn n ù dh dhl` l`bk bkln lnáê áê`` e` e`rb rbnd ndnn ph pho` o` l`bh dh ub d`s sújk`s p`r hxthls` ù nfrhvkndn, njrhsjhltnld`-sh n hxprhssê` ‟h J`bpnlmkn‒ (‟& Jkn‒, e`rbn nfrhvkndn).

@utrn e`rbn dh ekrbns ln Z`jkh `jkhdn dndh dh hb L`bh Jòhtkv`

N ekrbn p`dhrî tnbfëb j`lthr `s l`bhs dh t`d`s `s sújk`s p`r hxthls` dh e`rbn nfrhvkndn. Hon p`dh sh hxprhssnr dh ùtr`s b`d`s, j`b`, p`r hxhbpo`, njrhsjhltnld tn ld``-sh sh ns hx hxpr prhs hssø søhs hs ‟& kr krbê bê`s `s‒, ‒, ‟& s`frklm`s‒ htj. qunld` tnks rhonáøhs hxksthb rhnobh rhn obhlth lth hlt hltrh rh súj sújk`s k`s.. Nss Nsskb, kb, thb thb`s, `s, p` p`r r hxhbpo`, ‟Ynuo` Bhdhkr`s & Ekom`s‒, ‟Yhrhkrn & Krbê` Krbê`s‒, s‒, ‟Bîrk` Auhrrn & Z`frkl Z`frklm`s‒ m`s‒ htj.

J`b` sh vã vã,, n rh rhsp`l sp`lsn snfkokd fkokdn ndh pnrn `s sújk`s hstî prhshlth l` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` h l` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno, p`rëb hsth prhvã n okbktnáê` dh rhsp`lsnfkokdndh. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon 4

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Ë prhjks` quh ekquh jonr` quh n ekrbn ë nd`tndn pnrn dhskalnr n s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno phon quno akrnrî, kdhltkekjnld`-sh l` bhk` hb1>


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prhsnr prh snrkno kno,, n` hx hxhrj hrjhr hr su suns ns nt ntkvk kvkdnd dndhs hs bhr bhrjn jnlt ltks. ks. L` j`l j`ltrn trnt` t` s`j s`jkno kno,, dhv dhvhrî hrî j`l j`lstn stnr r Njrhsjhltnb`s, nkldn, quh ë f`b quh sh tnbfëb, j`b jonrhzn, n j`tn j`b quh jndn nd`th ubn ekrbn s`jkno enjkobhlth rhj`lmhjâ- ub d`s sújk`s j`ltrkfukrî pnrn n e`rbnáê` vho h dh eîjko bhb`rkznáê` phon erhauhskn h, n` d` jnpktno s`jkno, ekjnld` hvkdhljknd` tnbbhsb` thbp`, kshltn dh qunoquhr j`leusê` fëb ` b`d` j`b` jndn sújk` dhvhrî klthj`b ekrbns dh ùtrns s`jkhdndhs j`bhrjknks. arnokznr sun j`tn (hb fhls búvhks, kbúvhks L` Nrtka` >.946 d` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno, n htj.). ndbklkstrnáê` dns s`jkhdndhs dhvh shr hxhrDhvhrî ekjnr hsphjkekjndn n e`rbn j`b` jkdn p`r ub ù bnks sújk`s hxjouskvnbhlth, h sh enrî n rhpnrtkáê` d`s oujr`s ù prhcuâz`s ` us` dn ekrbn sú p`dh shr vhrkekjndn p`r sú- hltrh sújk`s. Jns` lê` j`lthlmn dhjonrnáê` jk`s quh thlmnb p`dhrhs prhvkst`s l` nt` lhsth shltkd`, n dkstrkfukáê` d`s oujr`s ù prhj`lstktuâd` dn s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno. cuâz`s sh enrî pr`p`rjk`lnobhlth é j`tn dh jnJ`b kss`, lê` mî lhjhsskdndh h, tnb- pktno dh jndn sújk`. fëb, pùjn `frkant`rkhdndh ohano pnrn quh ` L` j`ltrnt`, ` prnz` dh vkaãljkn dh s`ôluss rhj ôlu rhjnkn nkn s`f s`frh rh ub dh dhthr thrbkl bklnd` nd` súj sújk`, k`, jkhdnd jkhdndh h p`dhrî shr p`r thbp` dhthr dhthrbklnd` bklnd` j`b` `j`rrh j`b noauls tkp`s dh s`jkhdndhs. (qunld`, hltê`, e`r dhskalndn ubn dntn ln Fnstn quh j`lsthb `s l`bhs d`s sújk`s quh quno n s`jkhdndh jhssnrî dh hxkstkr) ù p`r hstê` ln ahrãljkn ù ln ndbklkstrnáê` dn s`- thbp` kldhthrbklnd` (qunld` tno dntn lê` jkhdndh j`bhrjkno, p`dhld`, nsskb, utkokznr-sh e`r hstnfhohjkdn, vka`rnld` p`r thbp` kldhdh ekrbn s`jkno. Hsths sújk`s rhprhshltnb n s`- eklkd`). jkhdndh phrnlth thrjhkr`s thrjhkr`s.. Dknlth dh tud` ` quh e`k hxp`st`, p`dhb`s j`ljoukr quh n Z`jkhdndh hb L`bh Jòhtktkv` oh v` sh dh dhekeklh lh j` j`b` b` nq nquh uhon on hb qu quhh ns ntkvkdndhs sê` hxhrjkdns s`f ubn ekrbn ù rnzê` s`jkno (l`bh), h t`d`s `s rhsphjtkv`s sújk`s p`ssuhb rhsp`lsnfkokdndh kokbktndn, sòkdîrk dî rkn n h su sufs fskd kdkî kîrk rknn ph pho` o`ss j` j`bp bpr` r`bk bkss ss`s `s Ë prh prhjks`, jks`, p`rtn p`rtnlt`, lt`, nth thltn ltnrr fh fhb b s`jknks. pnrn quh n` rhdkakr ub j`ltrnt` dh Z`Ln ntunokdndh, hssn s`jkhdndh lê` thb jkhdndh jkhdn dh hb L`bh Jòhtkv`, Jòhtkv`, ekquh jonrn jonrn-buktn shrvhltkn, p`ks n rhsp`lsnfkokdndh ë ent`r bhlth bh lth dh dhska skaln lnd` d` qun qunoo súj sújk` k` dh dhvh vhrî rî prhp`ldhrnlth h p`r quh lê` dkzhr dhjkskv`, ndbklkstrî-on. n` sh prhthldhr e`rbnokznr ubn s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno. Dh ent`, sê` tnltns ns dkekjuodndhs Dh ub b`d` ahrno, és Z`jkhdndhs hb quh ns phss`ns, hb sun arnldh bnk`rkn, tãb L`bh Jòhtkv`, t`rln-sh kbprhsjkldâvho n hon- `ptnd` p`r ùtr`s tkp`s dh s`jkhdndh quh nsf`rnáê` dh ub j`ltrnt`, shld` hxtrhbnlth rh- shaurnb n dkstkláê` dh pntrkbôlk`s, s`frhtud` ohvnlth quh hsth shcn ohvnd` n` rhakstr` ln pnrn quh sh rhsphkth ` pntrkbôlk` phss`no d`s Cultn J`bhrjkno, pnrn quh thlmn hxkstãljkn sújk`s. ohano. Hb rharn ahrno, hstn s`jkhdndh ë krrhauZ`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn onr, p`rëb, ubn vhz quh shus sújk`s j`lstktuhb j`ltrnt` hsjrkt` h ` ohvnb n rhakstr`, hon dhkxn dh shr krrhauonr, ù j`bub, h pnssn n thr L`ssn ohaksonáê` j`lskaln duns hspëhxkstãljkn curâdkjn prúprkn. jkhs dh s`jkhdndh hb j`bnldktn7 skbpohs h p`r náøhs. náøhs. N skbpo skbpohs hs hstî rhauonrk rhauonrkzndn zndn l` JúJúdka` Jkvko ntuno, l`s Nrtka`s >.948 n >.98>7 n @ skbpohs rhakstr` enz n dkehrhlán, cî p`r náøhs, l` jns` dh `bkssê`, p`r dksp`sktkquh n enotn dhsth njnrrhtn n rhsp`lsnfkokv`s dn Ohk l³ 5.494/15 5.494/15 (Z`jkhdndh (Z`jkhdndh p`r Náøhs). dndh kokbktndn h sòkdîrkn d`s sújk`s j`b` Mî dkehrhláns hltrh hssns duns hspëjkhs hb t`dn n s`jkhdndh j`bub. dh s`jkhdndh3 n prkbhkrn sh kltharn l` rò dns Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon 4

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Sign In Join ...j`b` n s`jkhdndh quh s`f ubn ekrbn s`jkno hxpo`rn ubn ntkvkdndh bhrjnltko s`f n rhsp`lsnfkokdndh kokbktndn dh ub ù bnks sújk`s j`bnldktnd`s ‚ h n rhsp`lsnfkokdndh dh ub ù bnks sújk`s j`bnldktîrk`s, okbktndn n` b`ltnlth dns j`tns j`b quh hltrnrnb ù sh `frkanrnb n hltrnr pnrn n e`rbnáê` d` jnpktno.

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s`jkhdndhs dh jnpktnks7 n shauldn, l` dns s`jkhdndhs dh jnpktnks h klstktujk`lno, hbf`rn shcnb tkdns j`b` s`jkhdndhs dh rhsp`lsnfkokdndh bkstn, dh nj`rd` j`b ` jrktërk` dn hxthlsê` dn rhsp`lsnfkokdndh phss`no nssubkdn pho`s sújk`s.

N`s sújk`s j`bnldktîrk`s, ë vhdnd` prntkjnr qunoquhr nt` dh ahstê` dn s`jkhdndh. Y`rtnl Y`r tnlt`, t`, hoh hohss lê` p`d p`dhb hb t`b t`bnr nr qun qunoqu oquhr hr pnrth ln ndbklkstrnáê` s`f lhlmubn e`rbn dn s`jkhdndh, lhb j`b` hbprhand`s l`s lhaújk`s dn ekrbn, lhb j`b` shus pr`jurnd`rhs s`f phln dh ekjnrhb sòkdnrknbhlth rhsp`lsîvhks j`b` `s ùtr`s ùtr`s sújk`s, j`le`rbh j`le`rbh dkz ` Nrtka` >.941 d` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno3

Z`jkhdndh hb hb J`bnldktn J`bnldk tn Zkbpohs Zkbpo hs

Ln Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn Zkbpohs, thb`s duns jntha`rkns dh sújk`s. >. Ln pr prkb kbhk hkrn rn jn jnth tha` a`rk rkn, n, jk jktn tnb` b`ss j` j`b` b` sú sú-jk`s nquhohs quh sê` j`lmhjkd`s p`r j`bnldktnd`s, tnd `s, quh sh kdhl kdhltkek tkekjnb jnb lhj lhjhss hssnrkn nrknbhlt bhlth h j`b` phss`ns eâskjns j`b rhsp`lsnfkokdndh kokbktndn h sòkdîrkn phons `frkanáøhs s`jknks.

Zhb prhcuâz` dn enjuodndh dh pnrtkjkpnr dns dhokfhrnáøhs dn s`jkhdndh h dh omh eksjnokznr ns `phrnáøhs, lê` p`dh ` j`bnldktîrk` prntkjnr qunoquhr nt` dh ahstê`, lhb thr ` l`bh ln ekrbn s`jkno, s`f phln dh ekjnr suchkt` és rhsp`lsnfkokdndhs dh sújk` j`bnldktnd`.

6. Ln shauldn, `s sújk`s sê` j`lmhjkd`s j`b` j`bnldktîrk`s, quh sê` phss`ns eâskjns h rhsp`ldhb dh e`rbn okbktndn n` vno`r dns j`tns quh sufsjrhvhrnb.

Dh nj`rd` j`b hsth Nrtka`, ë pr`kfkd` j`lstnr ln ekrbn s`jkno ` l`bh dh ub ù bnks sújk`s j`bnldktîrk`s. j`bnldktîrk`s. Nsskb, n ekrbn ekrbn s`jkno dh ubn Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn Zkbpohs, dhvh j`lthr nphlns ` l`bh dh ub d`s sújk`s j`bnldktnd`s, njrhsjkd` dn hxprhssê` ‟& Jkn‒, p`r hxthls` ù p`r hstn nfrhvknturn.

@ phreko d` hbprhhldhd`r hstnrkn rhonjk`lnd` é prkbhkrn jntha`rkn h ` d` klvhstkd`r, é shauldn. @ j`ltrnt` s`jkno dhvh hltê` dksjrkbklnr `s sújk`s phrthljhlths n jndn jntha`rkn. Ynrn bhom`r hlthldkbhlt` dn dkehrhlán hltrh ` sújk` j`bnldktnd` h ` j`bnldktîrk`, p`dhb`s dkzhr quh, sh n Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn Zkbpohs hxhrjhr ` j`bërjk`, hon thrî, j`b` anrnltkn dns `frkanáøhs quh nssubh, hb prkbhkr` ouanr, ` pntrkbôlk` dn prúprkn s`jkhdndh7 dhp`ks, ` pntrkbôlk` pnrtkjuonr dh noauls d`s sújk`s (`s j`bnldkt j`bnldktîrk`s) îrk`s) l`s okbkths dns j`tns quh hsths sufsjrhvhrnb. Dhstn e`rbn, n rhsp`lsnfkokdndh pntrkb`lkno d` sújk` j`bnldktîrk` jhssn dhsdh quh hoh kltharnokzh (pnauh ` vno`r quh pr`bhthu dhstklnr é s`jkhdndh) ns j`tns dh jnpktno quh sufsjrhvhu. Ë ` quh quh dkz ln óotkbn pnrth d` Nrtka` >.948 d` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno3 ‟... h `s j`bnldktîrk`s, `frkand`s s`bhlth pho` vno`r dh sun j`tn‒. @ curkstn C`ê` Hulîpk` F`rahs p`dh dheklkr n Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn Zkbpohs3 Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon 4

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Ekrbn dh Z`jkh `jkhdn dndh dh J`bn `bnldktn ldktn Zkbpoh kbpohs s

Jns` vhlmn ekaurnr ` l`bh d` sújk` j`bnldktîrk`, ln ekrbn s`jkno, hoh sh trnlse`rbnrî hb sújk` j`bnldktnd`. Y`r hxhbp o ` , s u p` l mn b ` s qu h sh e` e`rb rbh h ub n Z`jkhd Z`j khdndh ndh hb J`b J`bnld nldktn ktn Zkb Zkbpoh pohs s hlt hltrh rh C`ê` Zkovn, Yhdr` Zùzn h C`së Bnanomêhs Bnanomêhs h, j`b` sújk`s dh rhsp`lsnfkokdndh okbktndn (j`bnl (j` bnldktî dktîrk`s rk`s), ), Ynu Ynuo` o` Yhr Yhrhkrn hkrn h Bnl Bnluho uho Ehrlnldhs. N ekrbn s`jkno p`dhrî shr3 ‟Zkovn & Jkn‒ ù ‟Zkovn, Zùzn & Jkn‒, ù ‟Zkovn, Zùzn, Bnanomêhs & Jkn‒ htj. Cnbnks p`dhrî ekaurnr lhssn ekrbn s`jkno ` l`bh dh ub ù dh nbf`s `s sújk`s j`bnldktîrk`s (Ynuo` Yhrhkrn h Bnluh Bnluhoo Ehrlnl Ehrlnldhs). dhs). 1:


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É prkbhkrn vkstn, lê` mî dkstkláê` hltrh n ekrbn s`jkno dn Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn Zkbpohs h n dn Z`jkhdndh hb L`bh Jòhtkv`. N vhrkekjnáê` njhrjn d` tkp` dh s`jkhdndh dh quh sh trntn sú p`dh shr hehtundn j`b n j`lsuotn n` j`ltrnt` s`jkno. @ j`bnldktîrk` ë, dh jhrtn e`rbn, ub sújk` `juot`, h sun hxkstãljkn shrî l`tndn ulkjnbhlth phon j`lsuotn n` j`ltrnt` s`jkno.

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Nphsnr dh `s sújk`s dn Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn p`r p`r Náøhs shrhb t`d`s njk`lkstns, njk`lkstns, sun rhsp`lsnfkokdndh, n` j`ltrîrk` d` quh `j`rrh j`b n Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn, dkehrh-sh3 uls sê` okbktndnbhlth rhsp`lsîvhks7 ùtr`s, sòkdîrk`s. • Ln jnt jntha` ha`rkn rkn dh njk njk`lk `lkst stns ns okb okbktn ktndn dn-bhlth rhsp`lsîvhks, kljouhb-sh nquhohs quh, j`b` ln Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn, tãb j`b` `frkanáê` hxjouskvn n dh kltharnokznr ns náøhs sufsjrktns ù ndqukrkdns, rnzê` phon quno ekjnb rhsp`lsîvhks rhsp`lsî vhks ntë ` vno`r quh sh `frkanb ln mkpúthsh dh lê` thrhb kltharnokznd` ns náøhs, ù shcn, ekjnb rhsp`lsîvhks sh lê` dhp`sktnrhb ` vno`r t`tno, pho` quno sh `frkanrnb ln s`jkhdndh.

Zújk` @juot` ë nquhoh quh lê` npnrhjh l`s lhaújk`s ù `phrnáøhs dn s`jkhdndh. @ j`ltrnt` dh ubn Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn Zkbpohs, j`b` sujhdh lns dhbnks s`jkhdndhs, dhvh j`lthr `s rhqukskt`s hsshljknks, cî hstudnd`s, dhvhld` shr ohvnd` n rhakstr` ln Cultn J`bhrjkno pnrn quh n s`jkhdndh thlmn hxkstãljkn hxkstãljkn ohano. Jns` lê` sh jubprnb hssns kbp`rtnlths pnrtkjuonrkdndhs, snfhb`s quh hssn s`jkhdndh shrî krrhauonr, ahrnld`, j`b` j`lshquãljkn, ns rhsp`lsnfkokdndhs kokbktndns h sòkdîrkns dh t`d`s `s sújk`s, jk` s, sh shb b dks dkstkl tkláê áê`` hlt hltrh rh j` j`bnl bnldkt dktnd` nd`ss h j`bnldktîrk`s. Noëb dkss`, ` Ynrîarne` ólkj` d` Nrtka` >.941 d` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno trnz nkldn n p`sskfkokdndh dh `s sújk`s j`bnldktîrk`s vkrhb n j`lstktukr pr`jurnd`rhs dn s`jkhdndh j`b p`dhrhs hsphjknks ln prhpnrnáê` dh dhthrbklnd` lhaújk`.

• Ln jntha`rkn dh njk`lkstns sòkdîrk`s h kokbktndnbhlth rhsp`lsîvhks, j`ltnb-sh nquhohs quh hxhrjhb n dkrháê` ù ahrãljkn dn s` s`jk jkhd hdnd ndh, h, fh fhb b j` j`b` b` nq nquh uhoh ohss ju juc` c`ss l`bhs ekaurnb ln ekrbn ù dhl`bklnáê` s`jkno. Hsths, p`rtnlt`, tãb sun rhsp`lsnfkokdndh hsthldkdn p`r t`dns ns `frkanáøhs s`jknks. N Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn p`r Náøhs p`dh nd`tnr ekrbn ù dhl`bklnáê`. Jns` enán kss`, sú ë phrbktkd` ekaurnr lhon ` l`bh dh sújk`s sòkdîrk`s.

Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn p`r Náøhs

N Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn p`r Náøhs thb ` jnpktno dkvkdkd` hb náøhs, t`dns d` bhsb` vno`r, bukt` shbhomnlth é Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn (Nuon 8) hb sun hstruturn. Vhah-sh tnbfëb phon bhsbn Ohk dn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn, n Ohk l³ 5.494/15. Hstn hspëjkh dh s`jkhdndh thb shu jnpk jn pktn tnoo (t (t`d `d`` ho hoh) h) dk dkvk vkdk dkd` d` hb ná náøh øhs. s. T`d`s `s shus sújk`s, p`rtnlt`, sê` njk`lkstns. @s tkp`s dh náøhs quh p`dhb j`lstktukr ` jnpktno dhssn s`jkhdndh sê` `s bhsb`s prhvkst`s pnrn n Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn7 sun hbkssê` dhphldh d` quh dhjonrnr l`s rhsphjtkv`s hstntut`s. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon 4

Y`rtnlt`, rhj`lmhjhb-sh quh sê` sòkdîrk`s `s sújk`s juc`s l`bhs ekaurnb ln ekrbn s`jkno7 ` s dhbnks tãb hxkstãljkn sufhlthldkdn phon hxprhssê` ‟& Jkn.‒.

Zh n s`jkhdndh nd`tn dhl`bklnáê`, ë jonr` quh `s l`bhs d`s sújk`s lê` npnrhjhb lhon. Lhsth jns`, rhj`lmhjhb-sh j`b` sújk`s sòkdîrk`s nquhohs quh hxhrjhb n ahrãljkn ù ùtr`s jnra`s dh ndbklkstrnáê`, p`ks, n`s njk`lkst lk stns ns j` j`bu buls ls,, ë vh vhdn dnd` d` ` hx hxhr hrjâ jâjk jk`` dh tn tnks ks jn jnrra`s s`f phln dh sh t`rlnrhb sújk`s sòkdîrk`s. 14


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Sign In Join l`bh kldkvkduno pnrn ` ekb s`jkno, n nss`jknáê` t`bn ` l`bh dh s`jkhdndh hb j`ltn dh pnrtkjkpnáê`, njkdhltno, b`bhltælhn b`bhltæl hn ù nlôlkbn nlôlkbn77 hstn s`jkhdndh lê` hstî su chktn és e`rbnokdn e`rbnokdndhs dhs prhsjrktns prhsjrktns pnrn n e`rbnáê` e`rbnáê` dns ùtrns s`jkhdndhs, h p`dh pr`vnr-sh p`r t`d` ` aãlhr` dh pr`vns ndbktkdns l`s j`ltrnt`s j`bhrjknks (nrtka` l³. >66).

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N Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn p`r Náøhs p`dh, hb ouanr dh ekrbn, nd`tnr dhl`bklnáê` dhskalntkvn d` `fcht` s`jkno, ndkjk`lnd` phon hxprhssê` ‟J`bnldktn p`r Náøhs‒. @s jnra`s rhontkv`s é rhsphjtkvn ndbklkstrnáê` p`dhb shr `jupnd`s hxjouskvnbhlth p`r njk`lkstns, rhssnotnld` quh `s `jupnlths dh tnks jnra`s sê` kokbktndnbhlth rhsp`lsîvhks phons `frkanáøhs nssubkdns phon s`jkhdndh. Zhus Zh us dkr dkrht ht`rh `rhss ù ah ahrh rhlt lths hs sê sê` ` l` l`bh bhnd nd`s `s p`r thbp` kldhthrbklnd`. Hohs s`bhlth p`dhrê` shr dhstktuâd`s p`r dhokfhrnáê` d`s njk`lkstns, tn s, hb Nss Nsshb hbfoh fohkn kn Ahr Ahrno, no, qu quh h rhp rhprhs rhshl hltn tnb, b, l` bâlkb`, d`ks thrá`s d` jnpktno s`jkno. N Nsshbfohkn Ahrno ln Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn p`r Náøhs p`ssuk p`dhrhs fhb bnks okbktnd`s okbktnd`s d` quh n Nssh Nsshbfohk bfohkn n ln Z`jkh Z`jkh-dndh Nlôlkbn. Y`rtnlt`, n v`ltndh d`s dkrht`rhs t`r hs h ahr ahrhlt hlths hs dn s`j s`jkhd khdndh ndh prh prhd`b d`bkln kln s`frh n dn Nsshbfohkn Ahrno. N Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn p`r Náøhs j`lstktuk-sh phon bhsbn e`rbn hstnfhohjkdn pnrn ns Z`jkhdndhs Nlôlkbns. Znov` ns rhstrkáøhs quh e`rnb rhssnotndns h ns dkehrhláns quh hstudnrhb`s ln Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn, n Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn p`r Náøhs ë rhakdn phons bhsbns l`rbns quh n Nlôlkbn.

Hssh j`ljhkt` p`dh shr dh arnldh vnokn pnrn ` l`ss` hstud`, hltrhtnlt`, dhvhb`s snokhltnr quh m`ch sh enon hb `phrnáøhs h j`ltrnt`s j`bhrjknks. Ynrn ns s`jkhdndhs rhauonrhs, dhvhb`s rhnobhlth enonr hb j`bhrjknlth h hb nt`s j`bhrjknks, bns hsth b`dho` dh s`jkhdndh lê` ë j`bhrjkno h ë tkdn j`b` s`jkhdndh krrhauonr j`bub, lê` p`dhld` shr tkdn hb mkpúthsh noaubn j`b` phss`n curâdkjn. Y`dh-sh dkzhr quh sh trntn dh ubn nfhrrnáê` s`jkhtîrkn (nltkcurâdkjn), p`ks phrbktkush quh hssn s`jkhdndh hxkstkssh ntë bhsb` shb j`ltrnt` s`jkno. Nkldn nsskb, sh mùvhr j`ltrnt` hsjrkt`, lê` shrî `frkantúrk` ohvî-o` n rhakstr` ln Cultn J`bhrjkno. Y`r bnks hstrnlm` quh p`ssn pnrhjhr, pnrhjhr, sh ` j`ltrnt` e`r ohvnd` n rhakstr` ln Cultn J`bhrjkno, nkldn nsskb, n s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno lê` ndqukrh phrs`lnokdndh curâdkjn. @ j`ltrnt` hsjrkt` dhstn Z`jkhdndh hb J`ltn dh Ynrtkjkpnáê` lê` thb suekjkhlth e`rán pnrn j`lehrkr-omh phrs`lnokdndh curâdkjn, j`le`rbh `j`rrhrkn jns` sh trnth dh qunoquhr ùtr` tkp` dh s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno. Ln vhrdndh, hssn s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno dhvh shr tkdn nphln nphlns, s, h tê` s`bhlth, j`b` ub j`ltrnt` dh klvhstkbhlt` j`bub quh n Ohk kbpr`prknbhlth `ptù p`r dhl`bklnr dh s`jkhdndh. D` j`ljhkt` trnzkd` pho` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`, vhrkekjn-sh quh hxksth n lhjhsskdndh dh sh trntnr dh j`bhrjknlth, p`dhld` bhljk`lnr quh n klthláê` dn Ohk e`k dnr noaubn trnlspnrãljkn é s`jkhdndh.

Z`jkhdndh hb J`ltn dh Ynrtkjkpnáê` Yrhvks Yrhv kstn tn h rh rhau auon ondn dn ph pho` o` Jú Júdk dka` a` Jk Jkvk vkoo nt ntun unoo (Nrtka`s ;;> n ;;5), n Z`jkhdndh hb J`ltn dh Ynrtkjkpnáê` sh dkstklauh j`bpohtnbhlth d`s dhbnks tkp`s dh s`jkhdndhs j`bhrjknks. Zun j`ljhktunáê` j`ljhktu náê` cî hrn rhauondn rhauondn pho` Nrtka` :68 d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr`3

Hstn s`jkhdndh thb duns jntha`rkns dh sújk`s3 >. @ sújk` `sthlskv` ù ahrhlth, quh sh nss`jkn n klvhstkd`rhs, fusjnld` n hxpo`rnáê` dh ntkvkdndhs hj`lôbkjns7

ûnld` duns ù bnks phss`ns, shld` n` bhl`s ubn j`bhrjknlth, sh rhólhb, shb ekrbn s`jkno, pnrn oujr` j`bub, hb ubn ù bnks `phrnáøhs dh j`bërjk` dhthrbklndns, trnfnomnld` ub, noauls ù t`d`s, hb shu Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon 4

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6. @ sújk` `juot`, tnbfëb j`lmhjkd` dh phrbnlhlth.

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sújk` `sthlskv`, pnssnld` n kltharnr ` pntrkbôlk` dhsth. Hb t`d` ` jns`, ë ` sújk` `sthlskv` quh sh kljubfh dh ndbklkstrî-o`s, nakld` j`b` pr`prkhtîrk` dh tnks euld`s ù fhls. N Z`jkhdndh hb J`ltn dh Ynrtkjkpnáê` hxksth nphlns hltrh `s sújk`s h lê` rhontkvnbhlt bh lth h n th thrj rjhk hkr` r`s. s. Ln Lnss dh dhbn bnks ks s` s`jk jkhd hdnd ndhs hs,, n pu pu-fokjkdndh qunlt` n sun hxkstãljkn ë hsshljkno, vkst vk st` ` qu quh h sh shus us j` j`lt ltrn rnt` t`ss dh dhvh vhb b sh shrr oh ohvn vnd` d`ss n rh rh-akstr` pnrn quh thlmnb hxkstãljkn ohano.

@ klvhstkd`r ë tnbfëb j`lmhjkd` j`b` pnrtkjkpnlth ù `juot`. Hsth óotkb` phrbnlhjh kljúalkt`, lê` npnrhjhld` lns trnlsnáøhs dn s`jkhdndh. Thb-sh hltê` quh ` ólkj` quh p`ssuk rhsp`lsnfkokdndh phrnlth thrjhkr`s ë ` sújk` `sthls `st hlskv` kv`77 hs hsth th rhs rhsp`l p`ldh dh j`b sh shu u prú prúprk prk` ` l`bh, p`ks n Z`jkhdndh hb J`ltn dh Ynrtkjkpnáê` lê` p`ssuk ekrbn s`jkno. @ sújk` nah hb shu l`bh j`b` sh e`ssh d`l` hxjouskv` d` lhaújk`. Ë hoh quhb npnrhjh phrnlth thrjhkr`s lns trnlsnáøhs, nakld` hb l`bh kldkvkduno. @s sújk`s `juot`s lê` t`bnb pnrth dkrhtnbhlth l`s lhaújk`s, p`ks phrbnlhjhb kljúalkt`s. Yhrnlth thrjhkr`s, ` ólkj` rhsp`lsîvho phons `frkanáøhs dn s`jkhdndh ë ` sújk` `sthlskv`. @ sújk`, ù `s sújk`s `juot`s, e`rlhjh fhls pnrn n rhnokznáê` d`s lhaújk`s, h suns rhonáøhs sh dê` nphlns j`b ` sújk` `sthlskv`, lê` j`b thrjhkr`s. Mî ub rhonjk`lnbhlt` nphlns klthrl` hltrh sújk` `sthlskv` h `s `juot`s, p`dhld` n hxkstãljkn d`s sújk`s `juot`s shr ntë dhsj`lmhjkdn p`r thrjhkr`s quh enzhb trnlsnáøhs j`b n s`jkhdndh. N Z`jkhdndh hb J`ltn dh Ynrtkjkpnáê` p`dh j`lstktukr-sh pnrn n hehtkvnáê` dh ubn dhthrbklndn `phrnáê` j`bhrjkno, hxtklaukld`sh npús n sun rhnokznáê`, thld` vkdn pnssnahkrn. L` hltnlt`, lndn kbphdh quh shcnb vîrkns hssns `phrnáøhs bhrjnltks, dnld`-omhs ub julm` durndùr`, ` quh lê` dhslnturn ` shu jnrîthr dhsdh quh sh bnlthlmnb suns dhbnks jnrnjthrâstkjn jnrnjthrâstkjns. s. Hstn s`jkhdndh lê` p`ssuk pntrkbôlk` prúprk` (j`leuldkld`-sh hsth j`b ` d` sújk` `sthlskv`), j`b` sujhdh j`b `s ùtr`s tkp`s dh s`jkhdndhs. @s euld`s j`b quh `s sújk`s `juot`s j`lj`rrhb pnrn n e`rbnáê` dn s`jkhdndh ù sê` j`leknd`s n` sújk` ahrhlth (`sthlskv`), j`lshrvnld`-sh `s sújk`s `juot`s ln pr`prkhdndh dhsshs fhls, ù sê` trnlsehrkd`s n` Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 4

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Nphsnr dh ` rhsphjtkv` j`ltrnt` shr ohvnd` n rhakstr`, hsth tkp` s`jkhdndh lê` p`dh hxkstkr pnrn thrjhkr`s. N j`lv j`lvhlkã hlkãljkn ljkn d` rhakstr` rhakstr` d` j`ltrnt` j`ltrnt` s`jkno rhsuotn dn anrnltkn dh quh sh jhrjnb `s sújk`s `juot`s, l` jns` dh ` sújk` `sthlskv` vkr n kljk kl jkdk dkrr hb en enoã oãlj ljkn kn qu qunl nld` d` th thrj rjhk hkr` r`s, s, jr jrhd hd`r `rhs hs d` enokd`, nohanrhb n hxkstãljkn dh ubn s`jkhdndh krrhauonr, hxkakld` quh `s sújk`s `juot`s rhsp`ldnb sòkdîrkn h kokbktndnbhlth phons `frkanáøhs s`jknks. @ rhakstr` d` j`ltrnt` pr`vnrkn nsskb, dh b`d` ohano, quh sh trntn dh ubn s`jkhdndh rhauonr hb quh n rhsp`lsnfkokdndh jnfh ólkjn h hxjouskvnbhlth n` sújk` `sthlskv`, l` quh tnlah ns `frkanáøhs s`jknks. @ Nrtka` ;;6 d` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno prhjhktun ` shauklth3 N j`lstktukáê` dn s`jkhdndh hb j`ltn dh pnrtkjkpnáê` kldhphldh dh qunoquhr e`rbnokdndh h p`dh pr`vnr-sh p`r t`d`s `s bhk`s dh dkrhkt`. 15


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Sign In Join Ln s`jkhdndh okbktndn, n rhsp`lsnfkokdndh dh jndn sújk` ë rhstrktn n` vno`r dh suns qu`tns, bns t`d`s rhsp`ldhb sòkdnrknbhlth phon kltharnokznáê` d` jnpktno s`jkno.

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N pr`vn bnks kbp`rtnlth dn hxkstãljkn dh ubn s`jkhdndh hb j`ltn dh pnrtkjkpnáê` lnturnobh rno bhlt lthh ë sh shuu j` j`lt ltrnt rnt`` hsj hsjrkt rkt`, `, s` s`frh frhtu tud` d` qunld` sh njmn rhakstrnd` ln Cultn J`bhrjkno. Jns` lê` mncn ` klstrubhlt` dh j`ltrnt`, thld` `j`rrkd` nphlns nj`rd` vhrfno hltrh `s sújk`s, n sun hxkstãljkn p`dh pr`vnr-sh dh vîrk`s b`d`s3

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Ln Z`jkhdndh Okbktndn, lndn bnks p`dh shr hxkakd` d`s rhsphjtkv`s sújk`s, nphlns n s`jkhdndh p`dh rhsp`ldhr j`b n t`tnokdndh dh shu pntrkbôlk` phons `frkanáøhs s`jknks, j`lshrvnld`-sh n snov` ` pntrkbôlk` pnrtkjuonr d`s sújk`s.

• Y`r hsjrkt`s pnrtkjuonrhs hltrh sújk`s (rhjkf`s, jnrtns htj.)7 • Y`r l`tns d`s j`rrht`rhs quh hvhltunobhlth thlmnb klthrehrkd` l`s lhaújk`s dn s`jkhdndh j`b` klthrbhdkîrk`s7 • Yho`s okvr`s dh hsjrkturnáê` d` sújk` `sthlskv` (quh dhvh shr ub j`bhrjknlth ù ub hbprhhldhd`r), hbprhhldh d`r), hb quh dhvhrî mnvhr rhehrãljkn n`s lhaújk`s dn s`jkhdndh p`r thsthbulmns quh thlmnb j`lmhjkbhlt` dh nj`rd`.

J ndn sújk` ë rh rhsp`ls sp`lsî îvh vhoo ph phon on pnrth d` jnpktno quh sufsjrhvhu, bns tnbfëb pho` t`tno d hssh jnpktno jnpktno dn s`jkhdndh.

Zh n e`rbnáê` dh ubn Z`jkhdndh hb J`ltn dh Ynrtkjkpnáê` `j`rrhr ntrnvës dh ub j`ltrnt` onvrnd` hb klstrubhlt` pnrtkjuonr, dhvhrî j`lthr t`d`s `s rhqukskt`s hsshljknks n sun vnokdndh d`s j`ltrnt`s hb ahrno, dhvhld` `fhdhjhr és jnrnjthrâstkjns prúprkns dhsth tkp` dh s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno.

Zh ub ù bnks sújk`s lê` jmhanrhb n kltharnokznr sun j`tn-pnrth, t`d`s `s dhbnks sújk`s sê` rhsp`lsîvhks p`r hssn kltharnokznáê` ntë n t`tno j`bpohbhltnáê` d` jnpktno dn s`jkhdndh. Lhstn s`jkhdndh, hb jns` dh enoãljkn, jndn sújk` rhsp`ldh phon kltharnokznáê` dh t`dns ns ùtrns j`tns nkldn lê` kltharnokzndns, thld` j`b` okbkth ` jnpktno s`jkno. @ l`bh hbprhsnrkno dhvh hsphomnr ` tkp` dh hbprhsîrk`7 p`r kss`, ubn Z`jkhdndh Okbktndn lê` p`dh thr, l` shu l`bh hbprhsnrkno n hxprhssê` ‟Z/N‒ (Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn), nsskb j`b` lê` p`dh thr l`bh d` ekom` ù dn buomhr. Lê` dhvh j`lstnr ùtr` tkp` dh ntkvkdndh h lê` dhvh hxkstkr ùtr` l`bh rhakstrnd` nlthrk`rbhlth, ` quh klthrhssn ë ` lójoh` d` l`bh. @ l`bh dn Z`jkhdndh Okbktndn dhvh trnzhr shbprh n hxprhssê` ‟Okbktndn‒ ntrnvës dn nfrhvknturn ‟Otdn.‒. Jns` shcn `bktkdn hstn nfrhvknturn l` l`bh dn s`jkhdndh, ‟shrê` mnvkd`s j`b` sòkdîrkn h kokbktndnbhlth rhsp`lsîvhks `s sújk`s-ahrhlths h `s quh ekzhrhb us` dn ekrbn s`jkno‒ (Ynrîarne` 6³, Nrtka` :³, Dhjrht` l³ :.19=/>;>;). Ë p`ssâvho dhskalnr n Z`jkhdndh Okbktndn p`r ubn ekrbn s`jkno ù p`r ubn dhl`bklnáê`, j`le`rbh n v`ltndh d`s sújk`s.

Z`jkhdndh Z`jkhdn dh Okbktndn Hb >;>;, ` Frnsko nd`tù hsth tkp` dh s`jkhdndh h ` ehz p`r e`rán d` Dhjrht` l³ :.19=/>;>;. Ynssù hltê` n shr vkst` j`b` ubn nothrlntkvn bhl`s j`bpokjndn dn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn, quh hxkakn, h nkldn hxkah, bukt` bnks j`bpohxkdndh pnrn shr ahrkdn. Hstn s`jkhdndh e`k jmnbndn dh Z`jkhdndh p`r J`ltns dh Vhsp`lsnfkokdndh Okbktndn h m`ch, p`r ubn quhstê` prîtkjn, ë jmnbndn nphlns dh Okbktndn. Hon tnbfëb hstî ohanokzndn ohanokzndn l` Júdk Júdka` a` Jkvko ntuno (Nrtka`s >.986 n >.984). Zhu prúprk` l`bh kldkjn quh sh trntn dh s`jkhdndh hb quh n rhsp`lsnfkokdndh dh t`d`s `s sújk`s ë okbktndn, j`b` sh vhrkekjn dn ohkturn d` Nrtka` >.9863 Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon 4

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Jns` `s sújk`s prhekrnb dhskalnr n s`jkhdndh p`r ubn dhl`bklnáê`, hstn dhvhrî, ln bhdkdn d` p`ssâvho, kldkjnr ` `fcht` h n eklnokdndh s`jkno. És vhzhs, n dhl`bklnáê` p`dh thr ` l`bh dh ub sú sújk`, shcn hoh ` prkljkpno ù ` euldnd`r, lubn m`bhlnahb quh sh enz n tno sújk` p`r shu hse`rá`, dhdkjnáê` ù p`r ùtr` b`tkv` qunoquhr qunoquhr.. ûnlt` é nssklnturn d`s sújk`s-ahrhlths, sh n Z`jkhdndh Okbktndn (dh qunoquhr tkp` quh ` ndbkth) p`ssukr ekrbn s`jkno, ` sújk`, ù `s sújk`s, quh thlmnb n enjuodndh dh usnr dhssn ekrbn, nssklnb-ln tno j`b` hon ë. L` t`jnlth n` us` dn ekrbn, ù dhl`bklnáê`, tnbfëb sh enz lhjhssîrk` quh ekquh hxprhss`, j`b jonrhzn, n quno d`s sújk`s jnfhrî hssn enjuodndh.

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Ynrn quh hsth sújk` vhlmn n shr dhstktuâd`, sê` lhjhssîrk`s quh `s dhbnks sújk`s shcnb n bnk`rkn, ù shcn, 6/:. N` sh nss`jknrhb, ë f`b quh sh jnojuoh ` lóbhr` dh j`tns quh sh thrî hb ubn s`jkhdndh nlths dh klarhssnr lhon, p`ks n enotn dh `fshrvnáê` dhsth skbpohs dhtnomh p`dh ohvnr n ubn hthrln erustrnáê` quh sú sh rhsòvhrî j`b n snâdn dn s`jkhdndh. @ sú sújk jk` ` bk bkl` l`rk rktî tîrk rk`` th thb b ub ól ólkj kj`` trule` ln bê`3 lubn hvhltuno kldksp`skáê` j`b ` bnc`rktîrk` (sújk` quh j`ltròn n bnk`r pnrth dns j`tns), dhkxn dh shr sújk`, t`rlnld`-sh, hltê`, ub sújk` dksskdhlth. Nsskb,, sh rhtkrn Nsskb rhtkrnrî rî dn s`jkh s`jkhdndh, dndh, dhkxnld` dhkxnld` dh usuerukr d` klvhstkbhlt` h d`s erut`s dh shu trnfnom`, ` quh, p`r vhzhs, sh b`strn hxtrhb hxt rhbnbh nbhlth lth dnl dnl`s` `s` l` æbf æbfkt` kt` ekl eklnlnljhkr`. Nlths dh sh klarhssnr ln s`jkhdndh, jnfh n` bkl`rktîrk` lha`jknr joîusuons quh omh shcnb env`rîvhks. Ns lha`jknáøhs prhokbklnrhs dn e`rbnáê` d` klstrubhlt` j`ltrntuno dhvhb shr bukt` fhb hstudndns h p`ldhrndns hltrh `s sújk`s, p`ks, sh e`r vhrkekjndn ubn vnltnahb n ub sújk` j`b bnk`r p`dhr dhjksúrk`, dkekjkobhlth sh j`lshauh rhvhrthr hssh qundr`. Xb ùtr` nsphjt` ë ` rhontkv` é jhssnáê` (ù trnlsehrãljkn) dns j`tns dh jnpktno. Hb prkljâpk`, jubprh hsjonrhjhr quh lê` sh pr`âfh trnlsehrãljkn dh j`tns n thrjhkr`s ù n ùtr`s sújk`s, kldhphldhlthbhlth dn v`ltndh ulælkbh d`s sújk`s. @s quh kltharnokznrnb hstns j`tns tãb ` dkrhkt` dh t`bnr ns j`tns dnquhohs quh lê` ns kltharnokznrnb (sújk`s rhbkss`s). ûnlt` és j`tns dn kltharnokznáê` d` jnpktno s`jkno, ub sújk` eksjnokzn ùtr`, p`ks, jns` j`ltrîrk`, hsths sújk`s shrê` rhsp`lsnfkokznd`s pho` vno`r quh dhkxù dh shr kltharnokznd` pho` ùtr` sújk`. Noëb dn hxjousê` purn h skbpohs, ë j`bub quh `s sújk`s sh rhtkrhb dn s`jkhdndh sh hstn e`r dh prnz` kldhthrbklnd`. N Ohk dns Z`jkhdndhs p`r Náøhs (Ohk l³ 5.494/15) dhvh shr j`lsuotndn h npokjndn és sktunáøhs quh lê` e`rnb nf`rdndns l` j`ltrnt` s`jkno h quh, p`r sun vhz, lê` j`lsthb d` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno.

Mî s`jkhdndhs quh lê` p`dhb thr ekrbn s`jkno. Ë ` jns` dns Z`jkhdndhs Nlôlkbns, shld` `frkantúrkn n kdhltkekjnáê` d` tkp` s`jkhtîrk`, shauld` shauld` ` Nrtka` :³ dn Ohk l¹ 5.494/15, p`r bhk` dn hxprhssê` ‟Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn‒ (Z/N) ù ‟J`bpnlmkn‒ (Jkn.)

N Z`jkhdndh Okbktndn, j`b` `j`rrh j`b ns dhbnks, dhvh shr e`rbndn ntrnvës dh j`ltrnt` hsjrkt`, ohvnd` n rhakstr` ln Cultn J`bhrjkno jk no,, pn pnrn rn qu quhh sh t` t`rl rlhh rh rhau auon onrr h th thlm lmn n hx hxks kstã tãlj ljkn kn ohano. Hsth j`ltrnt` dhvh j`lthr t`d`s `s rhqukskt` sk t`ss j` j`bu buls ls n` n`ss j` j`lt ltrn rnt` t`ss hb ah ahrn rno,o, fh fhb b j` j`b` b` n`s dns s`jkhdnd s`jkhdndhs hs j`bhrjknks. Nsskb, dhvhb`s hlthldhr quh, sh lndn e`r hstkpuond`, n ahrãljkn shrî hxhrjkdn p`r t`d`s `s kltharnlths dn s`jkhdndh lns dhvkdns pr`p`ráøhs dh suns j`tns. Dn bhsbn e`rbn, ë j`b ` sújk`, ù sújk`s `juot`s, quh hxhrjhrî n ahrãljkn dn s`jkhdndh, p`ks, ln enotn dhstns dhjonrnáøhs, t`d`s `s sújk`s thrê` dkrhkt` dh hxhrjã-on. @ ndbklkstrnd`r hohkt` hb j`ltrnt` ë nquhoh dh bnk`r p`dhr s`jkhtîrk`, ù shcn, trntn-sh d` sújk` quh kltharnokzù ` bnk`r lóbhr` dh náøhs. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 4

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Fusjnld` suprkr qunoquhr bntërkn lê` prhvkstn ln Ohk l³ 8.154/1>, e`k prhvkst` quh ‟l` quh n ohk e`r `bkssn, npokjnb-sh ns dksp`skáøhs rhehrhlths é s`jkhdndh skbpohs, rhsaunrdndns ns jnrnjthrâstkjns cî bhljk`lndns‒. Ohbfrnb`s quh n Z`jkhdndh J``phrntkvn dhvh rhakstrnr shu nt` j`lstktutkv` ln Cultn J`bhrjkno.

Z`jkhdndh J``phrntkvn N Z`jkhdnd Z`jkhdndhh J``phrntkvn thb jnrnjthrâsjnrnjthrâstkjns bnrjnlths quh n dkehrhljknb dns dhbnks. Dh ent`, hstn s`jkhdndh jurk`snbhlth dksphlsn n hxkstãljkn dn dhstklnáê` dh ub jnpktno, hxkakld` ub lóbhr` bâlkb` lhjhssîrk` pnrn j`bp`r n ndbklkstrnáê` dn s`jkhdndh, shb okbktnáê` dh lóbhr`s bîxkb`s. Kss` p`rquh, m`ch, ns Z`jkhdndhs J``phrntkvns hlao`fnb ub arnldh lóbhr` dh j``phrnd`s quh ahrnobhlth sh nss`jknb h sh dhsnss`jknb j`b arnldh vho`jkdndh.

Z`jkhdndh Jòkandn Trntn-sh dn kl`vnáê` trnzkdn pho` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno, p`st` quh hssh tkp` dh s`jkhdndh lê` hrn rhauondn l` Júdka` Jkvko dh >;>5. J`lskdhrnb-sh jòkandns ns s`jkhdndhs quh, hb suns rhonáøhs dh jnpktno, sê` j`ltròndns, ekokndns ù dh skbpohs pnrtkjkpnáê`.

Ë hxtrhbnbhlth dkeâjko h dksphldk`s` hstn s`jkhdndh bnlthr ntunokznd` ` lóbhr` hxnt` dh sújk`s quh n j`bpøhb.

Ns e`rbns dh j`ltròh sê` dkvhrskekjndns, h ` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno (Nrtka` >.9;=) trntù dh dksjkpoklî-ons3

Ns Z`jkhdndhs J``phrntkvns e`rnb rhauondns pho` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno, bns, hsphjknobhlth, phon Ohk l³ 8.154/1>, quh dheklh n pòâtkjn lnjk`lno dh j``phrntkvksb` h klstktuk ` rhakbh curâdkj` dns s`jkhdndhs j``phrntkvns. Nphsnr dh lê` hxkakr ub jnpktno pnrn sun j`lstktukáê`, hssh tkp` dh s`jkhdndh hxkah n okbktnáê` d` vno`r dn s`bn dh j`tns d` jnpktno s`jkno quh jndn sújk` p`dhrî t`bnr. Y`r vksnr é j`lstktukáê` dh ub ekb lê` lhjhssnr lhjh ssnrknbhl knbhlth th hj`l hj`lôbkj` ôbkj`,, n Z`jkh Z`jkhdndh dndh J``phrntkvn a`zn dh prkvkoëak`s h, nsskb, shus bhbfr`s, dhl`bklnd`s j``phrntkv`s, lê` sê` j`lthbpond`s j`lthb pond`s j`b Dkrhkt`s Trn Trnfnomkstn fnomkstnss h Yrhvkdhljkîrk`s j`lvhljk`lnks. N Ohk prhthldhu njhktnr n j`lstktukáê` dhstn s`jkhdndh, bns mî noaubns e`rbnokdndhs quh fusjnb hvktnr n ernudh h n bî vhrsnáê` dhsth tkp` dh s`jkhdndh. Unoh ohbfrnr quh, tnbfëb, ln Z`jkhdndh J``phrntkvn, n rhsp`lsnfkokdndh p`dh shr okbktndn ù kokbktndn.

Ë j`ltròndn j`ltròndn33 K - n s`jkhdndh dh juc` jnpktno ùtrn s`jkhdndh p`ssun n bnk`rkn d`s v`t`s lns dhokfhrnáøhs d`s qu`tkstns ù dn nsshbfohkn ahrno h ` p`dhr dh hohahr n bnk`rkn d`s ndbklkstrnd`rhs7 KK - n s`jkhdndh juc` j`ltròh, rhehrkd` l` kljks` nlthjhdhlth, hsthcn hb p`dhr dh ùtrn, bhdknlth náøhs ù qu`tns p`ssuâdns p`r s`jkhdndhs ù s`jkhdndhs p`r hstnr cî j`ltròndns.

N s` s`jk jkhd hdnd ndhh j` jòkokan andn dn ù ek ekokoknd ndnn ë nquhon quh pnrtkjkpn j`b >9%, ù bnks, d` jnpktno dh ùtrn, shb j`ltròî-on. Nsskb, sh n s`jkhdndh p`ssukr bhl`s dh >9% d` jnpktno, j`b dkrhkt` n v`t`, hstn shrî dh skbpohs pnrtkjkpnáê`. Hxksth ub okbkth kbp`st` phon Ohk quh pr`âfh quh n s`jkhdndh pnrtkjkph dh ùtrn j`b b`ltnlth suphrk`r n` dh suns prúprkns rhshrvns, dhb`lstrnd` hb shu fnonlá`, hxjouâdn n rhshrvn ohano. J`ltud`, e`k prhvkstn n p`sskfkokdndh dh shr jrkndn ubn Ohk pnrn dksjkpoklnr hstn bntërkn, d`ldh sh p`dh phlsnr quh l` eutur` kss` p`dhrî shr phrbktkd`.

• Ë okbktndn qunld` ` sújk` rhsp`ldh nphlns pho` vno`r dh suns j`tns h pho` prh cuâz` vhrkekjnd` lns `phrnáøhs s`jknks, aunrdndn n pr`p`ráê` dh sun pnrtkjkpnáê` lns bhsbns `phrnáøhs. • Ë kokbktndn qunld` ` sújk` rhsp`ldh sòkdîrkn h kokbktndnbhlth phons `frkanáøhs s`jknks. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 4

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Nuoo n 4 Nu

>) @ quh ë J`ltrnt` Z`jkno0 V3 PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP 6) ‟Nquhoh quh lê` ë hbprhsîrk` p`dh shr sújk` dh ub j`bërjk`, p`rëb sú pho` ent` dh shr sújk` lê` p`dh sh trnlse`rbnr hb j`bhrjknlth.‒ Hstn nekrbnáê` hstî3

( ) Jhrtn

( ) Hrrndn

:) Hb ub J`ltrnt` Z`jkno, t`dns ns dksp`skáøhs dhsjrktns sê` j`lmhjkdns j`b`3 n) ( ) pn pnrî rîar arne ne`s `s f) ( ) jo joîu îusu suon onss j) ( ) jn jnpâ pâtu tuo` o`ss d) ( ) kl kljk jks` s`ss 4) J`b` sh klkjkn n phrs`lnokdndh curâdkjn dh ubn s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno0 V3PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP 8) Vhonjk`lh3 (>) Z`jkhdndh hb L`bh Jòhtkv` (6) Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn (:) Z`jkhdndh hb J`ltn dh Ynrtkjkpnáê` (4) Z`jkhdndh Okbktndn (8) Z`jkhdndh J``phrntkvn (5) Z`jkhdndh Jòkandn

( ) Hstn s`jkhdndh s`jkhdndh dksphls dksphlsn n n hxkstãljkn hxkstãljkn dn dhstklnáê dhstklnáê` ` dh ub jnpktno, jnpktno, hxkakld` hxkakld` ub lóbhr` bâlkb` lhjhssîrk` pnrn j`bp`r n ndbklkstrnáê` dn s`jkhdndh, shb okbktnáøhs dh lóbhr`s bîxkb`s. ( ) ûnld` ûnld` duns duns ù bnks bnks phss`ns phss`ns,, shld` shld` n` bhl`s bhl`s ubn j`bhrj j`bhrjknlth knlth,, rhólh rhólhb-sh b-sh shb shb ekrbn s`jkno, pnrn oujr` j`bub, hb ubn ù bnks `phrnáøhs dh j`bërjk`, trnfnomnld` ub, noauls ù t`d`s hb shu l`bh kldkvkduno pnrn ` ekb s`jkno. ( ) ûnld` ûnld` duns ù ù bnks phss` phss`ns, ns, nkldn nkldn quh quh noaubns noaubns lê` shcnb shcnb j`bhrjk j`bhrjknlth nlths, s, ulhbulhbsh pnrn j`bhrjknr hb j`bub lhstn s`jkhdndh. ( ) Hstn s`jkhdndh s`jkhdndh,, p`r vksnr é j`lstktuká j`lstktukáê` ê` dh ub ekb lê` lhjhssnrkn lhjhssnrknbhlt bhlthh hj`lôbkj`, hj`lôbkj`, a`zn dh prkvkoëak`s, h nsskb, shus bhbfr`s lê` sê` j`lthbpond`s j`b Dkrhkt`s Trnfnomkstns h Yrhvkdhljkîrk`s. ( ) Lndn bnks p`dh p`dh shr hxkakd` hxkakd` d`s rhsphjt rhsphjtkv`s kv`s sújk`s, sújk`s, nphlns nphlns n s`jkhdnd s`jkhdndhh p`dh rhsp`ldhr j`b n t`tnokdndh dh shu pntrkbôlk` phons `frkanáøhs s`jknks, j`lshrvnld`-sh n snov` ` pntrkbôlk` pnrtkjuonr d`s sújk`s. ( ) Mî duns hspëj hspëjkhs, khs, shld` shld` ubn ubn kltharnlt kltharnlth h d` rò dns s`jkhd s`jkhdndhs ndhs dh jnpkt jnpktnks nks h n ùtrn, ùtrn, dns s`jkhdndhs dh jnpktnks h klstktujk`lnks, hbf`rn shcnb tkdns j`b` s`jkhdndh dh rhsp`lsnfkokdndh bkstn. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon 4

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Sign In Join hb quh t`d`s `s sújk`s, dhl`bklnd`s njk`lkstns ù njk`lîrk`s, rhsp`ldhb phons `frkanáøhs s`jknks ntë ` vno`r j`b quh hltrnrnb ù pr`bhthrnb hltrnr pnrn n e`rbnáê` d` jnpktno s`jkno.

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N XON 8 NXON Z@JKHDNDH NLÔLKBN

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@fshrvh noaubns jnrnjthrâstkjns euldnbhltnks dn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn3 >. @ jnpktno s`jkno, dkvkdkd` hb pnrjhons kaunks, ë dhl`bklnd` dh náøhs. 6. N rhsp`lsnfkokdndh d`s sújk`s (njk`lkstns) ë okbktndn n` vno`r dns náøhs quh sufsjrhvhb ù ndqukrhb, lê` hlvòvhld` ` shu pntrkbôlk` pnrtkjuonr l` quh hxjhdhr tno vno`r. :. Zun lnturhzn ë shbprh j`bhrjkno, bhsb` quh ` shu `fcht` shcn jkvko. 4. Zhu `fcht` dhvh shbprh vksnr n ub ekb oujrntkv`. 8. Zhu l`bh ë shbprh ubn dhl`bklnáê`, shld`-omh vhdnd` `sthltnr ekrbn s`jkno.

@utrn jnrnjthrâstkjn kbp`rtnlth s`frh dhl`bklnáê` ë n quh hstî j`ltkdn ln dksp`sk p` skáê áê` ` j` j`lt ltkd kdnn l` Nr Nrtktka` a` :¹ dn Oh Ohkk l³ 5.494/15. Ynrn qu Ynrn quhh sh dã kl klââjk jk`` n ub ubn n nt ntkv kvkd kdnd ndh h hj hj``lôbkjn hb ubn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn, ë lhjhssîrk` quh sh enán n jò`jnáê` dh jnpktno, ù shcn, n kltharnokznáê` dh rhjurs`s quh shrê` klvhstkd` vhs tkd`ss hb bîqu bîquklns klns,, bnt bntërkn ërkn-prkb -prkbn, n, shrv shrvká`s ká`s,, bê`-dh-`frn bê`-dh-`f rn h, s`frhtu s`frhtud`, d`, ln nqukskáê` dh thjlòàkn tê` kldksphls kldksphlsîvho îvho ln ntunokdnd ntunokdndh. h. Lhsth shltkd`, ë f`b vhrkekjnr n rhdnáê` d` Nrtka` >.9== >.9== d` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno s`frh s`frh Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn3

N Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn sú p`dh thr dhl`bklnáê`, shld`-omh vhdnd` `sthltnr ekrbn ù rnzê` s`jkno. Nsskb, ` l`bh dh ubn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn dhvh j`lstktukr-sh p`r ubn hxprhssê` quh kldkquh n eklnokdndh n quh sh pr`pøh, njrhsjkdn dns pnonvrns ‟Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn‒, ù dn sun nfrhvknturn (Z/N). Ë phrbktkd` quh, hb sun dhl`bklnáê`, `sthlth ` l`bh dh ub sújk`, shcn hoh shu euldnd`r ù njk`lkstn, ù l`bh dh phss`n ‟quh p`r qunoquhr ùtr` b`d` thlmn j`lj`rrkd` pnrn ` ãxkt` dn hbprhsn‒ (Ynrîarne` (Ynrîarne` >¹, Nrtka` :¹, Ohk l³ 5.494/15). N Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn nprhshltn ubn ensh quh p`dh shr dhskalndn dh e`rbnáê` h ubn ùtrn, dh euljk`lnbhlt`, klkjkndn hstn l` klstnlth hb quh sh j`lstktuk dheklktkvnbhlth n s`jkhdndh. N ensh dh e`rbnáê`, ahrnobhlth, dhsd`frn-sh hb duns htnpns3

Ln s`jkhdndh nlôlkbn ù j`bpnlmkn, ` jnpktno dkvkdh-sh hb náøhs, `frkanld`-sh jndn sújk` ù njk`lkstn s`bhlth pho` prhá` dh hbkssê` dns náøhs quh sufsjrhvhr ù ndqukrkr ndqukrkr..

Nsskb, pnrn hljnbklmnr jnpktno, n Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn hbkth náøhs h ns dksp`lkfkokzn pnrn n j`bprn l` b`bhlt` hb quh ` jnpktno pnssn n shr kltharnokznd`, pho`s klvhstkbhlt`s quh sh kdhltkekjnb ln phss`n dnquhohs p`rtnd`rhs dns náøhs. @ ndvànd` C`së ]nvkhr Jnrvnom` dh Bhld`lán j`ljhktun n Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn j`b` n s`jkhdndh3 Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 8

>. Yrhokbklnr (klkjkno, prhpnrntúrkn)7 6. N j`lstktukáê` pr`prknbhlth dktn, quh =>


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sh e`rbn3 • p`r sufsjrkáê` pófokjn d` jnpktno7 • p`r sufsjrkáê` pnrtkjuonr d` jnpktno.

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j`b` shld` shld` ` dn dn Z`jkhdndh Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn Nlôlkbn.. Nphlns ns náøhs dh tnks s`jkhdndhs dhvhrê` shr l`bklntkvns ù hld`ssîvhks, j`b` hxkah n Ohk jktndn. @ prèhss`r Eîfk` Xom`n J`hom` dkz quh ‟n sufsjrkáê` sh j`lskdhrn pófokjn‒.

Dkzhb`s ahrnobhlth p`rquh mî jns`s hb quh hstns duns htnpns sh euldhb lubn sú.

Zhauld` ` Ynrîarne` Ynrîarne` :³, Nrtka` >; dn Ohk l³ 5.:=8/15 (Ohk dn J`bkssê` dh Uno`rhs B`fkokîrk`s), sê` utkokznd`s dhthrbklnd`s bhk`s pnrn èhrtn dns náøhs j`b` ubn nothrlntkvn dh klvhstkbhlt`3

Zhcn p`r qunoquhr ubn dhstns e`rbns pnrn n e`rbnáê` dn dn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn, ë lhjhssîrk` quh sh enán ` jubprkbhlt` dh jhrtns e`rbnokdndhs prhvkstns l` Nrtka` =9 dn Ohk l³ 5.494/153

n) Klstrubhlt` dh sufsjrkáê` (okstns ù fòhtkls) h dh kle`rbnáê` (eòmht`s, pr`sphjt`s ù nlóljk`s) dhstklnd`s n` pófokj` hb ahrno7

n) N sufsjrkáê` dh, pho` bhl`s, duns phss`ns dh t`d` jnpktno s`jkno7 rhnokznáê`, áê`, j`b` hltrndn, hltrndn, dn dëjkbn f) N rhnokzn pnrth, l` bâlkb`, dhssh jnpktno pho` pnanbhlt` dh >9% d` vno`r l`bklno dh jndn náê`7 j) @ dhpúskt` hb fnlj` dh t`dn n kbp`rtæljkn j`rrhsp`ldhlth n hssn hltrndn klkjkno, prhvkstn l` kthb nlthrk`r.

f) J`ltrntnáê` dh shrvká`s dh hbprhand`s, nahlths ù j`rrht`rhs pnrn n pr`jurn dh klvhstkd`rhs klthrhssnd`s7 j) O`cns, hsjrktúrk`s ù hstnfhohjkbhlt` hstnfhohjkbhlt`ss nfhrt`s n` pófokj` h us` dh shrvká`s pófokj`s dh j`bulkjnáê` ln jò`jnáê` dns náøhs dh l`vn j`bpnlmkn.

Lê` sh dhvh j`leuldkr sufsjrkáê` t`tno j`b kltharnáê` t`tno. Ln sufsjrkáê` t`tno, n Z`jkhdndh Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn sú sh `ranlkzn qunld` qunld` ` jnpktn jnpktnoo s `jkno sh hlj`ltrn t`tnobhlth sufsjrkt` (qunld` thb ub lóbhr` bh r` suekjkhlth dh sújk`s sújk`s - d`ks, l` bâlkb`) h mî j`bpr`bhtkbhlt` hb snodnr t`dn n qunltkn ekxndn j`b` shld` ` jnpktno dn s`jkhdndh.

Ln Ohk l³ 4.16=/58, quh dksjkpokln ` bhrjnd` dh jnpktnks, e`k jrkndn ubn ùtrn hspëjkh dh Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn3 n dh Jnpktno Nut`rkznd`. Hon eàh é rharn dh quh ` jnpktno dhvh shr, oà` dh klâjk`, klthkrnbhlth sufsjrkt`. N Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn dh Jnpktno Nut`rkznd` p`dh shr j`lstktuâdn j`b jnpktno sufsjrkt` klehrk`r n` nut`rkznd` pho` hstntut` s`jkno, ù shcn, lê` mî `frkant`rkhdndh pnrn ` shu euljk`lnbhlt` h j`lstktukáê`, dhvhld` shr t`tnobhlth sufsjrkt` ` jnpktno quh e`k prhvkst` Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon 8

Unoh ohbfrnr quh ` euldnd`r dn s`jkhdndh lê` prhjksn shr lhjhssnrknbhlth ` eutur` tu r` j` j`lt ltr` ròn ond` d`rr dh dhst stn, n, ù bh bhsb sb`, `, sh shuu ndbklkstrnd`r, bns, hb ahrno, quhb klvhsth thbp` h rhjurs`s ln j`lstktukáê` dn s`jkhdndh klthrhssn-sh klthrhssn-sh p`r bnlthr ` shu j`ltròh =6


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njk`lîrk` h ndbklkstrî-on dhp`ks dh j`ljouâdn n j`lstktukáê`. Hb sh trntnld` dh hbprhhldkbhlt` dh phquhl` p`rth, lê` hxkakld` bukt` jnpktno, ë p`ssâv p`s sâvho ho quh n j`l j`lst stktu ktukáê káê` ` dn s`j s`jkhd khdndh ndh `j`rrn j`b rhulkê` dh pùj`s (d`ks, l` bâlkb`), quh t`bhb pnrn sk ` hljnra` dh enzhr enjh t`tno d` jnpktno s`jkno dn s`jkhdndh.

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Zurakld` hltê` `s klthrhssnd`s hb ndqukrkr náøhs dn s`jkhdndh, hohs dhvhrê` j`bpnrhjhr n` o`jno dhskalnd` phon pufokjnáê` `ldh ub d`s euldnd`rhs rhtëb ` `rkaklno d` pr`cht` d`s hstntut`s h ` d`s pr`sphjt`s, p`dhld` hxnbklnr tnks d`jubhlt`s. @ Dhjrht`-Ohk l¹ 8.;85/>;4: t`rln `frkantúrk` ` dhpúskt` dns hltrndns dh jnpktno lns s`jkhdndhs p`r náøhs (lhsth jns`, n Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn) hb `ranlkznáê`. Nsskb, shauld` dhthrbkln ` Dhjrht`-Ohk, hstns hltrndns dhvhrê` shr dhp`sktndns l` fnlj`, hb l`bh dn s`jkhdndh p`r náøhs hb `ranlkznáøhs, pho`s rhsphjtkv`s euldnd`rhs, l` prnz` dh jklj` dkns j`ltnd`s d` rhjhfkbhlt`.

Lê` sh ndbkth n j`lstktukáê` dh s`jkhdndh ulkphss`no, ù shcn, n s`jkhdndh dhvh shr j`lstktuâdn p`r, pho` bhl`s, d`ks sújk`s, rhssnovndns hxjháøhs bukt` phjuoknrhs. @s sújk`s euldnd`rhs euldnd`rhs dn Z`jkhdndh Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn dhvhb rhnokznr ns cî rhehrkdns e`rbnokdndhs prhokbklnrhs3 >. @ prkbhkr` pnss` ë n honf`rnáê` dh ub pr`cht` dh Hstntut` Hstntut` dn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn quh hstî sh e`rbnld`, l` quno j`ltãb, jonrnbhlth hsphjkekjndns, ns l`rbns quh dhvhrê` rhahr n euturn s`jkhdndh. 6. @ pnss` shauklth ë n `fthláê` dn sufsjrkáê` dh t`d` ` jnpktno s`jkno (prhvkst` l` pr`cht` d` hstntut`), p`r duns ù bnks phss`ns. Ynrn kss`, dhvhrê` hehtunr ` onlánbhlt` pófokj` dns náøhs quh j`lstktukrê` ` jnpktno s`jkno dn s`jkhdndh hb e`rbnáê`.

N ekb dh `fthrhb ` bnk`r lóbhr` dh sufsjrkt`rhs, bhdknlth n vhldn dns náøhs dn s`jkhdndh, `s euldnd`rhs dhvhrê` nprhshltî-on n` pófokj`, dkvuoanld`-n dn bhom`r e`rbn.

Vhqukskt`s Yrhokbklnrhs T`dn `dnss ns s`j s`jkhd khdndh ndhss tãb tãbrhq rhquks ukskt` kt`ss bâl bâlkb` kb`ss prhvkn prh vknbhl bhlth th hs hstnf tnfhoh hohjkd jkd`s `s hb Ohk Ohk77 n `fs `fshrv hrvælj æljkn kn n hs hssh shss rh rhqu quks ksktkt`s `s tn tnbf bfëb ëb sh en enzz lh lhjh jhss ssîr îrkn kn.. @ Nrtka` =9 dn Ohk l³ 5.494/15 dkspøh quh pnrn n e`rb e`rbnáê` náê` dh ubn Z`jkh Z`jkhdndh dndhNlôl Nlôlkbn, kbn, `s shauk sh auklth lthss rhq rhquks ukskt` kt`ss prh prhokb okbkln klnrhs rhs dhv dhvhb hb sh shrr jub jub-prkd`s3 n) Zufsjrkáê` dh, pho` bhl`s, duns phss`ns hb t`dns ns náøhs l` quno sh dkvkdh ` jnpktno s`jkno ekxnd` l` hstntut` dn s`jkhdndh7 f) Vhnokznáê` dh >9% j`b` hltrndn, l` bâlkb`, d` prhá` dh hbkssê` dns náøhs sufsjrktns hb dklmhkr`7 j) Dhpúskt` dn pnrth d` jnpktno, hb dklmhkr`, hb fnlj` nut`rkznd` phon J`bkssê`

Noëb dkss`, hxkah n Ohk quh sh rhdkcn ub pr`sphjt` quh dhvh nj`bpnlmnr ` pr`cht` dh hstntut`s. Hsths pr`sphjt`s quh dhvhb j`lthr n hxp`skáê` jonrn h prhjksn dns fnshs dn s`jkhdndh h d`s b`tkv`s ù rnzøhs, quh tãb `s euldnd`rhs pnrn quh sh hsphrh ãxkt` d` hbprhhldkbhlt`. @s pr`cht`s d`s hstntut`s h d` pr`sphjt` dhvhrê` shr pufokjnd`s p`r trãs vhzhs phon kbprhlsn, kljouskvh l` c`rlno èkjkno, d`s ouanrhss `ldh `s euldn ouanrh euldnd`rhs d`rhs prhthldhb prhthldhb nlanrknr sufsjrkt`rhs pnrn ` jnpktno dn s`jkhdndh hb e`rbnáê`. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon 8

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dh Uno`rhs B`fkokîrk`s. N Ohk tnbfëb hstnfhohjh ` prnz` dh jklj` dkns, j`ltnd`s d`s shus rhjhfkbhlt`s, pnrn n hehtkvnáê` d`s dhpúskt`s dns kbp`rtæljkns klkjknks hb l`bh d` sufsjrkt`r (njk`lkstn) h n env`r dn s`jkhdndh hb `ranlkznáê`, quh sú p`dhrî ohvnltî-o`s npús mnvhr ndqukrkd` phrs`lnokdndh curâdkjn.

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Dhsjnrtndn n p`sskfkokdndh dh nothrnáê` d` pr`cht` h bnlkehstndn n j`lj`rdæljkn dn bnk`rkn d`s sufsjrkt`rhs, ` prhskdhlth dn Nsshbfohkn (euldnd`r dn s`jkhdndh) dhjonrnrî j`lstktuâdn n Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn h, npr`vnd`s `s shus hstntut`s, pr`jhdh-sh, hb shaukdn, é hohkáê` d`s shus prkbhkr`s dkrht`rhs h eksjnks. Tud` ` quh sh pnssnr ln ln Nsshbfohkn dhvhrî shr onvrnd` hb ubn ntn (hb duns vkns), n quno dhvh shr okdn okdn h npr`vndn phon phon bhsbn Nsshbfohkn, shld` nssklndn p`r t`d`s `s sufsjrkt`rhs prhshlths. Zh tkv tkvhr hr `j` `j`rrk rrkd` d` Nss Nsshbf hbfohk ohknn nlt nlthrk hrk`r `r pnrn nvnoknáê` dh fhls dhstklnd`s é kltharnokznáê` d` jnpktno sufsjrkt`, dhvhrî shr ehktn rhehrãljkn hxprhssn hxprhssn n hon, ln ntn ntn dh Nsshbfohkn dh j`lstktukáê` dn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn. J`lstktuâdn n s`jkhdndh nlôlkbn, noaubns pr`vkdãljkns j`bpohbhltnrhs, rhontkvns n` shu rhakstr`, dhvhb shr j`lskdhrndns.

T`d` ` jnpktno dhvh shr sufsjrkt` p`r duns ù bnks phss`ns, shld` dhp`sktnd`, skt nd`, pho` bhl`s, n dëjkbn pnrth dhsth jnpktno hb fnlj`.

Yr`vkdãljkns dhj`rrhlths d` jubprkbhlt` d`s rhqukskt`s N pr prkb kbhk hkrn rn pr pr`v `vkd kdãl ãljk jknn n sh shrr t` t`bn bndn dn pho`s euldnd`rhs, npús jubprkdns ns e`rbnokdndhs, dhvh shr n j`lv`jnáê` j`lv`jnáê` dn Nsshbfohkn Ahrno d`s sufsjrkt`rhs, quh enrî n j`lstktukáê` dn s`jkhdndh. Hstn j`lv`jnáê` sh enrî ntrnvës dh nlóljk` l`s c`rlnks hb quh e`rnb klshrkd`s `s pr`cht`s d`s hstntut`s h ` rhsphjtkv` pr`sphjt`, bhljk`lnld` bhljk`lnld` dkn, m`rn h o`jno dn rhulkê`. Hstn Nsshbfohkn Ahrno dh j`lstktukáê` dn s`jkhdndh p`dhrî klstnonr-sh hb prkbhkrn j`lv`jnáê` j`b n prhshlán dh sufsjrkt`rhs quh rhprhshltnb, l` bâlkb`, n bhtndh d` jnpktno s`jkno7 hb shauldn j`lv`jnáê`, p`dhrî sh klstnonr j`b qunoquhr lóbhr`. Klstnondn n Nsshbfohkn, prhskdkdn p`r ub d`s euldnd`rhs h shjrhtnrkndn p`r ub sufsjrkt`r, shrî okd` ` rhjkf` dh dhpúskt` fnljîrk` h dksjutkd` h v`tnd` ` pr`cht` d` hstntut`. Jndn náê` dî dkrhkt` n nphlns ub v`t`, snokhltnld` quh n bnk`rkn lê` thb p`dhr pnrn nothrnr ` pr`cht` d` hstntut`. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon 8

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Zufsjrkáê` Ynrtkjuonr d` Jnpktno Hb l`ss` pnâs, n sufsjrkáê` pnrtkjuonr d` jnpktno s`jkno ë utkokzndn pnrn n e`rbnáê` dn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn, shld` rnrns ns quh sh j`lstktuhb bhdknlth sufsjrkáê` pófokjn. Ynrn sufsjrkáê` pnrtkjuonr, ë lhjhssîrk` quh `s euldnd`rhs, ù arup`s eklnljhkr`s dh suns su ns rh rhon onáø áøhs hs,, tr trna nanb nb pn pnrn rn n s` s`jk jkhd hdnd ndh, h, dh kb kbhhdknt` dkn t`,, n su sufs fsjrk jrkáê áê` ` dn t` t`tn tnokd okdnd ndhh d` jn jnpkt pktno no s` s`jkn jkno,o, e`rbnld` nsskb ` arup` quh, p`r klkjkntkvn d`s euldnd`rhs, dkspøh-sh hb j`lstktukr ubn Z`jkhdndh dn dhNl Nlôlk ôlkbn bn,, fns fnshn hndn dn ln lnss l`r l`rbn bnss j`l j`ltkd tkdns ns l` pr`cht` d` hstntut`7 `s sújk`s j`lj`rdnrnb j`b hsth hstntut` n` nssklnrhb n okstn ù fòhtkb dh sufsjrkáê` d` jnpktno. Kltharnokzndn h dhp`sktndn n pnrjhon dh jnpktno hxkakdn p`r Ohk, `s sújk`s p`dhb `ptnr pnrn n j`lstktukáê` dhstn s`jkhdndh ù phon hsjrkturn pófokjn, ù phon Nsshbfohkn Ahrno. Zh `s sújk`s nj`rdnrhb hb j`lstktukr n Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn p`r hsjrkturn pófokjn, dhvhrê` sh rhulkr hb Jnrtúrk` `ldh sh rhdkakrî n hsjrkturn quh dhvhrî j`lthr3 • n qun qunoke okekjn kjnáê` áê` j`b j`bpoh pohtn tn d`s suf sufsjr sjrkt` kt`rhs rhs77 • `s hstntut`s hstntut`s s`jknks s`jknks dn Z`jkhdndh Z`jkhdndh Nlô-

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lkbn ln âltharn7 Hstn Nsshbfohkn sh dhshlrònrî dhshlrònrî tnbfëb tnbfëb • n trnlsjrkáê` d` d`jubhlt` j`bpr`fn- pho` b`d` cî hxp`st`, shld` `frkantúrk` hltúrk` d` dhpúskt` dn dëjkbn pnrth d` jnpktno trhanr n hstn Nsshbfohkn, hb dupokjntn, ` pr`hb dklmhkr`7 cht` d` hstntut` nssklnd` p`r t`d`s `s • n rhonáê` dns náøhs t`bndns pho`s sufsjrkt`rhs d` jnpktno, nj`bpnlmnd` dn okstn sufsjrkt`rhs h n kbp`rtæljkn dns hltrndns p`r ù fòhtkb dhsths, shauld` hxkah n Ohk. hohs ehktns7 Y`dh n j`lstktukáê` dh ubn Z`jkhdndh • n l`bhnáê` d`s prkbhkr`s dkrht`rhs h Nlôlkbn p`r sufsjrkáê` pnrtkjuonr d` jnpktno eksjnks dn s`jkhdndh, qunld` e`r ` jns`. dnr-sh d` bhsb` b`d` quh n j`lstktukáê` dn s`jkhdndh p`r sufsjrkáê` pófokjn, ù shcn, ntrnvë ntr nvëss dn Ns Nsshb shbfoh fohkn kn Ahr Ahrno. no. Hlt Hltrht rhtnlt nlt`, `, hxksth ubn phquhln dkehrhlán hltrh n s`jkhdndh p`r sufsjrkáê` pófokjn h n s`jkhdndh p`r sufsjrkáê` pnrtkjuonr, quh j`lsksth ln j`lv`jnáê` pnrn Nsshbfohkn Ahrno3 n) sh n sufsjrkáê` d` jnpktno e`r pufokjndn, n j`lv`jnáê` sh enrî p`r trãs vhzhs l` bâlkb`, hb t`d`s `s c`rlnks hb quh e`rnb klshrkd`s ` pr`cht` d`s hstntut`s h ` pr`sphjt`. f) sh n sufsjrkáê` e`r pnrtkjuonr, n pufokjnáê` sh dnrî tnbfëb p`r trãs vhzhs, bns nphlns l` úraê` èkjkno h hb ùtr` c`rlno dh arnldh jkrjuonáê` dn shdh dn s`jkhdndh.

E`rbnokdndhs J`bpohbhltnrhs é J`lstktukáê` dn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn

Jns` n hltrndn dh noaub, ù dh noauls d`s sufsjrkt`rhs, j`lskstkr hb ùtr`s fhls quh lê` hb dklmhkr`, dhvhrê` hsths fhls shr prhvknbhlth nvnoknd`s, trnlsjrhvhld`sh ln hsjrkt hsjrkturn urn ns ntns dns nsshbfohkns nsshbfohkns dh nvnoknáøhs h ` rhsphjtkv` onud`. Dhvhrî n hsjrkturn shr nssklndn p`r t`d`s `s sufsjrkt`rhs, shb hxjháê`. N s`jkhdndh ekjn, hltê`, j`lstktuâdn, dhvhld`-sh, hb shaukdn, pnssnr és e`rbnokdndhs dh shu nrqukvnbhlt` l` rhakstr` j`bphthlth. Jns` `s sújk`s prhekrnb j`lstktukr n Z`jkhdndh Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn p`r Nsshbf Nsshbfohkn ohkn Ahrno, Ahrno, ` bhjnlksb` klkjkno ë ` bhsb` bhsb`..

J`lstktuâdn hb dheklktkv` n Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn, shcn p`r Nsshbfohkn Ahrno (sufsjrkáê` pófokjn ù pnrtkjuonr d` jnpktno), shcn p`r hsjrkturn pófokjn (sufsjrkáê` pnrtkjuonr d` jnpktno), ë lhjhssîrk` ohvnr n rhakstr` shus nt`s j`lstktutkv`s pnrn quh thlmn hxkstãljkn ohano. Zhauld` ` Nrtka` ;4 dn Ohk l³ 5.494/153 ‟Lhlmubn j`bpnlmkn p`dhrî euljk`lnr shb quh shcnb nrqukvnd`s h pufokjnd`s shus nt`s j`lstktutkv`s‒. Jns` mncn fhls quh lê` shcnb hb dklmhkr` pnrn n e`rbnáê` d` jnpktno s`jkno, ns ntns d`s sufsjrkt`rhs dhvhrê` shr kaunobhlth nrqukvndns, l`bhnld` phrkt`s h npr`vnld` ` onud` dh nvnoknáê` dhsths fhls. Zh n Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn sh j`lstktuk p`r hsjrkturn pófokjn, fnstn ohvnr n rhakstr` h nrqukvnbhl vn bhlt` t` ub trn trnson sond` d` ù jh jhrtk rtkdê` dê` dhs dhstn tn hsj hsjrkt rkturn urn,, j`lthl j`l thld`, d`, dhv dhvkdn kdnbhl bhlth th trn trnlsj lsjrkt rkt`s, `s, t`d t`d`s `s `s d`jubhlt`s lhjhssîrk`s. Ntrkfuk n Ohk l³ =.;:4/;4 (Vhakstr` Yófokj`

Honf`rnd` ` pr`cht` d`s hstntut`s, j`lshaukdn n ndhsê` d`s sufsjrkt`rhs pho`s euldnd`rhs, ntklakld` n t`tnokdndh d` jnpktno s`jkno, j`b n ndhsê` j`lsufstnljkndn dn nssklnturn, pho`s sufsjrkt`rhs, dn okstn ù fòhtkb h tnbfëb d` pr`cht` d` hstntut` (hb duns vkns, j`b t`dns ns eòmns rufrkjndns), j`lv`jn-sh n Nsshbfohkn Ahrno. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 8

=8


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dh Hbprhsns Bhrjnltks h Ntkvkdndhs Nekls) n euláê` dh hxnbklnr `s d`jubhlt d`jubhlt`s `s nprhshltnd`s n ekb dh j`lstntnr sh l` nt` dh j`lstktukáê` j`lstktukáê` dn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn e`k `bktkdn noaubn e`rbnokdndh ohano hxkakdn phon Cultn J`bhrjkno h sh ekekau aurn rnb b jo joîu îusu suon ons, s, ù dk dksp sp`s `ská káê` ê`,, j` j`lt ltrî rîrk rkns ns é `rdhb pófokjn h n`s f`ls j`stubhs. L` jubprkbhlt` dh hxkaãljkns, `s prkbhkr`s ndbklkstrnd`rhs dhvhrê` j`lv`jnr kbhdkntnbhlth dkntnbhl th ubn Nsshbfoh Nsshbfohkn kn Ahrno (pnrn snlnr krrhauonrkdndhs) ù nut`rkznr ns pr`vkdãljkns quh sh ekzhrhb lhjhssîrkns. N dhokfhrnáê` (dhjksê` t`bndn hb Nsshbfohkn) dhvhrî shr t`bndn p`r njk`lkstns quh rhprhshltnb, l` bâlkb`, bhtndh d` jnpktno s`jkno. Jubprh nkldn n`s dkrht`rhs rhquhrhr é Fòsn dh Uno`rhs bnks prúxkbn dh sun shdh, n j`tnáê` dh suns náøhs dh Dhfãlturhs. Hstn pr`vkdãljkn dhvhrî shr rhnokzndn nlths dh n Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn hltrnr hb euljk`lnbhlt`. euljk`lnbhlt`. Uhrkekjndns ns e`rbnokdndhs dh j`lstktukáê` dn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn, hlthldh hlthldh quh hssn s`jkhdndh ndqukrku hxkstãljkn ohano h phrs`lnokdndh curâdkjn. Thb klâjk` hltê` ` shu euljk`lnbhlt`, quh lndn bnks ë d` quh n sun vkdn, ` hxhrjâjk` dns ntkvkdndhs ntklhlths n` `fcht` quh sh pr`pøh ntklakr.

Dhfãlturh ë ` tâtuo` dh jrëdkt` b`fkokîrk` hbktkd` p`r ubn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn ù hb J`bnldktn p`r Náøhs. Bnks dhtnomhs s`frh hsth tâtuo` vhrhb`s ln Nuon Nu on 5.

Jnpktno Z`jkno @ jnpkt jnpktno no dn Z`jkh Z`jkhdndh dndh Nlôlkbn Nlôlkbn (shcn hoh j`lstktuâd` p`r dklmhkr` ù p`r qunoquhr hspëjkh hspëj kh dh fhls búvhks ù kbúvhk kbúvhks, s, j`rpúrhns ù klj`rpúrhns susjhtâvhks dh nvnoknáê` áê ` hb dk dkllmh mhkr kr``) dhv hvhhrî sh shrr sh shbp bprh rh hxprhs hxp rhss` s` hb dkl dklmhk mhkr` r` lnj lnjk`l k`lno no j`l j`le`r e`rbh bh hxkaãljkn j`ltkdn l` Nrtka` 1¹ dn Ohk l³ 5.494/15. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon 8

=5

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Zhauld` ` prèhss`r Eîfk` Xomôn J`hom`, ` jnpktno s`jkno lê` vhrkekjn ` t`tno dh j`ltrkfukáê` d`s sújk`s qunld` ns náøhs sê` sufsjrktns n prhá` suphrk`r n` shu vno`r l`bklno7 kst` ë dhl`bklnd` dh îak`. Ynrn ` prèhss`r, ` jnpktno s`jkno hohvnd` suahrh sòkdhz n ubn s`jkhdndh d`tndn dh rhjurs`s prúprk`s suekjkhlths n` nthldkbhlt` dh suns lhjhsskdndhs dh justhk`. Dh e`rbn prhjksn, n j`ltrkfukáê` d`s sújk`s ë bhdkdn pho` jnpktno s`jkno bnks n pnrjhon dn rhshrvn dh jnpktno j`lstktuâdn pho` îak` dn sufsjrkáê`, sh hxksthlth.

B`dkekjnáøhs d` Jnpktno Z`jkno Durnlth sun hxkstãljkn, qunoquhr s`jkhdndh p`dh thr shu jnpktno s`jkno nothrnd`, tnlt` pnrn bnk`r qunlt` pnrn bhl`r.

Vhduáê` h nubhlt` d` jnpktno s`jkno

Xbn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn nubhltù ` shu jnp jnpktn ktnoo p`r dho dhokfh kfhrná rnáê` ê` dn Nss Nsshbf hbfohk ohkn n Ahrno p`rquh mùvh j`lvhrsê` dh Dhfãlturhs. Tnbfëb p`dh `j`rrhr j`b pnrths fhlhekjkîrkns hb náøhs, ù pho` hxhrjâjk` dh dkrhkt`s j`ltkd`s l` fôlus dh sufsjrkáê`, ù l` j`ltrnt` dh `páê` dh j`bprn dh náøhs. Y`r ùtr` ond`, ùtrn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn rhduzku ` shu jnpktno jnpkt no tnbfëb p`r bhk` dh Nssh Nsshbfohk bfohkn n Ahrno p`rquh njubuoù prhcuâz`s. N rhduáê` p`dh nj`lthjhr tnbfëb dhvkd` é j`lstntnáê` dh ` jnpktno s`jkno shr bukt` bnk`r d` quh ` lhjhssîrk` pnrn ` dhshlvòvkbhlt` dns ntkvkdndhs hj`lôbkjns, `j`rrhld` ubn dkbklukáê` vòultîrkn dhsth jnpktno.

És vhzhs, n rhduáê` d` jnpktno s`jkno p`dh shr dhj`rrhlth dh ubn kbp`skáê` ohano j`b`, p`r hxhbpo`, qunld` n s`jkhdndh lê` hlj`ltrn j`bprnd`rhs dhltr` dh ub nl` pnrn ns náøhs jnâdns hb j`bkssê` (lê` pnans). Lhsth jns`, mùvh rhduáê` ohano phon enotn dh nothrlntkvn. Klstktut` Xlkvhrsno Frnskohkr`

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Okvr`s J`bh J`bhrjknks rjknks

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shu pr` pr`prkh prkhtîr tîrk`, k`, ln qun qunokd okdndh ndh dh njk njk`lk `lkstn stn (sú (sújk` jk`)) dn Z`jkhdndh Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn, thb thb pnrn j`b hstn.

N Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn, noëb d`s okvr`s j`buls n`s j`bhrjknlths hb ahrno, ë `frkandn n bnlthr okvr`s hsphjâekj`s, `s qunks hstê hs tê` ` rh rhon onjk jk`l `lnd nd`s `s l` Nr Nrtktka` a` >9 >99 9 dn Oh Ohkk 5.494/15. Hks `s okvr`s3 • Vhakstr` dh Náøhs L`bklntkvns h Vhakstr` dh Náøhs Hld`ssîvhks, pnrn klsjrkáê`, nl`tnáê` ù nvhrfnáê`7 • Trn Trnlsehrãl lsehrãljkn jkn dh Náøhs, quh dhvhrî dhvhrî shr nssklndn pho` jhdhlth h pho` jhssk`lîrk` ù shus ohaâtkb`s rhprhshltnlths7 • Vhakstr` dh Ynrths Fhlhekjkîrkns Fhlhekjkîrkns L`bklntkvns h Trnlsehrãljkn dh Ynrths Fhlhekjkîrkns L`bklntkvns (sh tkvhrhb skd` hbktkd`s)7

N` shu p`ssukd`r, j`lehrh ` dkrhkt` dh jrëdkt` j`ltrn n Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn. Ukst` j`b` ` njk`lkstn, hoh p`dh rhjhfhr n pnrth d`s oujr`s s`jknks j`rrhsp`ldhlths é náê`.

• Vhakstr` dh Ynrths Fhlhekjkîrkns Hld`ssîvhks, Vhakstr` dh Dhfãlturhs Hld`ssîvhks vh ks h Vh Vhak akst str` r` dh Fô Fôlu luss dh Zu Zufs fsjr jrká káê` ê` Hld`ssîvhks (sh tkvhrhb skd` hbktkd`s phon s`jkhdndh)7

N náê` p`dh thr ub vno`r l`bklno h ub vno`r rhno dkehrhlth d` l`bklno. Dkz-sh, p`rtnlt` quh ` vno`r l`bklno kldkjn n kbp`rtæljkn j`b quh ` sufs sufsjrkt` jrkt`rr dn náê` dhvh j`lj`rrhr j`lj`rrhr pnrn ` jnpktno s`jkno.

• Ntn dn Nsshbfohkn Ahrno7 • Okvr` dh Yrhshlán d` Njk`lkstn7

Jonsskekjnáê`

• Ntns dh Vhulkøhs d` J`lshom` dh Ndbklkstrnáê` (sh mùvhr) h Ntns dns Vhulkøhs dh Dkrht`rkn7

ûnlt` é lnturhzn d`s dkrhkt`s h vnltnahls quh èhrhjhb n shus pr`prkhtîrk`s, ns náøhs p`dhb shr3

• Ntn h Ynrhjhrhs d` J`lshom` Eksjno.

Náá ø hs N

n) `rdklîrkns7 f) prhehrhljknks7 j) dh erukáê`.

J`b` cî dksshb`s, ` jnpktno dh ubn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn ë dkvkdkd` hb pnrjhons, t`dns t`dns dh kauno vno`r vno`r, dhl`bklndn dhl`bklndnss dh náøhs. N náê` ë kldksphlsîvho. Hon rhprhshltn n ulkdndh bâlkbn d` jnpktno s`jkno. N Ohk l³ 5.494/15 lê` hstnfhohjh quno ` vno`r quh ubn náê` dhvh thr, p`ks dhphldh dn j`lvhláê` hltrh `s sújk`s euldnd`rhs, dhvhld` j`lstnr d` pr`cht` d`s hstntut`s dn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn hb e`rbnáê`. N náê` sh t`rln ub d`jubhlt` rhprhshltntkv` d`s dkrhkt`s h `frkanáøhs quh ` Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon 8

N náê` `rdklîrkn ë ` tkp` dh náê` quh j`lehrh n` njk`lkstn ` dkrhkt` dh v`t` hb Nsshbfoh shb fohkns kns Ahr Ahrnks nks dn Z`j Z`jkhd khdndh ndh Nlô Nlôlkb lkbn, n, noëb dh pr`p`rjk`lnr pnrtkjkpnáê` lê` prhehrhljkno dhsth njk`lkstn l`s rhsuotnd`s eklnljhkr`s dhstn. @ tktuonr dn náê` prhehrhljkno (tnbfëb j`lmhjkd` p`r prhehrhljknokstn), qunlt` é prk`rkdndh ln dkstrkfukáê` d`s dkvkdhld`s, p`dh p`ssukr náê` j`b rhonáê` n ub dkvkdhld` lê` =1


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prhekxnd` l`s hstntut`s, bns skb hb Nsshbfohkn Ahrno, shld`, p`ks, vnrkîvho. Y`dh j`lskstkr hb prk`rkdndh l` rhjhfkbhlt` dh dkvkdhld` ekx`, ekx `, prh prhvks vkst` t` l`s hst hstnt ntut` ut`ss h rhp rhprhs rhshlt hltnd` nd` lub lubn n p`rjhltnahb s`frh `s oujr`s dn s`jkhdndh. Nlths dh `s tktuonrhs dh náøhs prhehrhljknks rhjhfhrhb `s dkvkdhld`s, lndn p`dhrî shr pna` n`s tktuonrhs dh náøhs `rdklîrkns. Hssh pnanbhlt` p`dh j`lskstkr l` vno`r l`bklno pur` h skbpohs dn náê`, shld`, hltê`, shb prãbk` ù p`dhld` shr njrhsjkd`, n` vno`r l`bklno dn náê`, ub îak` ù prãbk` quh dhvhrî shr prhvkst` l`s hstntut`s. Nltkanbhlth, n Ohk prhvkn n p`sskfkokdndh dh hbkssê` dh d`ks thrá`s dh náøhs prhehrhljknks, shb dkrhkt` n v`t`. Nsskb, hb sh trntnld` dh hstntut` honf`rnd` nlths dh 699>, ëp`jn dh budnlán Júdka` Jkvko, hrn phrbktkd` é Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn j`ltklunr n hbktkr náøhs prhehrãljkns lê` v`tnlths l` okbkth dh d`ks thrá`s d` t`tno dns hbktkdns, hxjht` hb d`ks jns`s3 >) sh n Z`jkhdndh Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn hstkvhssh hstkvhssh ehjmndn l` b`bhlt` hb quh sh prhthldkn nfrkr ` jnpktno7 6) sh n Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn hstkvhssh nfhrtn, dhsdh ` b`bhlt` quh `ptnssh p`r sh ndnptnr é rharn dh okbktnáê` hb 89% (hstn `páê` ë krrhtrntîvho).

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n) náøhs l`bklntkvns7 f) náøhs hsjrkturnks.

Hstn jonsskekjnáê` thb hb vkstn ` b`d` j`b` sh `phrn n trnlsehrãljkn dn náê` dh ub tktuonr n ùtr`. Ns náøhs l`bklntkvns sê` nquhons phrthljhlths n phss`ns dhthrbklndns. @s l`bhs d`s pr`prkhtîrk`s dns náøhs l`bklntkvns j`lstnb `frkant`rknbhlth lub okvr` quh n Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn dhvh bnlthr bnlthr,, ` okvr` dh Vhakstr` dh Náøhs L`bklntkvns, l` quno sh rhakstrnb (Kljks` K,K, Nrtka` >99, >99, Ohk l³ 5.494/15 5.494/15)) bhdknlth klsjrkáê`, nl`tnáê` ù nvhrfnáê`. Ln náê` hsjrkturno, ` hstntut` dn j`bpnlmkn p`dh nut`rkznr ù hstnfhohjhr quh t`dns ns náøhs dn s`jkhdndh, ù ubn ù bnks jonsshs dhons, shcnb bnltkdns hb j`ltns dh dhpúskt` hb l`bh dh shus tktuonrhs ln klstktukáê` quh dhskalnr shb hbkssê` dh jhrtkekjnd`s. Nsskb, ns náøhs hsjrkturnks sê` bnltkdns hb j`ltns dh dhpúskt` nfhrtns hb l`bh dh jndn njk`lkstn hb ubn klstktukáê` eklnljhkrn nut`rkzndn phon J`bkssê` dh Uno`rhs B`fkokîrk`s (JUB) n prhstnr hssh shrvká`. Ns náøhs hsjrkturnks sê` dhspr`vkdns dh jhrtkekjnd`s, h ` njk`lkstn pr`vn n tktuonrkdndh phon hxkfkáê` d` hxtrnt` e`rlhjkd` pho` fnlj` (shbprh quh sòkjktnd`, t`d` bãs hb quh mùvhr b`vkbhltnáê` ù, pho` bhl`s, ubn vhz p`r nl`). @ kltukt` dh sh thr trnzkd` ns náøhs hsjrkturnks pnrn ` Dkrhkt` frnskohkr` hrn pnrn nakokznr h fnrnthnr `s rhakstr`s lhjhssîrk`s é jkrjuonáê` d` vno`r b`fkokîrk`, shb jò`jnr hb rksj` n shaurnlán d` nt`.

Ns náøhs dh erukáê` j`lstktuhb ùtr` tkp` dh náê` quh n Ohk prhvã. Zê` nsskb dhl`bklndns ns náøhs quh sufstktuhb ùtrns náøhs, h sh hlj`ltrnb nb`rtkzndns.

Hbkssê` N hbkssê` dns náøhs hehtun-sh bhdknlth n hxphdkáê` dh jhrtkekjnd`s ù tâtuo`s hsjrkt`s hb p`rtuauãs, j`lthld` ns shauklths dhjonrnáøhs j`le`rbh Nrtka` 64 dn Ohk l³ 5.494/153

N nb nb`r `r t k zná znáê` ê` ë n nl nltt hj hjkk pn pnáê áê` ` n` sújk` d` q uh hoh rhjhfh rhjhfhrkn rkn ln mkpút hsh dh okqukdnáê` dn j`bpnlmkn, ù ln mkpúthsh dh ` sújk ` vk r n sh dhsokanr dn s`jkhdndh. s`jkhdndh.

@s p`rtnd`rhs dns náøhs dh erukáê` lê` tãb dkrhkt` n` rhhbfòs` dh cur`s s`frh ` jnpktno prúprk`. ûnl û nlt` t` é e` e`rbn rbn dh su sun n jk jkrj rjuo uoná náê` ê`,, jonsskekjnb`s tnbfëb ns náøhs dh ubn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn hb3 Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon 8

K - dhl`bklnáê` dn j`bpnlmkn, sun shdh h prnz` dh durnáê`7 KK - ` vno`r d` jnpktno s`jkno, n dntn d` nt` quh ` tkvhr ekxnd`, ` lóbhr` dh náøhs hb quh sh dkvkdh h ` vno`r l`bklno dns náøhs, ù n dhjonrnáê` dh quh lê` tãb vno`r l`bklno7 KKK - lns j`bpnlmkns j`b jnpktno nut`rkznd`, ` ok==


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shltntkv` dn náê`, j`lthld` kldkjnáøhs n rhsphkt` dn s`jkhdndh (n dhl`bklnáê` dn j`bpnlmkn, n kdhltkekjnáê`, n kldkjnáê` d` ouanr dn shdh, ` lóbhr` dh `rdhb d`s jhrtkekjnd`s, n jonssh dn náê`), fhb j`b` ` lóbhr` dh `rdhb dn náê` n quh sh rhehrhb.

bkth dn nut`rkznáê`, hb lóbhr` dh náøhs ù vno`r d` jnpktno s`jkno7 KU - ` lóbhr` dh náøhs `rdklîrkns h prhehrhljknks prhehrhljknks dns dkvhrsns jonsshs, sh mùvhr, ns vnltnahls ù prhehrãljkns j`lehrkdns n jndn jonssh h ns okbktnáøhs ù rhstrkáøhs n quh ns náøhs hstkvhrhb suchktns7 U - ` lóbhr` dh `rdhb d` jhrtkekjnd` h dn náê`, h n hspëjkh h jonssh n quh phrthljh7 UK - `s dkrhkt`s j`lehrkd`s és pnrths fhlhekjkîrkns, sh mùvhr7 UKK - n ëp`jn h ` ouanr dn rhulkê` dn nsshbfohknahrno `rdklîrkn7 UKKK - n dntn dn j`lstktukáê` dn j`bpnlmkn h d` nrqukvnbhlt` h pufokjnáê` dh shus nt`s j`lstktutkv`s7 K] - ` l`bh d` njk`lkstn7 ] - ` dëfkt` d` njk`lkstn h n ëp`jn h ` ouanr dh shu pnanbhlt`, sh n náê` lê` hstkvhr kltharnokzndn7 ]K - n dntn dn hbkssê` d` jhrtkekjnd` h ns nssklnturns dh d`ks dkrht`rhs, ù d` nahlth hbkss`r dh jhrtkekjnd`s (nrt. 61).

Trnlsehrãljkn ù jkrjuonáê` dns náøhs N trnlsehrãljkn dns náøhs p`dh shr vhrkekjndn l` bhrjnd` prkbîrk` dh náøhs, `ldh n s`jkhdndh sh rhprhshltn j`b` jrhd`rn d` prhá` dh hbkssê` h, hb j`ltrnpnrtkdn, mî klthrhssnd`s quh quhkrnb ndqukrkr n náê` t`rlnld` shu tktuonr. Dndn n hxtrhbn nakokdndh hxkakdn l` sht`r hj`lôbkj` j`bubhlth, vhrkekjn-sh n trnlsehrã trnlsehrãlljkn dh náøhs hb shauld` ponl`, ù shcn, lub bhrjnd` shjuldîrk` quh lê` lhjhssnrknbhlth sh kdhltkekjn l` bhrjnd` dh náøhs.

Tnks phjuoknrkdndhs sê` dh vktno kbp`rtæljkn, tnlt` quh n `bkssê` dh qunksquhr dhssns phjuoknrkdndhs dî n` njk`lkstn ` dkrhkt` é kldhlkznáê` p`r phrdns h dnl`s j`ltrn n j`bpnlmkn h `s dkrht`rhs ln ahstê`, d`s qunks `s jhrtkekjnd`s thlmnb skd` hbktkd`s. Ns náøhs l`bklntkvns p`dhrê`, dhsdh n j`lstktukáê` ohano dn s`jkhdndh, shr hbktkdns, hxphdkld`-sh `s rhsphjtkv`s jhrtkekjnd`s.

Lha`jknáê` dh náøhs j`b ùtr` klvhstkd`r

Xb klvhstkd`r, qunld` j`bprn náøhs, lha`jkn shus tâtuo`s j`b ùtr` klvhstkd`r, vhldhld` n pnrtkjkpnáê` s`jkhtîrkn ndqukrkdn. Lhstn `jnskê`, ` klvhstkd`r dhkxn dh shr ` tktuonr dns náøhs j`rrhsp`ldhlths, quh pnssnb n phrthljhr, hltê`, équhoh klvhstkd`r quh j`bprù ns náøhs d` nltka` vhldhd`r.

Jnuthons h Tâtuo`s Bóotkpo`s @s jhrtkekjnd`s ù tâtuo`s quh rhprhshltnb ns náøhs p`dhb shr pr`vksúrk`s ù dheklktkv`s. @s pr`vksúrk`s (dhl`bklnd`s jnuthons) dhvhb shr, dhltr` dh ub prnz` bnk`r ù bhl`r, sufstktuâd`s pho`s tâtuo`s dheklktkv`s. Y`r ùtr` ond`, mî n p`sskfkokdndh dh hbkssê` dh jhrtkekjnd`s ù tâtuo`s bóotkpo`s, kst` ë, rhprhshltnld` jhrt` lóbhr` dh náøhs. Nsskb, hb vhz dh mnvhr ub tâtuo` rhprhshlt sh ltnt ntkv kv`` dh jn jndn dn ná náê` ê`,, p` p`dh dh sh shrr hb hbktktkd kd` ` ub sú tâtuo` quh rhprhshltn vîrkns, ù t`dns ns náøhs phrthljhlths phrthljh lths n ub njk`lkst njk`lkstn, n, dksjrkbklnl dksjrkbklnld`-sh, d`-sh, lhsth tâtuo`, `s lóbhr`s dns náøhs hlao`fndns h dhbnks jnrnjthrâstkjns jnrnjthrâstkjns dhstns.

Hstn lha`jknáê` dn náê` ë j`lmhjkdn j`b` jkrjuonáê` dn náê`, nbponbhlth dhehldkdn ln Ohk l³ 5.494/15.

Ynanbhlt`, rhsanth, rhhbfòs` h nb`rtkznáê` dns náøhs N rhs rhsp` p`lsn lsnfko fkokdn kdndh dh d` suf sufsjr sjrkt` kt`rr dh náøhs dh ubn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn rhstrklahsh, j`b` cî e`k dkt`, n` vno`r dns náøhs sufsjrktns. Kst` skalkekjn quh ë `frkand` nphlns n kltharnokznr ` vno`r dns náøhs quh t`bù. Nlths dn j`lstktukáê` j`lstktukáê` dn Z`jkhdndh Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn, hb sun ensh dh e`rbnáê`, ` njk`lkstn,

Jupøhs Dhvhb`s nkldn jktnr `s jupøhs (Nrtka` 65 dn Ohk l³ 5.494/15) quh sê` phquhl`s qundrnd`s kbprhss`s nlhxnd`s n` tâtuo` rhprhOhaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 8

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l` b`bhlt` hb quh sufsjrhvh ns náøhs, dhvh j`ltrkfukr j`b, pho` bhl`s, >9% d` vno`r t`tno dns náøhs p`r hoh sufsjrktns (sh trntnrsh dh j`bpnlmkn ehjmndn) h dh :9% (sh trntnr-sh dh j`bpnlmkn nfhrtn). ûnlt` n` rhstnlth d` rhsphjtkv` pnanbhlt`, p`dhrî rhnokzî-o` hb prhstnáøhs ù pnrjhons jh ons pr` pr`p` p`rjk rjk`l `lnks nks n sh shrhb rhb jub jubprk prkdns dns pho pho` ` njk`lkstn, hb prnz`s dhthrbklnd`s dh nj`rd` j`b ` quh hstkvhr hsjrkt` l`s hstntut`s.

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L`th hltê` quh ` jnljhonbhlt` sh custkekjn ù qunld` n s`jkhdndh kdhltkekjn quh, hb shu Ntkv`, hxksth ub hxjhss` dh jnpktno dhslhjhssîrk`, ù qunld` n s`jkhdndh vhrkekjn quh ` njk`lkstn dhthlt`r dns náøhs lê` kltharnokzn ` vno`r dnquhons náøhs, ù shcn, ë sújk` rhbkss`. Lhstn mkpúthsh, n Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn hstî t`tnobhlth nut`rkzndn p`r Ohk n jnljhonr ns náøhs, p`dhld` nkldn j`frnr n kbp`rtæljkn ntrnvës dh Náê` Cudkjkno, shld`-omh phrbktkd`, tnbfëb, vhldhr ns náøhs hb ohkoê`. Dh qunoquhr b`d`, ë prhjks prhjks`` nothrnr `s hstntut`s dn s`jkhdndh l` quh tnlah és náøhs ù ` jnpktno.

Ns hltrndns dns pnrjhons ù prhstnáøhs pnans pho`s njk`lkstns dhvhb shr hsjrkturndns l` okvr` dh Vhakstr` dh Náøhs L`bklntkvns.

Vhhbfòs`

ûnld` ` pnanbhlt` dns náøhs sh hljhrrn, hstnld` t`tnobhlth snodnd` pho`s njk`lksstns lk ns,, dk dkzz-s -shh qu quhh ns náøh øhss sh njm jmn nb okfhrndns okfhr ndns ù klth kltharnok arnokzndn zndns. s. Jhss Jhssn, n, hltê hltê`, `, qunoquhr rhsp`lsnfkokdndh d` njk`lkstn qunlt` n` e`rlhjkbhlt` dh euld`s é Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn. J`b rhsphkt` n` rhsanth dh náøhs, ` Nrtka` 44 dn Ohk l³ 5.494/15 dkz quh hoh j`lsksth l` pnanbhlt` d` vno`r dns náøhs pnrn rhtkrîons dheklktkvnbhlth dh jkrjuonáê`, dhvhld` shr hehtund` p`r bhk` dh oujr`s ù rhshrvns h bhdknlth s`rthk`. Zê` `s hstntut`s ù n Nsshbfohkn Ahrno quh nut`rkznb ` rhsanth, ekxnld` ns j`ldkáøhs h ` b`d` dh pr`jhdhr dn `phrnáê` dh rhsanth dh náøhs. @ rh rhsa sant nthh ë dh jn jnrî rîth thrr `f `frk rkan antú túrk rk`, `, ù sh shcn cn,, trntn-sh dn j`bprn h vhldn j`bpuosúrkn dns náøhs h, shld` nsskb, ` prhá` dn náê` lê` ë lha`jkndn lha`jknd n hltrh ` njk`lkst njk`lkstnn h n s`jkhdndh, p`ks ` vno`r shrî nquhoh prhvkst` l` hstntut`. J`b ` rhsanth, pnrth d` jnpktno dhkxn dh shr rhp rhprhs rhshlt hltnd` nd` p`r tâ tâtuo tuo`s, `s, p`k p`kss ns náøhs rhsantndns sê` rhjòmkdns h nluondns. Y`r kss`, ë lhjhssîrk` ù nubhltnr ` vno`r l`bklno dns dhbnks náøhs, dh bnlhkrn n j`ljoukr ` t`tno d` jnpktno dn s`jkhdndh, ù rhduzkr hssh jnpktno, dhsj`ltnld`-sh d` rhsphjtkv` vno`r n kbp`rtæljkn j`rrhsp`ldhlth és náøhs rhsantndns. Zh ` rhsanth lê` sh vhrkekjn pnrn hxjoukr ` sújk`, bns nphlns pnrn jnljhonr náøhs, ` vno`r n shr pna` shrî lha`jknd` okvrhbhlth hltrh ` sújk` h ` njk`lkstn. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 8

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Hstn bntërkn hstî hxp`stn l` Ynrîarne` >³ d` Nrtk Nrtka` a` 48 dn Ohk l³ 5.494/ 5.494/15. 15. N s`j s`jkhdn khdndh dh pnan ` vno`r dh suns rhsphjtkvns náøhs n`s njk`lkstns dksskdhlths dn dhokfhrnáê` dn Nsshbfohkn Ahrno7 sh n s`jkhdndh lê` j`lshaukr jò`jnr ns náøhs rhhbfòsndns, ` jnpktno shrî rhduzkd` pr`p`rjk`lnobhlth n` b`ltnlth l`bklno rhsphjtkv`. Hsths njk` Hsths njk`lkst lkstns ns dkss dksskdhlt kdhlths hs p`dh p`dhb b pohkthnr ` rhhbfòs` dh suns náøhs, rhtkrnld`-sh dn s`jkhdndh. @s jns`s hb quh mî rhhbfòs` hstê` prhvkst`s l` Nrtka` >:5, Kljks`s K, KK h dh KU n UKK dn Ohk l³ 5.494/15, dhvkdnbhlth j`lsufstnljknd`s sufstnl jknd`s l` jnput d` Nrtka` >:1. Zhauld` ` Nrtka` 44 (jnput dhst dhstnn Oh Ohk, k, j`bfklnd` j`b shu Ynrîarne` 6¹), n nb`rtkznáê` dh náøhs j`lsksth ln `phrnáê` phon quno n s`jkhdndh d`s oujr`s ù rhshrvns dkstrkfuk p`r t`d`s ù noauls njk`lkstns, n tâtuo` dh nlthjkpnáê`, s`bns hb dklmhkr` quh p`dhrknb t`jnr és náøhs hb jns` dh okqukdnáê` dn j`bpnlmkn.

Zusphlsê` d`s Zh Zusphlsê` Zhrvká` rvká`ss dh Jhrtkekjnd`s N Ohk prhvã quh n j`bpnlmkn nfhrtn p`dhrî, dhsdh quh j`bulkquh prhvknbhlth ;9


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és F` Fòs osns ns dh Uno no`r `rhs hs `l `ldh dh su suns ns ná náøh øhss e`rnb lha`jkndns, h quh pufokquh tnbfëb hb nlóljk`, hehtunr n susphlsê`, p`r phrâ`d` quh lê` uotrnpnssh >8 dkns, lhb t`tno dh ;9 dkns durnlth ` nl`, d`s shrvká`s dh trnlsehrãljkn, trnlseh rãljkn, j`lvhrsê` h dhsd`fr dhsd`frnbhlt` nbhlt` d` jhrtkekjnd`. J`ltud`, tno susphlsê` lê` prhcudkjn ` rhakstr` dh trnlsehrãljkn dns náøhs lha`jkndns hb Fòsn l` klâjk` d` phrâ`d` dh susphlsê`, lhb kbphdh n lha`jknáê` dns náøhs dn j`bpnlmkn, bhsb` l` bhrjnd` dh jnpktnks. N ól ólkj kjnn rh rhst strk rkáê áê` ` qu quh h sh vh vhrk rkek ekjn jn lhssh jns` kbpokjn ln kbp`sskfkokdndh dh ` j`bprnd`r hehtkvnr ` nt` dh trnlsehrãljkn dh tktuonrkdndh d` vno`r b`fkokîrk`, quh j`lsksth l` rhakstr` dn trnlsnáê` l`s okvr`s prúprk`s dn s`jkhdndh hbkss`rn. Y`r lê` p`dhr hehtkvnr tno rhakstr` durnlth n susphlsê`, ` njk`lkstn lê` p`dhrî hxhrjhr lhlmub dkrhkt`.

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nvhrfndn l` okvr` dh Vhakstr` dh Náøhs L`bklntkvns dn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn. @ usuerut` dh náøhs dhvhrî shr nvhrfnd` tnbfëb lhsth okvr`. Ekdhkj`bkss`

@ ekdhkj`bkss` (tnbfëb rhauond` phons ohks jkvks) sh dî qunld` ` pr`prkhtîrk` dh ubn j`ksn n trnlsehrh n ùtr` (` ekdujkîrk`) p`r jhrt` thbp` ù phon vkdn t`dn, pnssnld` hltê` hstn j`ksn (dhp`ks dhssh thbp` ù dn b`rth d` ekdujkîrk`) n phrthljhr n ub thrjhkr` (ekdhkj`bkssîrk`). N joîusuon dh ekdhkj`bkss` dns náøhs dhvh j`lstnr hb nvhrfnáê` l` okvr` dh Vhakstr` dh Náøhs L`bklntkvns.

Ynrths Fhlhekjkîrkns Zhauld` dkspøh ` Nrtka` 45 dn Ohk l³ 5.494/15, n Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn p`dh jrknr, hb qunoquhr thbp`, tâtuo`s lha`jkîvhks shb vno`r l`bklno h hstrnlm`s n` jnpktno s`jkno, dhl`bklnd`s Ynrths Fhlhekjkîrkns. N Ynrth Fhlhekjkîrkn Fhlhekjkîrkn lê` nsshaurn, nsshaurn, lhjhssnlhjhssnrkrknb nbhl hlth th,, ` rh rhjh jhfk fkbh bhlt lt`` dh ou oujr jr`, `, p` p`ks ks ho honn hs hstî tî vk vklljuon ju ondn dn é hx hxks kstã tãlj ljkn kn ù lê lê`` dh ou oujr jr`s `s ln s` s`jk jkhd hdnd ndh. h. N pnrjhon ntrkfuâdn és Ynrths Fhlhekjkîrkns lê` p`dh hxjhdhr dh ub dëjkb` d` b`ltnlth d`s oujr`s oâqukd`s dn s`jkhdndh. Ns Ynrths Fhlhekjkîrkns p`dhb shr nokhlndns phon s`jkhdndh, lns j`ldkáøhs dhthrb k l n dn s ph o `s h st nt u t` s, ` u p h o n Nsshbfohkn Ahrno d`s njk`lkstns, ù ntrkfuâdns n euldnd`rhs, njk`lkstns ù thrjhkr`s, j`b` rhbulhrnáê` dh shrvká`s prhstnd`s é s`jkhdndh, shauld` dkz ` Nrtka` 41. @s p`ssukd`rhs dh Ynrths Fhlhekjkîrkns tãb ` dkrhkt` dh eksjnokznr `s nt`s dh ndbklkstrnáê` dn s`jkhdndh, p`ks ns rhe`rbns d`s hstntut`s quh, dh qunoquhr bnlhkrn, b`dkekjnb ù rhduzhb ns vnltnahls phjulkîrkns, s`bhlth thrê` hekjîjkn qunld` hsths hstntut`s e`rhb npr`vnd`s hb Nsshbfohkn Ahrno hsphjkno d`s shus p`ssukd`rhs p`ssukd`rhs (Ynrîarne` (Ynrîarne` :³ d` Nrtka` 457 jnput d` Nrtka` 8>). N j`lvhrsê` dns Ynrths Fhlhekjkîrkns hb náøhs kbp`rtn lub nubhlt` d` jnpktno dn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn.

Lha`jknfkokdndh Ns náøhs dn s`jkhdndh nfhrtn s`bhlth p`dhb shr lha`jkndns dhp`ks dh jubprkdns ns e`rbnokdndhs lhjhssîrkns n` euljk`lnbhlt` euljk`lnbhlt` ohano dn s`jkhdn s`jkhdndh. dh. Xbn jnrnjthrâstkjn euldnbhltno dns náøhs dh ubn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn ë quh hons sê` lha`jkîvhks, p`dhld` shr trnlsehrkdns dh ubn phss`n n ùtrn p`r vhldn, tr`jn, d`náê` ù qunoquhr ùtr` bhk`.

N s ná Ns náøh øhss sê sê` ` no nokk hl hlîv îvhk hkss j` b np nphhlns noaubns rhstrkáøhs, shcnb hons dh jnrîthr ahrno ù pnrtkjuonr.

Ns náøhs p`dhb shr phlm`rndns pho` njk`lkstn h shu pr`prkhtîrk`. N` phlm`r dh náøhs, dnb`s ` l`bh dh jnuáê` dh náøhs (p`rquh n náê` p`dh shr j`lskdhrndn j`b` ub Tktuo` dh Jrëdkt`) h ` phlm`r dh tnks tâtuo`s ë dh dhl` l`bk bkln lnd` d` dh jn jnuá uáê` ê`.. Hs Hstn tn jn jnuá uáê` ê` dh dhvh vh sh shr r Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 8

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Ndbk Nd bklk lkst strná rnáê` ê` dn Z`j Z`jkhd khdndh ndh Nl Nlôl ôlkk bn

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prhcudkjnd`s pho`s dnl`s quh jnusnrhb, j`b juopn ù dò`, ù j`b vkònáê` dn Ohk ù d` hstntut`.

N Z`jkh Z`jkhdndh dndh Nlôl Nlôlkbn kbn dhvh dhvh p`ssukr p`ssukr ubn ndbklkstrnáê`. Hstn sh hxhrjh ntrnvës dh trãs tkp`s dh úraê`s3

Nsshb Ns shbfo fo hkn Ahrno N Nsshbfohkn Ahrno ë n rhulkê` d`s njk`lkstns, j`lv`jndn h klstnondn ln e`rbn dn Ohk h d`s hstntut`s, n ekb dh dhokfhrnr s`frh n bntërkn dh klthrhssh s`jkno. Hon j`lehrh p`dhrhs n`s njk`lkstns dh ubn Z`jkhdndh dn dh Nl Nlôl ôlkb kbn n pn pnrn rn rh rhs` sòv ovhr hr t` t`d` d`ss `s lhaújk`s rhontkv`s n` `fcht` dh hxpo`rnáê` dhstn s`jkhdndh, t`bnld` dhjksøhs quh cuoanrhb j`lvhlkhlths j`lvhlkhlths é dhehsn dhstn h n` dhshlvòvkbhlt` dh suns `phrnáøhs (Nrtka` >6> dn Ohk l³ 5.494/15).

>) Úraê`s dkrhtkv`s (Dkrht`rkn)7 6) Úraê`s eksjnokznd`rhs (J`lshom` Eksjno)7 :)Úraê`s dhokfhrntkv`s (Nsshbfohkn Ahrno).

Dkrht`rkn N dkrht`rkn dh ubn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn p`dh shr j`bp`stn dh d`ks ù bnks dkrht`rhs, dh j`le`rbkdndh j`b `s rhsphjtkv`s hstntut`s, `s qunks dhvhb prhvhr n lhjhsskdndh dn s`jkhdndh hb vkstn d` hbprhhldkbhlt` quh j`lstktuk ` `fcht` s`jkno. Ë ` úraê` bnks kbp`rtnlth ln ndbklkstrnáê` dn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn.

J`bphth prkvntkvnbhlth é Nsshbfohkn Ahrno (Nrtka` >66)3 n) l`bhnr h dhstktukr `s bhbfr`s dn Dkrht`rkn, d` J`lshom` Eksjno ù qunoquhr ùtr` úraê` jrknd` pho`s hstntut`s7

J`lshom` Eksjno

f) t`bnr nlunobhlth ns j`ltns d`s dkrht`rhs h dhokfhrnr s`frh ` fnonlá` p`r hons nprhshltndns7

Thb p`r euláê` eksjnokznr `s lhaújk`s dn s`jkhdndh h dhluljknr `s hrr`s h ernudhs quh p`ssnb `j`rrhr `j`rrhr.. Zun j`bp`skáê`, j`le`rbh dkspøh ` Ynrîarne` >³ d` Nrtka` >5>, ë dh, l` bâlkb`, trãs h dh, l` bîxkb`, jklj` bhbfr`s, j`b supoãljkn hb kauno lóbhr`, njk`lkstns ù lê`, hohk ho hkt` t`ss ph phon on Ns Nssh shbf bfoh ohkn kn Ah Ahrn rno.o. Z` Z`bh bhlt lth h p`dhb shr hohkt`s pnrn ` J`lshom` Eksjno phss`ns lnturnks, rhskdhlths l` pnâs, dkpo`bndns hb jurs` dh lâvho suphrk`r ù quh thlmnb hxhrjkd`, p`r prnz` bâlkb` dh trãs nl`s, jnra` ndbklkstrntkv` hb hbprhsn ù dh j`lshomhkr` eksjno. N rhbulhrnáê` d`s bhbfr`s d` J`lshom` Eksjno shrî ekxndn phon Nsshbfohkn Ahrno quh `s hohahr h lê` p`dhrî shr klehrk`r, pnrn jndn bhbfr` hb hxhrjâjk`, n ub dëjkb` d` quh, hb bëdkn, e`r ntrkfuâdn n jndn dkrht`r, lê` j`bputndn n pnrtkjkpnáê` d`s oujr`s. @s dhvhrhs d` J`lshom` Eksjno lê` dkehrhb, euldnbhltnobhlth, d`s dhvhrhs d`s ndbklk bk lkst strn rnd` d`rh rhs, s, rh rhsp sp`l `ldh dhld ld`, `, ph phrn rnlt lth h `s Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon 8

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j) rhsòvhr s`frh n jrknáê` h n hbkssê` dh `frkanáøhs n` p`rtnd`r7 d) susphldhr ` hxhrjâjk` d`s dkrhkt`s d`s njk`lkstns7 h) nothrnr ù rhe`rbnr `s hstntut`s7 e ) dhokfhrnr s`frh ` onud` dh nvnoknáê` d`s fhls j`b quh ` njk`lkstn j`lj`rrhr pnrn n e`rbnáê` d` jnpktno s`jkno7 a) v`tnr qunksquhr vnltnahls hb fhlhekjk` dh euldnd`rhs njk`lkstns ù thrjhkr`s h nut`rkznr n hbkssê` dh pnrths fhlhekjkîrkns7 m) rhsòvhr s`frh n eusê`, n klj`rp`rnáê`, n hxtkláê` h n okqukdnáê` dn s`jkhdndh7 k) l`bhnr h dhstktukr okqukdnlths h cuoanr ns j`ltns7 ;6


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c ) nut`rkznr é Dkrht`rkn n j`lehssnr n c) enoãljkn dn s`jkhdndh h n pr`p`r j`lj`rdntn prhvhltkvn ù susphlskvn dn enoãljkn.

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Trnlse`rbnáê`

@ nt` dh trnlse`rbnáê` dh qunoquhr Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn `fhdhjhrî n` quh klstktuk n Ohk l³ 5.494/15. Ynrn tno ekb (shauld` ` Nrtka` 66>), hxkah-sh ` j`lshltkbhlt` ulælkbh d`s sújk`s, snov` sh n trnlse`rbnáê` e`r prhvkstn l` nt` j`lstktutkv` dn s`jkhdndh ù l`s hstntut`s, jns` hb quh ` sújk`, lê` j`lj`rdnld` j`b n s`jkhdndh, p`dhrî rhtkrnr-sh dhon, rhjhfhld` shus mnvhrhs. @s jrhd`rhs lê` shrê` prhcudkjnd`s hb shus dkrhkt`s, rhontkvnbhlth é s`jkhdndh nlthrk` nlthrk`r. r. Zuns anrnlt anrnltkns kns sufsks sufskstkrê` tkrê` phon e`rbn quh hxkstknb nlths dn trnlse` trnlse`rrbnáê`.

Ynrn quh n Nsshbfohkn Ahrno sh rhnokzh, ë lhjhssîrk` quh hon shcn j`lv`jndn phon kbprhlsn, bhdknlth nlóljk`s ù j`lvkths n`s njk`lkstns l`s qunks shrî bhljk`lndn ln dn,, no noëb ëb dn dn dntn tn,, m` m`rî rîrk rk` ` h o` o`jn jnoo dn rhulkê`, n `rdhb d` dkn, kst` ë, `s nssult`s n shrhb trntnd`s. N Nsshbfohkn Ahrno @rdklîrkn dhvh sh rhnokznr ubn vhz p`r nl` `frkant`rknbhlth, dhltr` d`s quntr` prkbhkr`s bhshs npús ` tërbkl` d` hxhrjâjk` s`jkno (Nrtka` >:6). N Nss Nsshbf hbfohk ohknn Ahr Ahrno no Hxt Hxtrn` rn`rdkl rdklîrk îrkn n p`dh sh rhnokznr shbprh quh sh ekzhr lhjhssîrk`, hb t`d`s `s jns`s quh lê` nquhohs j`b` shld` dh j`bphtãljkn dn Nsshbfoëkn Ahrno @rdklîrkn. Dh b`d` ahrno, n rhnokznáê` dn Nsshbfoëkn Ahrno Hxtrn`rdklîrkn `fhdhjh és dksp`skáøhss prh áøh prhvks vkstn tnss pnr pnrnn ns @rd @rdklî klîrkn rkns. s. Dhs Dhsth th b`d`, ns dhokfhrnáøhs sê` t`bndns p`r bnk`rkn dh v`t`s. v`t`s. N j`lv j`lv`jná `jnáê` ê` `fhdhjh `fhdhjh és e`rbnokdndhs cî rhehrkdns, nsskb j`b` n j`lstntnáê` dn prhshlán d`s njk`lkstns h n onvrnturn dn rhsphjtkvn Ntn. Ahrnobhlth, lê` ë hxkakdn n pufokjnáê` dn Ntn dh Nsshbfohkn Ahrno Hxtrn`rdklîrk lî rkn. n. Np Nphhln lnss ë `f `frk rkan antú túrk rkn n qu qunl nld d` `fhdhj `fh dhjhh n noa noaubn ubn dks dksp`s p`skáê káê` ` hsp hsphjk hjkno, no, j`b` n rhehrhlth é Ntn dn Nsshbfohkn quh dhokfhrnr s`frh n rhe`rbn d`s hstntut`s, s`frh n okqukdnáê` dn s`jkhdndh, s`frh sun klj` kl j`rp rp`r `rná náê` ê` h s` s`fr frhh n su sun n eu eusê sê` ` j` j`b b ùtrn. Hxkah-sh tnbfëb, lhsshs jns`s, ` nrqukvnbhlt nrqukv nbhlt`` dns rhsphjtkvns rhsphjtkvns ntns l` Vhakstr` dh J`bërjk`.

Klj`rp`rnáê`

J`lsksth ln `phrnáê` phon quno ubn ù bnks s`jkhdndh sê` nfs`rvkdns p`r ùtrn quh omh sujhdh hb t`d`s `s dkrhkt`s h `frkanáøhs. Ln klj`rp`rnáê`, `j`rrh ubn vhrdndhkrn narhanáê` dh ubn s`jkhdndh n ùtrn. @ pntrkbôlk` dn s`jkhdndh klj`rp`rndn pnssn n kltharnr n` dn s`jkhdndh klj`rp`rnd`rn, pnrn n quno sh trnlsehrh j`b t`d`s `s dkrhkt`s h `frkanáøhs quh j`lstktuhb. Eusê`

Ë n `phrnáê` phon quno sh ulhb duns ù bnks s`jkhdndhs n ekb dh e`rbnrhb ubn s`jkhdndh l`vn quh omh sujhdhrî hb t`d`s `s dkrhkt`s h `frkanáøhs. `frkanáøhs. Nsskb, rhólhb-sh rhólhb-sh `s jnpktnks h t`d`s `s hohbhlt`s quh kltharnb ns s`jkhdndhs euldkdns, surakld` ubn l`vn. N eusê` dh s`jkhdndhs dhvh shr rhsòvkdn sòvkd n hb Nsshbfohkn Nsshbfohkn Ahrno d`s sújk` sújk`ss ù njk`lkstns dh jndn s`jkhdndh, qunld` sh pr`vnrî ` pr`cht` d`s hstntut`s d`s sújk`s ù njk`lkstns dh jndn ubn, dhvhld`sh, tnbfëb, l`bhnr `s phrkt`s pnrn n nvnoknáê` nvnoknáê ` d` pntrkbôl pntrkbôlk` k` dh jndn ubn dns s`jkhdndhs quh vê` sh euldkr. Tnbfëb ekjnb rhsaunrdnd`s `s dkrhkt`s h klthrhsshs d`s jrhd`rhs dns s`jkhdndhs quh sh euldhb.

Trnlse`r rnlse`rbnáê`, bnáê`, Klj`r Klj`rp`r p`rnáê náê` `h Eusê` N Ohk hlubhrn noauls b`d`s dh b`dkekjnáê` dkekjn áê` dn Z`jkh Z`jkhdndh dndh Nlôlkbn Nlôlkbn (h tnbfëb dns dhbnks dhbnks s`jkhdndhs s`jkhdndhs j`bhrjkn j`bhrjknks) ks) p`sskfkoktnld` n sun bòdurn n`s l`v`s thbp`s. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 8

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• Dhjonrnáê` dn hxkstãljkn dh pnrths fhlhekjkîrkns, qunld` mùvhr7 • Y`sskfkokdndh h j`ldkáøhs dh hbkssê` dh náøhs ù erukáê`7 • J`ldkáøhs dh pnanbhlt` dns náøhs pho`s sufsjrkt`rhs7 • Y`sskfkokdndh h j`ldkáøhs d` rhsphjtkv` rhsanth, rhhbfòs` ù nb`rtkznáê`7 • J`bp`skáê` dn Dkrht`rkn h d` J`lshom` Eksjno7 Hb t`d`s `s jns`s rhehrkd`s, ë lhjhssîrk` quh shcnb nrqukvnd`s h pufokjnd`s `s rhsphjtkv`s nt`s.

• Ohvnltnbhlt` d` Fnonlá` Ahrno7 • Vhulkê` dn Nsshbfoh Nsshbfohkn kn Ahrno @rdklîrkn. @rdklîrkn.

J`ltrnt` Z`jkno N Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn tnbfëb p`ssuk ` shu j`ltrnt` s`jkno, quh ohvn ` l`bh dh hstntut` h sh dhstkln n rhahr n vkdn dn s`jkhdndh. Zun dhl`bklnáê` hsphjkno ndvëb d` ent` dh quh `s hstntut`s dh ubn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn lê` rhsuotnb pr`prknbhlth dh nj`rd` hltrh `s sújk`s. @s sufsjrkt`rhs dh náøhs nssklnb ` pr` cht` d`s hstntut`s lub nt` dh ndhsê` és l`rbnss lh bn lhoh oh j` j`lt ltkd kdns ns,, j` j`bp bpr` r`bh bhth thld ld``-sh sh n `fhdhjã-ons. Dhstklnd`s Dhstklnd`s n rhahr n vkdn dn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn, `s hstntut`s dhvhb thr rhqukskt`s quksk t`s `frka `frkantúr ntúrk`s. k`s. Dhst Dhstnjnb njnb`s `s `s bnks kbp`rtnlths3 • Dhjonrnáê` d` `fcht` quh n s`jkhdndh quhr hxpo`rnr7 • Dhjonrnáê` d` jnpktno s`jkno h j`b` hsth sh dkvkdh, cultnbhlth j`b ` lóbhr` h vno`r dns náøhs quh shrê` hbktkdns7 • Dhjonrnáê` dns náøhs `rdklîrkns ù prhehrhljknks7

Ahrnobhlth, `s hstntut`s dh ubn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn sê` rhdkakd`s dh e`rbn nrtkjuondn, kst` ë, p`r nrtka`s. Hsths, p`r sun vhz, sê` narupnd`s hb jnpâtuo`s dh nj`rd` j`b ` nssult` quh rhauon.

• Dhjonrnáê` d`s dkrhkt`s h prkvkoëak`s quh jnfhrê` n`s shus p`ssukd`rhs7 Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 8

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Nu N u on 8

>) Nssklnoh (U) pnrn ns nothrlntkvns vhrdndhkrns h (E) pnrn ns enosns, l` quh dkz rhsphkt` n noaubns jnrnjthrâstkjns euldnbhltnks dn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn.

n) ( ) @ jnpktno jnpktno s`jkno, s`jkno, dkvkdkd dkvkdkd` ` hb pnrjhons pnrjhons kaunks, kaunks, ë dhl`b dhl`bklnd klnd`` dh náøhs. náøhs. f) ( ) N rhsp`l rhsp`lsnfkok snfkokdndh dndh d`s sújk`s sújk`s ë kokbktndn kokbktndn n` vno`r vno`r dns náøhs náøhs quh sufsjrhv sufsjrhvhb hb ù ndqukrhb. j) ( ) Zun Zun lntu lnturhzn rhzn lhb shbp shbprh rh ë j`bhrj j`bhrjkno. kno. d) ( ) Zhu `fcht `fcht`` dhvh dhvh shbprh shbprh vksn vksnrr n ub ub ekb oujrn oujrntkv` tkv`.. h) ( ) Zhu l`bh l`bh ë shbprh shbprh ubn dhl`bkl dhl`bklnáê`, náê`, shld shld`-omh `-omh vhdnd vhdnd`` `sthltnr `sthltnr ekrbn ekrbn s`jkno. s`jkno. 6) Ln Ohk l³ 4.16=/58, quh dksjkpokln ` bhrjnd` dh jnpktnks, e`k jrkndn ubn ùtrn hspëjkh dh Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn. Nssklnoh quno ë hstn l`vn hspëjkh0

n) ( f) ( j) ( d) (

) Z`jkhd Z`jkhdndh ndh Nlôl Nlôlkbn kbn p`r Náøhs ) Z`jkh Z`jkhdnd dndhh Nlô Nlôlkb lkbn n p`r p`r J`tn J`tnss ) Z`jkhdnd Z`jkhdndhh Nlôl Nlôlkbn kbn dh dh Jnpktno Jnpktno Nut` Nut`rkznd rkznd` ` ) Z`jkhd Z`jkhdndh ndh Nlôl Nlôlkbn kbn p`r Dhska Dhskalnáê lnáê` `

:) ûnks sê` `s rhqukskt`s prhokbklnrhs pnrn n e`rbnáê` dh ubn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn0

V3 PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP 4) Xb d`s okvr`s `frkantúrk`s dh ubn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn ë `3

n) ( f) ( j) ( d) (

) Vh Vhak akst str` r` J` J`bu bub b ) Ntn dn Nss Nsshbf hbfohk ohkn n Ahrn Ahrnoo ) Vha Vhakst kstr` r` dh Ekl Eklnlá nláns ns ) Vha Vhakst kstr` r` dh hxhx-súj sújk`s k`s

8) J`b` ë j`bp`stn n Dkrht`rn dh ub Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn0

V3 PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP 5) ûno n euláê` d` J`lshom` Eksjno0

V3 PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 8

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Z@JKHDNDH NLÔLKBN N Nsshbfohkn Ahrno dh ubn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn ë n rhulkê` dh t`d`s `s njk`lkstns, j`lehrkld` p`dhrhs pnrn rhsòvhr t`d`s `s lhaújk`s rhontkv`s n` `fcht` dh hxpo`rnáê` dhstn s`jkhdndh, t`bnld` dhjksøhs quh cuoanrhb j`lvhlkhlths. L` quh dkz rhsphkt` és j`bphtãljkns dhstn Nsshbfohkn, nssklnoh (U) lns nothrlntkvns vhrdndhkrns h (E) lns enosns. Ns nothrlntkvns enosns, dhvhb shr j`rrkakdns dh nj`rd` j`b ` thxt` dhstn nuon. ( ) Vhsòvhr Vhsòvhr s`frh n eusê`, eusê`, n klj`rp`rná klj`rp`rnáê`, ê`, n hxtklá hxtkláê` ê` h n okqukdnáê okqukdnáê`` dn Z`jkhd Z`jkhdndh ndh Nlôlkbn. V3 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPP ( ) T`bnr T`bnr bhlsn bhlsnobhlth obhlth ns j`ltns j`ltns d`s dkrht` dkrht`rhs, rhs, shb dhokfh dhokfhrnr rnr ` fnonlá fnonlá`. `. V3 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPP ( ) Not Nothrn hrnrr `s hs hstn tntu tut` t`s. s. V3 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPP ( ) Z`bhlth Z`bhlth l`bhnr l`bhnr `s bhbfr`s bhbfr`s dn Dkrht`rk Dkrht`rkn, n, d` J`lsh J`lshom` om` Eksjno Eksjno ù qunoquh qunoquhrr ùtr` ùtr` úraê` jrknd` pho`s hstntut`s. V3 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPP ( ) Dhokfhrnr Dhokfhrnr s`frh ` onud` dh nvnokná nvnoknáê` ê` d`s fhls fhls j`b quh quh ` njk`lkstn njk`lkstn j`lj`rr j`lj`rrhh pnrn n e`rbnáê` d` jnpktno s`jkno. V3 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPP ( ) Nut`r Nut`rkzn kznrr é Dkrht`rkn Dkrht`rkn n j`lehss j`lehssnr nr n enoãljk enoãljkn n dn Z`jkhdn Z`jkhdndh dh Nlôl Nlôlkbn kbn shb shb pr`p`r pr`p`r j`lj`rdntn. V3 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPP ( ) Zusph Zusphldh ldhrr ` hxh hxhrjâ rjâjk` jk` d`s dkrh dkrhkt` kt`ss d`s d`s njk njk`lk `lkstn stns. s. V3 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPPPP Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 8

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N XON 5 NXON @YHVNÁØHZ DH JVËDKT@ Jnpnjkdndh hj`lôbk jn h b`r no dh dhJnpnjkdndh vhd`rhs

Jrëdkt`

Zh n ph phss ss`n `n p` p`ss ssuk uk on onra rans ns p` p`ss sshs hs (arnldh (arnld h jnpnj jnpnjkdndh kdndh hj`lôbkjn), hj`lôbkjn), ë lnturn lnturnoo quh lê` sh omh lhauh jrëdkt`, p`ks sh prhsubh quh lê` thrî dkekjuodndh hb snodnr sun dâvkdn n quhb e`rlhjhu jrëdkt`7 n j`leknlán hstî lns nbpons p`sskfkokdndhs hj`lôbkjns d` dhvhd`r. Y`r ùtr` ond`, ubn phss`n quh, hbf`rn j`b okbktndn jnpnjkdndh hj`lôbkjn, dhb`lstrh p`r sun j`ldutn ëtkjn (sun m`lhs m`lhstkdndh tkdndh l`s lhaújk`s h rhputnáê`) shr dkaln dh j`leknlán7 thld` n jhrthzn dh quh hsth dhvhd`r m`lrnrî shu j`bpr` j`b pr`bks bkss`, s`, tnb tnbfëb fëb lê` shr shrî î lha lhand` nd` jrëdkt` n hstn phss` phss`n. n.

@ jrëdkt` nssubh ub pnpho bukt` kbp`rtnlth hb l`ss`s dkns, h noauls j`lskdhrnb n ntunokdndh j`b` n hrn dn hj`l`bkn dh jrëdkt`. Y`dhb`s nekrbnr quh ` hbprha` d` jrëdkt` ë ` quh p`sskfkoktù ` hl`rbh dhshlvòvkbhlt` d` j`bërjk` hb l`ss`s dkns. Lê` mî quhb lê` thlmn utkokznd` ubn ù bnks vhzhs ` jrëdkt` hb sun vkdn. Xb hxhbpo` dkst` ë qunld` ubn phss`n enz j`bprns lub suphrbhrjnd`, j`bpr`bhthld`-sh n hehtunr ` pnanbhlt` hb pnrjhons bhlsnks ù dhltr` dh ub prnz` dhthrbkln dhthrbklnd`. d`. N phss`n quh rhjhfh rhjhfh n prhstnáê` dhl`bkln-sh dhvhd`r h n quh omh e`rlhjh n prhstnáøhs, jrhd`r. @ dëfkt` quh ` dhvhd`r bnltëb j`b ` jrhd`r sú ë snodnd` n` hsa`tnr-sh ` prnz` d` jrëdkt`, lê` l` b`bhlt` hb quh sh hehtkvn n trnlsnáê`.

N pnonvrn jrëdk jrëdkt` t` skalk sk alkekj ekjn n ‟ shaurnlá shaurnlán n ln vhrdndh dh noaubn j`ksn, j`leknlán‒. Uhb d` ontkb jrhdktub quh, p`r sun vhz, ë dhrkvndn dn pnonvrn ontkln jrhdhrh (jrhr).

Hb oklaunahb j`bhrjkno, ` thrb` jrëdkt` p`ssuk ub shltkd` bnks hj`lôbkj`, trnduzkld` n jnpnjkdndh pntrkb`lkno dh ubn phss`n, h n p`sskfkokdndh dh sntksenáê` dns `frkanáøhs p`r hon nssubkdns. Bukt`s sê` `s nut`rhs quh trnzhb dheklkáøhs s`frh jrëdkt`, h ubn dhons ë n shauklth3 ‟Jrëdkt` ë n s`bn dns j`ldkáøhs hj`lôbkjns h b`rnk b` rnks, s, ph phon onss qu qunks nks sh `f `ftë tëb b ub ubnn pr prhs hstn tnáê áê`` pr prhhshlt sh lth h j` j`lt ltrn rn pr pr`b `bhs hssn sn dh ub ubnn pr prhs hstn tnáê áê`` eu euturn‒. turn‒. Y`dhb`s nekrbnr quh n j`leknlán ë n nobn d` jrëdkt`. Hstn j`leknlán quh ubn phss`n klspkrn l` shltkd` dh `fthláê` d` jrëdkt` p`dh `rkaklnr-sh dh d`ks b`tkv`s3 ù dn jnpnjkdndh hj`lôbkjn (b`tkv` hj`lôbkj`) ù dns jnrnjthrâs jnrnj thrâstkjns tkjns phss`nks phss`nks h b`rnks dn phss`n phss`n (b`tkv` ëtkj`). Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

Zhauld` Zhaul d` ` ndv ndvàn ànd` d` C`s C`sëë ]nv ]nvkhr khr Jnrvnom` dh Bhld`lán3 ‟N `phrnáê` bhdknlth n quno noauëb hehtun ubn prhstnáê` prhshlth j`ltrn n pr`bhssn dh ubn prhstnáê` euturn, dhl`bkln-sh `phrnáê` dh jrëdkt`‒. ;1


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J`ltrnt`s dh Anrnltkn Anrnltkn dh Jrëdkt`

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quh sh dhstkln n anrnltkr ubn `frkanáê` j`bhrjkno. • Mkp`thjn - J`ltrnt` hb quh ` dhvhd`r, pnrn anrnltkr sun dâvkdn, j`bpr`bhth-sh n hltrhanr n` jrhd`r ub kbúvho dh sun pr`prkhdndh, jns` lê` sntksenán hstn dâvkdn. • Nltkjrhsh ‚ J`ltrnt` hb quh ` dhvhd`r jhdh n` jrhd`r ub kbúvho pnrn quh hoh (jrhd`r) phrjhfn `s rhldkbhlt`s dhssh kbúvho n ekb dh pnanr cur`s dn dâvkdn ù bhsb` n prúprkn dkvkdn. • Eknlán - J`ltrnt` bhdknlth ` quno ubn phss`n sh `frkan p`r ùtrn, phrnlth ` jrhd`r dhstn ùtrn, n sntksenzhr n `frkanáê`, jns` ` dhvhd`r lê` enán. • Nvno - Ë ` j`ltrnt` rhprhshltntkv` d` j`bpr`bkss` quh ubn phss`n (` nvnokstn) t`bn pnrn sntksenzhr n dâvkdn dh ùtr` (dhvhd`r), jns` hsth lê` n jubprn. @ Nvno `j`rrh hxjouskvnbhlth l`s Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt` dk t`,, j` j`ls lstk tktu tukld kld``-sh sh lu lubn bn hs hspë pëjk jkhh dh eknlán, hehtundn lub Tâtuo`.

N` sh shrr j` j`lj ljhd hdkd kd`` ub jr jrëd ëdktkt`, `, p` p`dh dh sh shrr hx hxkkakdn, d` dhvhd`r, anrnltkn dh quh snodnrî shu j`bpr`bkss`. Hstn anrnltkn dhvh j`lstnr hb ub j`ltrnt` dh lnturhzn njhssúrkn. njhssúrkn. N anrnltkn p`dh j`lstktukr-sh dh ubn j`ksn ù dh ub j`bpr`bkss` nssubkd` p`r thrjhkrn phss`n. Ynrn anrnltkr sun dâvkdn, ` dhvhd`r p`dh nprhshltnr n` jrhd`r ubn j`ksn, dkzhld` quh n anrnltkn ë rhno.

N pnonvrn pnonvr n rhno skalk sk alkekekjn jn ‟ quh hxkst hxksth h dh ent`, en t`, vhrdndh vhrdndhkr`‒ kr`‒ h vhb d` on ontkb tkb rhs rhk (‟j`ksn‒).

Hb oklaunahb curâdkjn, rhno quhr dkzhr ‟rhontkv` n fhls‒. Hstê`, lhsth jns`, `s j`ltrnt`s dh Yhlm`r, dh Mkp`thjn h dh Nltkjrhsh. Mî jns`s jns`s hb quh, rhvho rhvhonld` nld`-sh -sh lhjhslhjhssîrkn ubn anrnltkn pnrn jrëdkt`, hstn sh enz ntrnvës d` j`bpr`bkss` quh noauëb (ubn thrjhkrn phss`n) nssubh, dh rhsp`lsnfkokznr-sh phon dâvkdn, jns` ` dhvhd`r lê` n sntksenán. Lê` sh trntn nquk dh anrnltkn rhno, bns skb dh ubn anrnltkn phss`no, lê` shld` èhrtndns j`ksns pho` dhvhd`r n` jrhd`r, bns skb, dh ub j`bpr`bkss` phss`no, dh thrjhkrn phss`n, hb rhsp`lsnfkokznr-sh phon dâvkdn nssubkdn p`r nquhoh.

@phrnáøhs Fnljîrkns N Ohk l³ 4.8;8/54 ë ` thxt` fîskj` s`frh n `ranlkznáê` fnljîrkn hb l`ss` pnâs, hstruturnld` t`d` sksthbn eklnljhkr` lnjk`lno, quh ë j`lstk j`l stktuâ tuâd` d` pho` J`l J`lshom shom`` B`l B`lhtî htîrk` rk` Lnj Lnjk`l k`lno no d` Fnlj` Jhltrno d` Frnsko Z/N h dns dhbnks klstktukáøhs eklnljhkrns pófokjns h prkvndns. Zhauld` ` Nrtka` >1, ns klstktukáøhs eklnljhkrns (fnlj`s) sê` j`ljhktundns j`b`3 ...ns phss`ns curâdkjns pófokjns ù prkvndns, quh thlmnb j`b` ntkvkdndh prkljkpno ù njhssúrkn n jòhtn, klthrbhdknáê` ù npokjnáê` dh rhjurs`s eklnljhkr`s prúprk`s ù dh thrjhkr`s, hb b`hdn lnjk`lnoo ù hs ln hstr trnl nlah ahkr krn, n, h n ju just stúd údkn kn dh vn vno` o`rr dh pr`prkhdndh pr`prkhdn dh dh thrjhkr`s.

@s j`ltrnt`s dh anrnlt anrnltkn kn dh jrëdkt` p`dhb shr dh duns hspëjkhs3

@ Ynrîarne` >³ d` Nrtka` >= bhljk`ln quh, noëb dns klstktukáøhs eklnljhkrns èkjknks ù prkvndns, quh sê` ns bnks kbp`rtnlths, tnbfëb sê` fnlj`s3 • ns s`jkhdndh dh jrëdkt`, eklnljknbhlt` h klvhstkbhlt`7 • ns Jnkxns Hj`lôbkjns7 • ns j``phrntkvns dh jrëdkt`, t`dns rhauondns p`r Ohk n quno suf`rdkln ns suns dksp`skáøhs h dksjkpoklns7

>. J`ltrnt`s dh Anrnltkn Vhno (` Yhlm`r, n Mkp`thjn h n Nltkjrhsh)7 6. J`ltrnt`s dh Anrnltkn Yhss`no (n Eknlán h ` Nvno).

• Yhlm`r - Lhsth j`ltrnt`, ` dhvhd`r, j`b ` ekb dh anrnltkr ` jubprkbhlt` dh sun dâvkdn, hltrhan n` jrhd`r ubn j`ksn búvho, Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

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• ns Fòsns dh Uno`rhs7 • ns j`bpnlmkns dh shaur`s h dh jnpktnokznáê`7 • ns s`jkhdndhs quh hehtunb dkstrkfukáê` dkstrkfukáê` dh prãbk`s hb kbúvhks ù p`r qunoquhr ùtrn e`rbn7 • ns phs phss`n s`nss eâs eâskjn kjnss ù cur curâd âdkjn kjnss quh hxhrjhb, p`r j`ltn prúprkn ù p`r thrjhkr`s, ntkvkdndhs rhonjk`lndns j`b n j`bprn h vhldn dh náøhs h ùtr`s tâtuo`s.

Hbprëstkb` (ù bótu` ehlhrntâjk`) J`ltrnt` hb quh n klstktukáê` eklnljhkrn jò`jn, é dksp`skáê` dh shu jokhlth, ub jrëdkt` dh dhthrbklndn kbp`rtæljkn hb dklmhkr`, jnfhld` n` jrhdktnd` (jokhlth) pnanr cur`s cur `s n` jrh jrhdkt dktnd`r nd`r (fn (fnlj`) lj`),, rhstk r hstktuk tukld` ld` n rhehrkdn kbp`rtæljkn hb dklmhkr` npús jhrt` prnz`. Y`dh ` hbprëstkb` shr anrnltkd`, jns` hb quh, n hoh, shcn njrhsjhltndn ubn dns e`rbns d`s j`ltrnt`s dh anrnltkn.

Fnlj` Jhltrno d` Frnsko Dkrhtnbhlth j`ltrònd` pho` J`lshom` B`lh B` lhtî tîrk rk`` Ln Lnjk jk`l `lno no,, ` Fn Fnlj lj` ` Jh Jhlt ltrn rnoo d` Fr Frnnsko s`bhlth p`dh `phrnr j`b klstktukáøhs eklnljhkrns pófokjns ù prkvndns, shld`-omh vhdndns `phrnáøhs fnljîrkns j`b ùtrns phss`ns h j`b pnrtkjuonrhs. Jnfh n` Fnlj` Jhltrno tnbfëb j`ljhdhr nut`rkznáê` pnrn quh ns klstktukáøhs eklnljhkrns p`ssnb euljk`lnr, eksjnokznld`-ns.

Dhsj`lt` Bhdknlth hsth j`ltrnt`, ` jokhlth hltrhan, é klstktukáê` eklnljhkrn, Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt`s dh sun pr`prkhdndh nkldn lê` vhljkd`s, rhjhfhld` d` fnlj`, p`r nlthjkpnáê`, ` vno`r dhsshs Tâtuo`s. @ fnlj` sh hljnrrhan dh hehtunr n j`frnlán d`s Tâtuo`s, vhljkbhlt` h n nlthjkpnáê` dn hltrhan d`s rhsphjtkv`s vno`rhs n` jokhlth, j`frnld` cur`s cu r`s pr` pr`p`r p`rjk jk`ln `lnks ks n` thb thbp` p` trn trnlsj lsj`r `rrkrkd`, d`, dhsdh n dntn dn nlthjkpnáê` ntë n dntn d` vhljkbhlt` d` Tâtuo`.

Klóbhrns sê` ns `phrnáøhs ù lhaújk`s curâdkj`s fnljîrk`s quh `j`rrhb lns klstktukáøhs eklnljhkrns. Hltê`, jktnb`s ns `phrnáøhs bnks usunks3

Nf hrt ur Nfhrt urn n dh d h Jr ëdk ëdktt ` J`ltrnt` bhdknlth ` quno ub d`s j`ltrntnlths (` jrhdktnd`r) sh `frkan n jò`jnr, é dksp`skáê` dh ùtr` (jrhdktnd`), euld`s ntë ub dhthrbklnd` okbkth durnlth jhrtn ëp`jn s`f joîusuons prhvknbhlth j`lvhljk`lnks. @ jrhdktnd` ë `frkand` n rhstktukr ` jrhdktnd`r ln dntn d` vhljkbhlt` j`b cur`s, hvhltunks j`bkssøhs h dhsphsns

Dhpúskt` fnljîrk` @ nsphjt` bnks kbp`rtnlth d` dhpúskt` fnlj fn ljîr îrk` k` ë ` qu quhh sh rh rheh ehrh rh n` dh dhpú púsk skt` t` dh jn jnpk pktn tnks ks (hb dklmhkr`). N klstktukáê` eklnljhkrn p`dh hbprhanr prh anr okv okvrhbh rhbhlth lth n kbp kbp`rt `rtælj æljkn kn dhp dhp`sk `sktnd tndn, n, jns jns` ` hehtuh n sun dhvòuáê` n` dhp`sktnlth l` b`bhlt` hb quh hsth ` sòkjkth. Z`frh ns qunltkns dhp`sktndns, `s fnlj`s pnanb, n` dhp`sktnlth, cur`s cur `s búdkj búdkj`s `s (phq (phquhl uhl`s `s). ).

Jnrtn dh Jnrtn d h Jrëdkt` J`lsksth ln `rdhb dh ub fnlquhkr` n` shu j`rrhsp`ldhlth, hstnfhohjkd` hb prnán dkvhrsn (jkdndh) pnrn e`rlhjhr, é phss`n dhthrbklndn, `s euld`s quh hstn phss`n sòkjktù ntë okbktndn qunltkn, durnlth ` prnz` dh sun vnokdndh.

@s dhpúskt`s fnljîrk`s hb dklmhkr` p`dhb shr3 n) Hb j`ltn j`rrhlth3 qunld` ` dhp`sktnlth thb ` dkrhkt` dh hxkakr ` pnanbhlt` kbhdknt` d` jrëdkt` dh sun j`ltn phon hbkssê` dh jmhquhs e`rlhjkd`s pho` fnlj`. f ) J`b vhljkbhlt` ekx` (prnz` ekx`)3 qunld` ` dhp`sktnlth sh j`bpr`bhth n lê` rhtkrnr n qunltkn hltrhauh hb dhpúskt`, s`bhlth npús ` vhljkbhlt` dh jhrt` prnz`. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

Tâtuo` Tâ tuo`ss dh d h Jrëdkt` Jrëdkt` Dh ub ubn n `p `phrn hrnáê áê`` dh jrë jrëdkt dkt`` heh hehtu tund ndn, n, surah, pnrn ` jrhd`r, ub dkrhkt` dh jrëdkt` n shr hxhrjkd` j`ltrn ` dhvhd`r. Hssh dkrhkt` p`dh shr rhprhshltnd` p`r ub d`jubhlt` quh jhrtkekjn n sun hxkstãljkn, rhdkakd` hb e`rbn sujkltn h skbpohs po hs,, en enjk jkokoktn tnld ld` ` n su sunn tr trnl nlse sehr hrãl ãljk jknn n th thrj rjhk hkr` r`s. s. Ë ;;


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` quh sh dhl`bkln dhl`bkln dh Tât Tâtuo` uo` dh Jrëdkt`. Jrëdkt`. Hsths Tâtuo`s sê` d`jubhlt`s rhprhshltntkv`s dh `phrnáøhs dh jrëdkt` hltrh ns pnrths, dns qunks ubn ë ` dhvhd`r h n ùtrn, ` jrhd`r. Dnss arn Dn arnld ldhs hs lh lha` a`jkn jkntn tnss quh dh dhbnl bnldn dnvnb vnb n jk jkrj rjuo uoná náê` ê` dh qu qunl nltktkdn dndh dh dh dk dklm lmhk hkr` r` h d` d`ss rk rkssj`s dhstn `phrnáê`, `rkaklù nquko` quh m`ch sh j`lmhjh j`b` j`b` l`áøhs d`s Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt`3 Jrëdkt`3 • Hoh ë ub sufstktut` d` pnpho7 • @ jrëdkt` thb euláê` s`jkno kbp`rtnlth, enjkoktnld` n ahrnáê` dh rkquhzn, tno j`b` sh e`ssh ubn hlzkbn, ub ehrbhlt` quh nakokzn n ahrnáê` dh rkquhzns7 • Enjkoktn n j`ljhssê` d` jrëdkt`.

pohs. Zh e`rbnobhlth hstkvhr hb `rdhb, lê` ë p`ssâvho dksjutkr nquko` quh sh hlj`ltrn hsjrkt` lub Tâtuo`.

@ pr` prèhs ehss` s`rr ktn ktnokn oknl` l` Jh Jhsnr snrh h Uk Ukvn vnlt lth h trùxh ub j`ljhkt` dh Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt` j`lsnarnd` h, p`rtnlt`, utkokznd` buldknobhlth3 ‟Xb d`jubhlt` lhjhssîrk` pnrn ` hxhrjâjk` d` dkr dkrhkt hkt` ` okt okthr hrno no h nu nutô tôl` l`b` b` lh lhoh oh bh bhlj ljk`l k`lnd nd`‒. `‒.

Jonsskekjnáê`

@ j`lthód` h `s okbkths sê` dhthrbklnd`s, nphlns h tê` s`bhlth, pho`s thrb`s quh lhoh sh j`ltãb. Lkst` j`lsksth ùtrn dh suns jnrnjthrâstkjns euldnbhltnks ‚ n okthrnokdndh (hxntkdê`). @s Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt` bnks kbp`rtnlths l` j`bërjk` sê` `s shauklths3 Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`, L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn, Jmhquh, Dupokjntn, J`lmhjkbhlt` bhl t` dh Trnl rnlsp` sp`rth rth,, J`l J`lmhj mhjkbh kbhlt` lt` dh Dhp Dhpúsk úskt` t` h Qnrrnlt.

@s Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt` tãb skd` jonsskekjnd`s shauld` vîrk`s jrktërk`s. Hltrht Hltrhtnlt`, nlt`, hstudnrhb`s nquk nphlns n jonsskekjnáê` quh sh fnshkn l`s jrktërk`s dhsths Tâtuo`s. @ tktuonr d` dkrhkt` dh jrëdkt`, j`lsufstnljknd` hb ub Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt`, p`dh trnlsehrk-o` n ùtr`, rhskdkld` ubn qunokdndh dh subn kbp`rtæljkn dh quh sh rhvhsth hsth d`jubhlt`. Ë j`b fnsh l` b`d` j`b` sh `phrn n trnlsehrãljkn d`s Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt` quh hsths sê` jonsskekjnd`s hb3 • Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt` L`bklntkv`s7 • Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt` é @rdhb7 • Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt` n` Y`rtnd`r

Nsskb, ub Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt` ulkekjn ub j`ltrnt` l` quno ubn dns pnrths (` dhvhd`r) p`ssuk ubn `frkanáê` dh jrëdkt`, ù shcn, ubn `frkanáê` hb snodnr sun dâvkdn l` vhljkbhlt` rhsphjtkv`7 n ùtrn pnrth (` jrhd`r), p`r sun vhz, p`ssuk ub dkrhkt` n` jrëdkt`, kst` ë, thb dkrhkt` n rhjhfhr ` quh omh ë dhvkd` l` vhljkbhlt` dn dâvkdn. @ Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt` ë trnlsehrâvho n thrjhkr`s h, hb sun jkrjuonáê`, hstî n qunokdndh quh ` t`rln ub d`s klstrubhlt`s dh bnk`r kbp`rtæljkn pnrn ` dhshlvòvkbhlt` dns `phrnáøhs j`bhrjknks. Trn rnls lseh ehrk rkld ld``-sh sh ` Tâ Tâtu tuo` o` dh Jr Jrëd ëdktkt`, `, trnlsehrh-sh ` dkrhkt` dh jrëdkt` lhoh rhprhshltnd`7 nphsnr dh `rkaklnr-sh dh ubn `phrnáê` dh jrëdkt`, ` Tâtuo` ë kldhphldhlth dhon. Vhnokzn Vhn okzndn dn ubn `ph `phrná rnáê` ê` dh jrë jrëdkt dkt` ` qunoquhr (ubn j`bprn h vhldn bhdknlth pnanbhlt`s hb pnrjhons n prnz`), surahb rhonáøhs curâdkjns hltrh ns phss`ns quh lhon t`bnrnb pnrth. Y`r shr nutôl`b`, ` Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt` vnoh p`r sk bhsb`, kldhphldhlthbhlth dn `phrnáê` quh omh dhu `rkahb. Y`r ùtr` ond`, shld` ` Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt` n bnthrknokznáê` dh ubn rhonáê` dh dëfkt` h jrëdkt`, tno rhonáê` dhvh shr lhoh hxprhssn ntrnvës dh pnonvrns prhjksns, frhvhs h skbOhaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

Tâtuo`s Tâ tuo`s dh Jrëdkt` Jrëdkt` L`bklntkv`s Trnzhb hb shu j`lthxt`, ù hb rhakstr` hsphjkno dh quhb `s hbktku, ` l`bh dh shu pr`prkhtîrk`, ù shcn, dn phss`n quh ë tktuonr d` dkrhkt` dh jrëdkt` lhoh j`lsufstnljknd`. @ hbkss`r p`dh shr ubn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn ù J`bnldktn J`bnldktn p`r Náøhs ù, nkldn, nkldn, ubn phss`n curâdkjn dh dkrhkt` pófokj` (ehdhrno, hstnduno ù bulkjkpno). J`lstktuhb euld`s l`bklntkv`s ns náøhs l`bklntkvns dns Z`jkhdndhs p`r Náøhs, fhb j`b` `s tâtuo`s dn dâvkdn pófokjn klthrln (ehdhrnks, hstndunks ù bulkjkpnks). ûnlt` n`s tâtuo`s dn dâvkdn pófokjn kl>99


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thrln, hsths sh `rkaklnb dh hbprëstkb`s quh n Xlkê`, `s Hstnd`s ù ` Bulkjâpk` ohvnltnb pnrn nthldhr n jhrtns dhsphsns pófokjns, jucn j`fhrturn sh `phrn bhdknlth rhakstr` l`s okvr`s prúprk`s d` hbkss`r.

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Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt` n` Y`rtnd`r

Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt` é @rdhb Zê` nquhohs l`s qunks sh bhljk`ln ` l`bh d` pr`prkhtîrk` h jucn trnlsehrãljkn sh `phrn ntrnvës dh ubn e`rbnokdndh dhl`bklndn hld`ss`. Hsths Tâtuo`s tnbfëb p`dhb shr l`bklntkv`s pho` ent` dh ekaurnr hb shu j`lthxt` ` l`bh d` rhsphjtkv` pr`prkhtîrk`. Y`rëb, dkstklauh-sh d`s l`bklntkv`s p`rquh hsths Tâtuo`s é `rdhb sh trnlsehrhb ntrnvës dh hld`ss`. Mî ùtr`s tkp`s dh hld`ss`s, quh lê` sh dhstklnb n trnlsehrkr n pr`prkhdndh d` Tâtuo` dh Jrë Jrëdkt dkt`3 `3 ` hld hld`ss `ss`` bnl bnldnt dnt` ` (vh (vhrhb rhb`s `s ndknlth) h ` hld`ss` pnrn ` hehkt` dh phlm`r (ù jnuáê`) d` Tâtuo`.

@ hld`ss` pnrn hehkt` dh phlm`r thb ouanr qunld` ` tktuonr dh ub Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt` Jrëdkt` èhrh èhrhjh, jh, hb hb p hlm`r n ùtr `, n anrnltkn anrn ltkn dh qunoquhr trnlsn trnlsnáê` áê` o hvn hvndn dn n hehkt` j`b hsth.

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Zê` nquhohs hb juc` j`lthxt` lê` vhb dhjonrnd` ` l`bh dh shu pr`prkhtîrk`. Dhstn e`rbn, n trnlsehrãljkn trnlsehrãljkn dh Tâtuo` sh enz enz p`r skbpohs trndkáê`. @ tâtuo` n` p`rtnd`r p`r hxjhoãljkn ë ` pnpho-b`hdn, ` quno dî é phss`n, quh ` thb hb bê`s, ` dkrhkt` dh rhjhfhr n kbp`rtæljkn lhoh dhskalndn l` Thsùr` Lnjk`lno, quh ë ` úraê` d` A`vhrl` dn Xlkê`. Vhprhshltn dklmhkr` h p`dh shr hbktkd` hxjouskvnbhlth pho` Fnlj` Jhltrno d` Frnsko. Ns Náøhs n` Y`rtnd`r, phrthljhlths tnbfëb n hstn jntha`rkn dh Tâtuo`s, sê` hbktkdns phon Z`jkhdndh p`r Náøhs. @utr`s Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt` p`dhb shr n` p`rtnd`r3 ` Jmhquh, `s J`lmhjkbhlt`s dh Dhpúskt`, `s Qnrrnlts, `s Tâtuo`s dn Dâvkdn Yófokjn, ns Dhfãlturhs, ns Ohtrns dh Jæbfk` h ns L`tns Yr`bkssúrkns. @ quh jnrnjthrkzn `s Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt` n` p`rtnd`r ë n sun trnlsehrãljkn p`r skbpohs trndkáê`. Yrhsubkld` n Ohk quh n phss`n quh dhtëb hsth Tâtuo` ë ` shu ohaâtkb` pr`prkhtîrk` (ntë quh sh pr`vh ` j`ltrîrk`), fnstn quh hsth hltrhauh n ùtrn phss`n ` prúprk` Tâtuo` pnrn quh n rhsphjtkvn pr`prkhdndh sh trnlsekrn n shu l`v` dhthlt`r (dhp`sktîrk`). @ p`s p`ssuk sukd`r d`rdh dhTât Tâtuo` uo`dko dkonjh njhrnd rnd`` (rn (rnsan sand`) d`),, p`rëb kdhltkekjîvho, thb dkrhkt` n `fthr d` hbkthlth n sufstktukáê` d` nlthrk`r, bhdknlth rhstktuká tu káê` ê`d` d` pr prkb kbhk hkr` r` h ` pn pnan anbh bhlt lt`` dn dnss dh dhsp sphs hsns ns.. @ pr`prkhtîrk` quh phrdhr ù hxtrnvknr ` Tâtuo`, ù e`r klcustnbhlth dhsnp`ssnd` dhoh, p`dhrî `fth `f thrr l` l`v` v` tâtâtu tuo` o` hb cu cuâz âz`, `,fh fhb b j` j`b` b` kb kbph phdk dkrr qu quhh shcn sh cnb b pn pna` a`ss n ù ùtr tr`` jn jnpk pktn tnoo h rh rhld ldkb kbhl hlt` t`s. s. Hspëjkhs dh dhvhd`rhs Mî duns hspëjkhs dh dhvhd`rhs l`s Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt`3 >. @ dhvhd`r prkljkpno 6. @s j``frkand`s, quh sh sufstktuhb hb snjnd`r snjnd`r,, hld`ssnlth nvnokstn.

Dhltrh `s Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt` `frkant`rknbhlth é `rdhb, j`ltnb-sh3 n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`, n L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn h n Dupokjntn. @s Tâtuo`s nphlns enjuotntkv enjuotntkv`s `s é `rdhb sê` ` Jmhquh h ` J`lmhjkbhlt` dh Trnlsp`rth. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

Ynrn sh t`rlnr hxkaâvho, l` jrëdkt` jnbfkîrk` (quh thb `rkahb hb Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt`), j`ltrn tr n ` sn snjn jnd` d` h sh shuu nv nvno noks kstn tn,, ë su suekekjk jkhl hlth th np nphl hlns ns ` shu sh u vh vhlj ljkbh kbhlt lt` ` j` j`lt ltrn rn `s j` j``f `frka rkand nd`s `s.. Ë prh prhjk jks` s` quh ` Tâtuo` hsthcn vhljkd` h quh n enotn dh pnanbhlt` shcn j`bpr`vndn hb pr`thst` pr`thst`.. >9>


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Yrkljkp nks Tâtuo` Tâtuo` s dh Jrëdkt` Jrë dkt`

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Tnks `fshrvnáøhs sê` kbp`rtnlths p`rquh, sh n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` e`r hbktkdn s`f ubn ù ùtrn dhssns e`rbns, sun trnlsehrãljkn dhvh shr ehktktn eh n qu quhr hr p` p`rr hl hld` d`ss ss`, `, qu quhr hr p` p`rr sk skbp bpoh ohss tr trnd ndká káê` ê`..

Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` Yhon sun nbpon utkokznáê` l` j`bërjk` lnjk`lno h klthrlnjk`lno, rhvhsth-sh n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` dh arnldh kbp`rtæljkn dhltrh `s Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt`, enjkoktnld` s`frhbnlhkr lh krn n ns `p `phr hrná náøh øhss bh bhrj rjnl nltk tkss h j` j`lt ltrkrkfukld` nsskb pnrn ` dhshlvòvkbhlt` d` j`bërjk`. L` Frnsko, hssh Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt` ë rhauond` pho` Dhjrht` l¹ 6.944/>;9= (dhl`bklnd` bkl nd` Ohk Jnb Jnbfkî fkîrkn) rkn),, j`b j`bpoh pohbhl bhltnd tnd` ` pho` Dhjrht` l¹ 81.55:/55 (Ohk Xlke`rbh). J`le J` le`r `rbh bh ` Nr Nrtktka` a` >¹ d` Dh Dhjr jrht ht` ` l¹ 6.944/>;9=, j`lstktuk-sh n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` lubn `rdhb dh pnanbhlt`, n quno dhvh j`lthr jhrt`s rhqukskt`s. Ln Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`, klthrvãb trãs phss`ns lnturnks ù curâdkjns3 N , jrhd`r dh F , hbkth ubn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` j`ltrn F , phon quno `rdhln n hsth quh hehtuh ` pnanbhlt` dhssh dëfkt` n J , quh ë jrhd`r dh N . N phss`n quh hbkth n `rdhb dh pnanbhlt`, ù shcn, n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` dhl`bklnsh hbkss`r ù snjnd`r7 ë hon quh e`rlhjh ` Tâtuo`. N phss`n j`ltrn quhb ë hbktkdn n `rdhb dh pnanbhlt`, ù shcn, phss`n hljnrrhandn d` pnanbhlt` pnanbhlt` dhl`bkln-sh snjnd`. N phss`n hb env`r dh quhb ë hbktkdn n `rdhb dh pnanbhlt` (h quh dhvh rhjhfhr hssh pnanbhlt` l` shu vhljkbhlt`) dhl`bkln-sh t`bnd`r ù fhlhekjkîrk`7 ë ` ohaktkb` pr`prkhtîrk` dn Ohtrn d` Jæbfk`. Hsth Tâtuo` p`dh shr hbktkd` j`b` ub tâtuo` purnbhlth é `rdhb (` quh `j`rrh ln ahlhrn lh rnokokdn dndh dh d` d`ss jn jns` s`s) s),, qu qunl nld` d` lh lhon on sh j`lskaln ` l`bh d` fhlhekjkîrk`, shcn hoh ub thrjhkr` t`bnd`r ù prúprk` snjnd`r.

@ Dhjrht` l³ 6.944/>;9= phrbkth n hbkssê` dh Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` n` p`rtnd`r, p`rëb kss` lê` ë ndbktkd` phon Ohk Xlke`rbh (Dhjrht` l¹ 81.55:/55), jucns l`rbns ` Frnsko, n` ond` dh ùtr`s pnâshs, `frkaù-sh n kltr`duzkr hb sun ohaksonáê`. Xsunobhlth, n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` j`lstktuksh lub d`jubhlt` hb e`rbn rhtnlauonr, j`lthld` `s dkzhrhs kldksphlsîvhks, j`b hspná`s hb frnlj` n shrhb prhhljmkd`s ln sun hbkssê`. Hb rharn, j`lsksth hb ubn eúrbuon kbprhssn, pr`ltn pnrn shr prhhljmkdn. Ë rhohvnlth quh quh n kbp`rtæljkn kbp`rtæljkn (vno`r d` Tâtuo`) vhlmn dhjonrndn p`r hxthls`, l` j`rp` dn Ohtr Oh trn, n, lê lê` ` fn fnst stnl nld` d` qu quhh sh shcn cn j` j`ls lska kaln lnd` d` np nphl hlns ns hb noanrksb`s. Dhvh-sh l`tnr, l` hltnlt`, quh, sh mù mùvh vhrr qun qunoqu oquhr hr dke dkehrh hrhlán lán hl hltrh trh n kbp kbp`rt `rtæl æljkn jkn j`lskalndn hb jkerns h n dhjonrndn p`r hxthls` (erut` dh rnsurn), ehktn j`b kltukt` dh nduothrnr ` vno`r dn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`, hstn shrî klvnokdndn, ù shcn, shrî j`lskdhrndn luon. Lhsth jns`, sh mùv m` uvhr hr dk dkvh vhra raãl ãljk jkns ns hl hltr trhh hs hssh sh vn vno` o`rr h ` j` j`ls lska ka-lnd` l` j`rp` dn Ohtrn quh, `frkant`rknbhlth, dhvh vkr p`r hxthls` (p`r hsjrkt`), prhvnohjhrî hsth óotkb` vno`r s`frh nquhoh.

T`d`s hsth hsthss r hqukskt`s hstudnd`s h prhvkst`s ln Ohk sê` kbp`rtnlth kbp`rtnlths, s, dh tno e`rbn quh, sh noaub dhohs e`r `bktkd`, n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` shrî luon dh pohl` dkrhkt`.

N dntn d` vhljkbhlt` ë nquhon hb quh n Ohtrn dhvh shr nprhshltndn n` snjnd` pnrn ` pnanbhlt`. Ë f`b quh hstn dntn vhlm vh lmn n hs hsjo jonrh nrhjk jkdn dn l` Tâ Tâtu tuo` o`,, s` s`frh frhtu tud` d` qunld` hsth vhljh npús dhthrbklnd` lóbhr` dh dkns. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

>96


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Ynanbhlt`

O`jno dh pnanbhlt` pnanbhlt` ûnlt` n` ouanr d` pnanbhlt` dn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`, ë l` prúprk` d`bkjâok` d` snjnd` quh vhb nl`tnd` s`f ` l`bh dhsth, l` jnlt` hsquhrd` klehrk`r n` Tâtuo`. Nsskb, n `frkanáê` j`lstnlth d` Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt` ë quhsâvho hb rharn, tnbfëb jmnbndn dh quërnfoh, ù shcn, ` jrhd`r dhvh pr`jurnr ` dhvhd`r l` d`bkjâok` dhoh. L`s j`ltrnt`s fnljîrk`s, hxksth ubn hxjháê` jrkndn phon Curksprudãljkn quh j`lskOhaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

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dhrn ohaâtkbn n joîusuon j`ltrntuno quh t`rln ` dhvhd`r `frkand` n pr`jurnr ` jrhd`r.

Ë ` nt` jnbfkno pho` quno sê` hxtkltns noaubns ù t`dns ns `frkanáøhs dn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`. ûnld` ` pnanbhlt` ë ehkt` l` Frnsko, n np nprh rhsh shlt ltná náê` ê` d` Tâ Tâtu tuo` o` n` dh dhvh vhd` d`rr dh dhvh vhrî rî sh shr r rhnokzndn ln dntn d` vhljkbhlt`, p`rquh ` Frnskoo nd sk nd`t `tù ù n rh rhsshr hrvn vn dh dhst sthh jns ns`. `. L` hx hxth thrk rk`r `r ë dk dk-ehrhlth3 n nprhshltnáê` p`dh shr ehktn ln dntn d` vhljkbhlt` ù ntë d`ks dkns npús ` vhljkbhlt bh lt` ` (N (Nrt rtka ka`` 69 d` Dh Dhjr jrht ht` ` l³ 6. 6.94 944/ 4/>; >;9= 9= h Nr Nr-tktka` a` := d` Dh Dhjr jrht ht`` l¹ 81 81.5 .55: 5:/5 /55 5 - Oh Ohkk Xl Xlkeke`r `rbh bh). ). Dhltr` d` pnanbhlt`, dhvhb`s hstudnr ns jnuthons dhsth. Hb rnzê` d` prkljâpk` dn okthrnokdndh, nquhoh quh pnaù ` Tâtuo`, ahrnobhlth ` snjnd`, dhvh hxkakr n quktnáê` d` prúprk prú prk` ` Tâ Tâtuo tuo`, `, p`r p`rquh quh p`d p`dh h mnv mnvhr hr hxt hxtrnv rnvk` k` (phrdn)) sh hsth Tâtuo (phrdn Tâtuo`` vòtnr pnrn n bê` d` prúprk` jrhd`r7 hoh p`dh ntë hld`ssnr l`vnbhlth h, hltê`, j`bhán n jkrjuonr. Hb rn rnzê zê`` d` pr prkl kljâ jâpk pk`` dn jn jnrt rtuo uonr nrkd kdnd ndh, h,` ` Tâ Tâ-tuo` tu o` dh dhvh vh sh shrr hl hltr trha hauh uh n qu quhb hb pn pna` aù. u. Zh ` pn pnan an-bhlt bh lt` ` e` e`rr eh ehktkt`` pn pnrj rjkn knob obhl hlth th ph pho` o` sn snjn jnd` d`,, n qunok qu nokdn dndh dh pnr pnrjkn jknoo dh dhvh vh j` j`ls lstn tnrr d` prú prúprk prk` ` Tâ Tâtu tuo` o` dn prúp pr úprk rknn jî jîrt rtuo uon, n, bn bnss hs hsth th Tâ Tâtu tuo` o` ekekjn jn j` j`b b ` jr jrhd hd`r `r..

Jîrtuon ë ub tâtuo` dh dâvkdn, dh b`d` quh ` Dkrhkt` Dkrhkt` Jnrtuonr Jnrtuonr ë ` j`lcult` dh l`rbn l`rbnss quh dksp dkspøh øhb b s`fr s`frh h Tâtuo`s dh Jrë rëdkt`. dkt`. Cî jn jnrrtuonrkdn tuon rkdndh dh ë ` nt` nfst fstrn rnt` t` dh klj` klj`rp`r rp`rn náê áê` ` d` dkrhkt` n` d`jubhlt` rhprhshltntkv` dh ub lhaújk` curâdkj`, ù bnthrknokzn bnthrknokznáê` áê` d` dkrhkt` l` pnpho, pnpho, shb ` quno quno ` dhvhd`r dhvhd`r lê` hstî hstî `frkand` n` n` jubprkbhlt` dn `frkanáê`.

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Uhljkbhlt` J`le`rbh ` nj`rd` ehkt` h hxprhss` l` j`lthxt` dn Ohtrn, shu vhljkbhlt` p`dh `j`rrhr dh quntr` b`d`s dkehrhlths3 >. L` vhljkbhlt` é vkstn, ` Tâtuo` dhvh shr pna` pho` snjnd` l` b`bhlt` hb quh ` t`bnd`r omh nprhshltn7 6. L` vhljkbhlt` hb dkn jhrt` l` prúprk` Tâtuo`, j`lskaln-sh n dntn hb quh n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` sh vhljhrî. Ë ` b`d` bnks usuno7 :. L` vhljkbhlt` n thbp` jhrt` dn dntn, ` Tâtuo` vhljh dhltr` dh ub dhthrbklnd` lóbhr` dh dkns ù bhshs n j`ltnr dh sun hbkssê`7 4. L` vhljkbhlt` n thbp` jhrt` dn vkstn, ` Tâtuo` vhljh npús dhthrbklnd` lóbhr` dh dkns ù dh bhshs, j`ltnd`s n pnrtkr dn dntn hb quh e`k nprhshltnd` n` snjnd` pnrn ` njhkth (vhrhb`s l` prúxkb` kthb). Y`rtnlt`, hstn hs tn b` b`dn dnokokdn dndh dh dh vh vhlj ljkb kbhl hlt` t` su sujh jhdh dh qunld` sh hstnfhohjh jhrt` prnz`, quh j`bhán n j`rrhr dn dntn njhkth.

J`le`rbh sh nd`th ubn ù ùtrn dhss dh ssns ns b` b`dn dnokd okdnd ndhs hs dh vh vhlj ljkb kbhl hlt` t`,, t`rln-sh prhjks` ndnptnr `s dkzhrhs d` j`lthxt` dn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`.

Njhk N jhkth th Hbktkdn n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`, hstn shrî hltrha hlt rhauh uh pho pho` ` snj snjnd` nd`rr n` t`b t`bnd` nd`rr, juc juc`` l`bh l`rbnobhlth j`lstnrî l` Tâtuo`. @ t`bnd`r, p`r sun vhz, nprhshltnrî n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` n` snjnd` pnrn quh hsth p`lmn n sun nssklnturn, kldkjnld` quh sh j`bpr`bhth n hehtunr ` rhsphjtkv` pnanbhlt` n` vhljhr ` Tâtuo`. N hsth nt` sh j`lehrh n dhl`bklnáê` dh njhkth7 ` snjnd`, n` hehtuîo`, dhl`bkln-sh njhktnlth. @ njhkth p`dh shr dheklkd` j`b` nt` jnbfkno hb quh ` snjnd` j`lj`rdn hb pnanr ` vno`r d` Tâtuo`, `fhdhjhld` é `rdhb d` snjnd`. Zhauld` dhthrbkln n Ohk, ` njhktnlth >9:


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dhvh shr p`st` l` nlvhrs`, dn enjh er`lthkrn dn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`.

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>) J`frnr kbhdkntnbhlth tud`7 6) J`frnr kbhdkntnbhlth n pnrth njhktn d` snjnd` h n pnrth lê` njhktn d` snjnd`r, aunrdnld` ` vhljkbhlt` d` Tâtuo`7 :) J`frnr pnrth d` snjnd` (njhktnlth pnrjkno) h ` rhstnlth d` snjnd`r. f) Njhkth B`dkekjntkv` ë qunld` ` snjnd` b`dkekjn noaubn j`ldkáê` d` Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt`, p`r hxhbpo`, n dntn d` vhljkbhlt`.

• Njhkth Yur` - @ snjnd` j`lj`rdn j`b n t`tnokdndh dns dksp`skáøhs j`ltkdns l` Tâtuo`. • Njhkth Zkbpohs - Y`dh thr rhstrkáøhs qunld` ` njhkth dksj`rdn dh noaubns dns joîusuons lhon j`ltkdns3

@ njhkth lhb shbprh ë `frkantúrk`. Dh ent`, sun `frkant`rkhdndh hstî hb j`ls`læljkn j`b n b`dnokdndh dh vhljkbhlt` quh sh nd`tù. Nsskb, ë phrbktkd` n` snjnd` lê` njhktnr ` Tâtuo`, bns kst` thb ubn j`lshquãljkn3 ` vhljkbhlt` vhljkbhlt` nlthjkpnd` d` d` Tâtuo`. Hltê`, Hltê`, ` snjnd`r, quh thvh sun `rdhb dhs`fhdhjkdn pho` snjnd`, dhvh pnanr n dâvkdn kbhdkntnbhlth. Zh ` vhljkbhlt` ë é vkstn, ` njhkth lê` ë lhjhssîrk`7 ` Tâtuo` dhvh shr pna` l` klstnlth dh sun nprhshltnáê` n` snjnd`.

Joîusuon lê` njh njhktîvho ktîvho

Ë n joîusuon klshrkdn pho` snjnd`r quh kbphdh ` t`bnd`r dh nprhshltnr n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` pnrn njhkth nlths d` vhljkbhlt`. J`b hstn joîusuon, ` t`bnd`r lê` p`dh pr`v`jnr ` vhljkbhlt` nlthjkpnd` d` Tâtuo`. Zhld` n Ohtrn vhljâvho hb dkn jhrt`, ë enjuotntkvn n sun nprhshltnáê` n` snjnd` pnrn ` njhkth, shauld` Ohk. Jnljhonbhlt` d` njhkth

Hspëjkhs dh njhkth

@ snjnd` p`dh, nlths dh dhvòvhr ` Tâtuo` n` t`bnd`r, rksjnr ` njhkth, ù shcn, rksjnr n nssklnturn7 j`b kss`, hoh jnljhon ` njhkth, bns pr` pr`v` v`jn jn ` vhl vhljkb jkbhlt hlt`` nlt nlthjk hjkpnd pnd`` dn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`. @ Nrtka` 6; dn Ohk Xlke`rbh prhjhktun quh, qunld` hoh dhvòvh ` Tâtuo` rksjnd` n` t`bnd`r, mùvh ubn rhjusn p`r hoh lê` thr njhktnd`.

Fnskjnbhlth, ` njhkth sh dkvkdh hb duns hspëjkhs3 Njhkth T`tno h Njhkth Ynrjkno. Noëb dkss`, ` njhkth ë j`lmhjkd` tnbfëb p`r ùtrns dhrkvnáøh dhrkv náøhs3 s3 Yur` h Zkbpohs. Zkbpohs. T`tno - Ë ` njhkth pur` h skb• Njhkth T`tno pohs7 ë ` njhkth j`bub. @ snjnd` skbpohsbhlth nsskln ` Tâtuo` l` o`jno prúprk`. • Njhkth Ynrjkno - @ snjnd` lê` j`lj`rdn j`b noaub nsphjt` d` Tâtuo`. ûnld` `j`rrh ` Njhkth Ynrjkno, ` Tâtuo` tnbfëb sh vhljh nlthjkpndnbhlth, nsskb j`b` ln rhjusn. Hsth tkp` dh Njhkth p`dh shr Okbktntkv` ù B`dkekjntkv`.

Yrnz` Yrnz ` dh d h nprhshltnáê` nprhshltnáê` pnrn njhkth

N Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` dhvh dhvh shr nprhshltndn nprhshltndn pnrn ` njhkth j`le`rbh n dntn d` vhljkbhlt`, shld` é vkstn ù n prnz`. ûnld` sh trntnr dh vhljkbhlt` vhljkbhl t` é vkstn, ` Tâtuo` ë nprhshltnd` nprhshltnd` lê` pnrn njhkth, bns pnrn pnanbhlt`. Hb jns` dh pnanbhlt` n prnz`, hxksthb ùtr`s vhljkbhlt`s ln Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`.

n) Njhkth Yn Ynrjkno rjkno Okbktntkv` ë nquhoh hb quh ` snjnd` j`lj`rdn hb pnanr nphlns pnrth d` vno`r. @ t`bnd`r thb trãs `páøhs3 Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

>94


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hld`ss` hb frnlj`. N Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` p`dh shr hbktkdn j`b` ub Tâtuo` n` p`rtnd`r, shauld` ` Dhjrht` l¹ 6.944/>;9=. Zun trnlsehrãljkn sh enz p`r skbpohs trndkáê`, kst` ë, phon hltrhan purn h skbpohs d` Tâtuo` n ùtr` quh pnssù n shr ` shu l`v` h ohaâtkb` p`rtnd`r. Zhld` n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` ub Tâtuo` fnskjnbh jn bhlt lth h é `r `rdh dhb, b, ln qu quns nshh t` t`tn tnokokdn dndh dh d` d`ss jn jns` s`s, s, `phr `p hrnn-sh sh n su sun n tr trnl nlse sehr hrãl ãljk jknn nt ntrn rnvë vëss d` hl hld` d`ss ss`. `. @ hld`ss` klshrh duns l`vns ekaurns l` Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt`3 n phss`n quh hehtun ` hld`ss` (quh trnlsehrh trnlsehrh ` Tâtuo Tâtuo`), `), dhl`bklndn dhl`bklndn hld`ssnlth ù hld`ssnd`r, h nquhon hb env`r dh quhb ` hld`ss` ë ehkt`, dhl`bklndn hld`ssntîrk`, pnssnld` n shr ` l`v` fhlhekjkîrk` d` Tâtuo` n quhb dhvhrî hsth shr pna`. @ snjnd`r p`dh hbktkr ` Tâtuo` pnrn hoh bhsb` h, hltê`, hoh vnk shr ` hld`ssnlth. @ hld`ssntîrk` p`dh j`ltklunr n shr hld`ssntîrk` sh lê` mùvhr n joîusuon ‟lê` é `rdhb‒.

N dntn-s dntn-snquh nquh ë nquhon hb hb quh vhljh n pnrtkr d` snquh d` Tâtuo`. Hxhbpo`3 vhljâvho hb shks bhshs, j`ltnd`s dhstn dntn. Uhljhld`-sh n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` n thbp` jhrt` dn dntn, tnbfëb sh enz enjuotntkv` ` njhkth, p`ks mî ubn dntn jhrtn pnrn ` rhsphjtkv` vhljkbhlt`. Hsth Tâtuo` dhvh shr nprhshltnd` pnrn ` njhkth ntë ` vhljkbhlt`, thld` cî ub thrb` klkjkno quh ë n dntn d` snquh, p`rëb n nprhshltnáê` pnrn ` njhkth ë `frkantúrkn. ûnld` ` vhljkbhlt` d` Tâtuo` sh dî n thbp` jhrt` dn vkstn, ` prnz` pnrn pnanbhlt` d` Tâ Tâtu tuo` o` j` j`bh bhán án n eoeouk ukrr dn dn dntn tn hb qu quh h `j `j`r `rrh rhu u ` njhkth. Lhsth jns`, ` Tâtuo` ë nprhshltnd` duns du ns vh vhzh zhs3 s3 ub ubnn pn pnrn rn nj njhk hkth th h ù ùtr trn n pn pnrn rn pn pnan an-bhlt`. Hb t`d `d`` jns ns``, ubn vhz ekr krbn bnd` d` ln Oht htrn rn dh Jæbf Jæ bfk` k`,, ` nj njhkt hkthh ë krr krrhv hvà àîv îvho ho,, lê lê` ` p` p`dh dhld ld`, `, p` p`ks ks,, shrr jn sh jnlj ljho hond nd`, `, lh lhb b sh shrr rh rhtktkrn rnd` d`,, sh shau auld ld` ` n Oh Ohk.k.

Mî duns dkehrhláns hltrh hld`ss` h jhssê` jkvko3 >) @ hld`ss` trnlsehrh n pr`prkhdndh d` Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt`. @ hld`ssnlth rhsp`ldh phon hxkstãljkn d` jrëdkt` (ù shcn, quh hsth lê` ë enos`) h tnbfëb phon sòvãljkn d` dhvhd`r7 nsskb, l` hld`ss`, anrnlth-sh ` pnanbhlt`. Lê` sh ndbkth n nohanáê` dh qunoquhr bntërkn quh lê` omh dkanb rhsphkt`. 6) Ln jhssê` jkvko, ` jhdhlth rhsp`ldh nphlns phon hxkstãljkn d` jrëdkt`, ù shcn, sh lklauëb pnanr ` Tâtuo`, ` jhssk`lîrk` vnk dhphldhr d` j`ltrnt` dh jhssê`7 kss` p`dhrî shr hstnfhohjkd` ln joîusuon ‟lê` é `rdhb‒. N` j`ltrîrk` d` hld`ss`, ln jhssê`, lê` sh anrnlth pnanbhlt` h, noëb dkss`, p`dhb shr `p`stns n hxjháøhs phss`nks, ù shcn, sh ` snjnd` ù ùtr` j``frkand` e`r hxhjutnd` pho` jhssk`lîrk`, p`dh nohanr ns bnks dkvhrsns bntërkns j`ltrn hoh.

Vhthláê` Vh thláê` kldhvkdn kld hvkdn dn Ohtrn dh Jæ Jæbfk` bfk` N Oh Ohtr trnn dh Jæ Jæbf bfk` k` lê lê` ` dh dhvh vh sh shrr dh dhkx kxnd ndn n pnrn ` snjnd`, p`rquh hoh p`dh rnsaî-on, nohanr quh cî pnaù htj. Zh ` snjnd` lê` dhvòvhrr ` Tâ vh Tâtu tuo` o` l` b` b`bh bhlt lt`` dn np nprh rhsh shlt ltná náê` ê` pn pnrn rn ` nj njhk hkth th,, p` p`dh dhrî rî sh shrr rh rhqu quhr hrkd kdn n n su sun n pr prks ksê` ê` p` p`r r ntë l`vhltn dkns7 hssn prksê` p`dhrî shr dhjrht jr htnd ndnn p` p`rr ub cu cukz kz jk jkvk vko,o, j` j`le le`r `rbh bh ` Nr Nrtktka` a` == ==8 8 h ==5 d` Júdka` dh Yr`jhss` Jkvko.

Hld`ss` @ hld`ss` j`lsksth lubn dhjonrnáê` ehktn l` vhrs` (d`rs`) d` Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt` é `rdhb, j`lthld` n nssklnturn dn phss`n n quhb hoh phrthljh, pnssnld` n shr ` hld`ssnlth. N dhjonrnáê`3 >) p`dh kldkjnr ` l`bh dn phss`n n quhb ` Tâtuo` ë trnlsehrâvho trnlsehrâvho (hld`ssntîrk`), (hld`ssntîrk`), ù7 6) p`dh dhkxnr dh kldkjî-o`.

@ hld`ss` pr`duz d`ks hehkt`s3

L` prkbhkr` jns`, ekjn ` l`bh d` l`v` pr`prkhtîrk` d` Tâtuo`7 nsskb, nsskb, thrhb`s ` quh sh sh jmnbn dh hld`ss` hb prht`. Cî l` shauld` jns`, lê` sh bhljk`ln ` l`bh dn phss`n n quhb ` Tâtuo` ë trnlsehrkd`7 hltê`, thrhb`s ` Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

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>) T`rl T`rlnn jrh jrhd`r d`r ` hld hld`ss `ssnt ntîrk îrk`` dn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`7 6) T`rln ` hld`ssnlth j``frkand` pho` pnanbhlt` d` Tâtuo`. >98


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Zh mùvhr l`vn trnlsehrãljkn, hstn sh enrî ùtrn vhz p`r hld`ss`. Ë bukt` kbp`rtnlth quh lê` mncn klthrrupáê` ln shquãljkn dh hld`ss`s, quh dhvhb shaukr ubn sërkh j`ltâlun dh shquãljkn fnstnlth jonrn, dh b`d` quh ` hld`ssntîrk` dh jndn hld`ss` shcn ` hld`ssnlth d` hld`ss` shauklth. @ hld`ss` p`dh hehtunr-sh nlths d` njhkth ù dhp`ks dhoh.

Zh ` Tâtuo` lê` e`r pna` pho` dhvhd`r prkljkpno, ù pho` snjnd`, ` hld`ssnlth dhvh pnanr hsth Tâtuo`. E`rbn h o`jno o`jno d` hld`ss`

Dhp`ks dh hbktkdn n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`, ` t`bnd`r (fhlhekjkîrk`) p`dh trnlsehrk-on p`r hld`ss` nlths bhsb` dh nprhshltî-on n` snjnd` pnrn ` njhkth.

@ hld`ss` sh hehtkvn bhdknlth n nssklnturn d` jrhd`r quh, hb rharn, ë ` t`bnd`r ù hld`ssntîrk` d` Tâtuo`. @ hld`ss` ë dnd` l` vhrs` d` Tâtuo`, fnstnld` n nssklnturn d` jrhd`r, ù ln enjh d` Tâtuo`, dhsdh quh ` nt` shcn kdhltkekjnd` j`b n hxprhssê` ‟pnauh-sh‒ pnrn lê` shr j`leuldkd` j`b ` njhkth h j`b ` nvno. Hstn hxprhssê` p`dh shr klshrkdn l` vhrs`. B`dnokdndhs dh hld`ss`

J`b` cî hstudnb`s, ` hld`ss` p`dh shr hb prht` ù hb frnlj`. L` hld`ss` hb frnlj`, lê` sh kdhltkekjn ` hld`ssntîrk`. @ hld`ss` hb prht` `j`rrh qunld` lhoh sh j`ltëb ` l`bh d` hld`ssntîrk`, pnrn quh sh ekquh snfhld` quhb ë ` l`v` fhlhekjkîrk` d` Tâtuo`. @s hld`ss`s quh njnfnb`s dh hstudnr sê` hld`ss`s hb prht`. L` hltnlt`, p`dh sujhdhr quh ` t`bnd`r d` Tâtuo` trnlsekrn hsth n ùtrn phss`n p`r hld`ss`, lê` enzhld` j`lstnr lhsth ` l`bh dhstn phss`n quh pnssh n shr ` l`v` fhlhekjkîrk`. Ynrn quh sh `phrh ` hld`ss` hb frnlj`, fnstn n nssklnturn d` hld`ssnlth l` vhrs` d` Tâtuo`. @ hld`ss` hb frnlj` thb hehkt` dh hbprhstnr n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`, thld` n shbhomnlán dh ub tâtuo` n` p`rtnd`r. Jns` ` shu fhlhekjkîrk` dhshch trnlsehrkr n Ohtrn n ùtr`, fnstn quh hltrhauh ` Tâtuo` n hsth quh n trnlsehrãljkn sh enz. N phss`n quh sh t`rlù fhlhekjkîrkn d` Tâtuo` ntrnvës d` hld`ss` hb frnlj`, p`dh j`bpohtnr tno hld`ss` ln j`le`rbkdndh d`s dkzhrhs cî rhehrkd`s, trnlse`rbnld`-sh hb hld`ss` hb prht`7 hltê`, ekjnrî j`lstnd` lhsth ` l`bh dhsth fhlhekjkîrk`. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

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>95

Y`dhb `j`rrhr vîrk`s hld`ss`s nlths dn nprhshltnáê` d` Tâtuo` pnrn ` njhkth, jns` hb quh n ub d`s hld`ssntîrk`s ë quh jnfh nprhshltnr n Ohtrn n` snjnd`, pnrn tno ekb. Dn bhsbn e`rbn, ` hld`ss` p`dh hehtunr-sh npús ` njhkth dn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` (ù bhsb` npús ` shu vhljkbhlt`). N trnlsehrãljkn dn Ohtrn lê` p`dh shr pnrjkno, dhvhld` shbprh dnr-sh phon t`tnokdndh d` vno`r quh hon rhprhshltn. Dhstn e`rbn, ` hld`ss` ë shbprh t`tno, pho` skbpohs ent` ent` dh hqukvnohr hqukvnohr n` klthkr` vno`r dn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` Jæbfk`..

Hld`ss` hb ubn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` Jæbfk`

Hb ubn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` l` vno`r dh V$ 69.999,99, ` hld`ss` lê` p`dh shr ehkt` s`frh nphlns V$ >8.999,99, bns skb s`frh ` vno`r t`tno kldkjnd` l` Tâtuo`. @ hld`ss`, noëb dh trnlsehrkr n pr`prkhdndh dn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`, nprhshltn ùtr` hehkt` dh arnldh kbp`rtæljkn3 ` dh anrnltkr-omh ` pnanbhlt`, vkst` j`b` ` hld`ss d` ssnl nlth th rh rhsp` sp`ld ldh h s` sòkd okdnrk nrknbh nbhlth lth ph pho` o` nj njhkt hkth hh pho` ph o` pn pnan anbh bhlt lt` ` dn s` s`bn bn jn jnbf bfkn kno. o. Ns Nssk skb, b, sh l` vhljkbhlt`, ` snjnd` lê` sntksekzhr ` vno`r d` Klstktut` Xlkvhrsno Frnskohkr`

Sign In Join   ekjkîrk`. Lhsth jns`, ` hld`ssntîrk` (fnlj`) s`bhlth p`dh sh npr`prknr d` jrëdkt` sh n `frkanáê` prkljkpno lê` e`r m`lrndn. Jns` kst` `j`rrn, `s Tâtuo`s dhvhb shr dhvòvkd dhvòvkd`s `s n` hld`ssnlth, p`dhld` shr phlm`rnd`s (Nrtka` >; dn Ohk Xlke`rbh).

Search  Explore   Top Charts Tktuo`, `s hld`ssnlths sê` sòkdnrknbhlth rhsp`lsîvhks pho` pnanbhlt` dn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` n` shu ohaktkb` pr`prkhtîrk`.

Dksshb Dkss hb`s `s qu quhh ` hl hld` d`ss ss` ` p` p`dh dh dn dnrr-sh sh p` p`ssthrk th rk`r `rbh bhlt lthh n` vh vhlj ljkb kbhl hlt` t` dn Oh Ohtr trn n dh Jæ Jæbf bfk` k`,, jns` jn s` hb qu quhh tn tnbf bfëb ëb sh tr trnl nlse sehr hrh h n pr pr`p `prk rkhd hdnd ndh h d` Tâtuo`. Dn bhsbn bhsbn e`rbn, tno hld`ss` hld`ss` vkljuon ` hld`ssnlth, quh sh t`rln sòkdnrknbhlth rhsp`lsîvho pho` pnanbhlt` d` Tâtuo`, snov` sh ` hld`ss` sh hehtunr dhp`ks d` pr`thst` dn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`, ù dhp`ks dh hxpkrnd` ` prnz` hb quh ` pr`thst` dhvh shr tkrnd`. Lhsth Lh sthss jns jns`s `s,, `s hl hld`s d`ssnl snlth ths, s, quh hld hld`s`ssnrn sn rnb b n Oh Ohtr trnn np npús ús ` rh rhsp sphj hjtktkv` v` pr pr`t `ths hst` t`,, ù dh dh-p`ks p` ks dh hx hxpk pkrn rnd` d` ` pr prnz nz`` pn pnrn rn tn tno,o, ekekjn jnb b ks kshl hlt` t`ss dn rhsp`l rhs p`lsnf snfkok kokdn dndh dh jn jnbfk bfkno no dh anr anrnl nltkr tkr-om -omh h ` pna pnannbhlt` d` Tâtuo` sòkdnrknbhl sòkdnrknbhlth. th. Hspëjkhs dh Hld`ss`

Hxksthb noaubns hspëjkhs dh hld`ss`s hld`ss`s33 • Hld`ss` Yohl` (j` (j`bub bub ù trn trnlso lsont ntâjk âjk`) `) ‚ Ë ` hl hldd`s `sss` quh trn rnllse sehhrh ` Tâtuo` dh Jrë rëd dktkt`, `, ù shcn, ë n skbpohs nssklnturn d` hld`ssntîrk`, hb frnl fr nlj` j`ù ùhb hbpr prht ht`. `.Ë Ë jn jnfâ fâvh vhoo sh shlê lê` ` m` mùv uvhr hrjo joîu îu-suon su on ‟l ‟lê` ê` é `r `rdh dhb‒ b‒ (N (Nrt rtka ka`` >> dn Oh Ohkk Xl Xlkeke`r `rbh bh). ). • Hld`ss` Bnldnt` ‚ Ë ` kbprúprk` quh nphl np hlns ns nu nut` t`rk rkzn zn n j` j`fr frnl nlán án d` vn vno` o`rr d` Tâ Tâtu tuo` o`,, ù shcn, ` jrëdkt` j`ltklun phrthljhld` n` hld`ssnlth snl th.. L`r L`rbn bnobh obhlt lth, h, njk njkbn bn dn ns nsskl sklnt nturn urn d` hld`ssnlth, ë hsjrkt` n hxprhssê` ‟p`r bnldnd`‒ ù ‟pnrn n j`frnlán‒ (Nrtka` >= dn Ohk Xlke`rbh h Nrtka Nrtka` ` ;>1 d` Júdk Júdka` a` Jkvko ntuno). ntuno). Jnuáê` uáê` ‚ Tnbfëb jmnbnd` • Hld`ss` Jn dh pkal`rntâjk`, ë ` hld`ss` quh trnlsehrh Tâtuo` nphlns pnrn ekls dh anrnltkn d` pnanbhlt` dh ubn ùtrn prhstnáê`.

• Hld`ss` J`ldkjk`lno - Ë ` quh j`ldkjk`l jk `ln n ` pn pnan anbh bhlt lt`` n ub hv hvhl hlt` t` eu eutu tur` r`.. N j` j`ld ldkkáê` ë j`lskdhrndn j`b` lê` hsjrktn, h ` Tâtuo` ë tr trnl nlse sehr hrkd kd` ` l` l`rb rbno nobh bhlt lth, h, ù sh shcn, cn, ` vn vno` o`rr p` p`dh dh shr j`frnd` kldhphldhlthbhlth dn j`ldkáê` (Nrtka` >6 dn Ohk Xlke`rbh). Okbktnd` ` ‚ Tnbf • Hld`ss` Okbktnd nbfëb ëb jmn jmn-bnd` dh pnrjkno, ë ` hld`ss` quh trnlsehrh nphlns pnrth pnrth d` vno`r d` Tâtuo`. Ë j`lskdhrnd` j`lskdhrnd` luo`, ù shcn, trnlsehrh ` vno`r t`tno (Nrtka` >6 dn Ohk Xlke`rbh h Ynrîarne` ólkj`, Nrtka` ;>6 d` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno). Lê` ë jnfâvho p`rquh ` Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt` thb ` quh jmnbnb`s dh ulkdndh, quh j`lsksth ln kldkvkdunokdndh d` jrëdkt` l` b`bhlt` d` hld`ss`. ld`ss` s` Tnrdk` ù Yústub ústub` ` - Ë • Hld`s nquhoh hehtund` npús ` pr`thst`. Zkalkekjn quh, sh v`jã tkvhr ubn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` pr`thstndn p`r enotn dh pnanbhlt`, hssh hld`ss` ë hqukvnohlth n ubn skbpohs jhssê` jkvko dh jrëdkt`, p`rquh ` hld`ssntîrk` cî snfkn quh ` Tâtuo` e`k pr`thstnd` ù p`rquh hoh lê` p`dh j`frnr `s j`dhvhd`rhs. Yr`duz `s bhsb`s hehkt`s dn jhssê` jkvko dh jrëdkt`, p`rquh ` l`v` jrhd`r (hld`ssntîrk`) lê` vnk p`dhr hxhjutnr j`ltrn ` snjnd`r h ` hld`ssnlth (t`bnd`r). Zh ` hld`ss` e`r ehkt` npús ` pr`thst`, ` hld`ssntîrk` p`dhrî hxhjutî-o`, bns hoh p`dh thr nohand` qunoquhr bntërkn j`ltrn hoh. Lhsshs jns`s, n trnlsehrãljkn ë ehktn p`r ubn skbpohs jhssê` dh jrëdkt`.

Nvno Nv no @ Nvno ë ub j`ltrnt` njhssúrk`, bhdknlth ` quno ` nvnokstn sh `frkan n sntksenzhr n dâvkdn, jns` ub ù bnks d`s `frkand`s lê` jubprnb ` j`bpr`bkss`,j`b` cî e`k hxpokjnd`. Hoh tnbfëb ë dnd` p`r thrjhkrn phss`n, nomhkn n` Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt`, quh ` enz dh env`r, hb nthláê` n` phdkd` dh ub ù bnks d`s dhvhd`rhs quh j`lsthb d` Tâtuo`. Zh a u ld ` ` N r t k a ` > 4 d n O h k l³

Fnlj` j`b` hld`ssntîrk` (hld`ss` jnuáê`)

Xb hbprhsîrk` ekrbn j`b ` fnlj` ub j`ltrnt` dh bótu` (hbprëstkb`) h hltrhan, hb anrnltkn, Ohtrns dh Jæbfk` dns qunks ë fhlhOhaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

>91


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6.944/>;9=, ` pnanbhlt` dh ubn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` p`dh shr anrnltkd` p`r Nvno, kldhphldhlth d` njhkth h d` hld`ss`. Dhsth thxt`,, `fshrvn-sh quh n eklnok thxt` eklnokdndh dndh ólkjn d` Nvno ë n anrnltkn d` pnanbhlt` d` Tâtuo` h d` jubprkbhlt` dn `frkanáê` jnbfkno. Nvno, p`ks, ë ubn dhjonrnáê` kltr`duzkdn ln Oh Ohtr trn n dh Jæ Jæbf bfk` k` (h hb ù ùttr` r`ss Tât âtuo uo`s `s dh Jr Jrëëdktt` j` dk j`b` b` n L`t `tnn Yr Yr`b `bks ksssúr úrkn kn,, ` Jm Jmh hqu quh h h n Du Du-pokjntn), dhstklndn n anrnltkr ` jubprkbhlt` dn `frkanáê`, j`lsufstnljkndn l` Tâtuo`. Y`dh n Ohtr Oh trn n dh Jæ Jæbf bfk` k` sh shrr nv nvno nokz kznd ndn, n, kl kldh dhph phld ldhl hlth th dh lhon j`lstnr ‟njhkth‒ ù ‟hld`ss`‒.Hlqunlt` ‟hld`ss`‒.Hlqunlt` ns ùtrns dhjonrnáøhs j`ltkdns ln Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` p`ssuhb euláøhs fîskjns, lhsth Tâtuo`, ` nvno p`ssuk ubn euláê` njhssúrkn. njhssúrkn. Ns dhjonrnáøhs fîskjns euljk`lnb l` shltkd` dh jrknr n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` (ln sun hbkssê`), ù dh trnlsbktk-on (hld`ss`), ù nkldn, dh j`bpohtî-on (njhkth), n` pnss` quh n dhjonrnáê` j`ltkdn l` Nvno thb n euláê` hsphjâekjn h ólkjn dh anrnltkr ` pnanbhlt` d` Tâtuo`. Yrhstnd` p`r ub thrjhkr`, lê` sh j`leuldkld` j`b lhlmubn dns phss`ns quh kltharnb n rhonáê` jnbfkno pr`prknbhlth dktn (rhprhshltndn p`r Ohtrn), ` Nvno rhe`rán n `frkanáê`, anrnltkld` ` rhsphjtkv` pnanbhlt`. Y`dh ` Nvno shr onlánd` hb nf`l` é nssklnturn dh qunksquhr d`s j``frkand`s l`s Tâtuo`s, ù shcn, dns phss`ns s`frh quhb phsn n rhsp`lsnfkokdndh r hsp`lsnfkokdndh dh sntksenzhr n `frkanáê` (` snjnd`r, `s hld`ssnlths h ` njhktnlth).

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Nss kln, Nsskl n, nfn nfnkx kx` ` dn ek ekrb rbn n d` sn snjnjnd`r, Ynuo` T`rrhs, j`b` nvnokstn dhsth.

Dn bhsbn e`rbn, p`dh shr np`st` ` Nvno rhontkvnbhlth n`s dhbnks j`-`frkand`s3 `s hld`ssnlths h ` njhktnlth d` Tâtuo`. N Ohk l³ 6.944/>; 6.944/>;9=, 9=, hb shu shu Nrtka` >4, >4, dkz nkldn quh n vnokdndh d` nvno ë suekjkhlth n skbpohs nssklnturn dh prúprk` pulm` d` nvnokstn ù bnldntîrk` (pr`jurnd`) hsphjkno, l` vhrs` ù l` nlvhrs` dn Ohtrn. @fshrvh ` quh dkz ` Nrtka` >8, dn bhsbn bhsbn Ohk, s`frh ` nvnokstn3 @ nvnokstn ë hqukpnrnd` équhoh juc` l`bh kldkjnr7 ln enotn dh kldkjnáê`, équhoh nfnkx` dh jucn nssklnturn onlánr n sun7 e`rn dhsths jns`s, n` njhktnsth h, lê` hstnld` njhktn n ohtrn, n` snjnd`r.

D`s Nrtka`s jktnd`s, dhduzkb`s quh ` Nvno p`dh shr hb prht` ù hb frnlj`. Ë hb prht` qunld` mî kldkjnáê` pho` nvnokstn d` j``frkand`, quh thljk`ln anrnltkr rhsp`lsnfko sn fkokd kdnd ndh. h. Lh Lhst sth h jn jns` s`,, bh bhlj ljk` k`ln ln-s -shh ` l`bh dhsth ù, skbpohsbhlth, n euláê` d` nvnokznd`.

Hld`ss`s hb prht` l` Nvno

C`rah Lulhs kldkjn, hxprhssnbhlth ln Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`, quh prhstn ` nvno n @ronld` Bnjmnd` (njhktnlth), dh kauno b`d` tnbfëb ` nvnokstn Ynuo` T`rrhs T`rrhs kldkjn thr prhstnd` ` nvno n` snjnd`r, Bnrjho` Anovê`7 nbf`s `s jns`s sê` hld`ss`s hb prht`.

Dhl`bkln-sh nvnokstn n phss`n quh prhstn ` Nvno. @ nvnokstn jò`jn sun nssklnturn nfnkx` dn nssklnturn dn phss`n n quhb ` Nvno ë prhstnd`, p`dhld` njrhsjhlt jh ltnr nr n hx hxpr prhs hssê sê`` ‟p ‟p`r `r nv nvno no‒. ‒. Dh Dhst sth h b`d`, ` nvnokstn pnssn n anrnltkr ` jubprkbhlt` dn `frkanáê` jnbfkno dn pnrth d` nvnokznd` (j``frkand` n quhb prhstn ` Nvno), Nv no), juc jucnn rhs rhsp`l p`lsnf snfkokd kokdndh ndh nss nssubh ubh,, jns` ` nvnokznd` lê` n jubprn.

Mî jns`s hb quh ` nvno sh rhsubh ln skbpohs nssklnturn d` nvnokstn. Thb`s, hltê`, ` hld`ss` hb frnlj`. J`b` mî nusãljkn dh qunoquhr kldkjnáê` d` j``frkand` n quhb ` nvno (hb frnlj`) sh prhstn, n Ohk j`lskdhrn noaubns mkpúthshs h np`l np `ltn tn ns s` sòu ouáø áøhs hs rh rhsp sphj hjtktkvn vns. s.Ns Nssk skb, b, sh n ns ns-skln sk lntu turn rn d` d`ss nv nvno noks kstn tnss sh hl hlj` j`lt ltrn rn nf nfnk nkx` x` dn ns ns--

@fshrvh j`b` sh hehtun n prhstnáê` d` Nvno n` snjnd`r3 Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

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sklnturn dh ub d`s j``frkand`s l` Tâtuo`, ë hsth hs th qu quhh n Oh Ohkk j` j`ls lskd kdhr hrnn j` j`b` b` pr prhs hstn tnd` d` d` d`N Nvn vno.o. Zh ` nvnokstn npushr n sun nssklnturn hb ouanr ksònd` l` Tâtuo`, h lê` nfnkx` dh qunoquhr dns ùtrns nssklnturns j`ltkdns, n Ohk dhthrb th rbkl klnn qu quhh hs hssh sh Nv Nvno no sh shcn cn pr prhs hstn tnd` d` n` njhktnlth7 sh ` Tâtuo` nkldn lê` e`r njhkt` ù sh tkvhr mnvkd` rhjusn rhjusn n` njhkth, ` Nvno sh j`lskdhrnrî prhstnd` n` snjnd`r dn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`. @ Nvno lê` p`dh shr okbktnd` ù pnrjkno, dhvhld` shr kltharno, ù shcn, ln bhsbn bhdkdn dkd n dn rhs rhsp`l p`lsnf snfkok kokdnd dndh h d` j`` j``frk frkand and` ` n quhb sh dhstkln n anrnltkn.

Tno pn pnan anbh bhlt lt`` dh dhvh vh sh shrr eh ehktkt`` j` j`lt ltrn rn n np nprh rh-shlt sh ltná náê` ê` d` Tâ Tâtu tuo` o`,, qu quhh ë dh dhv` vòv ovkd kd`` éq équh uhoh oh qu quhh ` pnanr.. Nsskb, ` p`rtnd`r onlán ubn quktnáê` pnanr quktnáê` l` Tâtu Tâ tuo` o`.. L` L`rbn rbnob obhl hlth th,, ` pn pnan anbh bhlt lt`` dn Oh Ohtr trnn dh dhvh vh shr ehkt` phon t`tnokdndh dh shu vno`r. L` hltnlt`, ` Ynrîarne` 6³, Nrtka` 66 d` Dhjrht` l³ 6.944/>;9= nekrbn quh ` Tâtuo` dhvh shr pna` pnrjknobhlth, mkpúthsh hb quh ` rhsphjtkv` p`rtnd`r ë `frkand` n rhjhfhr tno pnanbhlt` pnrjkno. N quktnáê` dhstn pnrth d` pnanbhlt`, lhsth jns`, dhvh ekaurnr l` prúprk` Tâtuo` h, tnbfëb, hb d`jubhlt` ekrbnd` shpnrndnbhlth, ekjnld` hsth Tâtuo` hb p`dhr d` p`rtnd`r ntë n sntksenáê` t`tno dn `frkanáê`.

T`dnvkn, n Ohk Xlke`rbh, n` j`ltrîrk` d` Dhjrht` l¹ 6.944/>;9=, ndbkth ` Nvno pnrjkno ù okbktnd`.

Yr`thst`

@ nvnokstn nssubh l` Tâtuo` n bhsbn rhsp`lsnfkokdndh quh ` j``frkand`, n quhb prhstn ` Nvno. Dhsth b`d`, sh ` j``frkand` lê` jubprkr n `frkanáê` jnbfkîrkn h lê` n sntksekzhr7 kst` jnfh n` rhsphjtkv` nvnokstn h nvnokznd`, nbf`s sòkdîrk`s ln `frkanáê`. Jndn j``frkand`, ln Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`, p`dh thr bnks dh ub nvnokstn pnrn anrnltkr n rhsp`lsnfkokdndh dnquhoh.

@ pr`thst` hstî rhauonbhltnd` ln Ohk l³ ;.4; ;. 4;6/ 6/;1 ;1,, tn tnlt lt` ` qu quhh ` Nr Nrtktka` a` 69 696, 6, Kl Kljk jks` s` KK d` Jú Jú-dka` Jkvko ntuno trntn dhstn bntërkn (jnusn dh klthrrupáê` dn prhsjrkáê` dn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`). @ pr`thst` p`dh shr dheklkd` j`b` ` nt` jnbfkno dh rhsp`lsnfkokdndh d` jrhd`r quh vksn klstrubhltnr n enotn dh pnanbhlt` dh njhkth h n enotn dh dntn dhsth. Thb p`r eklnokdndh pr`vnr n klndkbpoãljkn h ` dhsjubprkbhlt` dh `frkanáøhs `rkaklndns hb tâtuo`s h ùtr`s d`jubhlt`s dn dâvkdn. Bnks d` quh kss`, shrvh pnrn anrnltkr3 • nuthltkjkdndh (n vhrdndh d` nt`)7 • pufokjkdndh (quh e`k ohvnd` n` j`lmhjkbhlt` d` dhvhd`r h dn s`jkhdndh)7 • shaurnlán7 • hekjîjkn n` nt` curâdkj`.

Ynanbhlt` J`b` cî vkb`s, n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` p`dh vhljhr p`r quntr` b`d`s3 é vkstn, hb dkn jhrt`, n thbp` jhrt` dn dntn h n thbp` jhrt` dn vkstn. L` hltnlt`, n Ohtrn p`dh vhljhr dh b`d` hxtrn`rdklîrk` hb d`ks jns`s, prhvkst`s prhvkst`s l` Nrtka` >; d` Dhjrht` l³ 6.944/>;9=3 >) ûnld` ë pr`thstndn phon enotn ù rhjusn d` njhkth7 6) Yhon enoãljkn d` njhktnlth (ù d` hbkthlth) d` Tâtuo`. Hb nbf`s `s jns`s, pnrn quh n Ohtrn sh j`lskdhrh vhljkdn nlths dn dntn dh shu vhljkbhlt`, ë kldksphlsîvho quh shcn sufbhtkdn n` pr`thst`. Uhljkdn p`r b`d` `rdklîrk`, ù hxtrn`rdklîrk`, dhvh n Ohtrn shr nprhshltndn p`r shu ohaâtkb` p`rtnd`r n` snjnd` ù njhktnlth pnrn pnanbhlt`. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

@ Jnrtúrk` dh Yr`thst`s nphlns rhduz n thxt` n v`ltndh d` jrhd`r. @ pr`thst` ë hxtrnâd` j`b trãs dkns dn l`tkekjnáê` d` dhvhd`r ù dnquhoh quh e`k l`tkekjnd`, sh lê` e`r jubprkdn n l`tkekjnáê`. Y`r hxhbpo`, sh ub tâtuo` vhljhr l` dkn >9, ntë ` dkn >6 p`dhrî shr nprhshltnd` pnrn pr`thst`, h ` dhvhd`r shrî l`tkekjnd` pnrn pnanr hb trãs dkns. Zh ` snjnd` lê` j`bpnrhjhr, mnvhrî pr`thst`. ûnld` ûn ld` vhl vhljhr jhr,, `rd `rdkln klnrkn rknbhl bhlth th,, n Oht Ohtrn rn dh Jæbfk Jæ bfk`, `, dh dhvh vh shr np nprhs rhshlt hltndn ndn ph pho` o` p`r p`rtn tnd` d`rr n` njhktnl njh ktnlth th pnrn pna pnanbh nbhlt` lt`.. Ohbf Ohbfrnb` rnb`ss quh nlths d` vhljkbhlt` hb dntn jhrtn, ` p`rtnd`r dn Ohtrn (enjuotntkvn ù `frkant`rknbhlth, j`l>9;


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e`rbh e`rb h ` jn jns` s`)) n np nprh rhsh shlt ltnn n` sn snjn jnd` d` pn pnrn rn ` rh rhssphjtkv` njhkth, nssubkld`, nsskb, ` snjnd` n rhsp`lsnfkokdndh rhsp`lsn fkokdndh dh snodî-on l` vhljkbhlt vhljkbhlt`. `. Dh ent`, sh n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`, nprhshltndn n` snjnd` pnrn ` rhsphjtkv` pnanbhlt`, lê` e`r Tâtuo` njhkt` ù pna`, p`dhrî shu ohaâtkb` pr`prkhtîrk` ohvî-on n pr`thst`.

J`lsksth ` pr`th J`lsksth pr`thst` st` dn Oh Ohtrn trn dh Jæbfk` lubn e`rbnokdndh hxtrncudkjkno, j`lsufstnljknd` lub nt` sòhlh h e`rbno, ohvnd` n jnf` hb hb tnfhok`lnt` j`bphthlth.

L` jns` d` pr`thst`, j`bphth prkvntkvnbhlth n` Tnfhokê` dh Yr`thst` h Tâtuo`s, ln tuthon (eksjnokznáê`) d`s klthrhsshs pófokj`s h prkvnd`s, ns shauklths ntrkfukáøhs3 • Yr`t`jòkznr (nt` dh ohvnr `Tâtuo` n` TnTnfhok`lnt` pnrn quh lhoh ekquh j`lskalnd`, ntrnvës dh jmnljhon hohtrôlkjn, n dntn hb quh ` Tâtuo` e`k ohvnd` n pr`thst`)7 • Kltkbnr ` snjnd` pnrn pnanr7 • Nj Njò òmh mhrr n dh dhv` vòu ouáê áê`` ù nj njhk hkth th d` sn snjn jnd` d`77 • Vhjhfhr ` pnanbhlt` d` Tâtuo` h dh ùtr`s d`jubhlt`s dh dâvkdn7 • Onvrnr h rhakstrnr ` pr`thst` ù njntnr n rhskstãljkn d` jrhd`r hb rhonáê` n hsth7 • Yr`jhdhr és nvhrfnáøhs7 • Yrhstnr kle`rbnáøhs7 • E`rlhjhr jhrtkdøhs rhontkvns n t`d`s `s nt`s prntkjnd`s.

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Zhcn p`r enotn dh njhkth, shcn p`r enotn dh pnanbhlt`, n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` dhvh shr ohvndn n Jnrtúrk` pnrn pr`thst`, l` prkbhkr` dkn ótko hb quh sh shaukr n` dn rhjusn d` njhkth ù n` vhljkbhlt`, shauld` n Ohk. @ èkjkno d` rhakstr` pófokj` j`bphthlth, n` shr-omh nprhshltndn n Ohtrn, dhvh kltkbnr ` snjnd`, ù ` njhktnlth, pnrn quh j`bpnrhán n` Jnrtúrk` pnrn njhktî-on, ù pnaî-on, ù dnr rnzøhs p`r quh lê` ` ehz, ekjnld` j`lskalnd` ` prnz` dh trãs dkns pnrn kst`. Jns` ` snjnd` j`bpnrhán h rhjhfn n Ohtrn, ù j`bpnrhán ` njhktnlth h n pnauh, ` pr`thst` sh j`lsubnrî. Jns` ` snjnd` lê` j`bpnrhán h, sh j`bpnrhjhr, lê` njhktnr n Ohtrn, ù ` njhktnlth lê` n pnanr, dnld` (ù lê`) ns rnzøhs p`r quh lê` n ehz, dh qunoquhr b`d`, b`d `, ` pr` pr`th thst` st` sh j`l j`lsub subnrî nrî tn tnbfë bfëb. b. Hltê`, ub thrb` hb Jnrtúrk`, dhl`bklnd` dh Klstrubhlt` dh Yr`thst`, shrî onvrnd`, jhrtkekjnld` ` ent`. Zhauld` n Ohk, ` Klstrubhlt` dh Yr`thst` dhvh j`lthr3 • n dntn7 • n trnlsjrkáê` okthrno dn Ohtrn h dns dhjonrnáøhs lhoh klshrkdns, phon `rdhb rhsphjtkvn7 • n jhrtkdê` dh n Ohtrn lê` mnvhr skd` hlj`ltrndn ù shr dhsj`lmhjkdn d`s klthrvhlkhl lk hlth thss v` vòu oult ltîr îrk` k`ss h dn dnss ekekrb rbns ns p` p`rr ho hohh m`lrndns7 • n nqukhsjãljkn d` p`rtnd`r n` njhkth dh m`lrn (kst` ë, d` klthrvhlkhlth)7 • n nssklnturn, j`b` sklno pófokj`, d` èkjkno dh pr`thst`. Npús rhdkakd` ` Klstrubhlt` d` Yr`thst`, shrî rhakstrnd` l` Okvr` dh Yr`thst` d` Jnrtúrk` h hltrhauh n` dhthlt`r d` Tâtuo`, ù é phss`n quh, j`b` klthrvhlkhlth, mùvhr hehtund` ` pnanbhlt` dn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`. @ pr`thst` ë lhjhssîrk` ln Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` h hb ùtr`s Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt`, hb rhonáê` n`s j``frkand`s, hxjht` n` nvnokstn d` snjnd` h tnbfëb ln enoãljkn p`r kbp`ltunokdndh. Eklnokdndh Ekln okdndh d` pr`thst`

@ pr`thst` dhstkln-sh n j`bpr`vnr quh ` Tâtuo` e`k `p`rtulnbhlth nprhshltnd`, p`r shu ohaâtkb` p`rtnd`r, n` snjnd` (dhvhd`r) pnrn ` Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

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njhkth njhk th,, ù n` nj njhk hktn tnlt lthh pn pnrn rn pn pnan anbh bhlt lt`, `, sh shb b qu quh h nquhoh thlmn njhktnd` ù hsth ` thlmn pnand`. @ pr`thst`, p`rtnlt`, ë n pr`vn klsufstktuâvho dh quh n enotn ù n rhjusn shcn t`tno ù pnrjkno d` njhkth ù d` pnanbhlt` dn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`. Klthrvhláê`

N` shr ohvndn ubn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` n pr`thst`, shcn p`r enotn dh njhkth ù p`r enotn dh pnanbhlt`, p`dh surakr ubn phss`n (ub thrjhkr`), lê` dkrhtnbhlth rhsp`lsîvho phon `frkanáê` jnbfkno, quh sh dksp`lmn n t`bnr pnrn sk n rhsp`lsnfkokdndh pho` Tâtuo` hb ouanr d` snjnd` ù njhktnlth. Hsth thrjhkr`, quh p`dh shr ubn phss`n nomhkn é `frkanáê` jnbfkno, nprhshltn-sh pnrn nssubkr n rhsp`lsnfkokdndh, n ekb dh m`lrnr ` l`bh dh qunoquhr ub d`s j``frkand`s d` Tâtuo`, hvktnld` quh mncn pr`thst`. Dhl`bk Dhl` bkln ln-s -shh kl klth thrv rvhl hlkh khlt lth h qu quhb hb nsskb nah, h klthrvhláê` n` nt` p`r hoh prntkjnd`. Ahrnobhlth, hssn phss`n sh kdhltkekjn ln phss`n d` pnk quh prhthldh m`lrnr n dâvkdn nssubkdn pho` ekom` bno sujhdkd`. Zh ` pr`ths pr`thst` t` euldkr ln enotn dh njhkth njhkth,, hxkah n Ohk quh ekquh hxprhssn n j`lj`rdæljkn d` p`rtnd`r d` Tâtuo` hb quh ` klthrvhlkhlth sh `frkan hb ouanr d` snjnd`. J`lj`rdnld` ` p`rtnd`r, ` njhkth d` Tâtuo`, p`r pnrth d` klthrvhlkhlth, ekjnrî hqukpnrndn n d` snjnd` quh njhktn, ù shcn, quhb rhjhfh thrî n bhsbn `frkanáê` d` prkbhkr` dhvhd`r. Y`rtnlt`, ` Tâtuo`, l` vhljkbhlt`, dhvhrî shr j`frnd` d` klthrvhlkhlth. Zh ` pr`thst` sh fnshnr hb enotn dh pnanbhlt`, ` p`rtnd`r ë `frkand` n j`lj`rdnr h rhjhfhr ` vno`r d` Tâtuo` dns bê`s d` klthrvhlkhlth, quh p`dh shr qunoquhr phss`n, shcn hon ub hstrnlm`, shcn ub d`s hld`ssnlths ù shu nvnokstn quh sh nprhshltn vòultnrknbhlth, pnanld` ` Tâtuo` pnrn m`lrnr qunoquhr dns ekrbns. Yr`thst` p`r enotn dh njhkth

Ë ` pr`thst` quh p`dh shr hxtrnâd` j`ltrn Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon 5

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` snjnd`r quh thvh n sun `rdhb lê` njntndn pho` snjnd`, bns ë ` prúprk` snjnd` quh dhvh shr l`tkekjnd` pho` jnrtúrk` pnrn ` njhkth ù lê` d` Tâtuo`. Zh lê` e`r njhkt` ` Tâtuo`, `j`rrh ` vhljkbhlt` nlthjkpnd` dn dâvkdn. @ prnz` pnrn quh shcn sòkjktnd` ` pr`thst` ë ntë ` ekb d` prnz` dh nprhshltnáê` pnrn ` njhkth ù ` dkn shauklth, qunld` sòkjktnd` ` prnz` dh rhspkr`. Yrnz` pnrn ` pr`thst`

ûnld` ` Tâtuo` ë é vkstn, ë kbhdkntnbhlth pna` hb ntë ub nl`. Nsskb, ` pr`thst` pr`thst` p`r enotn dh njhkth dhphldh d` prnz` dhsth. Zh ` Tâtuo` vhljhr n thbp` jhrt` dn vkstn (njhkth), ` pr`thst` dhvh shr ehkt` hb ntë ub nl`, hxjht` sh ekxnd` prnz` bhl`r ù bnk`r pho` snjnd`r. Zh ` Tâtuo` vhljhr n jhrt` thbp` dn dntn, hoh ho h dh dhvh vh sh shrr oh ohvn vnd` d` n pr pr`t `ths hst` t` nt ntëë ` vh vhlj ljkb kbhl hlt` t`.. Kst` Ks t` ë ` qu quh h jm jmnb nbnb nb`s `s dh pr pr`t `ths hst` t` jn jnbf bfkn knoo j` j`b b vhljkbhlt` n jhrt` thbp` dn dntn. Zh ` vhljkbhlt` ë ln dntn jhrtn n` jnohldîrk` j`bub, lê` thld` ` njhkth, ` t`bnd`r dhvh hljnbklmî-o` n pr`thst` tnbfëb ntë ` vhljkbhlt`. Hssh pr`thst` shrvh j`b` pr`vn dh quh ` Tâtuo` lê` e`k njhkt`, p`sskfkoktnld` quh ` jrhd`r anrnltn `s shus dkrhkt`s j`ltrn ` snjnd`r h hvhltuno nvnokstn nlthjkpndnbhlth. Noëb dkss`, ` pr`thst` dhthrbkln ` vhljkbhlt` nlthjkpnd` d` Tâtuo`. @ pr`thst` ë tkrnd` rn d` j` j`lt ltrn rn ` snj njnd nd`r `r h ` snjn jnd` d` sh shrî rî kltkbnd` d` pr`thst`. Yr`thst` p`r enotn dh dntn dh njhkth

Hssh pr`thst` ë hxtrnâd` j`ltrn ` snjnd` quh lê` jò`jù n dntn quh ‟lê` njhktù n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` j`b vhljkbhlt` n jhrt` thbp` dn vkstn‒. Lhsth jns`, j`b` lê` thb n dntn d` njhkth, lê` thb prnz` klkjkno dh vhljkbhlt` h, p`r kss`, ë lhjhssîrk` enzhr ub pr`thst` p`r enotn dh njhkth. Zh ` Tâtuo` e`r pr`thstnd` hb rnzê` d` snjnd` lê` thr j`bpnrhjkd` n` Jnrtúrk`, n dntn d` pr`thst` j`lstktuk ` thrb` klkjkno dh vhljkbhlt`. Hltê`, ` jrhd`r thb duns `páøhs3 >) Y` Y`d dh dntn tnrr ` Tâtu tuo` o` sh hst stkv kvhhr dh f` f`nn eë. Klstktut` Xlkvhrsno Frnskohkr`

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6) Y` Y`dh dh na naun unrd rdnr nr ub nl nl`` dn dn dntn tn d` sn snqu quh h h pnssnr n j`ltnr ` prnz` dh vhljkbhlt`. Lhsth jns` jn s`,, ` pr pr`t `ths hst` t` ë tktkrn rnd` d` j` j`lt ltrn rn ` sn snjn jnd` d`.. J`lshquãljkn J`lsh quãljknss dn enotn d` pr`thst`

Zh lê` e`r tkrnd` ` pr`thst`, `p`rtulnbhlth, ` jrhd`r phrdhrî ` shu dkrhkt` dh náê` j`ltrn ` snjnd`r, `s hld`ssnlths h dhbnks nvnokstns. Hoh sú p`dh hxhjutnr ` njhktnlth h ` shu nvnokstn. Zh ` pr`thst` e`ssh j`ltrn ` snjnd`r, hb rnzê` dn enotn dh njhkth d` snjnd`, ` jrhd`r s`bhlth thrkn dkrhkt` dh hxhjutnr hvhltuno nvnokstn nlthjkpnd`, sh mùvhr. @ Tâtuo` quh lê` thb pr`thst` p`r enotn dh njhkth p`dh shr usnd` j`b` pr`vn lubn náê` dh j`frnlán ù lubn náê` b`lktúrkn (náê` quh shrvh pnrn j`lstktukr ub jrëdkt` quh lê` hstî rhprhshltnd` p`r ub Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt`). Y`r kss`, ` pr`thst` ë lhjhssîrk` hb rhonáê` n`s j``frkand`s ù pnrn phdkr enoãljkn, h enjuotntkv` j`ltrn ` njhktnlth h shu nvnokstn. Joîusuon ‟shb pr`thst`‒

Tnbfëb jmnbndn dh joîusuon ‟shb dhsphsn‒, ë n joîusuon klshrkdn pho` snjnd`r ù j``frkand` quh dksphlsn ` pr`thst`. Zh hon e`r klshrkdn pho` snjnd`r, lhlmub j``frkand` ù snjnd` prhjksn shr pr`thstnd`. Zh e`r klshrkdn pho` j``frkand`, sú hoh ë ntklakd` phon joîusuon. Hstn joîusuon dksphlsn ` pr`thst`, bns lê` n `fhdkãljkn d` prnz` dh nprhshltnáê` pnrn pnanbhlt` quh ë l` dkn d` vhljkbhlt`.

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dh Yr`thst`, bhdknlth nprhshltnáê` d` Tâtuo` pr`thstnd` h pna`, `jnskê` hb quh n júpkn d` Tâtuo` ekjnrî nrqukvndn. Noëb Noë b d` jnl jnljh jhonb onbhl hlt` t` ndb ndbklk klkstr strntk ntkv`, v`,ëë p`s p`s-sâvho sâ vho quh ` pr` pr`th thst` st` shc shcnn jnl jnljho jhond nd`` cud cudkjk kjknob nobhlt hlth. h. Lhsth jns`, ` pr`thst` shrî nprhshltnd` n` cukz jkvko npús shrhb pnans ns dhsphsns l` prúprk` Jnrtúrk`. Zusphlsê` d` Yr`thst`

Ë p`ssâvho n susphlsê` d` pr`thst`, ù shcn, klthrr`bpã-o` bhdknlth ubn bhdkdn jnuthonr okbklnr, quh p`dh shr dheklkdn ntrnvës dh ubn náê` dh sustnáê` dh pr`thst`. Zh ` pr`thst` e`r rhnokznd`, thb quh shr hehtkvndn n náê` dh jnljhonbhlt` d` pr`thst`, quh p`dh ù lê` shr jubuond` j`b phdkd` dh dhjonrnáê` dh luokdndh d` Tâtuo`.

@ vno`r dh d h ubn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` Jæbfk` @ vno`r d` Tâtuo` p`dh shr pna` hb Jnrtúrk` nlths d` pr`thst`. Lhsth jns`, n Ohk l¹ ;.4;6/;1 phrbkth quh ` jrhd`r nprhshlth ubn bhbúrkn dh jîojuo`s (dhsjrkáê` lubërkjn dh vno`r d` dëfkt`) d`s cur`s h j`rrháê`. Ln Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`, `s cur`s p`dhb shr ekxnd`s l` prúprk` Tâtuo` j`le`rbh j`le`rbh Nrtka` 8¹ dn Ohk Xlke`rbh. Xlke`rbh.

Náê` Ná ê` Jnbf Jnbfkno kno N náê` jnbfkno pnrn j`frnr ` vno`r dn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` ë ` dn náê` dh hxhjuáê`. @ dhvhd`r dhvh d`r prkljkpno prkljkpno h ` shu nvnokstn, nvnokstn, fhb j`b` `s j``frkand`s, p`dhb shr hxhjutnd`s skbuotnlhnbhlth. Ynrn hxhjutnr `s j``frkand`s, ë lhjhssîrk` tkrnr ` pr`thst`.

ûhb dhvh pr`vnr quh ` Tâtuo` e`k nprhshltnd`, h quh hssh prnz` lê` e`k `fhdhjkd` pnrn pn rn qu quh h n jo joîu îusu suon on th thlm lmnn vn vno` o`rr ,ë ,ë` ` j` j``f `frkrkan and` d`..

Yrnz` pnrn Náê` Jnbfkno

Nphsnr dn joîusuon ‟shb pr`thst`‒, ` Tâtuo` p`dh shr pr`thstnd` l` prnz` l`rbno dh d`ks dkns npús ` vhljkbhlt` dhsth. Jnljhonbhlt` d` pr`thst`

Zh ` Tâtuo` e`r pr`thstnd`, p`dhrî shr jnljhondn ndbklkstrntkvnbhlth pho` Jnrtúrk` Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

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>>6

N náê` j`ltrn ` snjnd` snjnd` h ` nvnokstn nvnokstn prhsjrhvhb trãs nl`s, j`ltnd`s d` vhljkbhlt` d` Tâtuo`. J`ltrn `s j``frkand`s, hld`ssnlths, snjnd`r h shus nvnokstns, ` prnz` ë dh ub nl`, j`ltnd`s d` vhljkbhlt` d` pr`thst`, h ` dkrhkt` quh `s j``frkand`s tãb dh rhnvhr ` vno`r pho` quno pnanrnb sh hxtklauh hb ub nl`. J`ltn-sh d` vhljkbhlt`, sh mùvhr n joîusuon ‟shb pr`thst`‒. Klstktut` Xlkvhrsno Frnskohkr`

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Hxhrjâjk` d` Dkrhkt` dh Vharhss` Ln mkpúthsh dh pnanbhlt` d` Tâtuo` p`r ub nvnokstn, ub hld`ssnlth, ù bhsb` ub j``frkand`, ë prhvkst` ` dkrhkt` dh rharhss`, ù shcn, quhb pnaù p`dh hxkakr ` rhhbfòs` dn dhsphsn hehtundn. @ dkrhkt` dh rharhss` p`dh, hltê`, shr hxhrjkd` dhsdh quh sh vhrkekquh l` prnz` dh shks bhshs, j`ltnd`s d` pnanbhlt` ù d` ncukznbhlt` ncukzn bhlt` dn náê` dh hxhju hxhjuáê`. áê`. Nsskb, Nsskb, sh ` rhehrkd` prnz` lê` e`r `fhdhjkd`, ` Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt` p`dh shr usnd` j`b` pr`vn hb náê náê`` b`l b`lhtî htîrkn rkn ù j`f j`frnl rnlán. án. Hss Hssns ns náøhs sê` jmnbndns dh náøhs jnusnks, p`rquh ` dhvhd`r dhvh pr`vnr n jnusn quh dhu `rkahb n` Tâtuo`.

Zh hstn stnss vkn vknss hstkvh stkvhrh rhb b dh dhvkdn vkdn-bhlth `rdhlndns, t`dns hons, dn bhsbn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`, Jæbfk`, vnohb p`r ub sú Tâtuo`.

Tkr krnd ndn n n Oht htrn rn dh Jæbf bfk` k` hb bnks dh ub ubnn vkn, ubn dhons ekjn hb bê` d` p`rtnd`r, rhbhthld`-sh n ùtrn n` snjnd`, pnrn ` njhkth. Y`r ùtr` ond`, ` pnanbhlt` dn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` hbktkdn hb bnks dh ubn vkn dhvhrî shr hehtundn pho` njhktnlth n` p`rtnd`r d` Tâtuo` hb quh j`ltkvhr ` njhkth. Vhakstr`

Hbkssê` dh vîrkns vkns dh Ohtrns dh Jæbfk` Klthrlnjk`lno L` j`lthxt` dn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`, dkz ` shauklth3 ‟...pnanrî p`r hstî ólkjn vkn dh Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`...‒. N hxprhssê` ‟ólkjn vkn‒ kldkjn quh n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` lê` j`ltëb vîrkns vkns, shld` j`lstktuâdns p`r nphlns ub ólkj` d`jubhlt`, kst` ë, n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` ë hbktkdn hb ubn ólkjn vkn. Y`rëb, p`dh shr lhjhssîrkn n hbkssê` dh vîrkns vkns dh Ohtrns dh Jæbfk` Klthrlnjk`lno. N` hbktkr-sh ubn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` j`ltrn noauëb quh sh hlj`ltrh hb ùtr` pnâs, surah n dkekjuodndh hb nprhshltî-on n` snjnd` pnrn ` njhkth, qunld` ` p`rtnd`r d` Tâtuo` sh vã prkvnd` p`r ub phrâ`d` bnks ù bhl`s o`la` dn sun p`ssh. Noëb dkss`, p`dh surakr ` phrka` dh phrdn ù hxtrnvk` dn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`, hlvkndn n` snjnd` pnrn ` njhkth. Ë pnrn hstns dkekjuodndhs quh n Ohk phrbkth quh ubn bhsbn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` p`ssn buotkpokjnr-sh hb vîrkns vkns. J`b t`dns ns vkns kdãltkjns, hstns dhvhb sh dkehrhljknr nphlns p`r lóbhr`s dh `rdhb, j`ldkáê` hstn quh dhvh shr `fhdhjkdn s`f phln dh jndn ubn dns vkns shr j`lskdhrndn j`b` ub tâtuo` dkstklt`. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

@ Dh Dhjr jrht ht``-oh ohkk l¹ >. >.19 199/ 9/1; 1; hx hxtktkla lauk ukuu ` rh rhak aksstr` dns Ohtrns dh dh Jæbfk`. Nsskb, n vnokdndh vnokdndh d`s tâtuo` tât uo`ss jnb jnbfknk fknks, s, quh j`l j`lskst skstkn kn ln `frk `frkant ant`rkh `rkhdnd dndhh dh sh shu u rh rhak akst str` r` l` pr prnz nz`` dh >8 dk dkns ns,, j` j`lt ltnd nd`s `s dn dntn dh sun hbkssê` ln rhpnrtkáê` j`bphthlth d` Bklkstërk` dn Enzhldn, cî lê` sh custkekjn. Hlthldh-sh quh ns Ohtrns dh Jæbfk` lê` prhjksnb shr rhakstrndns, j`ltud` vnoh ohbfrnr quh ` prnz` pnrn pr`thstnr n Ohtrn ë jurt`, p`ks n Ohk prhvã ` prnz` dh ub nl` npús ` prnz` dh njhkth pnrn ` Tktuo` é vkstn.

L`tn Yr`bks Yr`bkssúrkn súrkn @ hstud` dn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` hb bukt` enjkoktnrî ` dn L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn, p`ks n bnk`r pnrth d`s dksp`sktkv`s d` Dhjrht` l¹ 6.944/>;9= sh npokjnb é L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn, nsskb j`b` `j`rrh j`b n Ohk Xlke`rbh. L` j`bërjk` lnjk`lno, n L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn nssubh kbp`rtnltâsskb` pnpho, vkst` quh shu hbprha` erhquhlth, p`r j`lstktukr-sh hb klstrubhlt` mnfktuno l`s hbprëstkb`s dh dklmhkr`, prkljkpnobhlth fnljîrk`s. J`b` vkb`s, n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` ë ubn `rdhb `rdh b dh pna pnanbh nbhlt` lt`.. N L`t L`tnn Yr` Yr`bkss bkssúrkn úrkn,, p`r sun vhz, j`lstktuk lubn pr`bhssn dh pnanbhlt`.

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Ë hstn n prkbhkrn dns dkehrhláns hltrh hsshs Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt`. N Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` ë ubn `rdhb dh pnanbhlt` quh ` snjnd`r hbkth j`ltrn ` snjnd`, hb env`r dh ub t`bnd`r. Cî n L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn ë ubn pr`bhss bh ssn n dh pn pnan anbh bhlt lt``, qu quh h ` dhv hvh hd` d`r r (tnbfëb jmnbnd` dh pr`bkthlth) enz, dkrhtnbhlth, n` shu jrhd`r (tnbfëb jmnbnd` dh fhlhekjkîrk`) j`bpr`bhthld`-sh n pnanr dhthrbklndn kbp`rtæljkn j`rrhsp`ldhlth n` shu dëfkt` ln dntn dhskalndn. Ln L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn, npnrhjhb duns ekaurns3 n d` hbkss`r h n d` fhlhekjkîrk`. @ hbkss`r, ù hbkthlth, ë n phss`n n quhb ë hbktkdn n L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn (` jrhd`r). L`th quh ln Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`, n `frkanáê` nssubkdn pho` snjnd`r (phss`n quh n hbkth) ë kldkrhtn, p`ks hoh sú ë jmnbnd` n jubprk-on jns` ` snjnd` lê` n enán. Hltrhtnlt`, ln L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn, ` hbkthlth sh `frkan dkrhtnbhlth j`b ` t`bnd`r, rhprhshltnld`, prhshltnld `, p`rtnlt`, ubn rhonáê` `frkanjk`lno dkrhtn hltrh hbkthlth h fhlhekjkîrk`. N L` L`tn tnYr Yr`b `bks kssú súrkrknn ë, ë,j` j`b` b`n n Oh Ohtr trn n dh dhJæ Jæbbfk`, fk `, ub tâ tâtu tuo` o` é `r `rdh dhb b h, j` j`b` b` tn tno,o, tr trnl nlse sehr hrâv âvho ho p` p`r r hld`ss`. Zhauld` dhthrbkln n Ohk, n L`tn Yr`bkss bk ssúr úrkn kn lê lê`` p` p`dh dh sh shrr hb hbktktkd kdnn n` p` p`rt rtnd nd`r `r.. Lh Lhon on ekek-aurn ` l`bh d` rhsphjtkv` fhlhekjkîrk`, ù shcn, d` jr jrhd hd`r `r qu quhh ë sh shuu oh ohaâ aâtktkb` b` pr pr`p `prkrkht htîr îrk` k`..

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Sign In Join KK. n s`bn dh dklmhkr` n pnanr7 KKK. ` l`bh dn phss`n n quhb dhvh shr pnan7 KU.. n nssklnturn d` prúprk` pulm` d` hbkthlth ù KU d` bnldntîrk` hsphjkno.

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Hsshs dnd`s dhvhb vkr onlánd`s p`r hxthls`, l` j`lthxt` dn L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn, dn bhsbn e`rbn j`b` `j`rrh j`b n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`. L` quh tnlah n` vno`r dn L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn (quh dhvh vkr dhjonrnd` p`r hxthls` l` j`rp` d` Tâtuo`), ns bhsbns `fshrvnáøhs qunlt` é Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` jnfhb nquk. Y`dhb`s njrhsjhltnr n hsths rhqukskt`s ùtr`s lê` hsshljknks (p`rtnlt`, enjuotntkv`s)3 n dntn dn hbkssê` d` Tâtuo`, n dntn dh shu vhljkbhlt` h ` ouanr dh shu pnanbhlt`. N dntn dh hbkssê` hbkssê` dn L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn Yr`bkssúrkn ë rhqukskt` enjuotntkv`, bns quh sh t`rln kldksphlsîvho, l` jns` hsphjkekj` d` vhljkbhlt` n thbp` jhrt` dn dntn. Trãs sê` `s b`d`s dh vhljkbhlt` dn L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn3 é vkstn, n dkn jhrt` h n thbp` jhrt` dn dntn. ûnlt` n` ouanr d` pnanbhlt`, nsskb j`b` sujhdh j`b n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`, n L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn dhvh shr nprhshltndn pho` shu ohaâtkb` p`rtnd`r, l` d`bkjâok` d` hbkthlth (dhvhd`r), n bhl`s quh l` prúprk` Tâtuo` sh njmh dhskalnd` ` o`jno d` pnanbhlt`.

Hld`ss` Y`r suns jnrnjthrâstkjns jnrnjthrâstkjns cî np`ltndn np`ltndns, s, ln L` L`tn tn Yr`bkssúrkn r`bkssúrkn,, lê lê` ` mî ` njh jhkth kth dh dhsdh sdh quh ` prúprk` hbkth hbkthlth lth sh `frkauh `frkau h n pnanr pnanr n` fhlh fhlhekjkîrk` ekjkîrk` ` vno`r d` Tâtuo`, Tâtuo`, klhxkstkld` n ekaurn d` snjnd`.

Zhld` Zhld ` n L` L`tn tn Yr Yr`b `bks kssú súrk rknn ub Tâ Tâtu tuo` o` é `rdh `r dhb, b, su sun n tr trnl nlse sehr hrãl ãljk jknn sh `p `phr hrnn nt ntrn rnvë vëss dh hl hl-d`ss d` ss`. `. Lh Lhst sth h Tâ Tâtu tuo` o`,, ` hl hld` d`ss ss`` tn tnbf bfëb ëb p` p`dh dh sh shr r ehkt` hb frnlj`, dhkxnld`, p`ks, dh kldkjnr n phss`n s` n qu quh h pn pnss ssn n n j` j`ls lstktktu tukrkr-sh sh l` l`fh fhlh lhekekjk jkîr îrk` k` d` d`Tâ Tâ-tuo` tuo ` n` p`r p`rtn tnd`r d`r,, trn trnls lsehr ehrâv âvho ho p` p`rr skb skbpoh pohss trn trndká dkáê` ê`..

Vhquksk Vh qukskt`s t`s dn d n L`tn L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn

Nvno Nv no

@ Nrtka` 84 d` Dhjrht` l³ 6.944/>;9= hlubhrn `s rhqukskt`s lhjhssîrk`s quh dhvhb j`lthr hb ubn L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn, pnrn quh shcn j`lskdhrndn vîokdn. Zê` hohs3

Y`dh shr dnd` n` hbkthlth ù n`s hld`ssnlths. @s nvnokstns, phrnlth ` fhlhekjkîrk` d` Tâtuo`, tãb n bhsbn rhsp`lsnfkokdndh quh nquhohs jucns nssklnturns sê` nvnokzndns. Nsskb, p`r hxhbpo`, sh ` hbkthlth dn L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn lê` pnanr ln dntn d` vhljkbhlt`, shu nvnokstn dhvhrî enzã-o` hb shu ouanr.

K. n dhl`bklnáê` dh ‟L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn‒ ù thrb` j`rrhsp`ldhlth, ln oâlaun hb quh e`r hbktkdn7 Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

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Jmhquh

Hb shu vhljkbhlt`, n L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn dhvh dh vhsh shrr pn pnan anph pho` o` hb hbktkthl hlth th.. Jn Jns` s`hs hsth thlê lê` ` m` m`lr lrh h shu sh u j` j`bp bpr` r`bk bkss ss`, `, p` p`dh dh sh shrr oh ohvn vndn dn n pr pr`t `ths hst` t`.. Lê`` p` Lê p`dh dh sh shrr pr pr`t `ths hstn tndn dn p` p`rr en enototn n dh nj njhk hkth th,, hb vk vkst stnn dh lê lê`` mn mnvh vhrr nj njhk hkth th lh lhst stn n hs hspë pëjk jkh h dh Tâ Tâ-tuo` dh Jrëd Jrëdkt`. kt`. Noëb dkss`, dkss`, ` prklj prkljkpno kpno rhsp`lsîrhsp`lsîvho pho` pnanbhlt` dn L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn ë ` hbkthlth.

@ Jmhquh ë ubn `rdhb dh pnanbhlt` é vkstn, dkrkakdn n ub fnlj` h hb env`r dh ub fhlhekjkîrk`. Ntunobhlth, ` Jmhquh hstn rhauonbhltnd` phon Ohk l³ 1.:81/=8, bns tnbfëb p`r l`rbns d` Fnlj` Jhltrno d` Frnsko. Ns jnr jnrnjt njthrâ hrâstk stkjns jns eul euldnb dnbhlt hltnks nks d` Jmhquh, quh ` kldkvkdunokznb j`b` ub Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt`, sê` ns shauklths3 n) J`lsksth lubn `rdhb dh pnanbhlt`7 f) Ë ub Tâtuo` n shr shr pna` é vkstn, j`b` j`b` cî e`k dkt`7 j) Ë hbktkd` j`ltrn j`bhrjknlths, hsphjknobhlth hb hstnfhohjkbhlt`s fnljîrk`s7 d) T Thb hb euld`s dksp`lâvhks hb p`dhr d`s j`bhrjknlths.

Náê` Ná ê` Jnbf Jnbfkno kno N náê` p`dh shr pr`p`stn j`ltrn ` hbkthlth dn L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn h shu nvnokstn. Zh ` Tâtuo` e`r `p`rtulnbhlth pr`thstnd`, n náê` p`dhrî pr`p`r-sh j`ltrn `s hld`ssnlths h shus nvnokstns7 tnbfëb p`dhrî pr`p`r-sh j`ltrn t`d`s, noauls ù nphlns ub dhohs. N prhsjrkáê` d` dkrhkt` dh pr`p`r n náê` hxhjutkvn jnbfkno lê` prhjksn d` rhakstr` `frkantúrk`. N náê` j`ltrn j`ltrn ` snjnd` snjnd` h ` nvno nvnokstn kstn prhsprhsjrhv jr hvh h hb tr trãs ãs nl nl`s `s,, j` j`lt ltnd nd`s `s d` vh vhlj ljkb kbhl hlt` t` d` Tâtuo` Tât uo`.. J`l J`ltrn trn `s j`` j``frka frkand` nd`s, s, hld hld`ss `ssnlt nlths, hs, snjnd`r h shus nvnokstns, ` prnz` ë dh ub nl`, j`ltnd`s d` vhljkbhlt` ù pr`thst`7 ` dkrhkt` quh `s j``frkand`s tãb hb rhnvhr ` vno`r pho` quno pnanrnb sh hxtklauh hb ub nl`.

@ Jm Jmhq hquh uh ns nssh shbh bhom omnn-sh sh hb bu bukt kt`` j`b n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`. @ quh dkstklauh ` jmhquh dn Ohtrn ë quh nquhoh sh j`lstktuk lubn `rdhb dh pnanbhlt` é vkstn, shld` hbktkd` j`ltrn dhthrbklndns phss`ns (j`bhrjknlths, fnlquhkr`s). Ln prîtkjn, ` Jmhquh ë ahrnobhlth hbprhand` j`b` vhrdndhkr` sufstktut` d` dklmhkr`, thld` hb vkstn quh, ntrnvës dhoh, sê` rhtkrnd`s `s euld`s dksp`lâvhks quh ` hbkthlth p`ssuk hb bê`s d` snjnd`.

Vhakstr` N L` L`tn tn Yr Yr`b `bks kssú súrk rkn, n, np nphs hsnr nr dh sh shrr ub tâ tâtu tuo` o` jnbfk jn bfkno, no, lê` prh prhjks jksnn dh rha rhakst kstr`, r`, sh shld` ld` `fr `frkan kand` d` n`ss dh n` dhbnk bnkss Tâ Tâtu tuo`s o`s dh Jrë Jrëdkt dkt`, `, fn fnst stnl nld` d` np nphln hlns, s, pnrn sun vnokdndh, n nssklnturn d` hbkthlth, dh prúprk` pulm`, ù d` pr`jurnd`r ohano.

Ynrn quh noauëb p`ssn hbktkr jmhquhs, ë lhjhssîrk` quh p`ssun euld`s dksp`lâvhks hb p`dhr d` snjnd`. Hsshs euld`s p`dhb shr3 • hb kbp`rtæljkns j`lstnlths hb j`ltnj`rrhlth fnljîrkn7 • hb sn snod` od` hx hxkaâ kaâvho vho dh j`l j`ltntn-j`r j`rrhl rhlth th j`ltrntuno7

Zhauld` ` Nr tka ` 85 d` Dhjrht` l¹ 6.944/>;9=, npokjnb-sh é L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn, j`b ns b`dkekjnáøhs lhjhssîrkns, dndns ns jnrnjthrâstkjns jnrnjthrâstkjns p rúprk ns dhsth Tâtuo`, t`dns ns dksp`skáøhs rhonjk`lndns é Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

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Sign In Join KU - n kldkjnáê` d` ouanr dh pnanbhlt`7 U - n kldkjnáê` dn dntn h d` ouanr dh hbkssê`7 UK - n nssklnturn d` hbkthlth (snjnd`r), ù dh shu bnldntîrk` j`b p`dhrhs hsphjknks.

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• hb s`bn pr`vhlkhlth dh nfhrturn dh jrëdkt`. Euld`s ndvk Euld`s ndvkld`s ld`s dh j`lt j`ltn-j`r n-j`rrhlt rhlth h j`ltrntuno sê` nquhohs quh surahb dh ub j`ltrnt` dh qunoquhr lnturhzn, rhnokznd` hltrh ` fnlj` h ` jokhlth, ahrnld` rhonáøhs dh dëfkt` h jrëdkt` hltrh nbf`s, juc` snod` sh t`rln hxkaâvho pho` jrhd`r, lns ëp`jns hb quh ns pnrths tkvhrhb nj`rdnd`.

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@ snjnd`r dhvh shr kdhltkekjnd` pho` lóbhr` dh shu JYE, ù VA, ù Jnrthkrn dh Trnfnom`. ûnlt` n` ouanr `ldh ` pnanbhlt` d` jmhquh dhvh shr hehtkvnd`, p`dh-sh dkzhr quh ë ` d`bkjâok` d` snjnd` (hstnfhohjkbhlt` (hstnfhohjkbhlt` fnljîrk`) l` quno ` hbkthlth p`ssuk euld`s.

Jmhquh Jmh quh shb euld`s euld `s

Jkrjuonáê` d` Jmhquh

ûnlt` é hbkssê` dh Jmhquhs shb euld`s (p`r klsuekjkãljkn dh pr`vksê` dh euld`s, ù p`r b`tkv`s ohanks), ` hbkthlth, shld` rhsp`lsîvho pho` pnanbhlt` d` Jmhquh, dhvh anrnltkr ` pnanbhlt` dhsth, shlê` shrî rhsp`lsnfkokznd` jrkbklnobhlth. @ Jm Jmhq hquh uh sh shb b eu euld ld`s `s nj njnr nrrh rhtn tn n kl klsj sjrk rkáê áê` ` d` l`bh d` j`rrhltkstn dhvhd`r n` Jndnstr` dh Hbktkthl Hb hlth thss dh Jm Jmhq hquh uhss sh shb b Eu Euld ld`s `s (J (JJE JE), ), ` rh rh-akstr` dn hbprhsn l` Zhrnsn, h nkldn, buotn dhvkdn l` shrvká` dh j`bphlsnáê` d` Jmhquh (hsth shrvká` ë j`frnd`), kss` p`rquh ` Jmhquh lê` thb suekjkhlth pr`vksê` dh euld`s. @ Jmhquh shb euld`, p`r shr ub Tâtuo` hxhjutkv` hxtrncudkjkno (quh lê` e`k `ftkd` hb cuâz`, tno tno j`b` n shlthlán shlthlán dndn p`r hoh), hoh), ` jrhd`r p`dh hxhjutî-o`, p`rëb, sh ` dhvhd`r j`rrhlt rh ltks kstn tn ë tn tnbf bfëb ëb hb hbpr prhs hsîr îrk` k`,, h ` Tâ Tâtu tuo` o` hstkvhr hb pr`thst`, jnfh tnbfëb ` phdkd` dh enoãljkn enoãl jkn j`b fnsh l` Nrtka Nrtka`` >¹ d` Dhjrht`-Ohk Dhjrht`-Ohk l³ 1.55>/483 ‟J`lskdhrn-sh enokd` ` j`bhrjknlth quh, shb rhohvnlth rnzê` dh dkrhkt`, lê` pnan l` vhljkbhlt` `frkanáê` oâqukdn, j`lstnlth dh tâtuo` quh ohaktkbh n náê` hxhjutkvn‒.

N Ohk l³ 1.:81/=8, 1.:81/=8, n` hlubhrnr `s rhqukskrhqukskt`ss hs t` hssh shlj ljkn knks ks d` Jm Jmhq hquh uh,, lê lê`` sh rh rheh ehrk rkuu é `f `frk rk-ant` an t`rk rkhd hdnd ndh h dh lh lhoh oh j` j`ls lstn tnrr ` l` l`bh bh d` rhsphjtkv` fhlhekjkîrk`. Tno `bkssê` `j`rrh p`rquh qu h n Oh Ohkk nd ndbk bkth th tr trãs ãs b` b`dn dnokokdn dndh dhss dh Jm Jmhq hquh uhs3 s3 >. N` p`rtnd`r7 6. L`bkl L`bklnt ntkv kv`, `, j` j`b b n jo joîu îusu suon on ‟l ‟lê` ê` é `rdhb‒7 :. L`bklntkv`, j`b n joîusuon ‟é `rdhb‒. @ Jmhquh shrî n` p`rtnd`r qunld` lhoh vkhr vk hr dh dhjon jonrnd rndn n hs hssn sn hx hxprh prhss ssê` ê`,, ù nkl nkldn dn,, qu qunl nld` d` lhoh lê` kldkjnr ` l`bh dn phss`n é quno dhvh shr pna`7 shu fhlhekjkîrk` shrî nquhoh quh, ohaktktkbn bnbh bhlt lth, h, ` tktkvh vhrr hb bê bê`s `s.. Hs Hssh sh Jm Jmhq hquh uh sú p` p`-dhrî jkrjuonr n` p`rtnd`r j`b vno`r dh ntë >99 rhnk rh nkss h, nj njkb kbn n dh dhst sth h vn vno` o`rr, dh dhvh vhrî rî sh shrr l` l`bk bkln lntkv` tkv`.. @ Jmhquh hbktkd` n` p`rtnd`r p`dh shr trnlsehrkd`, purn h skbpohsbhlth, p`r bhk` dh trndkáê`, h n sun hltrhan hb bê` dh thrjhkr`. Zhrî ` Jmhquh l`bklntkv` qunld` j`ltkvhr ` l`bh d` fhlhekjkîrk`. Y`dh ` Jmhquh l`bklntkv` kljoukr, ù lê`, n joîusuon ‟é `rdhb‒ h, qunld` j`ltkvhr hstn joîusuon, p`dhrî shr pna` n` fhlhekjkîrk` dhskalnd` ù é phss`n n quhb hsth kldkjnr, kst` ë, n phss`n n quhb ` fhlhekjkîrk` trnlsehrku ` Tâtuo`. @ Jm Jmhq hquh uh l` l`bk bkln lntktkv` v`,, sh shcn cn j` j`b b n jo joîu îusu suon on ‟é `rdhb‒ ù j`b n joîusuon ‟lê` é `rdhb‒, trnlseh trnl sehrh-s rh-sh h p`r hld hld`ss `ss`, `, d` bhs bhsb` b` b`d b`d`` j`b` n Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` h n L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn. Nphlns ` Jmhquh hbktkd` shb n joîusuon ‟é `rdhb‒ ë quh lê` p`dh shr trnlsehrkd` p`r hld`ss`, dhvhld`, lhjhssnrknbhlth, shr pna` n` fhlhekjkîrk` lhoh j`lstnlth.

Vhquksk Vh qukskt`s t`s Hssh Hsshljknks ljknks d` d ` Jmhquh @ Jmhquh ë ub d`jubhlt` e`rbno quh, `frkant`rknbhlth, dhvh j`lthr rhqukskt`s pnrn quh p`s p`ssun sun poh pohln ln vno vnokdn kdndh. dh. Hss Hsshs hs rhq rhquks ukskt` kt`ss sê` hlubhrnd`ss l` Nrtka` >¹ dn Ohk l³ 1.:81/=83 hlubhrnd` 1.:81/=83 K - n dhl`bklnáê` ‟jmhquh‛‛ klsjrktn l` j`lthxt` d` tâtuo` h hxprhssn ln oâlaun hb quh hsth ë rhdkakd`7 klj`ldkjk`lno dh pnanr qunltkn dhthrKK - n `rdhb klj`ldkjk`lno bklndn7 KKK - ` l`bh d` fnlj` ù dn klstktukáê` eklnljhkrn quh dhvh pnanr (snjnd`)7 Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

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N prhsjrkáê` d` Jmhquh `j`rrh hb shks bhshs j`ltnd`s dn dntn dn nprhshltnáê`. Zh hsth lê` e`r nprhshltnd` l` prnz` dh nprhshltnáê`, ` jrhd`r sèrhrî j`lshquãljkns.

Hsshs trãs tkp`s dh Jmhquhs sh jonsskekjnb dh nj`rd` j`b ` b`d` j`b` sh `phrn n sun trnlsehrãljkn h n sun jkrjuonáê`, ns qunks `j`rrhb erhquhlthbhlth. Bhsb` quh sh trnth dh Tâ Tâtu tuo` o` j` j`b b vk vkdn dn ju jurt rtn, n, dh dhvh vh sh shrr np nprhs rhshl hltn tnd` d` ` pnanbhlt` hb frhvh hspná` dh thbp`.

Jmhquh Jruznd` Trntn-sh dh ùtrn b`dnokdndh dh pnanbhlt` d` Jmhquh. Ë nquhon hb quh ` hbkthlth onlán d`ks trná`s l` nlvhrs` h ln trnlsvhrsno. @ Jmhquh p`dh shr jruznd`3 • hb frnlj` ù ahrno, qunld` hltrh ns okstrns (trná`s) lê` e`r kldkjnd` lhlmub fnlj`. • Hb prht`, qunld` tkvhr ns duns okstrns h n kldkjnáê` dh ub fnlj` l` quno hoh dhvh shr dhp`sktnd`, ù nkldn, ` lóbhr` dn j`ltn.

Ynanbhlt` Yn anbhlt` d` d ` Jmhquh

J`b` vkb`s, ` Jmhquh, p`r sun prúprkn lnturhzn, j`lsksth lubn `rdhb dh pnanbhlt` é vkstn. Nsskb, hstnld` ` jmhquh e`rbnobhlth e`rbnobhlth dksp`lâv dksp `lâvho, ho, h hxks hxkstkld tkld`` euld euld`s `s dksp dksp`lâv `lâvhks, hks, dhvh shr pna` pho` snjnd` l` klstnlth dh sun nprhshltnáê` n hsth. Y`r ùtr` ond`, ` jmhquh p`dh shr nprhshltnd` n` pnanbhlt` dhsdh ` b`bhlt` dh sun hbkssê`. Y`r kss`, dhvh shbprh dhjonrnr n dntn j`rrhtn hb quh e`k hbktkd`. Zh ` Jm Jmhqu hquhh e` e`rr pú pús-d s-dnt ntnd nd`, `, bh bhsb` sb` nsskb, p`dhrî shr oà` nprhshltnd` n pnanbhlt`, dhvhld` ` snjnd` pnaî-o` dh kbhdknt`, dhsd dh sdh h qu quhh mn mncn cn eu euld ld`s `s dk dksp sp`l `lâv âvhk hks7 s7 lê lê` ` sh hx hxka kah h hb tno jns` quh sh naunrdh n dntn j`lskalndn l` Jmhquh pnrn sun nprhshltnáê` n` snjnd`. Hsth Tâtuo` ë hsshljknobhlth é vkstn, lê` hstnfhohjhld`, fhohjhld `, p`ks, prnz` dh vhljkbhl vhljkbhlt`. t`. @ pnanbhlt` d` Jmhquh thb hehkt` pr` sòvhld`, ù shcn, n `frkanáê` `rkaklno sú ë j`lskdhrndn jubprkdn dhp`ks dh sun j`bphlsnáê`, bns ë p`ssâvho hstkpuonr quh ` pnanbhlt` d` Jmhquh thlmn hehkt` pr` sòut`, p`ks ` jmhquh sufstktuk n `frkanáê` `rkaklno.

Jmhquh n shr ohvnd` hb j`ltn Ë ` jmhquh d` jokokhhlth qu quhh sú p`dh shr dhp`sktnd` ln j`ltn d` fhlhekjkîrk`. Hsth jmhquh rhsuot rhs uotn n dn `p `p`s `skáê káê`` dh hx hxprh prhss ssøh øhss qu quhh `f `frka rkanb nb ` fhlhekjkîrk` n dhp`sktî-o` hb sun j`ltn. Lê` ë ` Jmhquh jruznd`, bns ` hbkthlth quhb dhthrbkln quh hoh shcn dhp`sktnd` ln j`ltn-j`rrhlth. Hssn Hs sn hx hxpr prhs hssê sê`` ‟n sh shrr oh ohvn vnd` d` hb j`lt j` ltn‒ n‒ sú p` p`dh dh sh shrr hs hsjr jrkt ktnn l` nl nlvh vhrs rs`. `. Lhsth jns`, ` Jmhquh lê` p`dh shr snjnd` dkrht` l` jnkxn, ù shcn, ` fhlhekjkîrk` dhvh `frkant`rknbhlth `frkant`rknbhl th dhp`sktî-o`. J`ltud`, thbsh ndbktkd` quh hssh Jmhquh shcn hld`ssnd` ubn ólkjn vhz.

Nprhs Np rhshlt hltnáê` náê` d ` Jmhq Jmhqu uh

Jmhquh vksnd`

@ Jmhquh dhvh shr nprhshltnd` pnrn j`frnlán, l` prnz` ohano dh trkltn dkns (sh ln bhsbn prnán), ù shsshltn dkns (sh hb ùtrn prnán), shld` nbf`s `s prnz`s j`ltnd`s dn hbkssê` dhsth. Zh ` Jmhquh e`r nprhshltnd` pnrn pnanbhlt` pho` snjnd` dhp`ks dh dhj`rrkd` ` prnz` hstnfhohjkd` phon Ohk, nkldn nsskb, ` snjnd` p`dhrî pnaî-o`, dhsdh quh mncn euld`s. Zh lê` ` ekzhr, ` p`rtnd`r d` jmhquh p`dhrî hxkakr shu pnanbhlt` d` hbkthlth, nphlns phrdhld` ` dkrhkt` dh hxkakr ` pnanbhlt` d`s hld`ssnlth hld`s snlthss h nvnoks nvnokstns, tns, sh ` Tâtuo Tâtuo` ` tkvhssh jkrjuonáê` ù e`ssh nvnokznd`.

Trntn-sh dh ub Jmhquh l` quno ` snjnd` jò`jn ub vkst`, dhjonrnld` n hxkstãljkn dh euld`s suekjkhlths pnrn n rhsphjtkvn j`fhrturn. Y`dh ` prúprk` hbkthlth sòkjktnr ` Jmhquh vksnd` pho` fnlj`, nlths dh hltrhaî-o` n` fhlhekjkîrk`. Bns p`dh, tnbfëb, ` hbkthlth, hb vhz dh hxkakr oà` ` pnanbhlt` d` Jmhquh, nphlns sufbhtã-o` n vkst` p`r pnrth d` snjnd`. Hsth Jmhquh dhvh shr nprhshltnd` durnlth ` prnz` dh trkltn n shsshltn dkns. Zh ` fnlj` lê` rhshrvnr ` dklmhkr`, ` jmhquh hstnrî `frkand` n` pnanbhlt`, bns, lhsth jns`, ` prúprk` fnlj` p`dh hltrnr j`b


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Jmhquh Jmh quh Ndbklkstrntkv` Ndbklk strntkv`

náê` rharhsskvn j`ltrn ` jokhlth (Nrtka` 1¹ dn Ohk l³ 1.:81/=8).

Zustnáê` d` Jmhquh ûnlt` ûnl t` n` pn pnan anbh bhlt lt`` d` Jm Jmhq hquh uh,, ph phrb rbktkth h n Ohk quh ` hbkthlth, nlths dn nprhshltnáê` d` Jmhquh snjnd`, `rdhlh quh lê` pnauh. L` hltnlt`, hstn rhvànáê` d` jmhquh sú p`dh shr dndn dn dn j` j`b b fn fnsh sh hb b` b`tktkv` v` oh ohan ano.o. Trn rntn tn-s -sh h dn su susstnáê` d` Jmhquh quh vksn n lê` j`bphlsnáê` dhsth. Hxksthb duns e`rbns dh sustnáê`3 >. Vhvànáê` ù j`ltrn`rdhb (Nrtka` :8, Ohk l³ 1.:81/=8)3 ë ub j`bnld` d` hbkthlth ntrnvës dh l`tkekjnáê` hxtrncudkjkno ù dh bhdkdn cudkjkno quh vksn n` lê` pnanbhlt` d` Jmhquh, p`r lê` thr skd` hoh nprhshltnd` l` prnz` prúprk` dh nprhshltnáê` (trkltn ù shsshltn dkns). 6. @p @ p ` s k á ê` ( N r t k a ` :5 , O h k l ³ 1.:81/=8)3 ë ` nt` quh p`dh shr prntkjnd` pho` hbkthlth ù fhlhekjkîrk` quh vksn n` lê` pnanbhlt` hb rnzê` dh jnusns custns (eurt`, rùf` ù enoãljkn). Zh ` Jmhquh e`r eurtnd`, j`bphth n` hbkthlth bnldnr ubn `p`skáê` n` fnlj` pnrn lê` pnaî-o`. Lhsth jns`, ` fnlj` hxkah ub Fòhtkb dh @j`rrãljkn (F@). Kss` lê` hstî prhvkst` hb Ohk, h noauls prèkssk`lnks d` Dkrhkt` j`lthstnb hssn `j`rrãljkn. Zh ` hbkthlth sustnr ` pnanbhlt` d` Jmhquh shb b`tkv` ohano, ekjn suchkt` é buotn dh >9% s`frh ` rhsphjtkv` vno`r, noëb dh kljkdkr hb jrkbh, pulkd` phon Ohk Yhlno, d` bhsb` b`d` j`b` `j`rrh j`b quhb hbkth Jmhquh shb euld`s.

Tnbfëb j`lmhjkd` j`b` Jmhquh dh thsùrnrkn, ë nquhoh hbktkd` pho` fnlj` j`ltrn suns su ns na naãl ãljk jkns ns (s (snj njnd nd`r `r h sn snjn jnd` d` sê sê`` ` fnlj`). Ë ` Jmhquh d` fnlj`, hb fhlheâjk` dh ubn phss`n eâskjn ù curâdkjn. Hssh Jmhquh ë bukt` fhb vkst` l` j`tkdknl dk nl`, `, p` p`ks ks n jm jmnl nljh jh dh v` vòtotnr nr ë qu quns nshh lu luon on.. Yn Ynrn rn sh thr ubn kdhkn dn shaurnlán dhsth Jmhquh, fnstn quh sh hlthldn quh hsth Tâtuo` sú vòtnrî sh ` fnlj` ‟quhfrnr‒ ù sèrhr klthrvhláê`. Trnvhoohr Jmhjg Trnvhoohr Jmhjg ë ub jmhquh dh vknahb

hb vî vîrk rkns ns b` b`hd hdns ns j` j`b` b` dú dúon onrr, hu hur` r`,, okokfr frnn hs hsth thrrokln dhltrh ùtrns. J`b hoh, p`dh-sh pnanr m`tëks, rhstnurnlths, j`bprns h tr`jnr p`r b`hdn hb hspëjkh d` pnâs vksktnd`, enjkoktnld` bukt` n vkdn d` turkstn. Ë ubn hspëjkh dh Jmhquh ndbklkstrntkv`. Hsth Tâtuo` ë nssubkd` pho` jrhd`r duns vhzhs3 n prkbhkrn qunld` ë ndqukrkd` ln klstktukáê` eklnljhkrn7 n shauldn, qunld` hoh ë hltrhauh n` j`bërjk` ù klstktukáøhs eklnljhkrn j`rrhsp`ldhlth l` hxthrk`r. Ns nssklnturns dhvhb shr kdãltkjns.

Jmhquh Fnljîvho @ Fn Fnlj lj` ` Jh Jhlt ltrn rnoo d` Fr Frns nskoko nu nut` t`rk rkz` zùu ` Jm Jmhhquh Fnljîvho, quh j`lsksth l` Jmhquh pús-dntnd` dh jokhlths d` hbprhsîrk`, p`dhld` shr dhsj` dh sj`lt ltnd nd` ` p` p`rr hbp hbprhs rhsns ns dh enjt`rkla ù fn fnlj` lj`..

Nl thj kp náê` dh pna Nlthj pnanbhl nbhlt` t` ntr nvës dh Jmhquh Fnljîvho

Mî p`sskfkokdndh dh dhsj`lt` dh Jmhquh Fnljîvho. Jktnb`s j`b` hxhbpo` ub hbprhsîrk` quh rhjhfhu hb pnanbhlt` ub Jmhquh dh >99 bko rhnks pnrn shu jrëdkt`, f`b pnrn shr dhsj`ltnd` hb vklth dkns. J`ltud`, ` buld` d`s lhaújk`s ë kbponjîvho h hoh prhjksn nlthjkpnr ` rhjhfkbhlt` dhsth Jmhquh. Hltê`, hoh Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

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Search  Explore   Top Charts hljnbklmn ` jmhquh n` shu fnlj` pnrn quh omh nlthjkph ub vno`r 69% bhl`r d` quh ` vno`r d` Jmhquh. Nsskb, hoh rhjhfh =9 bko rhnks h p`dh enzhr shu lhaújk` akrnr. @ fnlj` oujrn 69 bko rhnks p`r thr-omh nlthjkpnd` ` pnanbhlt` d` Jmhquh. Trntn-sh, hltê`, dn j`bkssê` d` fnlj`.

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Dhfãlturh ë jndn ubn dns pnrths (t`dns kaunks) hb quh sh dkvkdh ` dëfkt` nssubkd`, j`b `fhdkãljkn n jhrtns e`rbns h j`ldkáøhs, p`r ubn Z`jkhdndh Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn J`bnldktn p`r Náøhs. Y`dh shr jmnbndn tnbfëb dh @frkanáê`. Xbn Xb n Z` Z`jk jkhd hdnd ndhh hb J` J`bn bnld ldktktnn p` p`r r Náøhs, pnrn ` f`b dhshlvòvkbhlt` dh shus lhaújk`s, p`dh lhjhssktnr dh rhjurs`s eklnljhkr`s dh ubn s`bn quh hstî noëb dn kbp`rtæljkn d` quh dkspøh pnrn b`vkbhltî-o`s. Ynrn `fthr tnks rhjurs`s r hjurs`s eklnljhkr`s, hstn Z`jkhdndh p`dh hehtunr ub hbprëstkb` jòhtkv`, juc` b`ltnlth ë dkvkdkd` hb pnrjhons dh kauno vno`r (dhfãlturhs), quh sê` jò`jndns é dksp`skáê` d` pófokj` pnrn quh hsth ns ndqukrn ù sufsjrhvn.

Dn bhsbn e`rbn j`b` `j`rrh l`s Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt`, ` Jmhquh p`dh shr nvnokznd`, anrnltkld`-omh, nsskb, ` shu nvnokstn, shu pnanbhlt`, hb ouanr d` hbkthlth ù dh ub ù bnks hld`ssnlths d` Tâtuo`.

Náê` Ná ê` Hxhj Hxhjut utkv kvn n h Yrhs Yrhsjr jrká káê` ê` d` Jmhquh


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Dhfãlturh

Nvno Nv no

Nsskb j`b` `j`rrh j`b `s Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt`, sh ` Jmhquh lê` e`r pna` n` shu nprhshltnd`, p`r klsuekjkãljkn dh euld`s, n Ohk enjkoktn n` shu p`rtnd`r n rhsphjtkvn j`frnlán ntrnvës dn náê` hxhjutkvn. N j`frnlán hxhjutkvn d` Jmhquh dhvh shr pr`b`vkdn nlths dh dhj`rrkd` ` prnz` dh prhsjrkáê` dhsth, ù shcn, prnz` hb quh ` jmhquh shrî j`lskdhrnd` vîokd`. Hssh prnz` ë dh shks bhshs, n pnrtkr dn dntn dh nprhshltnáê` d` Jmhquh n` snjnd`. Nlths dh dhj`rrkd` hssh prnz`, p`rtnlt`, dhvh ` p`rt p` rtnd nd`r `r pr pr`b `b`v `vhr hr n ná náê` ê` hx hxhj hjut utkv kvn n j` j`lt ltrn rn `s hl hl-d`ssnlths, ` hbkthlth h nvnokstn d` Jmhquh. Npús ` prnz` dh prhsjrkáê` dn náê` jnbfkno, ë p`ssâvho pr`p`r náê` jnbfkno dh hlrkquhjkbhlt`, prhvkstn l` Nrtka` 5> dn Ohk l³ 1.:81/=8, juc` prnz` ë dh d`ks nl`s j`ltnd`s d` tërbkl` d` prnz` dh hxhjuáê`. Npús ` prnz` dns náøhs p`r hlrkquhjkbhlt`, thb nkldn ` prnz` dns náøhs jnusnks, náøhs hb quh ` jrhd`r dhvh pr`vnr n `rkahb dh shu jrëdkt` (j`frnlán b`lktúrkn). Hssns náøhs tãb ` prnz` jktnd` l` Nrtka` 695 d` Júdka` Jkvko ntuno. @ prnz` bîxkb` dh prhsjrkáê` ë dh dhz nl`s, j`ltnd`s dn hbkssê` d` Jmhquh quh pnssù n shr nphlns d`jubhlt` quh pr`vn ` jrëdkt`. Tnlt` ln náê` dh hxhjuáê` qunlt` ln náê` dh hlrkquhjkbhlt`, lê` ë lhjhssîrk` pr`vnr n `rkahb, thb dh sh pr`vnr n jnusn jnusn..

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Jmnbnb-sh dhfhlturkstns ù `frkanjk`lkstns ns phss`ns quh ndqukrhb ù sufsjrhvhb tnks pnrjhons. N Dh Dhfã fãlt ltur urhh ë ub Tâ Tâtu tuo` o` lh lha` a`jk jkîv îvho ho,, sh shld ld`` trnls trn lsehr ehrâvh âvhoo p` p`rr shu shuss pr` pr`prk prkht htîrk îrk`s, `s,thl thld`, d`, p` p`ks, ks, jkr jkr-juoná ju onáê` ê`.. N hb hbkss kssê` ê` dn dnss Dhf Dhfãl ãltur turhs hs (ph (phon on Z`j Z`jkhkhdndh hb J`bnldktn J`bnldktn p`r Náøh Náøhs) s) h ` onlánbhlt` onlánbhlt` d` hbprëstkb` jòhtkv` (d` quno ns Dhfãlturhs sê` ns pnrjhons) bukt` sh nsshbhomnb é hbkssê` h sufsjrkáê` dns náøhs. J`b` ns náøhs, ns Dhfãlturhs tnbfëb p`ssuhb ` bhsb` vno`r l`bklno, lê` sh hsquhjhld` dh quh sê` pnrjhons dh hbprëstkb` quh n Z`jkhdndh hehtun, lê` sh j`leuldkld` j`b ` jnpktno dhstn. Hltrh Hl trhtnl tnlt` t`,, `s dh dhfhl fhltu turks rkstns tns lê` sh j`l j`lst stk-ktuhb hb sújk`s dn Z`jkhdndh, bns hb jrhd`rhs, p`ks jndn Dhfãlturh rhprhshltn n qunltkn j`b j` b qu quh h ` dh dhfh fhlt ltur urks kstn tn (s (shu hu tktktu tuon onr) r) j` j`lt ltrkf rkfuk uk pn pnrn rn ` hbprëstkb` hehtund` phon Z`jkhdndh Z`jkhdndh.. Yhon qunltkn jhdkdn phons Dhfãlturhs é Z`jkhd Z`j khdndh ndh,, p`r hbp hbprës rëstkb` tkb`,, sê` nss nsshau haurndn rndnss noaubns vnltnahls, dhltrh hons, n phrjhpáê` dh cur`s cur `s.. Ns j`ldkáøhs hb quh sh hehtun ` hbprëstkb` (h, j`lshquhlthbhlth, ` onlánbhlt` dns Dhfãlturhs) Dhfãlturh s) dhvhb shr prhvknbhlt prhvknbhlthh hstnfhohj hstnfhohjk-kdns, dnld`-sh pohl` j`lmhjkbhlt` n`s sufsjrkt`rhs, t`rh s, l` nt` dn nqukskáê` nqukskáê` (j`bprn) (j`bprn) d`s Tâtuo`s. >>;


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N rhsòuáê` s`frh n jrknáê` d` hbprëstkb` h hbkssê` dns Dhfãlturhs dhvh shr t`bndn nphlns phon Nsshbfohkn Ahrno dn Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn p`r Náøhs. Ns dhokfhrnáøhs dhvhb j`ltnr j`b n bnk`rkn d`s v`t`s d`s njk`lk njk`lkstns, stns, bnk`rkn quh dhvh rhprhshltnr, pho` bhl`s, n bhtndh d` jnpktno s`jkno. J`b` n Z`jkhdndh p`dh hehtunr vîrk`s onlánbhlt`s dh hbprëstkb`s, jndn ub dhsths j`rrhsp`ldh n ubn sërkh dh Dhfãlturhs, b`tkv` pho` quno dhvh ekjnr dhjonrndn n sërkh é quno phrthljh hstn hbkssê`. Hltrhtnlt`, dkspøh n Ohk quh lê` ë oâjkt` nfrkr hbkssê` dh sërkh l`vn nlths dh sufsjrktn h rhnokzndn n nlthrk`r. J`b rhehrãljkn n` tkp` dh hbkssê`, ë f`b hsjonrhjhr quh ë nsskb quh sh dhl`bkln ` prhá` pho` quno n Dhfãlturh shrî p`stn é vhldn, n qunltkn phon quno shrî èhrhjkdn n`s klthrhssnd`s hb sufsjrhvã-on. Bnks j`bub ë n hbkssê` dh Dhfãlturhs nfnkx` d` pnr pnrn ntrnkr bnk`r lóbhr` dh klthrhss thr hssnd` nd`ss p`r hst hstnfh nfhohj ohjhr hr ub prã prãbk` bk` dh rhhbfòs`, ù shcn, pho` ent` dh j`ljhdhr n` dhfhlturkstn n vnltnahb dh phrjhfhr n dkehrhlán hltrh ` vno`r l`bklno dn Dhfãlturh h ` prhá` pho` quno pnaù, qunld` n Z`jkhdndh ` rhhbfòsnr d` hbprëstkb`. @s cur`s j`rrhsp`ldhlths és pnrjhons dh hbprës hbp rëstkb tkb`` (Dh (Dhfãl fãltur turh) h) dhv dhvhb hb shr pna pna`s `s phon Z`jk Z`jkhdnd hdndhh n` dhfh dhfhlturk lturkstn stn phrk` phrk`dkjndkjnbhlth. @s tâtuo`s rhprhshltntkv`s dns Dhfãlturhs dhvhb j`lthr, hstnbpnd`s é bnrahb, jup`ls lubhrnd`s n hssh pnanbhlt` phrkúdkj` d`s cur`s. N Ohk hst hstnfh nfhohj ohjhh quh ns Dhf Dhfãlt ãlturh urhss shcnb anrnltkdns p`r t`d` ` pntrkbôlk` dn Z`jkhdndh (ntkv` h fhls phrthljhlths n hstn), j`lstktukld`-sh `s dhfhlturkstns hb jrhd`rhs, juc` dkrhkt` prhehrh n qunksquhr ùtr`s tâtuo`s dh dâvkdn dn Z`jkhdndh. Ns Dhfãlturhs p`dknb, nlths dn Ohk l¹ 4.16=/58, shr nphlns hbktkdns n` p`rtnd`r. Hltrhtnlt`, hssn Ohk jrkù ns Dhfãlturhs ù `frkanáøhs hld`ssîvhks. Ns Dhfãlturhs, ù `frkanáøhs n` p`rtnd`r,, j`b` t`d`s `s dhbnks Tâtuo`s dh Jrëtnd`r Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

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dkt` dhssn lnturhzn, j`lehrhb é phss`n, quh ohaktkbnbhlth ns p`ssuk, ` dkrhkt` dh rhjhfhr `s cur`s h nb`rtkznáøhs rhsphjtkv`s. Zê` trnlsehrâvhks p`r skbpohs trndkáê`. N Z`jkhdndh quh ns hbktkr dhvh bnlthr ub Okvr` dh Vhakstr` dh @frkanáøhs Hld`ssîvhks, l` quno shrê` klsjrktns h nvhrfndns ns trnlsehrãljkns dh pr`prkhdndh dns Dhfãlturhs, d` bhsb` b`d` j`b` `j`rrh j`b ns trnlsehrãljkns dh náøhs hld`ssîvhks. N Ohk l¹ 4.16=/58 4.16=/58 nut`rkzù n hbkssê` dh Dhfãlturhs j`lvhrsâvhks hb náøhs dn Z`jkhdndh. Kst` skalkekjn quh tnks Dhfãlturhs j`lehrhb, n shus tktuonrhs, n p`sskfkokdndh h ` dkrhkt` dh sh t`rlnrhb sújk`s dn Z`jkhdndh quh ns hbktku hbk tku.. @s dhf dhfhlt hlturk urkstn stnss sh trn trnlse lse`rb `rbnb, nb, nsskb, dh skbpohs jrhd`rhs hb sújk`s dn Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn p`r Náøhs. N Vhsòuáê` l¹ >9;, dh 4 dh ehvhrhkr` dh >;5;, d` Fnlj` Jhltrno d` Frnsko, vhk` rhauonbhltnr n hbkssê` h jò`jnáê` dns Dhfãlturhs j`lvhrsâvhks hb náøhs l` bhrjnd` dh jnpktnks, hstnfhohjhld` n `frkant`rkhdndh dh hssn hbkssê` shr prhvknbhlth rhakstrndn lnquhoh Fnlj`.

Dupokjntn Dhltrh `s Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt`, n Dupokjntn nssubh pnpho dh bnk`r kbp`rtæljkn p`r sun hl`rbh utkokznáê` l` j`bërjk`. Hstî prhshlth lns `phrnáøhs bnks usunks, lns ntkvkdndhs bhrjnltks, quno shcn n j`bprn h vhldn, p`ks rhprhshltn ubn Enturn dh j`bprn h vhldn dh pr`dut`s (fhls búvhks) ù prhstnáê` dh shrvká`s. N Dupokjntn thvh sun `rkahb l` Nrtka` 6>; d` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` h pnssù n shr rhauonbhltndn phon Ohk 8.414/5=, shld` j`bpohbhltndn phon Vhsòuáê` l¹ >96, dh 65 dh l`vhbfr` dh >;5=, d` Fnlj` Jhltrno h b`dkekjndn pho` Dhjrht`-Ohk l¹ 4:5, dh 61 dh cnlhkr` dh >;5;. N Dupokjntn trntn-sh trntn-sh dh ub Tâtuo` Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt` dkt ` ah ahlu lukln klnbhl bhlth th frn frnsko skohkr hkr`, `, qu quhh th thb b skd skd`` nd nd``tnd` hb ùtr`s pnâshs j`b`, p`r hxhbpo`, n Nrahl Nra hltktkln ln,, qu quh h th thb b n En Entu turn rn J` J`le le`r `rbn bndn dn,, Tâ Tâtu tuo` o` quh thb arnldh shbhomnlán j`b n Dupokjntn, p`ks kldhphldh dh njhkth.

>69


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@ Nrtka` >¹ dn Ohk 8.414/5= dkspøh ` shauklth3 Hb t`d` ` j`ltrnt` dh j`bprn h vhldn bhrjnltko hltrh hlt rh pn pnrth rthss d`b d`bkjko kjkoknd kndns ns l` thr thrrktú rktúrk` rk` frn frnskoh skohkr` kr`,, j`b prn prnz` z` lê` lê ` kl kleh ehrk rk`r `r n :9 (t (trk rklt ltn) n) dk dkns ns,, j` j`lt ltnd nd`s `s dn dn dntn tn dn hl hltr trha han n ù dh dhsp spnjm njm`` dn dnss bh bhrjn rjnd` d`rkn rkns, s, ` vhl vhldh dhd` d`rr hx hxtrn trnkrî krî n rhs rhs-phjtkvn enturn pnrn nprhshlt nprhshltnáê` náê` n` j`bprnd` j`bprnd`r r .

N Enturn lndn lndn bnks ë d` quh n dksjrkbkdksjrkbklnáê` dns bhrjnd`rkns vhldkdns, j`lthld`, p`ks p` ks,, n rh rhon onáê áê`` dh dhst stns ns,, n su sun n qu qunl nltktkdn dndh dh,, qu qunnokdndh, hspëjkhs, tkp`s, bnrjns htj. N hxphdkáê` dn Enturn ë `frkantúrkn hb t`dn j`bprn h vhldn bhrjnltko. @fshrvh ` quh dkz ` Nrtka` 6³3 L` nt` dn hbkssê` dn enturn, dhon p`dhrî shr hxtrnâdn ubn dupokjntn pnrn jkrjuonáê` j`b` hehkt` j`bhrjkno, lê` shld` ndbktkdn qunoquhr ùtrn hspëjkh dh tâtuo` dh jrëdkt` pnrn d`jubhltnr ` snquh d` vhldhd`r phon kbp`rtæljkn enturndn n` j`bprnd`r.

Dknlth dkst`, j`ljouk-sh quh n hxtrnáê` dn Dupokjntn, rhontkvnbhlth é Enturn, rhprhshltn ubn j`bprn h vhldn bhrjnltko7 lê` ë `frkantúrkn, bns enjuotntkvn, kst` p`rquh n Ohk dkz quh qunld` dn hbkssê` dn Enturn ‟dhon p`dhrî shr hxtrnâdn ubn dupokjntn‒, dkehrhlthbhlth d` quh sujhdh j`b n Enturn, l` jktnd` Nrtka` >¹ quh dkspøh quh ` ‟vhldhd`r hxtrnkrî n rhsphjtkvn enturn‒. Dh ent`, ` hbprhsîrk` lê` hstî `frkand` n nd`tnr h n hbktkr n Dupokjntn p`rquh hoh p`dh rhjhfhr `s shus jrëdkt`s ntrnvës dh ùtr`s Tâtuo`s, j`b` n L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn, ` Jmhquh ù ntë bhsb` Jnrtøhs dh Jrëdkt`. J`ltud`, sh hoh nd`tnr n Dupokjntn, hstnrî `frkand` n hbktkon h, j`b kss`, hoh ndqukrh ubn vnltnahb, p`ks n Dupokjntn lê` pnan j`lstktuk ub Tâtuo` hxhjutkv` hxtrncudkjkno, prhvkst` l` Nrtka` 8=8 d` Júdka` dh Yr`jhss` Jkvko. Ntë na`rn, ë p`ssâvho vhrkekjnr quh n Dupokjntn ë hbktkdn n` j`bpohtnr-sh ubn j`bprn h vhldn bhrjnltko h dhvh fnshnrsh ln Enturn hltê` hxtrnâdn. Hbf`rn fnshndn ln Enturn, n Dupokjntn lê` ë júpkn purn h skbpohs dn Enturn, p`ks Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon 5

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hstn sh j`lstktuk nphlns ln j`ltn dh vhldn, lê` thld` ns jnrnjthrâstkjns dh ub Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt`, n` pnss` quh n Dupokjntn, noëb dh j`lthr `s hohbhlt`s dn Enturn, nkldn nprhshltn t`dns ns jnrnjthrâstkjns dh ub Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt`, p`dhld`, kljouskvh, thr jkrjuonáê`. Ë kbp`rtnlth `fshrvnr quh sh e`r hxtrnâdn Dupokjntn, shb quh hxkstn ` j`ltrnt` dh j`bprn h vhldn bhrjnltko, hsth Tâtuo` shrî j`lskdhrnd` krrhauonr, j`lstktukld`-sh tno ent` hb dhokt`, pulkd` phons l`ssns ohks phlnks, p`ks n Dupokjntn ë ub Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt` jnusno, mncn vkstn quh sun hbkssê` dhphldh dh ubn jnusn prhvkstn hb Ohk3 n hbkssê` dh ubn Enturn ù dh ubn L`tn Eksjno Enturn. Xbn Xb n En Entu turn rnù ùub ubnn L` L`tn tnEk Eksj sjno no En Entu turn rnp` p`dh dh dnr hlshc` é hbkssê` dh vîrkns Dupokjntns, sh ` pnanbhlt` dns j`bprns e`r n prnz`7 bns ubn Dupokj Dup okjntn ntn lê` p`d p`dhh rhp rhprhs rhshl hltnr tnr vîr vîrkns kns Ent Enturn urns. s. ûnlt` n` shu vhljkbhlt`, n Dupokjntn p`dh shr hbktkdn3 • é vkstn7 • j`b dntn jhrtn. N Du Dupo pokj kjnt ntnn th thrî rî vh vhlj ljkb kbhl hlt` t` é vk vkst stnn qunld` e`r pnan l` nt` dh sun nprhshltnáê` n` dhvhd`r. Lhsth Tâtuo`, dhvhrî vkr dhjonrndn n hxprhssê` ‟é vkstn‒. N ùtrn b`dnokdndh dh vhljkbhlt`, ndbktkdn phon Ohk, ë n quh ekxn ln Dupokjntn ub dkn jhrt jh rt`, `, ub ubn n dn dntn tn jh jhrtn rtn,, j` j`b` b` `j `j`rr `rrh, h, p` p`rr hx hxhbp hbpo` o`,, lubn Dupokjntn hb quh sh ekxn ` vhljkbhlt` pnrn :> dh dhzhbfr` dh dhthrbklnd` nl`. ûnld` ns Dupokjntns e`rhb hbktkdns hb sërkh (lns vhldns hb pnrjhons ù prhstnáøhs), jndn jn dn ub ubn n dh dhon onss dh dhvh vhrî rî j` j`lt lthr hr n dn dntn tn d` sh shuu vh vhlljkbhlt`, ù shcn, dn prhstnáê` quh rhprhshltn. Nkldn lhsth jns`, n Ohk ndbkth quh shcn hbktkdn ubn ólkjn Dupokjntn, ln quno sh dksjrkbklnb t`dns ns prhstnáøhs h rhsphjtkv`s vhljkbhlt`s qunld`, hltê`, dhvhrî ekxnr-sh n dntn jhrtn hb quh jndn ubn dns prhstnáøhs sh vhljh. Ë kbp`rtnlth quh sh dhjonrh, ln Dupokjntn, n prnán dh pnanbhlt` dhstn. Jns` mncn lhjhsskdndh dh pr`thstî-on, shcn p`r enotn dh njhkth, p`r enotn dh dhvòuáê` ù p`r enotn dh pnanbhlt`, pnanbh lt`, ` Tâtuo` dhvhrî dhvhrî shr tkrnd` dn prnán dh pnanbhlt`. >6>


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Njj hk N hktt h

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dh j`frnlán fnljîrkn. Lhsth jns`, ` vhldhd`r hljnbklmn ` Tâtuo` n` j`bprnd`r ntrnvëss d` fn vë fnlj lj`. `. @ j` j`bp bprn rnd` d`rr rh rhtë tëb b hs hsth th Tâtuo`, bns, ntrnvës dh ub d`jubhlt` hsjrkt`, j`bulkjn quh njhktn pnanr ` Tâtuo`. Ln pr prît îtkj kjn, n, ` fn fnlj lj`` hl hlvk vknn ` Tâ Tâtu tuo` o` n` j` j`bbprnd`r-dhvhd`r h hsth nsskln ub fòht` (tnbfëb jmnbnd` dh f`rdhrnu), quh shrvh j`b` j`bu j` bulk lkjn jnáê áê` ` d` nj njhk hkth th.. Lh Lhst sthh jn jns` s`,, n Du Dupo pokjn kjntn tn ekjn j`b ` j`bprnd`r quh hehtun ` pnanbhlt` l` fnlj` ntrnvës dn júpkn d` fòht`.

N Dupokjntn ë ub tktuo` dh ‟hsshljknobhlth é `rdhb‒, b`tkv` pho` quno n Ohk `frkan quh lhon sh dhjonrh hxprhssnbhlth hssn hxprhssê`.

N O hk l ê` nd ndb b k t h n hb hbkk s s ê` d h Du Du-pokjntn n` Y`rtnd`r, ù L`bklntkvn lê` é `rdhb (j`b` `j` rrh j`b ` Jmhquh). Jmhquh).

N Ohk nut`rkzn quh tno rhbhssn shcn ehktn p`r klthrbëdk` dh klstktukáê` eklnljhkrn, pr`jurnd`rhs ù j`rrhsp`ldhlths.

ûnlt` n`s rhqukskt`s dh ubn Dupokjntn, hlubhrnd`s l` Ynrîarne` >³ d` Nrtka` 6¹ dn Ohk 8.414/5=, ub dhohs ë n dhjonrnáê` d` rhj`lmhjkbhlt` dh sun hxntkdê` h dn `frkanáê` dh pnaî-on, dhjonrnáê` hstn quh dhvhrî shr nssklndn pho` j`bprnd`r j`bprnd`r (dhvhd`r) (dhvhd`r) qunld` ` Tâtuo` e`r nprhshltnd` pnrn tno ekb. Hssh dksp`sktkv` sh rhehrh n` njhkth dn Dupokjntn pho` j`bprnd`r, quh `j`rrh d` bhsb` b`d` ln Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`. Z`frh hsth nssult`, dksjkpoklnb `s Nrtka`s 5¹ n =¹ dn Ohk l³ 8.414/5=. Hbktkdn n Dupokjntn, hstn dhvh shr rhbhtkdn n` j`bprnd`r pnrn quh hsth np`lmn lhon ` shu njhkth, rhj`lmhjhld` nsskb shu dëfkt` pnrn j`b ` vhldhd`r (jrhd`r) h j`bpr`bhthld`-sh n snodî-o` l` vhljkbhlt` d` Tâtuo`. Hxksthb trãs hspëjkhs dh njhkth3 Njhkth @rdklîrk`, Njhkth p`r J`bulkjnáê` h Njhkth Yrhsubkd`.

@ vh vhld ldhd hd`r `r th thb b ` pr prnz nz`` dh tr trkl kltn tn dk dkns ns (j (j`l `l-tnd` tn d`ss n pn pnrt rtkr kr dn dn dntn tn dn hb hbks kssê sê`` dn Du Dupo pokj kjnt ntn) n) n ekb dh quh sh hehtuh n sun rhbhssn n` j`bprnd`r pnrn ` njhkth, ù n` klthrbhdkîrk` quh sh kljubf ju bfn n dh np nprh rhsh shlt ltnr nr hs hsth th Tâ Tâtu tuo` o` n` dh dhvh vhd` d`rr, pn pnrn rn ` bhsb` ekb. Hsth klthrbhdkîrk` (klstktukáê` eklnljhk lnl jhkrn, rn, pr` pr`ju jurnd rnd`r `r ù j`r j`rrhs rhsp`l p`ldhl dhlth th), ), p`r sun vhz, thb ` prnz` dh dhz dkns pnrn nprhshltnr n Dupokjntn n` dhvhd`r pnrn ` njhkth. @ dhvhd`r, n` rhjhfhr n Dupokjntn, npøh lhon n sun nssklnturn dhjonrntúrkn dh quh njhktn, dhvhld` dhvòvã-on n` nprhshltnlth (shcn hsth ` prúprk` vhldhd`r ù ub klthrbhdkîrk`), l` prnz` dh dhz dkns, j`ltnd`s dn dntn dn nprhshltnáê` d` Tâtuo`. Lê` ë phrbktkd` n` j`bprnd`r rhthr n Dupokjntn hb shu p`dhr, n lê` shr qunld`, pnrn kss`, thlmn nut`rkznáê` p`r hsjrkt` d` nprhshltnlth d` Tâtuo`. Njj hk t h Yr N Yrhs hsu ubkd`

Njj hk N hktt h @r @rd d k l îr îrkk `

Ë ` njhkth j`bub, ` quh dhj`rrh dn nssklnturn d` prúprk` Tâtuo`, dhvhld` shr hljnbklmnd` n` dhvhd`r hbkthlth pnrn quh hoh njhkth h dhvòvn hb dhz dkns, j`ltnd`s dn np nprh rhsh shlt ltnnáê áê`` (N (Nrt rtka ka`` 1¹ dn Ohk l³ 8.414/5=). Njj hk N hktt h p ` r J` J`b b u l k j ná náê` ê`

Ë ` quh rhsuotn dn sufsjrkáê` dh ub d`jubhlt` shpnrnd` dn Dupokjntn hb jns` Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

>66

Ë nquhoh quh sh vhrkekjn l` rhjhfkbhlt` dn bhrjnd`rkn ù d` shrvká` h dn nssklnturn dh ub d`jubhlt` j`bpr`fntúrk` d` rhjhfkbhlt`. Hb ahrno, ` j`ltrnt` nssklnd` dn L`tn Eksjno dhb`lstrn ` rhjhfkbhlt` dh bhrjnd`rkn h dh shrvká`. Zh ` j`bprnd`r njhktù n bhrjnd`rkn, hlthldh-sh quh hoh tnbfëb hstî njhktnld` ù njhktù ` Tâtuo`. Ë p`ssâvho quh n Dupokj Dupokjntn ntn j`b njhkth p`r prhsuláê` thlmn ub nvnokstn. J`ltud`, lê` ë lhjhssîrk` ` pr`thst`, phon skbpohs Klstktut` Xlkvhrsno Frnskohkr`

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rnzê` quh ` nvnokstn nssklù ` Tâtuo`, juc` njhkth ë p`r prhsuláê`. Vhjusn d` njhkth

@ Nrtka` =¹ dn Ohk l¹ 8.414/5= dkz quh ` j`bprnd`r sú p`dhrî dhkxnr dh njhktnr n Dupokjntn p`r b`tkv` dh3 K - nvnrkn ù lê` rhjhfkbhlt` dns bhrjnd`rkns, qunld` lê` hxphdkdns ù lê` hltrhauhs p`r sun j`ltn h rksj`7 KK - vâjk`s, dhehkt`s h dkehrhláns ln qunokdndh ù ln qunltkdndh dns bhrjnd`rkns, dhvkdnbhlth j`bpr`vnd`s7 KKK - dkvhraãljkn l`s prnz`s ù l`s prhá`s ncustnd`s.

Nsskb, `j`rrhld` qunoquhr ubn dhssns mkpúthshs, ` j`bprnd`r dhvh dhvòvhr ` Tâtuo` shb nssklî-o` ù j`b ubn dhjonrnáê` d`s b`tkv`s dn rhjusn, l` prnz` dh dhz dkns (Nrtka` 1¹). Hb lhlmubn ùtrn mkpúthsh, ë okjkt` n` dhvhd`r dhkxnr dh njhktnr n Dupokjntn, p`ks, sh nsskb nakr, dnrî `p`rtulkdndh pnrn quh ` jrhd`r ohvh hssh Tâtuo` n pr`thst`.

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p`r klthrbhdkîrk` ù pho` ohaâtkb` p`rtnd`r d` Tâtuo` (kljouskvh ` óotkb` hld`ssntîrk` dhsth)7 sh n Dupokjntn dhjonrn n dntn jhrtn dh vhljkbhlt`, dntn hstn ln quno ë nprhshltndn n` dhvhd`r, hsth dhvh snodî-on. N pr`vn d` pnanbhlt` dn Dupokjntn j`lstnrî l` rhjkf` pnssnd` pho` shu p`rtnd`r (ù pr`jurnd`r j`b p`dhrhs hsphjknks pnrn tno), l` vhrs` d` prúprk` Tâtuo`, quh phrbnlhjhrî hb p`dhr d` dhvhd`r. Bns hssh rhjkf` tnbfëb p`dh, shauld` n Ohk, shr pnssnd` hb d`jubhlt` é pnrth, l` quno sh enán hxprhssn ‟rhehrãljkn é Dupo Du pokjn kjntn tn ju juc` c` pn pnan anbh bhlt lt`` sh he heht htu` uù‒ u‒.. Y`rëb, pnrn sun bhom`r shaurnlán, ` dhvhd`r, n` snodnr ubn Dupokjntn, dhvhrî shbprh hxkakr n dhvòuáê` d` Tâtuo`, quhr j`lsth ` rhjkf` ln prúprkn Dupokjntn, quhr hb d`jubhlt` shpnrnd`. Zhld` n Dupokjntn dh prhstnáê` dh shrvká`s, n rhjusn d` njhkth p`dh shr ehktn j`le`rbh Nrtka` 6>, quh hohljn ns shauklths mkpúthshs3 K - lê` j`rrhsp`ldãljkn j`b `s shrvká`s hehtkvnbhlth j`ltrntnd`s7 KK - vâj vâjk` k`ss ù dh dhehk ehkt` t`ss ln qu quno nokd kdnd ndhh d` d`ss sh shrvk rvká` á`ss prh prhsstnd`s, dhvkdnbhlth j`bpr`vnd`s7 KKK - dkvhraãljkn l`s prnz`s ù l`s prhá`s ncustnd`s.

Ynanbhlt` Yn anbhlt` Yn Ynrjk rjk no Zh n Dupokjntn e`r hbktkdn pnrn pnanbhlt` an bhlt` é vkstn, lê` j`bp`rtnrî ` njh njhkth7 kth7 dhvhrî dhvh rî shr snodn snodndn dn l` b`bhlt` dh sun nprhshltnáê` n` dhvhd`r.

N` vhldhd`r, kljubfh nprhshltî-on n` dhvhd`r pnrn pnanbhlt` l` prnz` dh trkltn dkns ù, l` bhsb` prnz`, rhbhthr n Dupokjntn jnt n n` klt klthrb hrbhdk hdkîrk` îrk`,, quh heh hehtun tunrî rî sun nprhshltnáê` n` dhvhd`r pnrn pnanbhlt` dhltr` dh dhz dkns.

@ pnanbhlt` dn Dupokjntn, shauld` n Ohk, p`dh shr ehkt` pnrjknobhlth dhsdh quh j`lvhlmn n` jrhd`r. Lhsth jns`, lê` p`dhrî ` dhvhd`r hxkakr n dhvòuáê` dhsth Tâtuo`, hxkaãljkn sú jnfâvho qunld` `j`rrhr ` pnanbhlt` dn t`tnokdndh d` shu vno`r. L` jns` dh pnanbhlt` pnrjkno, l` vhrs` dn Dupokjntn, shrî onlánd` ` rhjkf` j`rrhsp`ldhlth é pnrjhon pnrjhon pnan, j`ltklunld` j`ltklunld` ` Tâtuo` hb p`dhr dh shu ohaâtkb` p`rtnd`r. Zhauld` dksp`skáê` d` Nrtka` >> dn Ohk3 ‟N dupokjntn ndbkth rhe`rbn ù pr`rrànáê` d` prnz` dh vhljkbhlt`‒.

Ynanbhlt`

@ pnanbhlt` dn Dupokjntn, sh e`r é N rhe`rbn dn Dupokjntn ù n pr`rrànvkstn, dhvh shr hehtund` pho` dhvhd`r l` klstnlth dh sun nprhshltnáê`, bhsb` quh áê` d` prnz` d` rhsphjtkv` vhljkbhlt` dhshcn ohvndn n hehk hehkt` t` pho` prúprk` vhldhd`r vhldhd`r vhrî j`lstnr hb dhjonrnáê` ehktn é pnrth ù Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

>6:


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l` prúprk` Tâtuo`, nssklndn pho` jrhd`r ù hld`ssntîrk` (ù p`r rhprhshltnlths j`b p`dhrhs hsphjknks). Dhvhb`s l`tnr quh n rhe`rbn ù n pr`rrànáê` dhvh j`ltnr j`b n nluãljkn dns ùtrns phss`ns quh lhon klthrvkhrnb (hld`ssnlths h nvnokstns) j`b` j``frkand`s l` Tât Tâtuo` uo`,, pnr pnrnn quh ekq ekquhb uhb nss nsshau haurnd rnd`s `s t`d`s `s dkrhkt`s quh ` ohaâtkb` p`rtnd`r p`ssuk j`ltrn hohs. Zhb hssn nluãljkn, ` p`rtnd`r dn Dupokjntn sú thrî dkrhkt` dh rhjonbnr shu pnanbhlt` n` prúprk` dhvhd`r. Ynanbhlt` Nlthjkpnd`

N Ohk l¹ 8.414/5= phrbkth quh ` dhvhd`r rhsanth n Dupokjntn nlths dn dntn dh shu vhljkbhlt` bhsb` nlths d` rhsphjtkv` njhkth, hxkakld`, j`lshquhlthbhlth, d` ohaâtkb` p`rtnd`r d` Tâtuo`, n sun rhstktukáê`. rhstktukáê`. Lhsth Lhsth jns`, ë ` jrhd`r quhb hstî `frkand` n rhjhfhr hssh pnanbhlt` nlthjkpnd`, p`ks, sh n Ohk j`lehrkr n` dhvhd`r ` dkrhkt` dh snodnr ` shu j`bpr`bkss` nlths d` vhljkbhlt` ù d` njhkth, tnbfëb hstnfh tn fhoh ohjh jh n` jr jrhd hd`r `r n `f `frk rkan anáê áê`` dh rh rhjh jhfh fhrr hs hssh sh pnanbhlt` lns bhsbns j`ldkáøhs.

Hld`ss` Zhld` n Dupokjntn ub Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt` hsshljknobhlth é `rdhb (quh lhjhssnrknbhlth dhvh shr snjnd`), sun trnlsehrãljkn sh enz ntrnvës dh hld`ss`. Ohbfrnb`s hltê` quh ` snjnd`r ë shbprh ` prkbhkr` hld`ssnlth h hoh p`dh klshrkr n joîusuon ‟lê` é `rdhb‒ p`rquh lê` mî lhlmubn prhvksê` ohano j`b rhonáê` n kss`. Tud ud`` ` qu quhh e` e`kk hs hstu tudn dnd` d` nt ntë ë na na`r `rn n s` s`fr frh h ` hl hld` d`ss ss` ` l` l`ss dh dhbn bnks ks Tâ Tâtu tuo` o`ss dh Jr Jrëd ëdktkt` ` ë jn jn-fâvho ln Dupokjntn, shcn rhontkvnbhlth é e`rbn j`b` sh `phrn ` hld`ss` ù é rhsp`lsnfkokdndh d`s hld`ssnlths.

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shld` ` nvnokstn hqukpnrnd` équhoh juc` l`bh kldkjnr. Ln enotn dh kldkjnáê`, shrî nquhoh jucn ekrbn (nssklnturn) e`r onlándn pho` nvnokstn7 e`rn kst`, ` Nvno shrî j`lskdhrnd` j`b` j`lehrkd` n` j`bprnd`r.

@ Nvn Nvnoo ln Dupokjn upokjntn tn nprh prhsh shltn ltn ns bhsbn bh sbnss jn jnrn rnjth jthrâs râstkjn tkjnss j`lstn j`lstnlth lthss ln Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`. Hsth Nvno p`dh shr hb frnlj` ù hb prht`.

@ Nvno hb frnlj` fhlhekjkn ` snjnd`r dn Dupokjntn, nquhoh nfnkx` dh jucn ekrbn e`k onlándn pho` nvnokstn h, l`s dhbnks jns`s, fhlhekjkn ` dhvhd`r eklno d` Tâtuo`. Zh n ns nssk skln lntu turn rn d` nv nvno noks kstn tn hs hstk tkvh vhr r nfnkx` dn nssklnturn d` hld`ssnlth ù d` snjnd` (quh ë ` j`bprnd`r dns bhrjnd`rkns), ` Nvno hb frnlj` ` fhlhekjkn. Zh lê` mùvhr lhlmubn nssklnturn njkbn d` nvnokstn quh dhu Nvno hb frnlj`, hsth Nvno fhlhekjkn shbprh ` snjnd`, quh ë dhvhd`r eklno d` Tâtuo`. N dkehrhlán ë quh ` Nvno hb frnlj` sh j`lskdhrn j`b` prhstnd` n` dhvhd`r (j`bprnd`r), hb vhz dh n` hbkthlth, bhsb` quh ` j`bprnd`r ekrbnd` njhkth hsth Nvno l` Tâtuo`. Dhsth b`d`, ` nvnokstn quh tkvhr ekrbnd` ` Tâtuo` p`r Nvn Nvnoo hb frnlj` `frkan-sh `frkan-sh lê` sú pho` pnanbhlt` dn Dupokjntn, bns tnbfëb pho` shu njhkth, jns` lê` thlmn skd` ekrbnd` pho` dhvhd`r.

Yr`thst` @ Nrtka` >: dn Ohk l³ 8.414/5= dhthrbkln quh n Dupokjntn p`ssn shr pr`thstndn p`r trãs b`tkv`s3 p`r enotn dh njhkth, p`r enotn dh dhvòuáê` ù p`r enotn dh pnanbhlt`. Cî e`k bhljk`lnd` ` pr`thst` hb Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`, ln L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn h l` Jmhquh, p`r kss`, lê` krhb`s rhphtkr ns l`áøhs d` pr`thst`. Bns trntnrhb`s dns pnrtkjuonrkdndhs quh nprhshltn ln Dupokjntn.

Nv no ûnlt` n` Nvno, ` Nrtka` >6 dn Ohk l¹ 8.414/5= hstnfhohjh quh ` pnanbhlt` dn Dupokjntn p`ssn shr nsshaurnd` p`r Nvno, Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nuon 5

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>64


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Yr`thst` p`r enotn dh njhkth njhkth

N Dupokjntn, dhp`ks dh hbktkdn, dhvh shr rhbhtkdn n` dhvhd`r (j`bprnd`r) pnrn ` njhkth. Vhjhfhld`-n pnrn hsth ekb, p`dh ` dhvhd`r njhktî-on, dhvòvhld`-n n shaukr pnrn ` jrhd`r, nakld` j`b rhauonrkdndh. Y`rëb p`dh `j`rrhr quh ` dhvhd`r sh rhjush ju sh n nj njhk hktn tnrr n Du Dupo pokj kjnt ntn, n,dh dhv` vòvh ovhld ld``-n n n` jr jrhd hd`r `r shb sh b ` dh dhvk vkd` d` nj njhk hkth th.. Dk Dknl nlth th dk dkst st`, `, ` jr jrhd hd`r `r p` p`dh dhrî rî ohvn oh vnrr n Du Dupo pokj kjnt ntnn n pr pr`t `ths hst` t` p` p`rr en enototn n dh nj njhk hkth th.. @ pr pr`t `ths hst` t` sh shrî rî rh rhtk tkrn rnd` d` bh bhdk dknl nlth th nprhshltnáê`, pho` jrhd`r, dn Dupokjntn n` Jnrtúrk` j`bphthlth, quh ë ` dn prnán dh pnanbhlt` j`lstnlth l` Tâtuo`. Yr`thst` Yr`th st` p`r enotn dh dhvòuáê`

Znfhb`s quh, n` nprhshltnr Znfhb`s nprhshltnr n Dupokjntn pnrn njhkth n` dhvhd`r, hsth dhvh nssklî-on dhvkdnbhlth h dhvòvã-on n` jrhd`r l` prnz` dh dhz dkns. Zh lê` n dhvòvhr, mî `p`rtulkdndh dh ohvî-on n pr`thst` n` Jnrtúrk` j`bphthlth. Lhsth jns`, ë hvkdhlth quh ` jrhd`r lê` p`dh nprhshltnrsh n` Jnrtúrk` bulkd` dn Dupokjntn, p`rquh hstn ekjù j`b ` dhvhd`r. N Ohk nut`rkzn quh ` pr`thst`, hltê`, sh enán bhdknlth skbpohs kldkjnáê` d` p`rtnd`r njhrjn d` Tâtuo`, kldkjnáøhs quh dhvhb shr trnlsjrktns l` klstrubhlt` d` pr`thst`. @ ent` dh lê` thr hxhrjkd` n enjuodndh dh pr`thstnr n Dupokjntn, shcn p`r enotn dh njhkth ù p`r enotn dh dhvòuáê` dhstn, lê` hokbkln n p`sskfkokdndh dh, p`sthrk`rbhlth, hehtunr ` pr`thst` p`r enotn dh pnanbhlt`. Lê` hstnfhohjhld` n Ohk ` prnz` pnrn hehtunáê` d` pr`thst`, ekjn hvkdhlth quh hsth prnz` p`dh shr ntë ` vhljkbhlt` dn Dupokjntn.

Hxksth tnbfëb ` Uhljkbhlt` Hxtrn`rdklîrk` dn Dupokjntn, quh ë ` vhljkbhlt` bh lt` nlth lthjkpn jkpnd` d` dh dhsth sth Tâtuo`, juc` pnanbhlt` t`rln-sh hxkaâvho. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

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Thld` skd` n Dupokjntn pr`thstndn p`r enotn dh njhkth ù dh dhvòuáê`, sh lê` e`r pnan pna n l` vhl vhljkb jkbhlt hlt`, `, lê` shr shrîî lhj lhjhss hssîrk îrk`` l`v` pr`thst` p`r enotn dh pnanbhlt`, pnrn quh `s dkrhkt`s d` jrhd`r j`ltrn ` dhvhd`r h `s dhbnks j``frkand`s ekquhb nsshaurnd`s. Yr`thst` p`r enotn dh pnanbhlt` pnanbhlt`

@j`rrh qun @j`rrh qunld` ld` n Dup Dupokjn okjntn tn vhl vhljkd jkdnn lê` ë pnan pho` dhvhd`r. Zhauld` ` Ynrîarne` 4³ d` Nrtka` >: dn Ohk l³ 8.414/5=, ` jrhd`r dhvh ohvnr n Dupokjntn n pr`thst` p`r enotn dh pnanbhlt` l` prnz` dh trkltn dkns, j`ltnd`s dn dntn dh vhljkbhlt` d` Tâtuo`. Zh lê lê` ` e` e`rr `f `fsh shrv rvnd nd`` ` pr prnz nz`` dh tr trkl kltn tn dk dkns ns,, ` jr jrhd hd`r `r ph phrd rdhrî hrî sh shus us dkr dkrhkt hkt`s `s n` n`ss hl hld` d`ss ssnl nlth thss h rhsphjtkv`s nvnokstns. Zhus dkrhkt`s, p`rëb, j`ltrn ` dhvhd`r h rhsphjtkv`s nvnokstns sufsksthb, bhsb` quh hehtuh ` pr`thst` dn Dupokjntn e`rn d` prnz` suprnbhljk` suprnbhljk`lnd`. lnd`. J`b kss`, p`dhb`s nekrbnr quh ` pr`thst` p`r enotn dh pnanbhlt` p`dh hehtkvnrsh hb qunoquhr thbp` nlths dh dhj`rrhr ` prnz` dh prhsjrkáê`. N Ohk Ohk dkz quh ` pr`thst` p`r enotn dh njhkth ù dh pnanbhlt` p`dh shr tkrnd` bhdknlth nprhshltnáê` pho` jrhd`r dhsth prúxkb` d`jubhlt`, n Trkpokjntn.

Trkpokjntn @ Nrtka` 6: dn Ohk l³ 8.414/5= hsjonrhjh quh ` vhldhd`r ë `frkand` n hxtrnkr ubn Trkpokjntn qunld` phrdhr ù hxtrnvknr hsth Tâtuo`. N Trkpokjntn lndn bnks ë d` quh n hxntn júpkn dn Dupokjntn hb quh j`lthrî `s bhsb`s hehkt`s h rhqukskt`s, `fhdhjhld` és bhsbns e`rbnokdndhs dhstn. Nssk Ns skb, b, j` j`b` b` su sujh jhdh dh j` j`b b ù ùtr tr`s `s Tâ Tâtu tuo` o`ss dh Jrëdkt`, n Ohk enjuotn n` jrhd`r n j`frnlán dn Dupokjntn Dupokjnt n ntrnvës dn náê` hxhjutkv hxhjutkvn. n. Hstn náê` ë ub bhk` dh quh p`dh vnohr-sh ` jrhd`r pnrn j`frnlán dn Dupokjntn ù Trkpokjntn njhktn pho` dhvhd`r, quhr thlmn skd` ù lê` pr`thstndn. Jns` n Dupokjntn shcn `p`rtulnbhlth pr`thstndn, p`dhrî nfrkr ubn náê` tnbfëb j`ltrn `s j``frkand`s d` Tâtuo` (sh lê` e`r s`bhlth j`lt j` ltrn rn ` dh dhvh vhd` d`r) r)77 jn jns` s` lê lê`` sh shcn cn nj njhk hktn tn,, ` jr jrhd hd`r `r thrî n `p`rtulkdndh dh j`frî-on bhdknlth náê` hxhjutkvn, j`b ù shb pr`thst`.

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Hxhjuáê` d h Dupok Hxhjuáê` Dupok jntn j`b njhkth `rdklîrk` ù njhkth dh j`bulkjnáê`

N Ohk hxkah quh, lhsth jns`, ` jrhd`r dhvh cultnr qunoquhr d`jubhlt` quh j`bp j` bpr` r`vh vh qu quhh rh rhno nobh bhlt lthh m` mùv uvh h n rh rh-bhssn ù hltrhan dn bhrjnd`rkn n` j`bprnd`r.

J`b` cî e`k dkt`, ` njhkth `rdklîrk` ë nquhoh quh j`lstn ln prúprkn Dupokjntn. Hltê`, Hltê `, pnrn j`bpo j`bpohbhlt hbhltnr nr,, rhssn rhssnotnb` otnb`ss quh ` lê` pnanbhlt` d` Tâtuo` kbpøh n hxhjuáê` l` prnz` kldkjnd`, h nsskb, mnvhld` njhkth `rdklîrk`, fnstn cultnr n Dupokjntn. Cî qunld` ` njhkth ë p`r j`bulkjnáê`, ` pnanbhlt` dhkxn dh shr hehtund`. @ jrhd`rr dh d` dhvh vh cu cult ltnr nr n j` j`bu bulk lkjn jnáê áê`` qu quh, h, dh nj`rd` j`b n curksprudãljkn, lndn kbphdh quh hoh hbktn Trkpokjntn, bns kss` lê` ë lhjhssîrk`, fnstn s`bhlth hsth njhkth. N Dupokj po kjnt ntn n lê lê` ` ë hl hljn jnbk bklm lmnd ndnn p` p`rq rquh uh ek ekjn jn rhtkdn j`b ` dhvhd`r.

Náá ê` hx N hxhj hju utkvn @j`rrkd` ` pr`thst` dn Dupokjntn, ` jrhd`r p`dhrî enzhr vnohr `s shus dkrhkt`s j`ltrn tr n `s j` j``f `frka rkand nd`s `s d` Tâ Tâtu tuo` o`.. Tnb nbfë fëb b p`dhrî enzhr ubn pr`p`stn dh náê` hxhjutkvn pnrn j`frnlán dn Dupokjntn qunld` hstn e`r pr`thstndn p`r enotn dh dhvòuáê`, dhsdh quh nprhshlth d`jubhlt` quh j`bpr`vh ` rhjhfkbhlt` dn bhrjnd`rkn pho` dhvhd`r. N náê` hxhjutkvn hxhjutkvn pnrn n j`frnlán dh DuDupokjntn nprhshltn ub nldnbhlt` fnstnlth rîpkd`, p`ks n Ohk hstnfhohjh prnz`s jurt`s pnrn n sun trnbktnáê` hb cuâz`. N Ohk tnbfëb enjuotn n` jrhd`r pr`b`vhr náê` cudkjkno j`ltrn ` dhvhd`r pnrn n j`frnlán dn Dupokjntn, lê` shld` bnks náê` hxhjutkvn, bns `rdklîrkn. Hstn náê` `rdklîrkn p`ssuk trnbktnáê` dkehrhlth dn hxhjutkvn7 ë bnks ohltn, lê` j`lthld` n hxkaãljkn dh phlm`rn d`s fhls d` dhvhd`r.

Okvr` dh Vhakstr` dh Dupokjntns

Yrnz`s Yrn z`s pnrn n pr`p `skt urn dn náê` @ Nrtka` >= dn Ohk l³ 8.414/5= hstnfhohjh prnz`s dh prhsjrkáê` dn náê` dh j`frnlán frn lán dn Dup Dupokj okjntn ntn.. Zh ekl ekldnr dnrhb hb hst hsths hs prnz`s, ` jrhd`r phrdh ` dkrhkt` dh pr`p`r rhehrkdn náê`3 • Trãs nl`s (j`ltnd`s dn dntn d` vhljkbhlt` d`Tâtuo`) j`ltrn ` snjnd` (dhvhd`r) h rhsphjtkv`s nvnokstns7 • Xb nl` (j`ltnd` dn dntn d` pr`thst`) j`ltrn ` hld`ssnlth h shus nvnokstns7 ` , hl tr t r h ` s j `` ` ` fr f r k an and `s `s • Xb nl `, (pnrn ` hxhrjâjk` d` dkrhkt` dh rharhss`), j`ltnd` dn dntn hb quh thlmn skd` hehtund` ` pnanbhlt` d` Tâtuo`. Hvhltunobhlth, ln hxhjuáê`, ` jrhd`r dhvhrî cultnr d`jubhlt`s dkvhrs`s, dhphldhld` d` tkp` dh njhkth. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

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N Ohk 8.414/5= hxkah, d` j`bhrjknlth quh hxphdkr Dupokjntns, quh bnlthlmn ub okvr` hsphjkno dhl`bklnd` Okvr` dh Vhakstr` dh Dupokjntns, l` quno dhvhrê` shr hsjrktur jrk turndn ndns, s, jr` jr`lò lòàk àkjnb jnbhlt hlth, h, t`d t`dns ns ns Dupokjntns p`r hoh hbktkdns, dksjrkbklnld`sh t`dns ns jnrnjthrâstkjns h kldkjnáøhs phrtklhlths. N bhsbn Ohk dkz, tnbfëb, quh mî p`sskfkokdndh dh hxphdkáê` dh Dupokjntns rhontkvnss é pr vn prhs hstn tnáê áê` ` dh sh shrv rvká ká`s `s hb ah ahrn rno. o. Nsskb, ns hltkdndhs prhstnd`rns dh shrvká`s p`dhb hbktkr Enturns h rhsphjtkvns Dupokjntns, dksjrkbklnld`-sh, ln Enturn, n lnturhzn d` shrvká` prhstnd` h n kbp`rtæljkn n pnanr, pnanr, quh j`lstktuk ` prhá` dh tno shrvká`. Tnbfëb `s prèkssk`lnks okfhrnks (bëdkj`s, dhltkstns, hlahlmhkr`s htj.) h ùtr`s prèkssk`lnks, quh prhstnb shrvká`s dh lnturhzn hvhltuno, p`dhb hbktkr Enturn ù Dupokjntn7 lhon, dhvh hsjonrhjhr n lnturhzn h ` prhá` d` shrvká` prhstnd`, dn dntn h o`jno d` pnanbhlt`, nsskb j`b` vâljuo` j`ltrntuno quh dhu `rkahb n`s shrvká`s prhstnd`s. N Enturn hbktkdn dhvhrî shr ohvndn n rhakstr` l` Jnrtúrk` dh Tâtuo`s dh D`jubhlt`s, dhp`ks dh shr rhbhtkdn n` dhvhd`r. Jns` lê` shcn pnan l` prnz` ekxnd`, ` jrhd`r p`dhrî ohvî-on n pr`thst`. Hsth pr`thst` sh j`lstktukrî Klstktut` Xlkvhrsno Frnskohkr`

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hb tâtuo` mîfko é pr`p`skturn pho` jrhd`r dh náê` hxhjutkvn j`ltrn ` dhvhd`r. @ Nrtka` 68 dn Ohk l³ 8.414/5= dhthrbkln quh, hb rhonáê` é Dupokjntn h é Trkpokjntn jn tn,, sê sê`` np npokokjî jîvh vhks ks,, l` qu quh h j` jùf ufhr hr,, ns dksp`skáøhs dn Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`, rhehrhlths é hbkssê`, jkrjuonáê` h pnanbhlt`. Z`frh `s b`dho`s quh dhvhb`s thr j`b` pndrøhs pndrøhs pnrn n hbks hbkssê` sê` dh Dupo Dupokjnkjntns, ë rhj`bhldîvho j`lsuotnrb`s n Vhsòuáê` l¹ >96, dh 65 dh l`vhbfr` dh >;5= d` Fnlj` Jhltrno d` Frnsko.

Dupokjntn Hohtrôlkjn

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@ klstrubhlt` dh pr`thst` h ` j`bpr`vnlth dh bhrjnd`rkn j`lstktuhb tâtuo` hxhjut utkv kv` ` hxt xtrn rncu cudk dkjk jkno no.. J` J`b b hss sshhs d` d`ks ks d`jubhlt`s, ë p`ssâvho hxhjutnr ` dhvhd`r dhvhd`r,, ù shr rhquhrkdn n sun enoãljkn.

J`lmhjkbhlt` dh Dhpúskt` h Qnrrnlt L` Dhjrht` l³ >.>96/>;9:, quh klstktuk rharns s`frh Nrbnzëls Ahrnks (Nuon 6), hb shu Nrtka` 5¹, ë jktnd` ` shauklth3 Dns bhrjnd`rkns j`lekndns é sun aunrdn, `s nrbnzëls ahrnks pnssnrê` rhjkf` dhjonrnld` lhoh n lnturhzn, qunltkdndh, lóbhr` h bnrjns, enzhld` phsnr, bhdkr ù j`ltnr, l` nt` d` rhjhfkbhlt` ns quh e`rhb susjhtâvhks dh shr phsndns, bhdkdns ù j`ltndns .

Tno rhjkf` j`lstktuk skbpohs pr`vn dh dhpúskt`, lê` shld`, p`ks, Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt`7 shld` nsskb, lê` lê` p`dh thr jkrjuonáê`. jkrjuonáê`. @ Nrtka` >8 dhsth bhsb` Dhjrht` dkz quh, qunld` ` dhp`sktnlth sòkjktnr hsth rhjkf`, `s Nrbnzëls Ahrnks hbktkrê` d`ks tâtuo`s ulkd`s, bns shpnrnd`s dh nj`rd` nj`rd` j`b n v`lt v`ltndh ndh d` hbkthlth, hbkthlth, dhl`bklnd`s dh J`lmhjkbhlt` dh Dhpúskt` h Qnrrnlt (‟anrnltkn‒, hb p`rtuauãs).

N hbkssê` dh Dupokjntn hohtrôlkjn euljk`ln dn shauklth e`rbn3 ` hbprhsîrk`, vhldhd`r dhd `r dh bhr bhrjnd jnd`rkn `rkns, s, hlj hljnbk nbklmn lmn n ub fnlj`, vkn Klthrlht, kle`rbnáøhs s`frh n Dupokjntn quh lê` ë hbktkdn s`frh n e`rbn dh pnpho. N klstkt klstktukáê` ukáê` eklnljhkrn eklnljhkrn hbkth ubn aukn dh j`bphlsnáê` jmnbndn fòht`. Hstn aukn ë hljnbklmndn pho` j`rrhk` n` snjnd`, h hsth p`dh hehtunr ` pnanbhlt` hb qunoquhr fnlj`. Zh ` dhvhd`r lê` pnanr hstn Dupokjntn, ` fnlj` p`dh hlvknr hohtr`lkjnbhlth kle`rbnáøhs, ù shcn, kldkjnáøhs n` Jnrtúrk` dh Yr`thst` quh, p`r sun vhz, kltkbn ` dhvhd`r n pnanr hsth Tâtuo` hb trãs dkns7 sh ` dhvhd`r lê` pnanr, ` Jnrtúrk` pr`thstn ` Tâtuo` hohtrôlkj` p`r kldkjnáøhs. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

@ J` J`lmh lmhjkbhlt` jkbhlt` dh Dh Dhpúskt` púskt` ë Tâ Tâtuo` tuo` rhprhshltntkv` dns bhrjnd`rkns dhp`sktndns. @ Qnrrnlt ë ub klstrubhlt` d` phlm`r s`frh ns bhsbns bhrjnd`rkns.

Nsskb, ` J`lmhjkbhlt` dh Dhpúskt` ë Tâtuo` quh, rhprhshltnld` n pr`prkhdndh dns bhrjnd`rkns dhp`sktndns, j`lehrh, n` shu ohaâtkb` p`rtnd`r, n p`sskfkokdndh dh nokhlnr (trnlsehrkr n ùtr`) hssn pr`prkhdndh. @ Qnrrnlt, p`r sun vhz, dhstkln-sh é hehtunáê` dh phlm`r s`frh n bhrjnd`rkn dhp`sktndn. Hsshs Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt` sê` hsshljknobhlth é `rdhb, p`dhld` shr trnlsehrâvhks p`r hld`ss`, quh sh `phrn dn bhsbn e`rbn j`b` l`s dhbnks tâtuo`s é `rdhb. Hsths Tâtuo`s dhvhb j`lthr jhrt`s rhqukskt`s, hlubhrnd`s l` Ynrîarne` >¹ d` Nr>61


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tka` >8 d` Dhjrht` jktnd`. Hsths rhqukskt`s dh quh, s`frh n pnrth ù s`frh ` t`tno dns tnbfëb dhvhb shr hxtrnâd`s dh ub Okvr` dh bhrjnd`rkns ndqukrkdns, hxksth ` ôlus (hlTnoê` (quh `s Nrbnzëls Ahrnks sê` `frkan- jnra`) d` phlm`r, hb env`r d` p`rtnd`r d` d`s n bnlthr), ` quno j`lthrî t`dns ns dh- Qnrrnlt. jonrnáøhs klshrkdns l` J`lmhjkbhlt` dh Ynan n dâvkdn rhprhshltndn pho` QnrDhpúskt` h l` Qnrrnlt quh shrê` hbktkd`s, rnlt, hsth Tâtuo` vòtn és bê`s d` p`rtnd`r d` fhb j`b` rhsphjtkv`s lóbhr`s dh `rdhb. J`lmhjkbhlt` dh Dhpúskt`7 nsskb, ekjn j`b n @ J`lmhjkbhlt` dh Dhp`skt` h ` Qnr- okvrh dksp`skáê` dns bhrjnd`rkns. rnlt , hbktkd`s hb j`lcult`, p`dhb jkrjuonr Zú bhdknlth nprhshltnáê` dh nbf`s ulkd`s ù shpnrndnbhlth. Trnlsehrkd`s hb Tâtuo`s o`s ë quh ` Nrbnz Nrbnzëb ëb Ahrno rhstktu rhstktukk ns j`lcult`, j`lehrhb n` shu ohaâtkb` p`rtnd`r `s Tâtu bhrjnd`rkns dhp`sktndns. ` dkrhkt` é okvrh dksp`skáê` dn bhrjnd`rkn dhp`sktndn. Bns ` ohaâtkb` p`rtnd`r dhsths Tâtuo`s p`dh hld`ssnr, shpnrndnbhlth, nphNlths d` vhljkbhlt` dn dâvkdn l` Qnrlns ` Qnrrnlt, dhstnjnld` ` J`lmhjkbhlt` rnlt, ë f`b quh ` p`rtnd`r d` J`lmhjkdh Dhpúskt` bhlt` dh Dhpúskt` j`lskalh n kbp`rtæljkn Zh ` pr`prkhtîrk` dhshcnr ohvnltnr euld`s dhstn dâvkdn, ù shcn, hltrhauh n` Nrbnzëb shb vhldhr ns bhrjnd`rkns, p`dh enzã-o` bh- Ahrno hssn kbp`rt kbp`rtæljkn æljkn j`b `s rhsphjtkv`s rhsphjtkv`s dknlth anrnltkn dns bhsbns bhrjnd`rkns dh- cur`s cu r`s,, kb kbp`s p`st`s t`s eks eksjnk jnkss h tnx tnxns ns dh nr nrbnz bnzhhp`sktndns. Ynrn kst`, fnstn hld`ssnr ` Qnrrnlt lnahb. @ Nrbnzëb Ahrno, hltê`, okfhrn ns p`r ubn kbp`rtæljkn hqukvnohlth é pnrth d` bhrjnd`rkns pnrn ` p`rtnd`r d` J`lmhjkvno`r dns bhrjnd`rkns ù n t`d` hssh vno`r, bhlt` dh Dhpúskt` h, l` vhljkbhlt` dn dâhltrhanld`-` n` hld`ssntîrk` quh, e`rlhjhld` vkdn, hltrhan n kbp`rtæljkn j`lskalndn n` n` pr`prkhtîrk` `s euld`s sòkjktnd`s, anrnlth- jrhd`r hld`ssntîrk` d` Qnrrnlt. sh pho` phlm`r dns bhrjnd`rkns hb dhpúskt`s. B ` dk d k ek e k jn j n á øh øhs n ` D hj rh rht ` l ³ Nssk Ns skb, b, n tr trnl nlse sehr hrãl ãljk jkn n d` Qnrrnlt >.>96/>;9: lndn bnks rhprh rhprhshlt shltnn quh ub hbprë hbprëstkb` stkb` N Ohk Dho hoha han ndn l¹ :, dh 65 dh shthbf bfr` r` ehkt` pho` hld`ssntîrk` n` hld`ssnlth, andh >;5: >;5:,, tr trù ùxh xh no noau aubn bnss b` b`dk dkekekjn jnáø áøhs hs n` Dh Dh-rnltkd` pho` phlm`r dh pnrth ù dn t`tnokjrht` l¹ >.>96/>;9:, kljouskvh hsthldhld` n dndh dns bhrjnd`rkns hb dhpúskt`s. p`sskfkokdndh dh hbkssê` d` J`lmhjkbhlt` ûnld` njnfnr ` prnz` d` hbprëstkb`, h dh Dhpúskt` h d` Qnrrnlt és hbprhsns pófok` hld`ssnlth lê` snodnr sun dâvkdn pnrn j`b jnss (e jn (ehd hdhr hrnk nks, s, bu bulk lkjk jkpn pnks ks h hs hstn tndu dunk nks) s) h és s` s`-` hld`ssntîrk` d` Qnrrnlt, p`dhrî hsth ohvnr jkhdndhs dh hj`l`bkn bkstn, juc` `fchtkv` ë hb pr`thst`, l`s prnz`s hstnfhohjkd`s ln ohndbkl nd bklks kstrn trnrr h `phrn `phrnrr j` j`b` b` sko sko`s `s,, nr nrbn bnzë zëls ls er erkkaksonáê` s`frh Ohtrn dh Jæbfk`. a`râekj`s h hltrhp`st`s. Tkrnd` ` pr`thst`, ` p`rtnd`r d` Qnrrnlt vhldhrî hb ohkoê`, p`r klthrbëdk` d` J`lmhjkbhlt` J`lmhjkbh lt` dh Trnlsp`r Trnlsp`r th j`rrht`r ù ohko`hkr` quh hsjòmhr, ns bhrjnd`rkns hsphjâekjns l` Tâtuo` (Ynrîarne` >¹, Nrtka` 6:, Dhjrht` l³ >.>96/>;9:). Hsth Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt` Jrëdkt` ë rhauond` rhauond` pho` Dhûnld` ` Qnrrnlt e`r trnlsehrkd`, ns jrht` l¹ >;.41:/>;:9 h jmhaù n shr rhvànd` dhjonrnáøhs j`ltkdns l` prkbhkr` hld`ss` hb >; >;;> ;> p` p`rr dh dhjr jrht ht` ` sh shb b ló lóbh bhr` r`.. J` J`lt ltud ud`, `, p` p`r r (vno`r d` jrëdkt`, dntn d` vhljkbhlt` h tnxn thr ` nlt ltka ka` ` Dhj hjrh rht` t` e`rá ránn dh Oh Ohk,k, ù shcn shcn,, shr hl hl-dh cur`s) dhvhb shr dhsjrktns l` rhsphjtkv` thl thldkd dkd` ` j`b j`b` ` kls klstrub trubhlt hlt`` sup suphrk` hrk`rr, j`l j`ljouâ jouâb`s b`s,, J`lmhjkbhlt` dh Dhpúskt`. hltê hl tê`, `, qu quh h hs hsth th nl nltktka` a` Dh Dhjr jrht ht`` lê lê`` e` e`kk rh rhv` vàn and` d`.. Zh ` J`lmhjkbhlt` dh Dhpúskt` e`r Trntn-sh dh ub Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt` hbktkd` trnlsehrkd` p`r hld`ss`, ` hld`ssntîrk` ek- p`r hbprhsns dh trnlsp`rth dh thrrn, bnr ù jnrî jkhlth dn hxkstãljkn dnquhoh dëfkt` d` nr, pr`vnld` ` rhjhfkbhlt` dh bhrjnd`rkns h hld`ssnlth, j`ltkd` l` Qnrrnlt, pnrn j`b n `frkanáê` dh trnlsp`rtî-ons h hltrhaî-ons l` ` hld`ssntîrk` dhsth7 tnbfëb ekjnrî jkhlth ouanr dh dhstkl`, j`b` hsjonrhjh ` Nrtka` >¹. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

>6=


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Dhl`bkln-sh rhbhthlth, jnrrhand`r ù j`lskalnlth j`lskaln lth (Nrtka` 6³, Kljks` KU) n phss`n quh, p`r sun prúprkn j`ltn ù p`r j`ltn dh ùtr`, hxphdh ph dh n bh bhrj rjnd nd`r `rkn kn,, hl hltr trha hanl nld` d`-n -n nt ntë ë n hb hbpr prhs hsn n trnlsp`rtnd`rn, trnlsp`rt nd`rn, pnrn shr hltrhauh n` dhstklntîrk`. rk `. Jm Jmnb nbnn-sh sh j` j`ls lska kaln lntî tîrk rk` ` n ph phss ss`n `n n qu quhb hb n bhrj bh rjnd nd`r `rkn kn ë rh rhbh bhtktkdn dn77 ë ` dh dhst stkl klnt ntîr îrk` k` dh dhst stn. n. Ë p`ssâvho quh ` j`lskalntîrk` shcn ` prúprk` rhbhthlth dns bhrjnd`rkn bhrjnd`rkns. s. @ J`lmhjkbhlt` dh Trnlsp`rth, j`b` Tâtuo` Tâtu o` dh Jrëdkt Jrëdkt`, `, dhvh `frkant`rknbhlt `frkant`rknbhlth h j`lthr dhthrbklnd`s rhqukskt`s, hlubhrnd`s lhsth nltka` Dhjrht` jktnd`3 • @ l`bh ù dhl`bklnáê` dn hbprhsn hbkss`rn7 • @ lóbhr` dh `rdhb7 • N dntn j`b j`b kldkjnáê` kldkjnáê` dh dkn, bãs bãs h nl`7 • @s l`bhs d` rhbht rhbhthlth hlth h d` j`lska j`lska-lntîrk`, p`r hxthls`, l`tnld` quh, j`b` cî vkb`s, ` rhbhthlth p`dh dhskalnr-sh j`b` j`lskalntîrk`, h quh nkldn p`dh lê` j`lstnr ` l`bh d` j`lskalntîrk`, jns` hb quh ` Tâtuo` shrî n` p`rtnd`r7 • @ ouanr dn pnrtkd pnrtkdn n h ` dhstkl`7 • N hspëjkh7 • N qunltkdndh ù phs` dn bhrjnd`rkn, fhb j`b` ns bnrjns, `s sklnks ù phs` dn bhrjnd`rkn h `s sklnks hxthrk`rhs d`s vòubhs dh hbfnonahb7 • N kbp`rtæljkn d` erhth h ` ouanr h n e`rbn dh pnanbhlt`.Hon shrî dhjonrndn p`r hxthls` h hb noanrksb`s, prhvnohjhld` n prkbhkrn, hb jns` dh dkvhraãljkn7 • Nssklnturn d` hbprhsîrk` ù rhprhshltnlth dn hbprhsn dh trnlsp`rth, nfnkx` d` j`lthxt`. J`b` Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt`, ` J`lmhjkbhlt` dh Trnlsp`rth ë trnlsehrâvho, ù shcn, p`dh thr jkrjuonáê` dh nj`rd` j`b n e`rbn j`b` e`r hbktkd`.

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hld`ss hld` ss`. `. @ pr pr`p `prk rkht htîr îrk` k` d` Tâ Tâtu tuo` o` ë j` j`ls lska kaln lnd` d` h n hs hsth th,, p` p`rt rtnl nlt` t`,, jn jnfh fh he heht htun unrr ` pr prkb kbhk hkr` r` hl hld` d`ss ss`. `. És vhzhs, p`dh `j`rrhr dh ` j`lskalntîrk` dhskalnr-sh j`b` ` pr`prkhtîrk` rhbhthlth, jns` hb quh, lnturnobhlth, n hoh jnfh hehtunr ` prkbhkr` hld`ss`, vkst` quh ubn bhsbn phss`n ekaurn, skbuotnlhnbhlth, j`b` rhbhthlth h j`b` j`lskalntîrk`. ûnlt` n` hld`ss`, lhlmubn l`vkdndh ë nprh np rhsh shlt ltnd ndn, n, dh dhvk vkd` d` n` qu quhh cî hs hstu tudn dnb` b`s. s. N pr` pr`-prkhdndh dn bhrjnd`rkn trnlsp`rtndn, rhprhshltndn pho` J`lmhjkbhlt` dh Trnlsp`rth, shrî d` óotkb` hld`ssntîrk` (sh ` hld`ss` e`r hb prht`) ù d` p`rtnd`r (sh ` hld`ss` e`r hb frnlj`). N hsth, jnfh rhtkrnr n bhrjnd`rkn hb shu dhstkl`. Zh ` J` J`lm lmhj hjkb kbhl hlt` t` dh Trn rnls lsp` p`rt rthh e` e`rr l` l`bk bk-lntkv` lnt kv`,, j`l j`lthl thld`, d`, hxp hxprhs rhssnb snbhlt hlth, h, n joî joîus usuon uon ‟lê ‟lê`` é `r `rdh dhb‒ b‒,, sh shrî rî vh vhdn dndn dn n tr trnl nlse sehr hrãl ãljk jknn nt ntrn rnvë vëss d` hld`ss`. Zhu pr`prkhtîrk` shrî ` j`lskalntîrk`, juc` ju c` l` l`bh bhekekau aurn rn l` l`Tâ Tâtu tuo` o`,, n qu quhb hbjn jnfh fhrî rî hb hbsh shuu jnrît jn rîthr hr hx hxjou jouskv skv` ` rht rhtkrn krnrr hst hstnn joî joîusu usuon. on. @ J`lmhjkbhlt` J`lmhjkbhlt` dh Trnlsp Trnlsp`rth `rth ë n` p`rtnd`r qunld` lê` sh j`ltëb ` l`bh j`lskalntîrk`. Zun pr`prkhdndh jnfh é phss`n quh ohaktkbnbhlth ` thb hb bê`s. Trnlsehrh-sh p`r skbpohs trndkáê`, nsskb j`b` `j`rrh j`b `s dhbnks tâtuo`s n` p`rtnd`r.

@ bhsb` nj`lthjh j`b ` J`lmhjkbhlt` bh lt` dh Trn rnls lsp`r p`rth th hld ld`s `ssn snd` d` hb frnlj`, frn lj`, quh ndquk dqukrh rh ` nsph nsphjt` jt` dh ub tâtuo` tâtuo` n` p`rtnd`r.

Tâtuo`s Tâ tuo`s dh Jrëdkt` Jrëdkt` Kldustrkno N Jëduon h n L`tn dh Jrëdkt` Kldustrkno sê` Tâtuo`s hbktkd`s j`le`rbh Dhjrht`-Ohk l³ 4>:/5;, j`ljhdkd` phons klstktukáøhs fnljîrkns, pnrn ` eklnljknbhlt` dh hbprhsîrk`s dn îrhn kldustrkno. Nbf`s sê` pr`bhssns dh pnanbhlt` hb dklmhkr`, p`rëb n Jëduon thb anrnltkn rhno (Nrtka` ;¹) h n L`tn dh Jrëdkt` Kldustrkno lê` thb hstn anrnltkn (Nrtka` >8).

Hsth Tâtuo` p`dh shr hbktkd` j`b` tâtuo` l`bklntkv` é `rdhb, tâtuo` l`bklntkv` lê` é `rdhb h tâtuo` n` p`rtnd`r. @ J`lmhjkbhlt` dh Trnlsp`rth, hbktkd` j`b` j` b` Tâ Tâtu tuo` o` l` l`bk bkln lntktkv` v` é `r `rdh dhb, b, ë ` bn bnks ks j`bub, h sun trnlsehrãljkn sh enz j`b` `j`rrh j`b j` b `s ùt ùtr`s r`s tâ tâtu tuo`s o`s,, dhs dhssn sn lnt lnturh urhzn zn33 nt ntrnv rnvës ës dh Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

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ûhb njhktn hsth Tâtuo` ë ` kldustrkno. @ eklnljknbhlt` ë utkokznd` pnrn n nqukskáê` dh hqukpnbhlt`s quh ekjnb vkljuond`s n` Tâtuo` j`b` anrnltkn rhno. N Jëduon dh Jrëdkt` Kldustrkno hb sk lê` dî anrnltkn rhno, j`ltud`, dhp`ks dh hltrhauh ` fhb, n p`ssh dhoh pnssn n shr j`ldkjk`lndn n` pnanbhlt` d` Tâtuo`. @ fhb p`dh shr hltrhauh n` hbkthlth kldustrkno, p`r hxhbpo`, hb nokhlnáê` ekdujkîrkn (` jrhd`r ë d`l` h quhb sh utkokzn thb nphlns n p`ssh), h sun pr`prkhdndh s`bhlth sh trnlsehrh npús ` pnanbhlt` dn óotkbn prhstnáê` d` eklnljknbhlt`, rhnokznd` ntrnvës dn Jëduon. @ hbkthlth dn Jëduon dh Jrëdkt` Kldustrkno dhvhrî pnanr cur`s, j`rrháê` h dhsphsns dh eksjnokznáê`, h p`dh shr ehktn n qunoquhr b`bhlt`, phon klstktukáê` eklnljhkrn7 tud` kss` j`le`rbh n prúprkn Jëduon. Hsth Tâtuo` ë hld`ssîvho, p`ks n joîusuon ‟é `rdhb‒ ë rhqukskt` hsshljkno.


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@ Nrtka` 69 trnz ubn ubn rhonáê` dh fhls fhls quh p`dhb shr nsshaurnd`s phon Jëduon dh Jrëdkt`, dhltrh `s qunks, jktnb`s ns bîquklns kldustrk dus trknks nks,, bnt bntërk ërkns ns-pr -prkbn kbns, s, nlk nlkbnk bnkss pnr pnrnn n kldustrknokznáê`, vhâjuo`s dhltrh ùtr`s.

Jnljhonbhlt` Jnljho Jnlj honn-sh sh n kl klsj sjrk rkáê áê`` bh bhdk dknl nlth th n nvhrfnáê`, l` okvr` prúprk`3 • dn pr`vn dh quktnáê` dh Jëduon, onlándn l` prúprk` Tâtuo`, ù pnssndn hb d`jubhlt` bhl t` sh shpnr pnrnd` nd` j`b e`r e`rán án pr` pr`fnl fnlth th (qu (quhh shrvh dh pr`vn)7 • dn `rdhb cudkjkno. Hsthok`lnt` bhdknlth n Jëduon dh Jrëdkt` Jrë dkt` Kldustrkno Nquhoh quh ekzhr dhjonrnáøhs enosns ù klhxntns njhrjn d`s fhls èhrhjkd`s hb anrnltkn dh jrëdkt` kldustrkno, kljouskvh `bktkr dhjonrnáê` dh cî hstnrhb suchkt`s n ùtr`s ôlus ù rhsp`lsnfkokdndhs dh qunoquhr hspëjkh, ntë bhsb` dh lnturhzn eksjno, prntkjn jrkbh dh hsthok`lnt` h ekjn suchkt` é phln (Nrtka` >1> d` Júdka` Yhlno).

N L`tn dh Jrëdk Jrëdkt` t` Kldu Kldust strk rkno no thb shus rhqukskt`s prhvkst`s l` Nrtka` >5 >5 dh dhsth sth Dh Dh-jrht`-Ohk h, hltrh hsths rhqukskt`s, lê` sh hlj`ltrn n j`lstk tukáê` dh anrn anrnltkn ltkn r hn hno,o, pkal`rntâjkn ù e kdhcussúrkn.

Klsjrkáê` h Nvhrfnáê` N Jëduon dh Jrëdkt` Kldustrkno thb vnokdndh j`ltrn thrjhkr`s, dhsdh n dntn dn klsjrkáê`, p`ks, nlths dn klsjrkáê`, n Jëduon `frkan nphlns shus skalntîrk`s. Dh nj`rd` j`b n lnturhzn dn anrnltkn j`lstktuâdn, n Jëduon dh Jrëdkt` Kldustrkno ë klsjrktn l` Jnrtúrk` dh Vhakstr` dh Kbúvhks dn jkrjulsjrkáê` o`jno dh sktunáê` d`s fhls `fcht` d` phlm`r, dn nokhlnáê` ekdujkîrkn ù `ldh ` kbúvho mkp`thjnd` hsthcn o`jnokznd`. Hstn klsjrkáê` shrî ehktn hb okvr` prúprk`, dhl`bklnd` Vhakstr` dh Jëduon Kldustrkno.

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Tâtuo`s dh Jrëdkt` Vurno N Jëduon dh Jrëdkt` Vurno ë ub Tâtuo` quh hstî prhvkst` l` Dhjrht`-Ohk l³ >51/51, hbktkd` phons klstktukáøhs eklnljhkrns kltharnlths d` Zksthbn Lnjk`lno dh Jrëdkt` Vurno n`s nar`phjunrkstns. Vhehrh Vhe hrh-sh -sh n ub ubnn hs hspëj pëjkh kh dh ekl eklnlj nljknb knbhlt hlt`` rurno quh p`dh shr j`ljhdkd` tnlt` é phss`n eâskjn j`b` é curâdkjn, nsskb j`b` ë enjuotntkv` n >:9


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utkokznáê` dhstn Jëduon pnrn eklnljknbhlt` dh bhsbn bhs bn lnt lnturhz urhzn, n, j`l j`ljhd jhdkdn kdn phon phonss j`` j``phrn phrntkvn tkvnss rurnks n shus nss`jknd`s h ekoknd`s.

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Uhrkekjndn n klndkbpoãljkn (lê` pnanbhlt`), ` jrhd`r p`dhrî nkldn j`lskdhrnr vhljkd kd` `s t`d `d`s `s `s ek ekllnl nljjkn knbh bhlt lt``s ru rurn rnks ks j`ljhdkd`s n` hbkthlth.

B`dnokdndhs N Jëduon dh Jrëdkt` Vurno sh j`lstktuk ntrnvës dh trãs b`dnokdndhs3 • Jëduon Vurno Ykal`rntâjkn7 • Jëduon Vurno Mkp`thjîrkn7 • L`tn dh Jrëdkt` Vurno. Z`frh hstns trãs b`dnokdndhs, nsskb j`b` `s jrëdkt`s j`bhrjkno h kldustrkno, ` Zuphrk`r Trkfulno dh Custkán jrkù n Zóbuon ;:, rhehrhlth é quhstê` d`s cur`s, quh ‟... ndbkth ` pnjt` dh jnpktnokznáê` dh cur`s.. cur `s...‒, .‒, ` quh sh cus custke tkekjn kjn pho phonn rhb rhbulh ulhrnrnáê` ndvkldn dn kldksp`lkfkokdndh d` dklmhkr` pho` eklnljknd`r.

@ jrhd`r thb ` dkrhkt` dh eksjnokznr, n qunoquhr b`bhlt`, n utkokznáê` d` vno`r eklnljknd`, h n anrnltkn vnk rhjnkr s`frh n pr`duáê` ù kbúvho. @ vno`r dn Jëduon ekjn vkljuond` n` `ránbhlt`, nssklnd` pho` eklnljknd` h nuthlJëduon Vurno Ykal`rntâjkn tkjnd` pho` eklnljknd`r eklnljknd`r,, dhvhld` j`lstnr qunoquhr nothrnáê` quh e`r ncustndn. @s nphlmnd`s (nquko` quh e`k dnd` n J`ljhdkd` ` eklnljknbhlt`, ` eklnljknd`r phlm`r) thb n p`ssh kbhdkntn d` hbkthlth nfrkrî j`b ` vno`r dhsth eklnljknbhlt`, ubn ù d` thrjhkr` prhstnd`r dn anrnltkn rhno, j`ltn vkljuondn é `phrnáê` quh ` eklnljknd` quh rhsp`ldh p`r sun aunrdn h j`lshrvnáê` b`vkbhltnrî p`r bhk` dh jmhquhs, snquhs, j`b` ekho dhp`s dhp`sktîrk`, ktîrk`, shcn phss`n eâskjn ù rhjkf`s, `rdhls, jnrtns ù qunksquhr ùtr`s d`- curâdkj cur âdkjn. n. jubhlt`s, ln e`rbn h thbp` prhvkst`s ln jëY`r shr phlm`r j`lstktutkv` p`r thrjhkduon dh `ránbhlt`. r`s, ` hbkthlth dn Jëduon rhsp`ldhrî sòkN Jëduon dh Jrëdkt` Vurno ë ub Tâtuo` dnrknb dnrknbhlth hlth j`b` hbphlm hbphlmnd`r nd`r phon aunrdn oâqukd`, jhrt` h hxkaâvho phon e`rbn j`ls- h j`lshrvnáê` d`s fhls hbphlmnd`s. tnlth ù d` hld`ss`, noëb d`s cur`s, dn j`Noëb No ëb dkss dkss`, `, np npokj okjnb nb-sh -sh n` ph phlm lm`r `r bkssê` dh eksjnokznáê` (sh mùvhr) h dhbnks j`lstktuâd` phon Jëduon Vurno Ykal`rntâjkn dhsphsns quh ` jrhd`r ekzhr pnrn n shau- ns dk dksp sp`s `ská káøøhs d` d`ss Dh Dhjjrh rht` t`ss-O -Ohk hkss l¹ rnlán, rhauonrkdndh h rhnokznáê` dh shu dk- >.>61/>;:; h l³ 4.:>6/>;46 h dns Ohks l `s rhkt` jrhdktúrk`. 4;6/>;:1, 6.555/>;88 h 6.;:>/>;85, fhb j`b` `s prhjhkt`s ohanks vkahlths rhontkv`s Uhljkbhlt` n` phlm`r rurno h j`bhrjkno, l` quh lê` jòkdkrhb j`b ` Dhjrht`-Ohk hxp`st`. Zhauld` ` Nrtka` >> d` Dhjrht`-Ohk l³ Jëduon Vurno Mkp`thjîrkn >51/513 Kbp`rtn vhljkbhlt` dh jëduon dh jrëdkt` rurno kldhphldhlthbhlth dh nvks` ù klthrphonáê` cudk cu dkjk jkno no ù hx hxtr trnc ncud udkj kjkn kno,o, n kl klnd ndkb kbpo poãl ãljk jkn n dh qu quno no-quhr `frkanáê` j`lvhljk`lno ù ohano d` hbkthlth d` tâtuo` ù, shld` ` jns`, d` thrjhkr` prhstnlth dn anrnltkn rhno. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

Dh nj`rd` j`b ` Nrtka` 69 d` DhjrhtÒhk l³ >51/51, n Jëduon Vurno Mkp`thjîrkn j`lthrî `s shauklths rhqukskt`s3 K - Dhl`bklnáê` "Jëduon Vurno Mkp`thjîrkn". >:>


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KK - Dntn h j`ldkáøhs dh pnanbhlt`7 mnvhld` prhstnáøhs phrkúdkjns ù pr`rrànáøh pr`rrànáøhss dh vhljkbhlt`, njrhsjhltnr3 "l`s thrb`s dn joîusuon E`rbn dh Ynanbhlt` nfnkx`" ù "l`s thrb`s dn joîusuon Ncusth dh Yr`rrànáê` nfnkx`". KKK - L`bh d` jrhd`r h n joîusuon ‟é `rdhb‒. KU - Uno`r d` jrëdkt` dhehrkd`, onlánd` hb noanrksb`s h p`r hxthls`, j`b kldkjnáê` dn eklnokdndh rurnokstn n quh sh dhstkln ` eklnljknbhlt` j`ljhdkd` h n e`rbn dh sun utkokznáê`. U - Dhsjrkáê` d` kbúvho mkp`thjnd` j`b kldkjnáê` d` l`bh, sh mùvhr, dkbhlsøhs, j`ler`ltnáøhs, fhlehkt`rkns, tâtuo` h dntn dh nqukskáê` h nl`tnáøhs (lóbhr`, okvr` h eòmn) d` rhakstr` kb`fkokîrk`. UK - Tnxn d`s cur`s n pnanr h n dn j`bkssê` dh eksjnokznáê`, sh mùvhr, h thbp` dh shu pnanbhlt`. UKK - Yrnán d` pnanbhlt`. UKKK - Dntn h ouanr dn hbkssê`. K] - Nssklnturn d` prúprk` pulm` d` hbkthlth ù dh rhprhshltnlth j`b p`dhrhs hsphjknks.

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Hsth Tâtuo` Tâtuo` thb pù jns phjuoknrkdndhs, shld` shld` nss`jkn nss`jknd` d` n` b`ltnlth (kbp`rtæljkn, vno`r) s`frh ` quno sh prhthldh ohvnltnr ohvn ltnr,, ù shcn shcn,, p`r sh trntnr dh bhl`r vno`r, ns j`ldkáøhs sê` bnks eîjhks.

Ns trãs hspëjkhs dh Jëduon dh Jrëdkt` Vurno sh nsshbhomnb n` phlm`r j`lstktuâd` p`r nlkbnks. Lhsth jns`, ` hbkthlth dn joîusuon ekjn `frkand` n bnlthr t`d` ` rhfnlm`, kljouskvh `s nlkbnks ndqukrkd`s j`b eklnljknbhlt` jknbh lt` (sh e`r ` jns` jns`), ), pr`th pr`thakd`s akd`s phons bhdkdns bhdkd ns snlkt snlktîrkns îrkns h dh prèko prèkonxkns nxkns (bhk`s pnrn sh hvktnr d`hláns), rhj`bhldndns hb jndn jns` j`ltrn n kljkdãljkn dh z``l`shs, bòëstkns klehjjk`sns ù pnrnsktîrkns, dh `j`rrãljkn erhquhlth ln rhakê` rurno. Dn bhsbn e`rbn, p`dh shr hstnfhohjkd`, l`s eklnljknbhlt`s phjuîrk`s, quh ` hbkthlth sh `frkan n lê` vhldhr shb n nut`rkznáê` p`r hsjrkt` d` jrhd`r, durnlth n vkaãljkn d` Tâtuo`, jrkns eãbhns ù vnjns, nptns é pr`jrknáê`. Dhvh dnr nsskstãljkn n` jrhd`r, ln mkpúthsh dh lê` `fshrvæljkn dhssns j`ldkáøhs, ` dkrhkt` dh dnr p`r vhljkdn n Jëduon h hxkakr ` t`tno dn dâvkdn dhon rhsuotnlt rhsuo tnlth, h, kldhp kldhphldh hldhlthbh lthbhlth lth dh nvks` hxtrncudkjkno ù klthrphonáê` cudkjkno.

@fshrvnáøhs3 >) N dhsjrkáê` d`s fhls vkljuond`s é anrnltkn p`dhrî shr ehktn hb d`jubhlt` é pnrth, hb duns vkns, nssklnd` pho` hbkthlth h nuthltkjnd` pho` jrhd`r, enzhld`sh l n J ëd u o n b h l áê ` n h ss n jkrjulstæljkn oà` npús n kldkjnáê` d` arnu dh phlm`r h dh shu vno`r ao`fno. 6) Zh n dhsjrkáê` d` fhb mkp`thjnd` sh pr`jhssnr hb d`jubhlt` é pnrth, dhvhrê` j`lstnr tnbfëb dn Jëduon t`dns ns kldkjnáøhs kldkjn áøhs bhljk`lndns bhljk`lndns l` kthb U dhsth Nrtka` 69, hxjht` ns j`ler`ltnáøhs h fhlehkt`rkns.

N` klvës dh shr ehktn n dhsjrkáê` dh e`rbn bklujk`sn d` kbúvho, ë f`b quh sh sufstktun n rhehrkdn dhsjrkáê` phon Jëduon dh shus rhsphjtkv`s tâtuo`s dh pr`prkhdndh. Lhsth jns`, ë prudhlth quh j`lsth nkldn, lhstn Jëduon, n bhláê` hxprhssn quh n nlhxnáê` d`s tâtuo`s dh pr`prkhdndh h n dhjonrnáê` dh quh hohs kltharnrê` n Jëduon ntë ` shu t`tno pnanbhlt`.

N j`ljhssê` d` Jrëdkt` Vurno Vurno shrî kbphdkdn n` dhvhd`r quh tkvhr n j`bulkjnáê` d` Klstktut` Frnskohkr` dh Vhe`rbn Narîrkn (KFVN), dh ncukznbhlt` dn j`frnlán dn dâvkdn eksjno ù dh buotn. Hsth kbphdkbhlt` sú lê` sh hehtkvnrî sh ` vno`r d` dëfkt` e`r dhp`sktnd` hb cuâz`. @ hbkthlth dn Jëduon dh Jrëdkt` Vurno dhvh shbprh bnlthr hb dkn, ` pnanbhlt` d`s trkfut`s h hljnra`s eksjnks, prhvkdhljkîrk`s h trnfnomkstns dh sun rhsp`lsnfkokdndh, kljouskvh n rhbulhrnáê` d`s trnfnomnd`rhs rurnks, hxkfkld` n` jrhd`r `s rhsphjtkv`s j`bpr`vnlths shbprh quh omh e`rhb hxkakd`s.

L`tn dh Jrëdkt` Vur no

N L`tn dh Jrëdkt` Vurno, dh nj`rd` j`b ` Nrtka` 61, j`ltëb `s bhsb`s rhqukskt`s d` Nrtka` 69 (Jëduon dh Jrëdkt` Vurno), j`b n hxjousê` d` kthb U (dhsjrkáê` d` kbúvho mkp`thjnd`). Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

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>:6


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Nu N u on 5 >) Hb ubn `phrnáê` fnljîrkn, ë ` j`ltrnt` hb quh n klstktukáê` eklnljhkrn pøh, é dksp`skáê` dh shu jokhlth, ub jrëdkt` dh dhthrbklndn kbp`rtæljkn hb dklmhkr`, jnfhld` n` jrhdktnd` pnanr cur`s n` jrhdktnd`r, rhstktukld` n kbp`rtæljkn hb dklmhkr` npús jhrt` prnz`. Hstnb`s enonld` dh3 n) ( ) hbp hbprës rëstkb tkb`. `. f) ( ) ekl eklnlj nljknb knbhlt hlt`. `. j) ( ) nfhrt nfhrturn urn dh jrëd jrëdkt` kt`.. d) ( ) jnrt jnrtnn dh dh jrëd jrëdkt` kt`.. 6) Vhonjk`lh3 (n) Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` (f) L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn (j) Jmhquh (d) Dhfãlturh (h) Dupokjntn (e) J`lmhjkbhlt` dh Dhpúskt` (a) Qnrrnlt (m) J`lmhjkbhlt` dh Trnlsp`rth

( ) Ë jndn ubn dns dns pnrths pnrths hb quh sh dkvkdh dkvkdh ` dëfkt` dëfkt` nssubkd nssubkd`, `, j`b `fhdkãl `fhdkãljkn jkn n jhrtns jhrtns e`rbns h j`ldkáøhs, p`r ubn Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn p`r Náøhs. ( ) Dhstkln-sh Dhstkln-sh é hehtunáê hehtunáê` ` dh phlm`r s`frh s`frh n bhrjnd`rkn bhrjnd`rkn dhp`sktn dhp`sktndn. dn. ( ) Thb Thb nbpon utkokznáê` utkokznáê` l` j`bërjk` lnjk`lno lnjk`lno h klthrlnjk`lno. klthrlnjk`lno. ( ) Ë ubn `rdhb dh pnanbhlt` pnanbhlt` é vkstn, vkstn, dkrkakdn n ub fnlj` fnlj` h hb env`r env`r dh ub fhlhekjkîrk`. fhlhekjkîrk`. ( ) Trntn-sh Trntn-sh dh ub Tâtuo` Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt` Jrëdkt` hbktkd` hbktkd` p`r hbprhsns hbprhsns dh trnlsp`rt trnlsp`rthh dh thrrn, bnr ù nr, pr`vnld` ` rhjhfkbhlt` dh bhrjnd`rkns h n `frkanáê` dh trnlsp`rtî-ons h hltrhaî-ons l` ouanr dh dhstkl`. ( ) Ë ub Tâtuo` quh, rhprhshltnld` n pr`prkhdndh dns bhrjnd`rkns dhp`sktndns, j`lehrh, n` shu ohaâtkb` p`rtnd`r, n p`sskfkokdndh dh nokhlnr hssn pr`prkhdndh. ( ) J`lstkt J`lstktuk uk lubn lubn pr`bhssn pr`bhssn dh pnanbh pnanbhlt`. lt`. ( ) Trntn-s Trntn-shh dh ub Tâtuo` Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt` ahlukln ahluklnbhlt bhlth h frnskohkr`. frnskohkr`. :) Hbktkd` ub Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt`, hsth shrî hltrhauh pho` snjnd`r n` t`bnd`r, juc` l`bh l`rbnobhlth j`lstnrî j`lstnrî lhsth Tâtuo`. @ t`bnd`r, t`bnd`r, p`r sun vhz, nprhshltnrî hsth d`jubhlt` d`jubhlt` n` snjnd` pnrn quh hsth p`lmn n sun nssklnturn, kldkjnld` quh sh j`bpr`bhth n hehtunr ` rhsphjtkv` pnanbhlt` n` vhljhr ` Tâtuo`. Tâtuo`. N hsth nt` nt` sh j`lehrh n dhl`bklnáê` dh3 n) ( ) Hl Hld` d`ss ss`` f) ( ) Nj Njhk hkth th j) ( ) Yn Ynan anbh bhlt lt`` d) ( ) Nvn vnoo 4) @ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP ë ub Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt` j`ljhdkd` phons phons klstktukáøhs fnljîrkns, pnrn ` eklnljknbhlt` dh hbprhsîrk`s dn îrhn kldustrkno. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Nu Nuon 5

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Vhsp`stns NXON NXO N> >) @ quh ë Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno0 Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno ë ub rnb` d` dkr hkt` prkv nd`, ekaurnd` n` ond` ond` d` Dkrhkt` V3 @ Dkrhkt` Jkvko, quh sh dhstkln dhstkln n rhauonr ns rhonáøhs rhonáøhs s`jknks d` s kldk vâdu`s hltrh sk, j`b` p nrtkjuonrhs. 6) Lubhrh `s kthls j`rrhtnbhlth. ( > ) L`rbns ( 6 ) E`lths ( : ) Ohks

( 6 ) Úraê` Úraê`ss rhvhond`rhs rhvhond`rhs d` d` Dkrhkt`. Dkrhkt`. ( : ) Yrhjhkt`s quh sh dkrkahb, kldkstkltnbhlth, kldkstkltnbhlth, n t`d`s `s bhbfr`s quh kltharnb kltharnb ubn jòhtkvkdndh. ( > ) Vharns s`jknks `frkantúrkns, `frkantúrkns, quh sh kbpøhb n t`d`s t`d`s `s kldkvâdu`s. :) ‟N Ohk bnks kbp`rtnlth pnrn ` Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno frnskohkr` ë ` Júdka` Jkvko Frnskohkr` , quh sufstktuku, hb arnldh pnrth, ` nltka` Júdka` J`bhrjkno Frnskohkr` .‒ 4) N `fshrvæljkn dh ub j`bp`rtnbhlt` quh, p`r shr o`la` h rhphtkd` p`r t`d`s, t`rln-sh `frkantúrk`, trnlse`rbnld`-sh hb l`rbn njòmkdn h rhj`lmhjkdn pho` Dkrhkt`, hbf`rn lê` shcn l`rbn hsjrktn p`r Ohk. Hstnb`s enonld` dh3 n) ( ) Jú Júdk dka` a` Jk Jkvk vkoo f) ( ) Oha Ohakso ksonáê náê`` J`b J`bhrj hrjkno kno j) ( ) E`l E`lth thss d` Dk Dkrh rhktkt`` d) ( x ) J`stubh Curâdkj` 8) @ quh sê` Klj`thrbs0 V3 Zê` Thrb`s Klthrlnjk`lnks d` J`bërjk` quh shrvhb pnrn dheklkr, dhltr` dn hstruturn dh ub j`ltrnt` dh j`bprn h vhldn klthrlnjk`lnks, `s dkrhkt`s h `frkanáøhs rhjâpr`j`s d` hxp`rtnd`r h d` kbp` rtnd`r, hstnfh hstnfhohjh ohjhld` ld` ub j`lcult` -pn -pndrê` drê` dh dheklkáøhs h dhthrbklnld` rharns h prîtkjns lhutrns. 5) @ quh sê` Nt`s dh J`bërjk`0 sê` nt`s curâdkj`s d`s qunks j`lstktu hb ub tkp` hsphV3 Nt`s dh j`bërjk` tnbfëb sê` jkno. Zê` Zê` dhl`bklnd`s dhl`bkl nd`s dh nt`s dh j`bërjk` nquhohs nt`s cur âdkj`s quh qu h tãb p`r `fcht` `fc ht` bntërkn bhrjnltko7 bhrjnltko7 sê`, p`ks, dksjkpok lnd`s phons phons ohks j`bhrjknks. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Vhsp`stns

>:4


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1) Ynrn quh n buomhr jnsndn shcn ubn j`bhrjknlth, ë lhjhssîrk`3 n) ( ) thr thr nut`rkz nut`rkznáê` náê` d` bnrkd` bnrkd`.. f) ( ) shr shr bnk`r bnk`r dh >= nl` nl`s. s. j) ( x ) rhquhrhr sun klsjrkáê` l` Vhakstr` d` J`bërjk`. d) ( ) shr bnk`r bnk`r dh 6> nl`s nl`s h thr nut`rk nut`rkznáê znáê` ` pho` bnrkd`. bnrkd`. NXON NXO N 6 >) @ quh ë Ekrbn J`bhrjkno0 Jmnbnbn-sh sh ekrb n, ù rnzê` rnzê` hbprh hbprhsnrkno, snrkno, ` l`bh j `b ` quno ` j`bhrjknlth kldkvkV3 Jmn duno, ù n s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno, j`bhrjkno, hxhrjh ns ns ntkvkdndh ntkvkdndhss hbprh hbprhsnrknks snrknks h nsskln l`s nt`s rhehrhlths n hssns ntkvkdndhs. 6) Ë kbp`rtnlth rhssnotnr quh ekrbn ë ` l`bh hbprhsn hbpr hsnrkno rkno , ù shcn, ë ` l`bh s`f ` quno ` j`bhrjknlth hxhrjh suns ntkvkdndh ntkvkdndhss bhrjnltks. :) N vkdn prèkssk`lno h eklnljhkrn eklnljhkrn d` j`bhrjknlth klsjrkt`, h jndn ent` quh omh dkan rhsphkt`, rhsphkt`, sê` onlánd`s h j`lshrvnd`s l`s fnonlá`s j`bhrjknks. Hstn nekrbnáê` hstî3

( ) J`rrhtn

( x ) Klj`rrhtn

4) T`d`s `s d`jubhlt`s dhvhrê` shr dntnd`s dntnd`s h nssklnd`s pho`s sújk`s, ndbklkstrnd`rhs, j`ls`rjknd`s ù shus pr`jurnd`rhs h thsthbulmns. n) ( ) pr`t pr`t`j` `jònd ond`s `s h oha ohanok nokznd znd`s `s f) ( x ) dntnd`s h nssklnd`s j) ( ) oha ohanok nokznd znd`s `s h dnt dntnd` nd`ss d) ( ) l`bh l`bhnd` nd`ss h pr` pr`t`j t`jòn ònd`s d`s 8) ûnks sê` ns vnltnahls dh ub j`bhrjknlth klsjrkt` (rhakstrnd`)0 vnltnahb b dh, j`b hxjouskvkdndh ln jkrV3 N` j`bhrjknlth klsjrkt`, ë nsshaurndn n vnltnah julsjrkáê` thrrkt`rkno d` rhakstr`3 • utk okzn okznr-sh r-sh dh ekr bn rhakstrndn7 • kbphdkr quh ùt r` u tkokzh kdãltkjn ekrbn, ù ekr bn quh j`b hon bukt` sh nsshbhomn nsshbhomn77 • bnlthr bnlthr hssh us` hxjouskv`, bhsb` l` jns` hb quh cî hxkstn, phrthljh phrthljhlth lth n thrjhkr`, ùtrn ekrb n kdãltkjn, bns bns lê` kl sjrktn. 5) Zhbprh quh ub j`bhrjknlth dhkxnvn dh hxhrjhr sun ntkvkdndh ù b`dkekjnvn n sun ekrbn, jnljhonbh onbhlt` lt` d` rhakstr` ln Cultn J`bhrjkno. hrn lhjhssîrk` enzhr ` jnljh 1) Nssklnoh (U) pnrn ns nothrlntkvns vhrdndhkrns h (E) pnrn ns enosns, l` quh dkz rhsphkt` n`s dhvhrhs prèkssk`lnks d` j`bhrjknlth. ( U ) Zhaukr ubn `rdhb ulke`rbh dh j`ltnfkokdndh h hsjrkturnáê`. ( E ) Hehtunr, ln Vhjhktn Ehdhrno, ` nrqukvnbhlt` dh t`d`s `s d`jubhlt`s. ( U ) J`lshrvnr, hb f`n aunrdn, t`dn n hsjrkturnáê`. ( E ) E`rbnr, bhlsnobhlth, ub Fnonlá` Ahrno dh shu Ntkv` h Ynsskv`. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Vhsp`stns

>:8


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=) Ë ub okvr` j`ltîfko hb quh ` hbprhsîrk`, p`r bhk` dh shu j`ltnd`r, onlán dknrknbhlth, dkrhtnbhlth ù p`r rhpr`duáê` `s nt`s quh b`dkekjnb ù p`dhb b`dkekjnr ` pntrkbôlk` d` hbprhsîrk`. Hstnb`s enonld` dh3 n) ( ) Ok Okvr vr`` Jn Jnkx kxnn f) ( ) Okvr` Okvr` dh Vhak Vhakstr`s str`s dh Klvh Klvhltîrk ltîrk`s `s j) ( ) Okvr` Okvr` dh Vha Vhakst kstr`s r`s dh Hbp Hbprha rhand` nd`ss d) ( x ) Okvr` Dkîrk` ;) Nssklnoh3 (n) Fòsn dh Uno`rhs (f) Fòsn dh Bhrjnd`rkns

(f ) O`jno `ldh sh thb, p`r `fchtkv`, n j`bprn h vhldn d`s pr`dut`s dns kldóstrkns narâjòns h bnluenturhkrns. ( f ) O`jno `ldh sh hstnfhohjhb ns j`tnáøhs d`s prhá`s dns bhrjnd`rkns, dkvuoanld`-`s. ( n) O`jno `ldh sh lha`jknb náøhs dh j`bpnlmkns bhrjnltks. ( f ) Lê` thb arnldh kbp`rtæljkn hb l`ss` pnâs. ( n) O`jno `ldh sh onlánb náøhs l` bhrjnd` eklnljhkr`. ( n) Ë ubn nss`jknáê` jkvko, shb eklnokdndhs oujrntkvns. >9) Tnlt` ns ehkrns j`b` `s bhrjnd`s sê` ndbklkstrnd`s phons Yrhehkturns , n quhb phrthljhb, kljouskvh, `s hdkeâjk`s h klstnonáøhs d`s bhrjnd`s. NXON NXO N : >) @ quh sê` nahlths d` j`bërjk`0 V3 Zê` nahlths d` j`bërjk` ns phss`ns, lnturnks ù curâdkjns quh, dh ubn e`rbn ù dh ùtrn, klthrvãb ln prîtkjn d` j`bërjk`, nuxkoknld` ` j`bhrjknlth j`bhrjknlth.. 6) ûnlt` n`s nahlths d` j`bërjk`, rhonjk`lh3 ( n ) Nahlths dhphldhlths ( f ) Nahlths nutôl`b`s

( n ) fnljîrk`s ( f ) j`rrht`rhs ( f ) j`bkssîrk`s ( f ) ohko`hkr`s ( n ) j`bhrjknlths ( f ) hbprhsîrk`s dh trnlsp`rths ( n ) kldustrkîrk`s :) ‟Jmnbnb-sh ndbklkstrnd`rhs dh nrbnzëls dh dhpúskt`s `s quh p`ssuhb nrbnzëls dhstklnd`s n rhjhfhr, hb dhpúskt`s, bhrjnd`rkns ù aãlhr`s dh vîrkns hspëjkhs, bnlthld``s s`f sun aunrdn, é dksp`skáê` d`s pr`prkhtîrk`s.‒ 4) Vhonjk`lh3 (n) J`ltrnt`s Yófokj`s (f) J`ltrnt`s Jkvks (j) J`ltrnt`s Xlkonthrnks (d) J`ltrnt`s Yrkljkpnks (h) J`ltrnt`s Njhssúrk`s Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Vhsp`stns

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( j ) Z`bhlth ubn dns pnrths ekjn `frkandn7 n `frkanáê` dh dnr, enzhr ù lê` enzhr noaubn j`ksn, p`r j`lshauklth, rhjnk nphlns s`frh ubn dns pnrths. ( d ) Zufsksthb p`r sk prúprk`s, shld` kldhphldhlths dh qunoquhr j`lvhláê`. ( h ) N hxkstãljkn dhphldh dh ùtr` j`ltrnt` pnrn anrnltkr n `frkanáê` quh rhsuotn dh ub j`ltrnt` prkljkpno. ( n ) Zhbprh, pho` bhl`s ubn dns pnrths ë ubn phss`n curâdkjn dh Dkrhkt` Yófokj`. ( f ) N dk dkvk vksê sê`` hl hltr trhh hs hsth thj` j`lt ltrn rnt` t`h h ` j` j`bh bhrj rjkn knoo pn pnss ssù ùn n sh shrr nv nvno nokn kndn dnph pho` o` hl hlv` vòv ovkb kbhl hlt` t`dn dnnt ntkv kvkd kdnd ndhh hj`l hj `lôb ôbkjn kjndh dh pr` pr`du duáê áê`` ù jkr jkrju juon onáê áê` ` dh fh fhls ls h sh shrvk rvká` á`ss h, j` j`ls lshq hquh uhlt lthb hbhl hlth th,, l` l`ss sh shus us prh prhá`s. á`s. 8) Ë ` j`ltrnt` pho` quno noauëb rhjhfh dh ùtr` p`dhrhs pnrn, hb shu l`bh, prntkjnr nt`s ù ndbklkstrnr klthrhsshs. Hstnb`s enonld` dh3 n) ( ) Uhld hldnn Bhr Bhrjnl jnltko tko f) ( ) Tr`j r`jnn Bhr Bhrjnl jnltko tko j) ( x ) Bnldnt` Bhrjnltko d) ( ) J`b J`bkss kssê` ê` Bhr Bhrjnl jnltko tko 5) Hb ub J`ltrnt` dh O`jnáê`, n o`jnáê` dh j`ksns dh lnturhzn j`bhrjkno p`dh vhrsnr nphlns s`frh `fcht`s búvhks. @ prhá`, n rhtrkfukáê` dhvkdn pho` us` h a`z` dhstn j`ksn búvho, dhl`bkln-sh nouauho . n) ( x ) nouauho f) ( ) vh vhlj ljkb kbhl hlt` t` j) ( ) j` j`lt ltrn rnt` t` d) ( ) j` j`fr frnl nlán án 1) @ quh ë bótu`0 j`ltrnt` pho` pho` quno quno ub d`s j`ltrntn j`ltrntnlth lthss trnlseh trnlsehrh rh n pr`prkh pr`prkhdn dndh dh dh ub fhb fhb V3 @ bótu` ë ` j`ltrnt` eulaââvh eula vhoo n` ùtr`, ùtr`, quh sh `frka `frkan n n rh rhstktu stktukrkr-omh omh j`ks j`ksn n d` bhsb` bhsb` aãlh aãlhr`, r`, qun qunokdn okdndh dh h qun qunltkdn ltkdndh dh.. =) Jò`quh (U) lns nothrlntkvns vhrdndhkrns h (E) lns enosns. Hb shaukdn, nssklnoh n nothrlntkvn j`rrhtn. K - ( U ) Yho` j`ltrnt` dh dhpúskt` vòultîrk`, ` dhp`sktîrk` rhjhfh ub `fcht` búvho pnrn aunrdnr ntë quh ` dhp`sktnlth ` rhjonbh h sh jnrnjthrkzh j`b` arntukt`. KK - ( U ) @ dhpúskt` lhjhssîrk` ë ehkt` ntrnvës dh ubn `frkanáê` ohano. KKK - ( E ) @ dhpúskt` fnljîrk` ë n j`leknlán dn aunrdn dh ubn dhthrbklndn dhthrbklndn qunltkn n ubn Cultn J`bhrjkno. n) ( ) U ‚ U ‚ U f) ( x ) U ‚ U ‚ E j) ( ) U ‚ E ‚ E d) ( ) E ‚ E - E ;) @ trnlsp`rth ehkt` arntuktnbhlth p`r nbkzndh ù j`rthskn (jnr`ln) p`dh shr hlqundrnd` j`b` J`ltrnt` dh Trnlsp`rth. Hstn nekrbnáê` hstî3

( ) J`rrhtn

( x ) Klj`rrhtn

>9) @ J`ltrnt` dh Zhaur` ë usunobhlth vhrkekjnd` ntrnvës dh ub d`jubhlt` jmnbnd`3 n) ( ) Np Npúo úokj kjhh dh Zn Znód ódh h f) ( ) J` J`lt ltrn rnt` t` Jk Jkvk vkoo j) ( ) J`l J`ltrn trnt` t` dh Anr Anrnlt nltkn kn d) ( x ) Npúokjh dh Zhaur` Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Vhsp`stns

>:1


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NXON NXO N4 >) @ quh ë J`ltrnt` Z`jkno0

V3 Dhl`bkln-sh j`ltrnt` dh s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno n j`lvhláê` ù nj`rd` hltrh duns ù bnks phss`ns, quh sh rhólhb pnrn hxpo`rnr dhthrbklnd` rnb` dh lhaújk` j`bhrjkno ù kldustrkno. 6) ‟Nquho ‟Nquhohh quh lê` ë hbprhs hbprhsîrk` îrk` p`dh shr sújk` dh ub j`bërjk`, p`rëb sú pho` ent` dh shr sújk` lê` p`dh sh trnlse`rbnr hb j`bhrjknlth.‒ Hstn nekrbnáê` hstî3

( x ) Jhrtn

( ) Hrrndn

:) Hb ub J`ltrnt` Z`jkno, t`dns ns dksp`skáøhs dhsjrktns l` j`ltrnt` s`jkno sê` j`lmhjkdns j`b`3

n) ( ) pn pnrî rîar arne ne`s `s f) ( x ) joîusuons j) ( ) jn jnpâ pâtu tuo` o`ss d) ( ) kl kljk jks` s`ss 4) J`b` sh klkjkn n phrs`lnokdndh curâdkjn dh ubn s`jkhdndh j`bhrjkno0

V3 Vhsp`stn fnshndn l` thxt` dhstn nuon 8) Vhonjk`lh3

(>) Z`jkhdndh hb L`bh Jòhtkv` (6) Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn (:) Z`jkhdndh hb J`ltn dh Ynrtkjkpnáê` (4) Z`jkhdndh Okbktndn (8) Z`jkhdndh J``phrntkvn (5) Z`jkhdndh Jòkandn ( 8 ) Hstn s`jkhdndh dksphlsn n hxkstãljkn dn dhstklnáê` dh ub jnpktno, hxkakld` ub lóbhr` bâlkb` lhjhssîrk` pnrn j`bp`r n ndbklkstrnáê` dn s`jkhdndh, shb okbktnáøhs dh lóbhr`s bîxkb`s. ( : ) ûnld` duns ù bnks phss`ns, shld` n` bhl`s ubn j`bhrjknlth, rhólhb-sh, shb ekrbn s`jkno, pnrn oujr` j`bub, hb ubn ù bnks `phrnáøhs dh j`bërjk`, trnfnomnld` ub, noauls ù t`d`s hb shu l`bh kldkvkduno pnrn ` ekb s`jkno. ( > ) ûnld` duns ù bnks phss`ns, nkldn quh noaubns lê` shcnb j`bhrjknlths, ulhbsh pnrn j`bhrjknr hb j`bub lhstn s`jkhdndh. ( 5 ) Hstn s`jkhdndh, p`r vksnr é j`lstktukáê` dh ub ekb lê` lhjhssnrknbhlth hj`lôbkj`, a`zn dh prkvkoëak`s, h nsskb, shus bhbfr`s lê` sê` j`lthbpond`s j`b Dkrhkt`s Trnfnomkstns h Yrhvkdhljkîrk`s. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Vhsp`stns

>:=


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( 4 ) Lndn bnks p`dh shr hxkakd` d`s rhsphjtkv`s sújk`s, nphlns n s`jkhdndh p`dh rhsp`ldhr j`b n t`tnokdndh dh shu pntrkbôlk` phons `frkanáøhs s`jknks, j`lshrvnld`-sh n snov` ` pntrkbôlk` pnrtkjuonr d`s sújk`s. ( 6 ) Mî duns hspëjkhs, shld` ubn kltharnlth d` rò dns s`jkhdndhs dh jnpktnks h n ùtrn, dns s`jkhdndhs dh jnpktnks h klstktujk`lnks, hbf`rn shcnb tkdns j`b` s`jkhdndhs dh rhsp`lsnfkokdndh bkstn. NXON NXO N8 >) Nssklnoh (U) pnrn ns nothrlntkvns vhrdndhkrns h (E) pnrn ns enosns, l` quh dkz rhsphkt` n noaubns jnrnjthrâstkjns euldnbhltnks dn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn. n) ( U ) @ jnpktno s`jkno, dkvkdkd` hb pnrjhons kaunks, ë dhl`bklnd` dh náøhs. f) ( E ) N rhsp`lsnfkokdndh d`s sújk`s ë kokbktndn n` vno`r dns náøhs quh sufsjrhvhb ù ndqukrhb. j) ( E ) Zun lnturhzn lhb shbprh ë j`bhrjkno. d) ( U ) Zhu `fcht` dhvh shbprh vksnr n ub ekb oujrntkv`. h) ( U ) Zhu l`bh ë shbprh ubn dhl`bklnáê`, shld`-omh vhdnd` `sthltnr ekrbn s`jkno. 6) Ln Ohk l³ 4.16=/58, quh dksjkpokln ` bhrjnd` dh jnpktnks, e`k jrkndn ubn ùtrn hspëjkh dh Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn. Nssklnoh quno ë hstn l`vn hspëjkh. h) ( ) Z`jkh Z`jkhdndh dndh Nlôl Nlôlkbn kbn p`r Náøh Náøhss e) ( ) Z`j Z`jkhd khdndh ndh Nlô Nlôlkb lkbn n p`r J`t J`tns ns a) ( x ) Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn dh Jnpktno Nut`rkznd` m) ( ) Z`jkh Z`jkhdndh dndh Nlôl Nlôlkbn kbn p`r Dhsk Dhskalnáê alnáê` ` :) ûnks sê` `s rhqukskt`s prhokbklnrhs pnrn n e`rbnáê` dh ubn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn0 V3 Zufsjrkáê` dh pho` bhl`s d uns phss`ns phss`ns hb t `dns ns náøhs náøhs ln qu no sh dkvkdh ` jnpktno s`jkno ekxnd` l` hstntut` dn s`jkhdndh7 rhnokznáê` dh >9% j`b` hltrndn, l` bâlkb`, d` prhá` dh hbkssê` dns náøhs náøhs sufsjrk tns hb dklmhkr` h dhpúskt` dn pnrth d` jnpktno, hb dklmhkr`, hb fnlj` nut`rkznd` phon J`bkssê` dh Uno`rhs B`fkokîrk`s. 4) Xb d`s okvr`s `frkantúrk`s dh ubn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn3 n) ( ) Vh Vhak akst str` r` J` J`bu bub b f) ( x ) Ntn dn Nsshbfohkn Ahrno j) ( ) Vha Vhakst kstr` r` dh Ekl Eklnlá nláns ns d) ( ) Vha Vhakst kstr` r` dh hxhx-súj sújk`s k`s 8) J`b` ë j`bp`stn n Dkrht`rkn dh ub Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn0 shr j`b p`stn dh d`ks ù bnks dkrht`rhs, dh j`le`rbkdndh j`b `s rhsph rhsphjtk jtk V3 Y`dh shr v`s hstntut`s, `s qunks dhvhb prhvhr n lhjhsskdndh dn s`jkhdndh hb vkstn d` hbprhhldkbhlt` quh j`lstktuk ` `fcht` s`jkno. 5) ûno n euláê` d` J`lshom` Eksjno0 V3 T Thb hb p`r euláê` eks jnokz jnokznr nr `s lhaújk`s dn s`jk hdn hdndh dh h dhluljknr `s hrr`s h ernudhs quh p`ssnb hstnr `j`rrhld`. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Vhsp`stns

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NXON NXO N5 >) Hb ubn `phrnáê` fnljîrkn, ë ` j`ltrnt` hb quh n klstktukáê` eklnljhkrn pøh, é dksp`skáê` dh shu jokhlth, ub jrëdkt` dh dhthrbklndn kbp`rtæljkn hb dklmhkr`, jnfhld` n` jrhdktnd` pnanr cur`s n` jrhdktnd`r, rhstktukld` n kbp`rtæljkn hb dklmhkr` npús jhrt` prnz`. Hstnb`s enonld` dh3

n) ( x ) hbprëstkb`. f) ( ) ekl eklnlj nljknb knbhlt hlt`. `. j) ( ) nfh nfhrtu rturn rn dh jrë jrëdkt dkt`. `. d) ( ) jnr jnrtn tn dh jr jrëd ëdktkt`. `. 6) Vhonjk`lh3

(n) Ohtrn dh Jæbfk` (f) L`tn Yr`bkssúrkn (j) Jmhquh (d) Dhfãlturh (h) Dupokjntn (e ) J`lmhjkbhlt` dh Dhpúskt` (a) Qnrrnlt (m) J`lmhjkbhlt` dh Trnlsp`rth ( d ) Ë jndn ubn dns pnrths hb quh sh dkvkdh dkvkdh ` dëfkt` nssubkd`, nssubkd`, j`b `fhdkãl `fhdkãljkn jkn n jhrtns e`rbns h j`ldkáøhs, p`r ubn Z`jkhdndh hb J`bnldktn p`r Náøhs. ( a ) Dhstkln-sh é hehtunáê` dh phlm`r s`frh n bhrjnd`rkn dhp`sktndn. ( n ) Thb nbpon utkokznáê` l` j`bërjk` lnjk`lno h klthrlnjk`lno. ( j ) Ë ubn `rdhb dh pnanbhlt` é vkstn, dkrkakdn n ub fnlj` h hb env`r dh ub fhlhekjkîrk`. ( m ) Trntn-sh dh ub Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt` hbktkd` p`r hbprhsns dh trnlsp`rth dh thrrn, bnr ù nr, pr`vnld` ` rhjhfkbhlt` dh bhrjnd`rkns h n `frkanáê` dh trnlsp`rtî-ons h hltrhaî-ons l` ouanr dh dhstkl`. ( e ) ) Ë ub Tâtuo` quh, rhprhshltnld` n pr`prkhdndh dns bhrjnd`rkns dhp`sktndns, j`lehrh, n` shu ohaâtkb` p`rtnd`r, n p`sskfkokdndh dh nokhlnr hssn pr`prkhdndh. ( f ) J`lstktuk lubn pr`bhssn dh pnanbhlt`. ( h ) Trntn-sh dh ub Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt` ahluklnbhlth frnskohkr`. :) Hbktkd` ub Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt`, hsth shrî hltrhauh pho` snjnd`r n` t`bnd`r, juc` l`bh l`rbnobhlth j`lstnrî j`lstnrî lhsth Tâtuo`. @ t`bnd`r, t`bnd`r, p`r sun vhz, nprhshltnrî hsth d`jubhlt` n` snjnd` pnrn quh hsth p`lmn n sun nssklnturn, kldkjnld` quh sh j`bpr`bhth n hehtunr ` rhsphjtkv` pnanbhlt` n` vhljhr ` Tâtuo`. Tâtuo`. N hsth hsth nt` sh j`lehrh n dhl`bklnáê` dh3

n) ( ) Hl Hld` d`ss ss`` f) ( x ) Njhkth j) ( ) Yn Ynan anbh bhlt lt`` d) ( ) Nvno Jrëdkt` j`ljhdkd` j`ljhdkd` phons klstktukáøhs klstktukáøhs fnlfnl4) @ Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt` Kldustrkno ë ub Tâtuo` dh Jrëdkt` jîrkns, pnrn ` eklnljknbhlt` dh hbprhsîrk`s dn îrhn kldustrkno. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Vhsp`stns

>49


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Vhsp`stns NXON NXO N 6 - J@BHVJKNLTH KLDKUKDXNO Zktunáê`-pr`f Zktunáê `-pr`fohbn ohbn > Zr. Ynuo` Ynuo` dhvh kr é Cult n J`bhrjk J`bhrjkno no `ldh e`k rhakst rhakstrnd` rnd` ` shu s hu j`V3 Yrkbhkrnbhlth, ` Zr. bërjk` pnrn hehtunr ` shu jnljhonbhlt`. Dhp`ks, dhvhrî phdkr pnrn quh shcn honf`rndn n rhsjksê` dh j`ltrnt` dn okvrnrkn, dhb`lstrnld` n qunltkn dh dâvkdn dh jndn sújk` (sh mùvhr),, ` rhjòmkbhlt` d` s dhvkd`s k bp`st`s j`bhrjknks, n jhrtkdê` vhr) jhrtkdê` dh klhxkstãljkn dh dëfkt`s h ùtr`s nssult`s rhehrhlths n` jnljhonbhlt`. Ehkt` tud` kst`, shrî klstnurnd` ` jnljhonbhlt` jnljhon bhlt` d` rhakstr rhakstr` ` phon Cultn J`bhrjkno, enzhld` enzhld` j`b quh ` j`b ërjk` d` Zr Zr.. Ynuo` Ynuo` sh t`rlh klntkv`.

Zktunáê`-pr`f Zktunáê `-pr`fohbn ohbn 6 V3 Y`r lê` p`ssukr ` rhakstr` ln Cultn J`bhrjkno, ` Zr. @dnkr lê` p`dhrî phdkr enoãljkn, p`ks lê` thb `s shus ok vr`s dh hsjrkt hsjrkturnáê` urnáê` dhvkdnbhlth dhvkdnbhlth e`rbnokznd`s e`rbnokznd`s (hsths okvr`s sú p`dhb shr e`rbnokznd`s j`b ` rhakstr`). Zh phdkr, hstnrî j`bhthld` jrkbh enokbhltnr, hstnld` hstn ld` su chkt` é prks ê`.

NXON N XON 8 - Z@JKHDNDH NLÔLKBN N LÔLKBN ( E ) T`bnr bhlsnobhlth ns j`ltns d`s dkrht`rhs, shb dhokfhrnr ` fnonlá`. V3 T`bnr nlunobhlth ns j`ltns d`s dkrht`rhs h dhokfhrnr ` fnonlá`. ( E ) Z`bhlth l`bhnr `s bhbfr`s dn Dkrht`rkn, d` J`lshom` Eksjno ù qunoquhr ùtr` úraê` jrknd` pho`s hstntut`s. L`bhnr nr h dhstkt dhstktukr ukr `s ` s bhbfr`s dn d n Dkrht`rk Dkrht`rkn, n, d` J`lshom` Eksjno ù qunoquhr ùtr ` V3 L`bh úraê` jrknd` pho`s hstntut`s.

( E ) Nut`rkznr é Dkrht`rkn n j`lehssnr n enoãljkn dn Z`jkhdndh Nlôlkbn shb pr`p`r j`lj`rdntn. kznrr é Dkrht`r Dkrht`rkn kn n j`le hssnr n enoãljkn dn Z`jkhdndh Nlôl Nlôlkbn kbn h n pr`p`r j` lV3 Nut`r kzn j`rdntn prhvhltkvn ù susphlskvn dn e noã noãljkn. ljkn. Ohaksonáê` J`bhrjkno - Vhsp`stns

>4>


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Fkfokàrnekn F@VFN, Ernljksj` Z. (@ra.). Dkjk`lîrk` XLHZY d` Y`rtuauãs J`lthbp`rælh` . Zê` Ynuo`3 XLHZY, 6994. F@VAHZ, C`ê` Hulîpk`. Jurs` dh Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno Thrrhstrh . Vk` dh Cnlhkr`3 E`rhlsh, >;1>. FVNZKO. Dhjrht` l³ >.=99, dh :9 dh cnlhkr` dh >;;5. Vhauonbhltn n Ohk l³ =.;:4, dh >= dh l`vhbfr` dh >;;4, quh dkspøh s`frh ` Vhakstr` Yófokj` dh Hbprhsns Hbprhsns Bhrjnltks h Ntkvkdndhs Nekls h dî ùtrns pr`vkdãljkns. Dkîrk` @ekjkno dn Xlkê` . Frnsâokn, >;;5. FVNZKO. Dhjrht` l³ >;.41:, dh >9 dh dhzhbfr` dh >;:9 (rhvànd` pho` Dhjrht` dh 68 dh nfrko dh >;;>). Vhauon `s j`lmhjkbhlt`s dh trnlsp`rth dh bhrjnd`rkns p`r thrrn, îaun ù nr, h dî ùtrns pr`vkdãljkns. Vk` dh Cnlhkr`, >;:9. FVNZKO. Dhjrht` l¹ 81.55:, dh 64 dh cnlhkr` dh >;55. Yr`buoan ns j`lvhrsøhs pnrn nd`áê` dh ubn ohk ulke`rbh hb bntërkn dh jæbfk` h l`tns pr`bkssúrkns. Dkîrk` @ekjkno dn Xlkê` . Frnsâokn, >;55. FVNZKO. Dhjrht`-Ohk l³ >51, dh >4 dh ehvhrhkr` dh >;51. Dkspøh s`frh tâtuo`s dh jrëdkt` rurno h dî ùtrns pr`vkdãljkns. Dkîrk` @ekjkno dn Xlkê`. Frnsâokn, >;51. FVNZKO. Dhjrht`-Ohk l³ 4>:, dh ; dh cnlhkr` dh >;5;. Dkspøh s`frh tâtuo`s dh jrëdkt` kldustrkno h dî ùtrns pr`vkdãljkns. Dkîrk` @ekjkno dn Xlkê` . Frnsâokn, >;5;. FVNZKO. Dhjrht`-Ohk l³ >.199, dh >= dh ùtufr` dh >;1;. Hxtklauh ` rhakstr` dns ohtrns dh jæbfk` h l`tns pr`bkssúrkns h dî ùtrns pr`vkdãljkns. Dkîrk` @ekjkno dn Xlkê` . Frnsâokn, >;1;. FVNZKO. Dhjrht`-Ohk l³ 6.=4=, dh 1 dh dhzhbfr` dh >;49. Júdka` Yhlno. Dkîrk` @ekjkno dn Xlkê` . Vk` dh Cnlhkr`, >;46. FVNZKO. Ohk l³ 4.8;8, dh :> dh dhzhbfr` dh >;54. Dkspøh s`frh n Yòâtkjn h ns Klstktukáøhs B`lhtîrkns, Fnljîrkns h Jrhdktâjkns, jrkn ` J`lshom` B`lhtîrk` Lnjk`lno h dî ùtrns pr`vkdãljkns. Dkîrk` @ekjkno dn Xlkê` . Frnsâokn, >;54. FVNZKO. Ohk l³ 8.414, dh >= dh cuom` dh >;5=. Dkspøh s`frh ns Dupokjntns, h dî ùtrns pr`vkdãljkns. Dkîrk` @ekjkno dn Xlkê` . Frnsâokn, >;5=. FVNZKO. Ohk l¹ 8.=5;, dh >> >> dh cnlhkr` dh >;1:. Klstktuk ` Júdka` dh Yr`jhss` Yr`jhss` Jkvko. Frnsâokn3 Zhlnd` Ehdhrno, >;1:. FVNZKO. Ohk l¹ 5.494, dh >8 dh dhzhbfr` dh >;15. Dkspøh s`frh ns Z`jkhdndhs p`r Náøhs. Frnsâokn3 Zhlnd` Ehdhrno, >;15. FVNZKO. Ohk l³ 1.:81, dh 6 dh shthbfr` dh >;=8. Dkspøh s`frh ` jmhquh h dî ùtrns pr`vkdãljkns. Dkîrk` @ekjkno dn Xlkê` . Frnsâokn, >;=8.

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FVNZKO. Ohk l³ =.91=, dh >> dh shthbfr` dh >;;9. Dkspøh s`frh n pr`tháê` d` j`lsubkd`r h dî ùtrns pr`vkdãljkns. Dkîrk` @ekjkno dn Xlkê`. Frnsâokn, >;;9. FVNZKO. Ohk l¹ =.;:4, dh >= dh l`vhbfr` dh >;;4. Dkspøh s`frh ` Vhakstr` Yófokj` dh Hbprhsns Bhrjnltks h Ntkvkdndhs Nekls h dî ùtrns pr`vkdãljkns. Frnsâokn3 Zhlnd` Ehdhrno, >;;4. FVNZKO. Ohk l³ ;.4;6, dh >9 dh shthbfr` dh >;;1. Dheklh j`bphtãljkn, rhauonbhltn `s shrvká`s j`ljhrlhlths n` pr`thst` dh tâtuo`s h ùtr`s d`jubhlt`s dh dâvkdn h dî ùtrns pr`vkdãljkns. Dkîrk` @ekjkno dn Xlkê`. Frnsâokn, >;;1. FVNZKO. Ohk l¹ ;.=4>, dh 8 dh ùtufr` dh >;;;. Klstktuk ` Hstntut` dn Bkjr`hbprhsn h dn Hbprhsn dh Yhquhl` Y`rth, dksp`ld` s`frh ` trntnbhlt` curâdkj` dkehrhljknd`, skbpokekjnd` h env`rhjkd` prhvkst` l`s nrts. >19 h >1; dn J`lstktukáê` Ehdhrno. Dkîrk` @ekjk no dn Xlkê`. Frnsâokn, >;;4. FVNZKO. Ohk l¹ >9.495, dh >9 dh cnlhkr` dh 6996. Klstktuk ` Júdka` Jkvko. Frnsâokn3 Zhlnd` Ehdhrno, 6996. Trntnd` rntnd` dh Dkrhkt ` J`bhrjk no. Vussho, 6995, JNVUNOM@ DH BHLD@LÁN, C`së ]nvkhr. T JNVUNOM@ v. >-4.

J@HOM@, Eîfk` Xom`n. Júdka` J`bhrjkno h Ohaksonáê` J`bpohbhltnr Nl`tnd`s . Zê` Ynuo`3 Znrnkvn, 699:. J@HOM@, Eîfk` Xom`n. Jurs` dh Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno . Zê` Ynuo`3 Znrnkvn, 699;, v. >-:. Dkjk`lîrk` rk` Cu râdkj` . Zê` Ynuo`3 Znrnkvn, >;;=, v.>-4. DKLKS, Bnrkn Mhohln. Dkjk`lî

OXLNVDK, Ælaho` Oukz. J`ldkáøhs Klthrlnjk`lnks dh J`bprn h Uhldn ‚ Klj`thrbs 6999. Zê` Ynuo`3 Ndun Ndunlhkrn lhkrns, s, 6999. BKVNLDN, Dnrjy Nrrudn. Nl`tnáøhs n` Júdka` Jkvko Frnskohkr` . Zê` Ynuo`3 Znrnkvn, >;;8. v. >-:. UNO NOUHVDH, UHVDH, Trncn Trncnl` l` dh Bkrnldn. E`rán pr`fnlth d`s okvr`s bhrjnltks . Vk` dh Cnlhkr`3 E`rhlsh, >;59. UKUNLTH, Jhsnrh. Klstktuká øhs dh Dkrhkt` J`bhrjkno . Zê` Ynuo`3 OSL, 699:.

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Gestão Comercial - Módulo 4 - Volume 2

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