Gestão Comercial - Módulo 1 - Volume 1

@öduhk ? Ykhu`c ? • Cfkek`jo Cfkek`jo c @crf crfod odk k • Krloejzoìæk Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos

CHOBKROÌÆK K trobohmk ikj dcscevkhvjdk pcho cqujpc djdïtjfk-pcdolöljfo dk Jestjtutk Sejvcrsoh Brosjhcjrk, cspcfjohjzodo c` chobkroìæk dc òtcrjoh poro Cdufoìæk dc Gkvces c Oduhtks o djstâefjo.

OD@JEJVTROÌÆ K7

CDJTODK CDJT ODK ^KR7

Hujz Icreoedk Djejz Eosk Gksê Forhks Djejz Eosk Jleçs Djejz Eosk

Jestjtutk Sejvcrsoh Brosjhcjrk Cdufoìæk dc Gkvces c Oduhtks Htdo. Ov.. Væk Gkæk, e· 236 - Fcetrk ‖ V^ Ov

IJFMO TÊFEJFO \ohdk`jrk Rc Rcffmj ffmj Fkkrdceodkr

@kdcstk ôetohêo Lcrcetc Lcroh

Forhks Cduordk ^. Eosk Djrcìæk dc Ortc

Roiocho Eosk

• Fursk fk`phctk Vceof - ^rkijssjkeohjzoetc7 ^rklroò dc Dcscevkhvj`cetk dc Cdufodkrcs. • ^rkicsskro dc fursks hjvrcs ek Vceof7 Rcdoìæk C`prcsorjoh prcs orjoh c Lro` Lro`ïtjf ïtjfo o eo Hàel Hàeluo uo ^krtu ^krtulucso lucso,, Otcedj`cetk ok fhjcetc, Fkùejfoìæk ophjfodo ok Fk`êrfjk, Rcfcp Rc fcpìæk ìæk c Tchc chcike ikejs jsto, to, Vc Vcfrc frctïr tïrjo jo fk` fk`k k lcr lcrcet cetc, c, Hàd Hàdcr cr c Hjdcroeìo, Ctjqucto c @oractjel ^csskoh. • ^rkicsskro dc fursks têfejfks dc Rcdoìæk C`prcsorjoh c Lro`ït Lro`ïtjfo, jfo, eos ïrcos dc Od`je Od`jejstroì jstroìæk, æk, Vcfrctorjodk, Turjs`k c Troesoìócs J`kbjhjïrjos.

Ossjstcetc Cdjtkrjoh

Gkæk dc Dcus Djos Ectk Fhoudjo dc O. @oroemæk ^rcsfktt Eo Eosk sk Rkschj Oeostïfjk Vjhvo @orfjo @o rfjo @krcjro dc Forvohmk Rcvjsæk

@orfks @o rfks ^rodk dc Forvohmk ^rkduìæk

Oh cxoe dr c @krs Ohcxoe @k rs jhjhho ho @orjoeo Ycffm Ycffmjj Zos`je Fo Forkhje rkhje o Fovohhjej Jòlces

Rkbcrtk Forhks Ohvcs Iktks

Jrcec Rkdrjlucs dc Khjvcjro Tcjxcjro Tcjxcjro Rjbcjrk

• @cstrodk c` Fjçefjos do Fkùejfoìæk - CFO-SV^, ^ös-lroduodk c` ^rkpoloedo pcho CV^@, Od`jejstrodkr dc C`prcsos. • ^rkicsskr uejvcrsjtïrjk dos djsfjphjeos dc ^csqujso dc @oractjel, @kdchks dc Lcstæk c @oractjel Hklàstjfk eks fursks dc @oractjel dc Yorcgk c Hklàstjfo dos Iofuhdodcs Oefmjcto - V. B. dk Fo`pk - V^. • Dkf Dkfcet cetc c dc C` C`prcc prccedkr edkrjs` js`k, k, Lcs Lcstæk tæk do Tr Troes oesikr` ikròìæ oìæk k Krloejzofjkeoh, Lcstæk dc ^rkdutks c @crfodks c Lcstæk do _uohjdodc _uohjdodc Tktoh dk Fursk dc Od`jej Od`jejstroìæk stroìæk do Iofuhdodc fuhdod c Kftölkek - Lrupk ^cetïlkek ^cetïlkek - Vtk. Oedrê -V^. -V^. • ^rkicsskr dc Od`jejstroìæk c Cfkek`jo VCEOF. • Cx-fkkrdceodkr ^cdolöljfk Fkhêljk Brosàhjo - V.B. Fo`pk. •Fkesuhtkr •F kesuhtkr dc C`prcsos c chobkrodk chobkrodkrr dc òtcrjo òtcrjohh pcdolöljfk poro fursks dc Od`jejstroìæk c Trcjeo`cetk.

Djrctkro Lcroh

\ohdjr Yosfuemoeo Outkrcs7

Vkejo Frjstjeo Lujòræcs Ikescfo • Lroduodo c` Hctros - Mobjhjtoìæk7 Bofmorch c` Troduìæk - Hàeluo ^krtulucso - Hàeluo Jelhcso c Hjfcefjoturo ^hceo pcho pcho Sejvcrsjdodc Oemc`bj-@kru`bj. • Têfejfk c` scfrctorjodk7 Rcljstrk DRT e·. 99
J@^RCVVÆK7

• Odvklo Odvklodk dk - Iofuhd Iofuhdodc odc dc Djrcjtk dc Luoruhmks, ?::> • Fkrrctkr dc J`övcjs pchk Vjedjfotk dc Fkrrctkrcs dc J`övcjs dk Rjk dc Goecjrk, ?::6. • Têfejfk dc Fkrrctkr dc Vclurks - ISECEVCL, 2>>?. • ^ös -Lro -Lroduoì duoìæk æk c` Eclö Eclöfjk fjks s J`k J`kbjh bjhjïr jïrjks jks,, IOO^, 2>>2. 2>>2. • Cspcfjohjsto c` Dkfu`cetoìæk J`kbjhjïrjo. • ^rkicsskr dc Djrcjtk J`kbjhjïrjk.

JSBRO Lrïijfo Lrïijfo c Cdjtkro Cdjtkro Htdo. Rkdkvjo Cstoduoh Bkjtuvo - Jpcrö, a` ?,? - Fo`pks dc Bkjtuvo Bkjt Bk jtuv uvo o - V^ FC^7 FC ^7 ?= ?=33 33>-> >->>> >>

Tkdks ks djrcjtks sæk rcscrvo rcscrvodks. dks. Eæ Eæk k ê pcr`jtjdo o rcprkduìæ rcprkduìæk k tktoh ku porfjoh porfjoh dcstc fursk, sc` fkescetj`cetk fkescetj`cetk dks cdjtkrcs. cdjtkrcs.

Àedjfc • Oprcscetoìæk dks Fursks Têfejfks ........................................................................................ >3

Jetrkduìæk • Fursks Têfejfks o Djstâefjo ........................................................................................................ >< • @otcrjoh Djdïtjfk ........................................................................................................................... >= • Frjtêrjks dc ovohjoìæk do oprcedjzolc` ...................................................................................... >= • Fk`k cstudor ............................................................................................................................... >: • ^crijh têfejfk dc fodo fursk ......................................................................................................... ?>

Cfkek`jo Ouho Ou ho ? ‖ Cfk Cfkek ek`j `j o • Dcijejìócs dc cfkek`jo ............................................................................................................... ?3 • O csfosscz dks rcfursks .............................................................................................................. ?3 • Mjstörjfk do Cfkek`jo .................................................................................................................. ?= • Kbgctjvks c prkbhcòs cfkeô`jfks iuedo`cetojs ....................................................................... 22 • Rcedo, prkdutk c dcscevkhvj`cetk .............................................................................................. 24 • @jfrkcfkek`jo c òfrkcfkek`jo ................................................................................................ 23 • Ycgo Ycgo sc Oprcedcu ? ...................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ................. 29

Ouho Ou ho 2 - O C`p C`prr cso c o ^rk ^rkdu duìæk ìæk • O c`prcso ..................................................................................................................................... 2< • Fustks do prkduìæk ...................................................................................................................... 2= • Os c`prcsos c ks hufrks .............................................................................................................. 2: • ^rkdutks c bceciàfjks ................................................................................................................... 6> • O tcfekhkljo ................................................................................................................................... 6? • Trobohmodkr, c`prclodkr c fkesu`jdkr ....................................................................................... 66 • Vohïrjk ........................................................................................................................................... 64 • Ycgo sc Oprcedcu 2 ...................................................................................................................... 69

Ouho Ou ho 6 ‖ Dcsc` Dcsc`pr prclk clk • Fkefcjtk dc dcsc`prclk............................................................................................................... 6< • Tjpks dc dcsc`prclk.................................................................................................................... 4> • Toxos dc dcsc`prclk ................................................................................................................... 42 • Dcòedo c kicrto.......................................................................................................................... 42 • Ycgo Ycgo sc Oprcedcu 6 ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... ................ 4< • Rcspkstos dk Ycgo sc Oprcedcu ?, 2 c 6 ..................................................................................... 4=

@crfodk Ouho Ou ho ? ‖ Forof Foroftcr tcr jzoì jzoìæk æk dc @crf @crfodk odk • Fkefcjtk ........................................................................................................................................ 36 • Chostjfjdodc ................................................................................................................................... 34 • Cqujhàbrjk dk `crfodk ................................................................................................................... 39 • Ycgo sc Oprcedcu ? ...................................................................................................................... 3=

Ouho Ou ho 2 - Cst Cstru rutu turos ros dc `cr fod fodk k

• Cstruturos dc `crfodk ................................................................................................................. 3: • Fkefkrrçefjo ................................................................................................................................ 3: • @kekpöhjk ..................................................................................................................................... 9> • Khjlkpöhjk ...................................................................................................................................... 9? • Lhkbohjzoìæk ................................................................................................................................. 92 • Ycgo sc Oprcedcu 2 ...................................................................................................................... 93 • Rcspkstos dk Ycgo sc Oprcedcu ? c 2 ......................................................................................... 99 • Oprcedo Oprcedo Iozcedk Iozcedk - Cfkek`jo Cfkek`jo c @crfodk ................................................................................... 9< • Oprcedo Iozcedk - Cfkek`jo c @crfodk - Rcspksto ................................................................. 9=

Krloejzoìæk Krloejzo ìæk dc C`prcso C`pr csoss Ouho Ou ho ? - Os O s kr krloe loejzoì jzoìócs ócs c os c`p c`prr csos • Fkefcjtk .......................................................................................................................................
Ouho Ou ho 2 - Od` O d`jj ej st strr oìæk c `k `kdch dch ks dc lcs lcstt æk ‖ pr prje jefj fjpoj pojss t ckr ckrjos jos • Fkefcjtk dc Od`jejstroìæk .......................................................................................................... =< • Iotkrcs Dctcr`jeoetcs dk Çxjtk do Lcstæk Od`jejstrotjvo ......................................................... == • Csfkhos Csfkhos dc Od`jejstroìæk ................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........ =: • Csfkho dc Rchoìócs Rchoìócs Muòeos Muòeos .................................................................................................... :4 • Tckrjo Fk`pkrto`cetoh ku Bcmovjkrjsto (Tckrjo @ktjvofjkeoh) ................................................... :9 • Tckrjo dks Iotkrcs Mjljçejfks c Iotkrcs @ktjvofjkeojs dc Mcrzbcrl ......................................... :< • Tckrjo ] c Tckrjo Z dc Dkulhos @fLrclkr .................................................................................. := • Tckrjo dk Ceikquc Vjstç`jfk ....................................................................................................... := • Tckrjo dk Ceikquc do _uohjdodc ................................................................................................. :: • @kdchk Gopkeçs dc Od`jejstroìæk ..............................................................................................?>> • Csfkho Cstruturohjsto ....................................................................................................................?>? • Csfkho dk Dcscevkhvj`cetk Krloejzofjkeoh ...............................................................................?>? • Tckrjo do Fketjelçefjo ................................................................................................................?>2 • Ycgo sc Oprcedcu 2 .....................................................................................................................?>6

Ouho Ou ho 6 - Krl Krloej oej zoìæk c dcp dcport orto`ce o`cetoh tohjj zoìæk dc c`p c`prr csos • Otjvjdodcs Lcrcefjojs ..................................................................................................................?>3 • Eàvcjs Mjcrïrqujfks .................................................................................................................... ?>3 • Dcporto`cetohjzoìæk ...................................................................................................................?>< • @kdchks dc Dcporto`cetohjzoìæk .............................................................................................. ?>= • Ycgo sc Oprcedcu 6 .................................................................................................................... ??? • Oprcedo Iozcedk - Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos ......................................................................... ??2

Ouho Ou ho 4 - Iue Iueìó ìócs cs od` od`jj ej ejst strr otj vos • ^rkfcssk dc ^hoecgo`c ^hoecgo`cetk etk .......................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................???6 • Iuedo`c Iuedo`cetks etks dk ^rkfcssk dc ^hoecgo`c ^hoecgo`cetk etk .............................................................................. ... ...........................................................................??4 • J`pkrtâefjo dk ^hoecgo`c ^hoecgo`cetk etk ................................................................................................. ...................................................................................................... .....???4 • Kbgctjvks dk ^hoecgo`c ^hoecgo`cetk etk .......................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................???3 • Kbgctjvks Lcrojs dc uò Krloejzoìæk ........................................................................................? ........................................................................................??3 • ^hoecgo` ^hoecgo`cetk cetk Cstrotêljfk ............................................................................................................? ...................... ......................................................................................??9 ?9 • Ycgo sc Oprcedcu 4 .....................................................................................................................??< • Rcspkstos dk Ycgo sc Oprcedcu ?, 2, 6 c 4 ................................................................................??= • Oprcedo Iozcedk - Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Rcspksto.........................................................?23

Bjbh Bj bhjk jklr lroij oijo o ........ ................ ................. ................. ................ ................ ................. ................. ................ ................ ................. ............... .............. ............ .... ?2< ?2< Kbs7 Csto opkstjho scluc k Ekvk Ofkrdk Krtklrïijfk do Hàeluo ^krtulucso, ossjeodk ek djo 2: dc sctc`brk dc 2>>=, quc posso o vjlkror o portjr dc ?· dc goecjrk dc 2>>:.

O^RCVCET O ^RCVCETO O ÌÆ ÌÆK K DK FSRVK

Khï, cu sku k ^rkicsskr JSB, c vku ofk`poemor vkfç duroetc tkdk k fursk, fk` prkicsskrcs c cspcfjohjstos, poro otcedç-hk c` fosk dc d÷vjdos ku djijfuhdodc dc cetcedj`cetk, scgo pkr forto, iox ku pcsskoh`cetc.

Ykfç cstï jejfjoedk scu Fursk Têfejfk ek Jestjtutk Sejvcrso ejvcrsohh Brosjhc Brosjhcjrk, jrk, to`bê` fkemcfjdk pcho sjlho JSB. E o Jetrk etrkduìæ duìæk, k, vkfç tc tcrï rï o krjc krjcet eto oìæ ìæk k po possk ssk o po possk ssk po poro ro ks prkfcdj`cetks jejfjojs dc cstudk. K @ödu öduhk hk J ê bï bïsjf sjfk k po poro ro o _uo uohji hjijfo jfoìæ ìæk k ^rki rkijss jssjke jkeo oh Jejf ejfjo johh c` Krloejzoìæk C`prcsorjoh c cstï djvjdjdk c` dkjs vkhu`cs. Ecstc Ykhu` khu`c c J sc scræ ræk k obkrdo bkrdodks dks trç trçss tc tcò òss jejfj jejfjo ojs7 Cfkek` fkek`jo jo,, @crfodk @c rfodk c Krloejzoìæk Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos Vcgo bc bc``-vje vjedk! dk! Bke Bkess cstu studks dks!! C suf sufc cssk c` suo ekv ekvo o ct opo prkijssjkeoh!

Jetrkduìæk

3

Jestjtutk Sejvcrsoh Brosjhcjrk

ôro cetcedcr `chmkr k tcxtk Fk`prccedcr k quc vkfç cstï cstudoedk ê iuedo`cetoh! Vö ossj` vkfç voj oprcedcr ks ekvks fketc÷dks, iozcr ekvos cxpcrjçefjos c ophjfor scus fkemcfj`cetks poro dcscevkhvcr suo fopofjdodc prkijssjkeoh. Ks tcxtks scræk ofk`poemodks pkr djicrcetcs rcfursks fk`k7 JHSVTROÌÓCV7 Foroftcrjzoedk ks tcòs cstudodks. _SODRKV7 Rcssohtoedk pohovros-fmovcs. LRÏIJFKV7 ôro o vjsuohjzoìæk dc dodks cstotàstjfks. FMO@ODOV DK ^RKICVVKR JSB7 Fk` trcfmks j`pkrtoetcs. ÀFKECV DC O^KJK7 ôro dcstofor jeikròìócs òjs sjlejijfotjvos. • • • •

•

Væk cxpcrjçefjos, cxc`phks dk djo-o-djo, usodks fk`k pketks dc portjdo poro iozcr uò pketc cetrc o tckrjo c o prïtjfo.

_ u cs c s t jk j k e o` o ` c et e t k s, s , p c rl r l u et e t os o s , s j ù ` u h oì o ì æ k d c d ÷ vj v j d os os quc pksso` cstjùhor o rcihcxæk skbrc fketc÷dks j`pkrtoetcs. j`pkrtoetcs.

Djfos dc hjvrks c jedjfoìæk dc sjtcs fk` jeikròìócs rchcvoetcs. @otcrjoh djspkeàvch poro pcsqujso eo Bjbhjktcfo Fcetroh dk JSB.

Ek ijeoh dc fodo ouho, vkfç iorï cxcrfàfjks, ophjfoedk c rcsu`jedk ks fketc÷dks cstudodks.

Hklk ek jeàfjk do ouho scræk oprcscetodos dcijejìócs c jeikròìócs quc iofjhjtc` o hcjturo c fk`prccesæk dk tcxtk.

Vj` uhoìæk Vjùho ìæk dc sjt sjtuo uoìóc ìócss prï prïtjf tjfos os po poro ro trc trcjeo jeo`ce `cetk tk eo cxcfuìæk dc torcios c rcohjzoìæk dc tcstcs. Jetrkduìæk

9


JETRKDSÌÆK @öduhks

FSRVKV TÊFEJFKV O DJVTÂEFJO

Cstc pr Cstc prj` j`cj cjrk rk `ö `ödu duhk hk ê fk fkù ù` ` ok okss quotrk fursks. ^krtoetk, ê djspcesodk ek fosk dk ohuek vjr o sc òtrjfuhor c` u` sclued scl uedk k fur fursk. sk. Os fk` fk`pct pctçef çefjos jos dcs dcstc tc `öduhk sæk os sclujetcs.

O ik ikrò ròìæ ìækk ^rk ^rkijs ijssjk sjkeo eohh Tê Têfej fejfo fo dc Eàvch @êdjk ê uò ohtcreotjvo, eæk sö poro k gkvc` quc scetc o ecfcssjdodc do quohjijfoìæk, fk`k poro k oduhtk quc prcfjso sc rcfjfhor poro jelrcssor ek `crfodk dc trobohmk, tæk forcetc dc `æk-dc-kbro cspcfjohjzodo c quohjijfodo. Ikj poro otcedcr o csso dcòedo, quc k JSB rcskhvcu `jejstror Fursks Têfejfks dc Eàvch @êdjk eo `kdohjdodc dc Cdufoìæk o Djstâefjo, poro poro ks qu qucc eæ eæk k tç tç` ` fk fked edjì jìæk æk dc ircqucetor fursks rcluhorcs, c` mkrïrjks fkevcefjkeojs.

@ÖDSHK ?

MKROV

Krloejzoìæk Krloejzo ìæk C`prcsorjoh Ykhu`c ? •

Cfkek`jo

•

@crfodk Krloejzoìæk Krloejzo ìæk dc C`prcsos

•

?2>

Ykhu`c 2 • •

Êtjfo c Rc Rchoìócs hoìócs Muòeo Muòeoss ek Trobo Trobohmk hmk

Jeikr`ïtjfo

Ok têr`jek dcstc `öduhk scrï c`jtjdk fcrtjijfodk fod k dc _u _uohj ohjijf ijfoìæ oìæk k ^rk ^rkijs ijssjk sjkeo eohh Je Jejfj jfjoh oh c` Krloejzoìæk C`prcsorjoh

Têfejfk Têfejf k c` Troe roesoì soìócs ócs J`kb J`kbjhjï jhjïrjos rjos (TTJ (TTJ)) • Têfejfk c` Vcfrctorjodk • Têfejfk c` Vcfrctorjo Csfkhor • Têfejfk c` Fk`êrfjk

Ks dcòjs @öduhks (2 c 6 ek fosk dc Vcfrctorjodk Vcfrct orjodk c Vcfrctorjo Vcfrctorjo Csfkhor1 Csfkhor1 2, 6 c 4, ek fosk dc TTJ c Fk`êrfjk) fketc`pho` fk`pctç pc tçef efjo joss vk vkhthtod odos os po poro ro o ïrc ïrcoo prk prkijijss ssjke jkeoh oh cspcfàijfo, c væk pcr`jtjr ok ohuek dcscevkhvcr uò u` o op oprce rcedjz djzol olc` c` ou outô tôek ekò, ò, fk fk` ` o ijijeo eohjd hjdod odcc dc ikròr prkijssjkeojs fk` fopofjdodc poro fkequjstor scu cspoìk eo fkestruìæk ku rcfkestruìæk dc suo vjdo prkdutjvo.

Cstcs fur Cstcs fursk skss ik ikro` ro` krl krloej oejzod zodks ks c` `öduhks, fk` fk`pkecetcs furrjfuhorcs quc vjso` dcscevkhvcr mobjhjdodcs c fk`pctçefjos cspcfàijfos c lcrojs do ïrco prkijssjkeoh dc Fk`êrfjk , Vcrvjìks c Lcstæk .

J`pkrtoetc7 ok têr`jek dc fodo @öduhk , k oh ohue uek k pk pkdc dcrï rï rc rcfc fcbc bcrr k Fc Fcrt rtjijijf jfod odkk dc _uohji _uo hjijfo jfoìæk ìæk ^rk ^rkijs ijssjk sjkeoh eoh Têf Têfejf ejfoo dc Eàv Eàvch ch @êdjk, quc k mobjhjto o dcsc`pcemor kfupoìæk porfjoh dos fk`pctçefjos dk `öduhk fkefhuàdk.

^rj`cjrks fursks hoeìodks •

Jetrkduìæk

<


@OTCRJOH DJDÏTJFK

^csskoh`cetc - Fosk ^csskoh`cetc Fosk o d÷ d÷vj vjdo do sc scgo go cspc cs pcfà fàijijfo fo,, rc rcic icrc rcet etcc o u` dc dctc tcr` r`je jeod odkk ossuet oss uetk, k, scr scrï ï òr òrfod fodoo uò fke fkesuh suhto to fk` k Krj Krjcet cetodk odkrr dc opr oprced cedjzo jzolc` lc`,, jed jedjvj jvjduo duohh`cet `c etc. c. Fo Fosk sk su suos os d÷ d÷vj vjdo doss sc scgo go` ` sc sc`c `c-hmoetcs îs dc kutrks ohueks, scrï òrfodo uò ouho fkhctjvo c` djo c mkrïrjk prê-dctcr`jeodks, `jeod ks, poro rcvjs rcvjsæk æk dks ossue ossuetks tks c trkfo dc jdcjos fk` kutrks skbrc o òtêrjo c` qucstæk.

K `cjk utjhjzodk poro dcscevkhvj`cetk dkss fu dk furs rsks ks ê bo bosj sjfo fo`c `cet etcc fk fkes estjtjtu tuàd àdk k dc òtcrjoh j`prcssk, cspcfjoh`cetc prkduzjdk poro kicrcfcr oks ohueks os fkedjìócs poro suo oprcedjzolc`. Ks `öduhks rc÷ec` os fk`pctçefjos, krloejzodo krloe jzodoss c djst djstrjbuà rjbuàdos dos c` dkjs vkhu`cs, vkhu`cs, fk` ouhos, torcios c outkovohjoìócs, quc pcr`jto` ok ohuek ovohjor scu lrou dc oprkvcjto`cetk. K òtcrjoh jefhuj tkdo krjcetoìæk krjcetoìæk ecfcsecfcssïrjo ok dcscevkhvj`cetk dos fk`pctçefjos prkijssjkeojs dc fodo ïrco.

FRJTÊRJK FRJT ÊRJKV V DC OYOH OYOHJOÌÆK JOÌÆK DO O^RCEDJWOLC@ O^RCEDJWO LC@ O ovohjoì ovohjoìæk æk ê fke fkesjd sjdcrod crodoo u` prkfcsprkfcssk fketàeuk dc ofk`poemo`cetk dk dcsc`pcemk dk ohuek c` tkdos os sjtuoìócs dc oprcedj oprc edjzolc zolc`7 `7 tro trobohm bohmks ks ku prkg prkgctk ctkss oprc oprc-scetodks, oektoìócs c rcihcxócs skbrc scu pcrfursk, portjfjpoìæk c` otjvjdodcs prcscefjojs, rcohjzoìæk dc tcstcs c cxcrfàfjks. O vcrjijfoìæk do oprcedjzolc` to`bê` kfkr kf krrc rcrï rï `c `cdjo djoet etcc o rco rcohjz hjzoì oìæk æk dc ^r ^rkv kvoo ôrfjoh c Cxo`c ^rcscefjoh pkr @öduhk. ^rkvo ôrfjoh Vcrï Vc rï rc rcoh ohjz jzod odoo ok tê têr` r`je jekk do doss ot otjv jvjjdodcs fk` k kbgctjvk dc vcrjijfor ks fkemcfj`cetks odqujrjdks. Cssos prkvos pkdcræk scr cetrclucs pcsskoh`cetc ek JSB, ku cevjodos pkr fkr fkrrcj rcjk k fke fkevce vcefjk fjkeoh eoh,, po poro ro fkr fkrrcì rcìæk æk c fk`cetïrjks dk Krjcetodkr dc oprcedjzolc`. Ekto `àejò7 3,> K r c s u h to d k d o ^ r k v o ^ o r f j o h ê prêpr ê-rc rcqu qujs jsjtjtk k po poro ro o rc rcoh ohjz jzoì oìæk æk dk Cx Cxo` o`cc ^rcscefjoh ek ijeoh dc fodo @öduhk. Fosk o ekto kbtjdo scgo jeicrjkr o 3,>, scrï fkefcdjdo o Rcfupcroìæk, fk` os dcvjdos krjcetoìócs.

C ek fosk dc d÷vjdos;

Ek dcfkrrcr dcfkrrcr dc scu fursk, fursk, dcpkjs dcpkjs dc tcr cstudodk o òtêrjo, fosk oporcìo` djijfuhdodcs dc cetcedj`cetk, vkfç pkdcrï soeor suos d÷vjdos c` ekssk Fcetrk dc Cesjek. Jssk pkdc scr icjtk dc trçs ikròs7 pkr forto (vjo (v jo Fk Fkrrc rrcjk jk ku io iox) x),, Je Jetc tcre rect ct ku pc pcss ssko kohh`cetc, fk` k Krjcetodkr dc oprcedjzolc`. ^kr forto (fkrrcjk - iox) - Os fortos òedodos vjo Fkrrcjk ku iox scræk rcspkedjdos c cefo` cefo`jemod jemodos os ok ohuek to`bê` to`bê` pkr pkr forto, vjo Fkrrcjk ku iox.

Cxo`c ^rcscefjoh pkr @öduhk K Cxo`c ^rcscefjoh ek ijeoh dc fodo @öduhk dcvcrï kfkrrcr dcpkjs do oprkvoìæk eos ^rkvos ôrfjojs c dcvcrï scr rcqucrjdk pchk pch k ohu ohuek, ek, fke fkeikr ikr`c `c foh fohced cedïrj ïrjkk ijx ijxodk odk pch pchkk 3,> > JSB. Ekto `àejò7 3,

Jetcrect - Ssc k ekssk c-òjh, ku vjsjtc ekssk sjtc.

iohcfkeksfkNjestjtutkuejvcrsoh.fk`.br mttp7//www.jestjtutkuejvcrsoh.fk`.br Jetrkduìæk

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Vcræk fke Vcræk fkesjdc sjdcrodk rodkss oprk oprkvod vodks ks por poro o fursor k @öduhk subscqucetc, ks ohueks quc kbtjvcrc` ekto 3,> ek Cxo`c Ijeoh. Fosk eæk kbtcemo o ekto `àejò, k ohuek iorï Rcfupcroìæk, kbrjlotörjo c prcscefjoh, dcpkjs dos krjcetoìócs ecfcssïrjos.

Hkfoh7 dcvc scr fhork c skssclodk1 rïdjk hjlodk c vkzcs dc pcsskos fkevcrsoedk pkdc` tjror o fkefcetroìæk. •

Mkrïrjk7 prklro`c-sc, fkesjdcroedk k cstudk u` fk`prk`jssk jeodjïvch, c eæk `ceks j`pkrtoetc1 dctcr`jec c fu`pro u` mkrï mk rïrj rjk k po poro ro cs cstu tudo dor1 r1 k jd jdco cohh scr scrjo` jo` duo duoss mkros ek `àej`k c quotrk ek `ïxj`k, djorjo`cetc1 oprkvcjtc ks ijeojs dc scòeo. •

Cstïljk K ohuek dcvc rcohjzor jetclroh`cetc os mk mkro ross dc dcst stje jeod odos os ok okss cs cstï tïlj ljks ks c o fcrtjijfoìæk ek fursk dcpcedcrï do fk`prkvoì prk voìæk æk dc suo rco rcohjz hjzoìæ oìæk, k, `cd `cdjoe joetc tc rchotörjk rchot örjk ossje ossjeodk odk pchk rcspk rcspkesïv esïvch ch ek fo`pk dc cstïljk.

@otcrjoh7 òetcemo tkdk òtcrjoh dc cstudk, luordodk c` u` `cs`k hulor, poro sc`prc tç-hks î `æk tkdo vcz quc prcfjsor. Cstudc k `öduhk pkr fk`pctçefjos eo scqu sc quçe çefj fjo. o. Vö po poss sscc po poro ro o fk fk`p `pct ctçe çefj fjoo scluje scl ujetc tc,, opö opöss tcr tjd tjdkk u` opr oprkvc kvcjtjto`c o`cetk etk `àej`k dc 3>% eos outkovohjoìócs c cxcrfàfjks do fk`pctçefjo oetcrjkr. •

Op rk rkvcj vcjto` to`cet cetk k d c Fke Fkemcf mcfj` j`cet cetks ks c dc Cxpcrjçefjos Oetcrjkr cs ^kdcrï mov ^kdcrï movcr cr oprk oprkvcj vcjto` to`cet cetk k dc fke fkemcf mcfj-j`cetks odqujrjdks ek Cesjek @êdjk, Têfejfk ku ^rkijssjkeohjzoetc, bc` fk`k dc cxpcrjçefjos fj os oe oetc tcrjk rjkrc rcss ek tro trobo bohmk hmk ku ku kutr trks ks `c `cjk jkss jeikròjs, `cdjoetc ovohjoìæk dk ohuek.

Oektoìócs7 u` u` fodc fodcre rekk ê j`pkr j`pkr-toetc poro rcljstror ks rcsu`ks dks prjefjpojs pket pk etks ks dc fo fodo do ou ouho ho,, os pc pcsq squj ujso soss c os kbsc kb scrv rvoì oìóc ócss j`p j`pkrt krtoe oetc tcs, s, bc bc` ` fk fk`k `k ks cxcrfàfjks sulcrjdks. Ossj` prkfcdcedk, ok fkefhujr ks cstudks dc tkdk `öduhk, k ohuek tcrï u` rcsu`k dc tudk quc ikj cstudodk, k quc hmc iofjhjtorï iozcr uò rcvjsæk pkr kfosjæk do prcstoìæk dk cxo`c ijeoh prcscefjoh dk `öduhk. Fosk k ohuek prcijro cstudor iozcedk k usk us k dk fk fk`p `put utod odkr kr,, os oe oekt ktoì oìóc ócss pk pkdc dc` ` fk`p fk `pkr kr u` orq orqujv ujvkk frj frjod odk, k, ut utjhj jhjzo zoedk edk u` cdjtkr dc tcxtk. •

FK@K CVTSDOR Yo`ks dor uòs djfos, òs k j`pkrtoetc @êtkdk dc ê quc vkfç `c `css`k frj rjc c scu @êtkdk Cstudk 7 dcijeo u` hkfoh poro cstudor, krloejzc k scu òtcrjoh, rcspcjtc ks mkrïrjks quc vkfç `cs`k cstobchcfcr, ioìo oektoìócs c prcporcsc poro os prkvos.

Vulcstæk dc u` @êtkdk dc Cstudk

Ok je jejf jfjo jorr sc scus us cs csttud udks ks io ioìo ìo u` uòo prj`cjro hcjturo poro tkòr fkemcfj`cetk do òtê ò têrjo rjo (d (dk k fk fket etc÷ c÷dk dk). ). C` sc sclu lujd jdo, o, u` uòo scluedo hcjturo, fk` òjs fohò, oektoedk trcfmks trcf mks j`pkr j`pkrtoe toetcs, tcs, c jeik jeikròìó ròìócs cs fmov fmovcs cs dc fodo hjìæk. ôssk o possk o ouho voj scedk ossj`jhodo, surljedk k cetusjos`k pchk cstudk. Opös Op ös fk fk`p `prc rcce cedc dcrr k fk fket etc÷ c÷dk dk do hjìæk, k ohuek dcvc cxcfutor ks cxcrfàfjks dc outkovohjoìæk. Jetrkduìæk

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@oetcemo-sc otuohjzodk

Fk`pctçefjos Bïsjfos

Ê j`p j`pkrt krtoet oetcc pcs pcsquj qujsor sor eo Je Jetcr tcrect ect,, hcr gkr gkreoj eojss c rcv rcvjst jstos os csp cspcfj cfjohj ohjzod zodos, os, po poro ro o`phjor c fketcxtuohjzor scus fkemcfj`cetks. Tkdks sobc`ks quc, ek quc djz rcspcjtk î hcljshoìæk c pcrfcetuojs poro fïhfuhk dc trjbu tr jbutk tkss c kb kbrjl rjloì oìóc ócs, s, cs cstc tcss pk pkdc dc` ` sc scr r ohtcrodks dc ikrò prkvjsörjo ku `cs`k oj b o ` o j s troz dcij dc ijejt ejtjvo jvo.. K àf àfke kecc V oj sulcstócs dc sjtcs c tàtuhks djvcrsks poro ofchcror suos pcsqujs pcsqujsos. os.

^CRIJH TÊFEJFK DC FODO FSRVK

Oeohjsor o cstruturo dos krloejzoìócs, jdcetjijfoedk os ïrcos quc o fk`póc, suos iueìóc iue ìócs, s, ije ijeohj ohjdod dodcs cs c jet jetcrcr-rch rchoìó oìócs, cs, rcf rcfkkemcfce emc fcedk dk ks fke fketcx tcxtks tks c`p c`prcso rcsorjoj rjojss fk` bosc eo oeïhjsc dos tckrjos do od`jejstroìæk. •

Oeohjsor k `crfodk j`kbjhjïrjk, jdcetjijfoedk cxpcftotjvos dc dcòedo poro o prks pr kspc pcfì fìæk æk dc ek ekvk vkss ec eclö löfj fjks ks,, k pc pcri rijhjh dk fhj fhjce cetc tc po poro ro jdc jdcetj etjijf ijfoìæ oìækk dk prk prkdut dutkk rcqucrjdk c o krjcetoìæk dk prkfcssk dc eclkfjoìæk o scr rcohjzodk. •

Dji Djicr crce cefj fjor or c ut utjhjhjz jzor or ks `c `cjk jkss dc fkù fk ùej ejfo foìæ ìæk k ò òjs js fk fkù ùes es ek sc scl` l`ce cetk tk j`kbjhjïrjk j`kbj hjïrjk,, ophjf ophjfoedk oedk têfe têfejfos jfos cspc cspcfàij fàijfos fos eoss rc eo rcho hoìó ìócs cs fk fk`c `crf rfjo jojs js dc vc vced edo, o, fk fk` ` otceìæk î cxprcssæk vcrboh c eæk-vcrboh. •

Rcfkemcfcr, hcr c jetcrprctor phoetos orqujtctôejfos dc cdjijfoìócs c ks chc`cetks utjhjzodks eo suo fk`pksjìæk, oeohjsoedk-os quoetk quo etk î dj` dj`ces cesæk, æk, fjr fjrfuh fuhoìæ oìæk, k, iue iuefjk fjkeoh eohjjdodc c ofcssjbjhjdodc. •

Fopt Foptor or j` j`öv övcj cjss c dj djol olek ekst stjf jfor or su suoo sjtuoì sjt uoìæk æk c` fo fosk skss dc ov ovohj ohjoìæ oìæk/ k/vjs vjstkr tkrjo, jo, tcedk fk`k bosc suos fkedjìócs, hkfohjzoìæk, iueìæk j`kbjhjïrjo, bc` fk`k oeïhjsc dc `crfodk c suos tcedçefjos. •

TÊFEJFK C@ TROEVOÌÓCV J@KBJHJÏRJOV (TTJ) ^ or o ot ce ce dc d cr îs cx jl j l çe çe fj f j os os rcquc rc qucrjdo rjdoss pc pchk hk `c `crfo rfodk dk j`kbjhjï j`kbjhjïrjk, rjk, ofk`poemoedk suo cvkhuìæk c troesikr òìócs, c tcedk c` vjsto o hc hcljsho ljshoìæ ìæk k quc rcluho`ceto o prkijssæk, ok fkefhujr cstc fursk k Tê Têfejfk fejfk c` Tro roeso esoìóc ìócss J`kbjhjïrjos dcvc otuor eo foptoìæk dc j`övcjs, eos troesoìóc troesoìócss j`kbjhj ïrjos c eo lcstæk lcstæ k dc eclöfjks, dc ofkrdk fk` os ekròs hclojs hclojs vjlcetc vjlcetcss c ks prjefàpjks d o ê t j fo f o. Dcv c ot uo u or f k` k` ot jtj t ud ud c c`prccedcdkro, jetclroedk cqujpcs dc c`prcsos dc lroedc ku `êdjk pkrtc, ku lcrjedk scu pröprjk eclöfjk. Jetrkduìæk

Rcohjzo Rcohjzorr troe troesoì soìócs ócs j`kb j`kbjhjïr jhjïrjos jos dc fk`pro, vcedo ohuluch c pcrùto, vohcedksc dk dkss pr prje jefà fàpj pjks ks dc ec eclk lkfj fjoì oìæk æk c dc troesporçefjo eks eclöfjks c poutoedk-sc pchos cxjlçefjos hclojs. •

@oetcr-scc otu @oetcr-s otuohjz ohjzodk odk ofc ofcrfo rfo dks sjstcòs dc ijeoefjo`cetk ek ro`k j`kbjhjïrjk, jdcetjijfoedk ikròs dc jefcetjvks c cetj ce tjdo dodc dcss dc fr frêd êdjt jtkk qu qucc ij ijeo eoef efjo jo` ` o oqujsjìæk oqujsjìæ k dc j`övcjs j`övcjs.. •

Kbs. Dcvc, to to`bê `bê`, `, tcr fke fkest stjtu jtuàdk àdk fk` fk`-pctç pc tçef efjo joss pr prki kijs jssj sjke keoj ojss do ïr ïrco co dc TT TTJ, J, dciije dc jejd jdos os pch chk k Fk Fkes esch chmmk Eo Eofj fjke keoh oh dc Cdufoìæk ?>


Kbs. Dcvc Dcvc,, to to`b `bê` ê`,, tc tcrr fk fkes estjtjtu tuàd àdkk os fk`p fk `pct ctçe çefj fjos os pr prki kijs jssj sjke keoj ojss lc lcro rojs js do ïrco ïrc o prk prkijs ijssjk sjkeoh eoh dc Lcs Lcstæk tæk C`p C`prcs rcsorj orjoh, oh, fkeikr`c djrctrjzcs dcijejdos pchk Fkeschmk Eofjkeoh dc Cdufoìæk.

TÊFEJFK C@ VCFRCTORJODK K tê têfejfk fejfk c` Vcfrc frcto torjo rjodk dk tc tcrï rï fkedjìóc fkedjìó cs dc po portjfjp rtjfjpo or dks prkfc prkfcssks ssks od`jejstrotjvks c dc lcstæk, òetcedk fketo fket otk, ossc sscsskro sskroedk edk c opkjo pkjoedk edk os otjvjdodcs dks djicrcetcs sctkrcs c pcsskos, sko s, lc lcrce rcefjo fjoedk edk prkfc prkfcssks ssks sc scfrc frcto to-rjojs rjo js,, fke fketrjb trjbuje ujedk dk po poro ro o dc dcije ijejìæ jìæk k c j`phoetoìæk dos cstrotêljos do krloejzoìæk.

TÊFEJFK C@ VCFRCTORJO CVFKHOR K Vcfrctïrjk Csfkhor dc jestjtujìócs dc ces esje jek k p÷ p÷bh bhjf jfo os ku pr prjv jvo odo doss ê k rcspkesïvchh pchk phoec rcspkesïvc phoecgo`c go`cetk, etk, fkkrdceoìæk, cxcfuìæk c vcrjijfoìæk dk oedo`cetk dks scrvjìks do Vcfrctorjo, dcvced k o t u or c ` f k e s k e âe f j o f k ` o ^rkpks rkpksto to ^cdo dolöljf löljfo o do jestjt jestjtujìæ ujìæk, k, ophjfoedk `êtkdks c têfejfos quc fketrjbuc` poro o fkescfuìæk fkescfuìæk dks kbgctjvks k bgctjvks cstrotêljfks cstrotê ljfks cdufo cdufofjkeojs. fjkeojs.

Fk`pctçefjos Cspcfàijfos

Rcohjzor suos otrjbujìócs fk` fkemcfj`cetk tcfekhöljfk, mobjhjdodc poro fkkrdceor cqujpcs cqu jpcs,, rcsp rcspkes kesobjh objhjdod jdodc c skf skfjoh joh c êtjf êtjfo, o, vjso vj soed edkk ot otje jelj ljrr o qu quoh ohjd jdod odc c rc rcqu qucr crjd jdo o ek cxcrfàfjk do prkijssæk. •

^hoecgor, krloejzor, cxcfutor c fketrkhor os otjvjdodcs pcrtjecetcs î suo ïrco dc otuoìæk, portjfjpoedk dk osscsskro`cetk o sctkrc sct krcss c pcs pcssko skos, s, fkk fkkrdc rdceoe eoedk dk cqu cqujpc jpcs, s, cxcfutoedk c ùhtjphjfoedk dchjbcroìócs. •

Fk`pctçefjos Cspcfàijfos

Lcrcefjor jeikròìócs c prkgctks, prk`kvcedk c jefkrpkroedk prïtjfos jekvodkros, otcedcedk o krloejzoìæk fk` scu `kdchk dc lcstæk, scus kbgctjvks c pkhàtjfos, bc` fk`k suos rchoìócs fk` k o`bjcetc cxtcrek. •

Oph Ophjf jfor or os ek ekr` ròs os c os dj djrc rctr trjz jzcs cs hclojs hcl ojs,, ò òet etce cedkdk-sc sc ot otuo uohjz hjzod odkk qu quoe oetk tk î hcljshoìæk cdufofjkeoh. •

^hoecgor, krloejzor, cxcfutor c ovohjor cvce cv cetk tks, s, fk fk` ` k dk dk`à `àej ejk k dk dkss pr prkf kfcs cssk skss c prkfcdj`cetks cevkhvjdks.

^hoecgor ^hoecg or,, fkk fkkrdc rdceor eor,, cxc cxcfut futor or c vcr vcrjij jijfor for k oe oedo do`c `cet etk k dk dkss sc scrv rvjì jìks ks do Vc Vcfr frct ctor orjo jo Csfkhor, ophjfoedk `êtkdks c têfejfos dc trobohmk quc vjsc` o u` fketàeuk opcricjìko`cetk.

Jetcrprctor os tcedçefjos dk `crfodk dc trobohmk poro otuor c` krloejzoìócs ku c`prccedc c`prc cedcrr trobo trobohmk hmk outô outôek`k, ek`k, fk`pr fk`prcceccedcedk dce dk o ecf ecfcss cssjdo jdodc dc dc cst cstor or otu otuohj ohjzod zodk, k, poro po ro tk tkre reor or-s -scc po port rtjf jfjp jpoe oetc tc dk `k `kdc dcre rek k lcrcefjo`cetk c`prcsorjoh.

Cxpc Cxpcdj djrr ks dk dkfu fu`c `cet etks ks c` kr krdc dc` ` lcroh lc roh c os jei jeikr` kròì oìóc ócss ec ecfc fcss ssïrj ïrjos os ok okss ohueks, oks dkfcetcs c î cqujpc têfejfk-od`jejstrotjvo, krloejzoedk orqujvk quc ossclurc o vcrjij vcr jijfoì foìæk æk do jdc jdcet etjdo jdodc dc dks ohu ohueks eks,, bc bc` ` fk`k suo rcluhorjdodc c outcetjfjdodc.

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Jetrkduìæk

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Fk`pctçefjos Fk`pctç efjos Bïsjfos

Fkhctor, krloejzor c oeohjsor dodks rcicrcetcs î Vcfrctorjo Csfkhor c c`jtjr rchotörjks quoetjtotjvks c quohjtotjvks c kutrks dkfu`cetks quc fketrjbuo` poro o lcstæk dks prkfcssks cdufofjkeojs, jefhusjvc c` ikròtks hclojs. •

Fkefcbcr phoeks poro o rcohjzoìæk dc eclöfjk, eclö fjk, utjhj utjhjzoed zoedkk ohtcr ohtcreotjv eotjvos os dc fk`p fk`pros ros vkhtodos poro ks prkfcssks dc eclkfjoìæk fk` ks ikr ikrecf ecfcdk cdkrcs rcs,, jdc jdcetj etjijf ijfoed oedkk ecf ecfcscssjdodcs fkefrctos c hcvoedk c` fketo òrlces dcijejdos dc vcedos. •

Fkkrdce Fkkrdceor or cqu cqujpc jpcs, s, òe òetce tcedk dk hjd hjdccroeìo roe ìo c frj frjoe oedk dk fk fked edjìó jìócs cs qu quc c pc pcr`j r`jto to` ` ktj` kt j`jz jzor or o po port rtjf jfjp jpoì oìæk æk do doss pc pcss ssko koss ek prkfcssk dc trobohmk, poro chcvor k eàvch dc quoh qu ohjd jdod odc c do doss ot otjv jvjd jdod odcs cs do Vc Vcfr frct ctor orjo jo Csfkhor. •

Odkt Odktor or frjt frjtêrjk êrjkss `crf `crfodk odkhöl höljfks jfks eo csfkhmo dc hkfoh poro o jestohoìæk dc pketks dc vc vced edo o ku dc pr prk` k`kì kìæk æk dc pr prkd kdut utks ks c scrv sc rvjì jìks ks,, jd jdce cetjtjijijfo foed edkk ks os ospc pcft ftks ks dc otr troì oìæk æk c ijd jdc chjhjzzoì oìæk æk dk dkss fh fhjc jceetc tcss eo dcfjsæk dc fk`pro dc prkdutks c scrvjìks. •

Cstobchcfcr rchoìócs prkijssjkeojs odcquod qu odos os fk fk` ` ks dj djic icrc rcet etcs cs sc sctk tkrc rcss do je jest stjtjtuj ujìæ ìæk, k, òetcedk pksturo fkedjzcetc fk` suo iueìæk poro k fu`prj`cetk dc suos otrjbujìócs, krjcetoedk suos oìócs pchks prjefàpjks do êtjfo c do rcspkesobjhjdodc skfjoh. •

Stjhjzor os vïrjos ikròs dc prkpoloedo, prk`kìæk c pubhjfjdodc, chobkroedk brjcijel dc prkdutks c òrfos poro k dcscevkhvj`cetk dc fo`poemos c prk`kìócs `crfodkhöljfos quc vjsc` ok ou`cetk dos vcedos. •

Kbs. Dcvc Dcvc,, to to`b `bê` ê`,, tc tcrr fk fkes estjtjtu tuàd àdk k os fk`pctçefjos do ïrco dc Vcrvjìk dc Opkjk Csfkhor c dc Lcstæk, fkeikr`c djrctrjzcs dcijej dci jejdos dos pch pchkk Fke Fkesch schmk mk Eof Eofjke jkeoh oh dc Cdu Cdufoì foìæk. æk.

Stjhjzor têfejfos dc vcedo krjcetodos poro ks prkfcssks dc eclkfjoìæk c dc otcedj`cetk ok fhjcetc, jdcetjijfoedk ecfcssjdodcs fkef fk efrc rcto tos, s, hc hcvo voed edkk c` fk fket etoo ò òrl rlce cess dc eclkfjoìæk. •

Vchcfjkeor cstrotêljos c prkfcssks dc otced ot cedj`c j`cetk etkss c krj krjcet cetoìó oìócs cs dc pös pös-vc -vcedo edo quc hcvc` c` fkesjdcroìæk os foroftcràstjfos dk prkdutk ku scrvjìk fk`crfjohjzodk, utjhjzo utj hjzoedk edk cst cstrot rotêlj êljos os c jes jestru tru`ce `cetks tks dc ofk`poemo`cetk c fketrkhc dc jeikròìócs rcicrcetcs o sotjsioìæk dks fhjcetcs. •

TÊFEJFK C@ FK@ÊRFJK ôro otcedcr îs cxjlçefjos rcqucrjdos pchk `crfodk dc trobohmk, ofk`poemoedk suo cvkhuìæk c troesikr òìócs, k ohuek fke fkefhuj fhujetc etc dc dcstc stc furs fursk k dc dcvc vc tc tcr r fkestjtuàdk fk`pctçefjos cspcfàijfos quc hmc pcr`jto otuor eo lcstæk c kpcroìæk fk`crfjoh dc c`prcsos. Dcvc oprcscetor otjtudc c`prccedcdkro c` c`prcsos dc fk`êrfjk ku c` sctkrcs dc fk`crfjohjzo hjz oìæ ìæk k dc krl krlo oejz ejzo oìóc ìócss dc kut kutrks rks ro`ks dc otjvjdodc, scgo` dc pcqucek, `êdjk c lroedc pkrtc, jetclroedk cqujpcs ku lcrjedk scu pröprjk eclöfjk. Jetrkduìæk

Oeohjsor c djolekstjfor os iueìócs do hklàstjfo eo otjvjdodc fk`crfjoh, vjsoedk ok suprj`ce sup rj`cetk, tk, orò oròzce zceolc` olc`,, djst djstrjbu rjbujìæk jìæk c troespkrtc dc prkdutks, chobkroedk phoek dc quohjdodc. •

Kbs. Dcvc, to`bê`, tcr fkestjtuàdk fk`pctçefjos pctçef jos prk prkijs ijssjk sjkeo eojs js lcr lcrojs ojs do doss ïrc ïrcos os prkijs prk ijssj sjkeo keojs js dc Lc Lcst stæk æk c dc Fk` Fk`êrf êrfjk jk,, dcijijej dc ejdo doss pc pchk hk Fk Fkes escchm hmkk Eo Eoffjk jkeeoh dc Cdufoìæk. ?2


CFKEK@JO

K k b gc gctt j vk d os ou h os d c Cfk fkek ek` ` j o ê d or ks i u ed edo o` ce t ks dc dcst sto o fj fjç çef efjj o, fk` fk ` rc rcih ihc cxó xóc cs sk skbr brc c su suo os bo bosc scss tc tcör örjf jfo os c oph phjf jfo oìó ìóc cs, po port rtje jedk dk do doss cxp xpc crjçefjo rjç efjoss dk fktjdj fktjdjo oek po poro ro cetc etcedc edcrr `c `chmkr hmkr os rc rcho hoìóc ìócss fk`c fk`crfjo rfjoss c c`prc `prcso sorjo rjojs. js. O ou ouhh o ? s cr crï ï j e t r k d u t ö r j o, op oprr cs csce cett oe oed d k os d ci cijj e j ì ó cs d c Cf Cfk kek`jo c s cu cu s k bg bg ct jv jv ks ks , d cs to tof oe oe dk dk t o` b ê` ê` k s p rk rk bh bh c` c` os cf ke ke ô` ô` j fk fk s i ue ue do do `ceto `c etojs js c dc dcsc scevkh evkhvc vcedk edk ks fkef fkefc cjtk jtkss dc `jf `jfrkc rkcfkek fkek`jo `jo c ò òfrkc frkcfkek fkek`jo `jo.. •

Eo ouh uho o 2, ks pk pket etks ks fc fcet etro rojs js dc cst stud udk k sc scræ ræk k o C`p `prc rcso so c o ^rk rkdu duìæ ìæk7 k7 f u s t k s , h u f r k s , p r k d u t k s c b ce ci àf j k s , b c` f k ` k o j e i k r ` ot j zoì æk d os c`p `prc rcso soss c su suo os rc rcho hoìó ìóc cs fk fk` ` k c`p `prc rclk lk c o pr prkd kdut utjv jvjd jdo odc dc.. •

O ou ouhh o 6 opr cs cscet ceto o k tc` tcò o d k Dcs Dcsc`p c`prr cl clk k , s u os f ou ouss os c os d jijicr crcecetcss sj tc sjtu tuo oìó ìóc cs qu quc c hc hcvo vo` ` î io ioht hto o dc c`p `prc rclk lk.. Vcræ ræk k obk bkrd rdo odo doss oje jedo do os rc rcho ho-ìóc ìó cs cet etrc rc dc dcò òed edo o c ki kic crt rto o eo ik ikr` rò oìæ ìæk k dk dkss pr prc cìk ìks. s. •

www.pkrtohdocfkek`jo.fk`.br Cetr Ce trcv cvjs jsto tos, s, or ortjtjlk lks, s, rc rcpk pkrt rtol olce cess fk fk` ` ik ikfk fk eo Cf Cfke kek` k`jo jo.. Cetr Ce trc c ks tc tcò òss cs cspc pcfj fjoj ojss dc dcst stof ofoo-sc sc77 Mj Mjst stör örjf jfk k do Je Jeih ihoì oìæk æk ek Br Bros osjhjh.. Cfkek`jo - Ouho ?

?6


Fkesu`k7 Fk`pro c vcedo dc prkdutks1 k quc sc losto. _uoh ohqu qucr cr bc bc` ` ku sc scrv rvjjìk pr prkf kfur urod odk k ek `c `crf rfod odk. k. Dcòedo7 _u Dcscevkhvj`cetk7 Frc Frcsfj sfj`ce `cetk, tk, odj odjoet oeto`c o`cetk etk,, prk prklrcs lrcssk. sk. Cfkek`jo7 Fjçefjo quc cstudo o prkduìæk, djstrjbujìæk c fkesu`k dc bc bces es òttcr ò crjjoj ojss ec ecfc fcss ssïr ïrjk jkss ok bc bc``-cs csto tor1 r1 op oprk rkvc vcjtjto` o`ce cetk tk ro rofj fjke keoh oh c fk fkes esfj fjce cettc dc rcfu rc furs rsks ks ò òtc tcrj rjoj ojs1 s1 fk fket etrk rkhc hc ku `k `kdc dcro roìæ ìæk k eo eoss dc dcsp spcs csos os.. Csfosscz7 Ioh Iohto, to, forç forçefj efjo, o, prj prjvoì voìæk. æk. Cqujdodc7 Vc Vces esk k dc gu gust stjì jìo, o, j` j`po porf rfjo johjhjdo dodc dc,, rc rcsp spcj cjtk tk î jl jluo uohd hdod odc c dc dj djrc rcjjtk tks, s, fkrr fk rrcì cìæk æk,, hjhjsu suro ro eo ò òec ecjr jroo dc pr prkf kfcd cdcr cr,, gu guhl hlor or,, kp kpje jeor or.. @ofrkcfkek`jo7 Ro Ro`k `k do cf cfke kek k`j `jo o qu quc c cst stud udo o ks ice ceô` ô`ce ceks ks cf cfke keô ô`j `jffks c` csfoho lhkboh, oeohjsoedk iotkrcs quc dctcr`jeo` o ikròìæk do rcedo c ks fo`j fo `jem emks ks do doss pk pkhàhàtjtjfo foss cf cfke keô` ô`jf jfos os.. @jfrkcfkek`jo7 Cstudk dk fk`pkrto`cetk dc olcetcs cfkeô`jfks eo c s i c r o j e d j v j d u o h , j e v c s t j l o e d k o d j e â ` j f o d o f k e f k r r ç e f j o c d k s d j r c j tk s d k fkes fk esu`j u`jdk dkrr ek `cr `crfo fodk dk ijijeo eoef efcj cjrk rk.. Vozkeoh7 Rchotjvk o cstoìæk dk oek. C` cfkek`jo cxjstc o oeïhjsc d k s f m o ` o d k s p r k d u t k s s o z k e o js , p k js s u o p r k d u ì æ k c f k ` c r f jo h j z o ì æ k f k e f c e tr o ` - s c c ` d c tc r ` j e o d o s ê p k f o s d k o e k . ^ k d c t o ` b ê ` o p h j f o r - s c o c`p `prrclk c dcsc`prc rcl lk, dc ofkrdk fk` os vorjoìócs eo prkfuro dc trobohmk c` d c t c r ` j e o d o s f j r f u e s t â e f j o s 7 ê p k f o d c i ê r j o s , f o r e o v o h , p c r àk d k d c p h o e tj k c fkhmcjto. Yorjïvch7 K qu quc c pk pkdc dc vo vorj rjor or,, op oprc rcsc scet etor or u` ek ekvk vk os ospc pcft ftk, k, oh ohttcr creo eorr, ù ùdo dorr.

Fkefc kefcjtks jtks J`pk `pkrto rtoetc etcss ! Hjbcrohjs`k7 Dk Dku utr trje jeo o pk pkhàhàtjtjfo fo c cf cfke keô` ô`jf jfo o o io iovk vkrr do hjv jvrc rc jej ejfj fjot otjjvo c fk fket etro ro o jet etcr crvc vceì eìæk æk dk Cs Csto todk dk eo cf cfke kek` k`jjo. Vc Vclu lued edk k cs csto to dk dkut utrj rjeo eo,, o vj vjdo do cf cfke keô` ô`jf jfo o scrj sc rjoo rc rclj ljdo do pk pkrr u` uò o kr krdc dc` ` eo eotu turo roh,h, ik ikr` ròd odo o o po port rtjr jr do doss hjhjvr vrcs cs dc dcfj fjsó sócs cs je jedj djvj vjdu duoj ojs, s, fket fk etrk rkho hodo do pc pchk hk `c `cfo foej ejs` s`k k dc pr prcì cìks ks.. Eckhjbcrohjs`k7 Dk Dkut utrj rjeo eo pk pkhàhàtjtjfk fk-c -cfk fkeô eô`j `jfo fo qu quc c rcp rcprc rcsc scet eto o u` uò o tc tcet etot otjv jvo o dc odo dopt ptor or ks pr prjjef efààpjks dk hjbcr cro ohjs js`k `k cf cfke keô` ô`jjfk îs fke kedj djììóc ócss dk fop opjjtoh ohjjs`k ` k d c r e k . D c ic e d c ` o d j s f j p h j e o e o c f k e k ` j o d c ` c r f o d k p o r o l o r o e tj r s u o skbr sk brcv cvjv jvçe çefj fjo, o, pk pkjs js,, ok fk fket etrï rïrj rjk k dk dkss oe oetjtjlk lkss hjhjbc bcro rojs js,, eæ eæk k of ofrc rcdj djto to` ` eo ou outk tkdj djsf sfjjphjeo dk sjstcò. Otuoh`cetc, k tcr`k vc` scedk ophjfodk î dcicso do hjvrc otuo ot uoìæ ìækk dk `c `crf rfod odk k fk` k têr` r`je jek k do je jettcr crvc vceì eìæ æk dk Cs Csttod odk k, c o pr prjjvot otjjzo zoììæk dos c`pr c` prcs csos os,, ob obcr crtu turo ro do cf cfke kek` k`jo jo c su suo o je jettcl clro roìæ ìæk k ek `c `crf rfod odk k ù ùed edjjoh oh.. Cfkek`jo - Ouho ?

?4


Ecs t cs d k j s f os k s , o cf k e k ` j o rcic rc icrc rc--sc îs rc rcho hoìóc ìócss fk` fk`c crfj rfjo ojs, c pkd pkdc c scrr cet sc etc ced edjd jdo o fk fk`k `k o bu busf sfo o dc fk fket etrk rkhc hc ku dc `kd `kdc cro roìæ ìæk k eo eoss dc dcspc spcso sos. s.

O SHO ? OSHO CFKEK@JO Csto fj Csto fjçe çefj fjoo ê pr prot otjf jfod odo o c` qu quos osc c tk tkdo doss os rc rcho hoìó ìócs cs dc dcsc scev evkh khvj vjdo doss eo eoss sk skfj fjcd cdod odcs cs,, `cs` `c s`k k qu qucc dc ik ikr` ròo eæ eækk fk fkes esfj fjce cetc tc.. Cfkek`jo ê uò pohovro quc ioz portc dk vkfobuhïrjk c dos oìócs dos pcsskos c` scu djo-o-djo. Fk`k pketk dc portjdo poro po ro ek ekss sskk cs cstu tudk dk,, vo vo`k `kss oe oeoh ohjs jsor or oh ohlu luò òss sjtuoìócs dk fktjdjoek c` quc sc ophjfo` ohlu oh lues es pr prje jefà fàpj pjks ks do Cf Cfke kek` k`jo jo..

Kbgc Kb gctk tkss dc cs cstu tudk dk do Cf Cfke kek` k`jo jo @os k kbg bgcctk dc cstu tuddks do cfk fkek ek`j `joo, e æk sc r c s tr j e lc tæ k s k `c e tc îs r c h o ì óc s csto cs tobc bchc hcfj fjdo doss ce cetr trcc fk fkes esu` u`jd jdkr krcs cs c io iobr brjjfoetcs. O cfkek`jo ê uò fjçefjo quc to`bê` cstu cs tudo do cs csto toss rc rcho hoìó ìócs cs,, pk pkrê rê`, `, sc scus us cs cstu tudk dkss væk ùjtk ohê` c sæk ùjtk òjs fk`phcxks dk qu quc c pk pkdc dc`k `kss j` jòl olje jeor or.. Yo` o`ks ks oe oeoh ohjs jsor or os dc dcijijej ejìó ìócs cs do dodo doss pk pkr r vïrj rjk ks out utk krc rcss dc cfke kekk`j `jo, o, fk` o tce cettotjv jvoo dc dc dc`k `kes estr tror or oh ohlu lues es kb kbgc gctjtjvk vkss c pr prkb kbhc hcò òss cfke cf keô` ô`jf jfks ks iu iued edo` o`ce ceto tojs js.. Yo` o`ks ks oj ojed edoo fk fk-emcf em cfcr cr k dc dcsc scev evkh khvj vj`c `cet etkk dc dcst stoo fj fjçe çefj fjoo pk pkr r `cjk `c jk dc u` br brcv cvcc mj mjst stör örjf jfk. k. Vcrï obkrdodk ojedo k cstudk dc fkefcjtjtks fc ks j` j`pk pkrt rtoe oetc tcss fk fk`k `k ks dc ò òfr frkc kcfk fkek ek-`jo c `j `jfr frk kcfke kekk`j `joo c suos j` j`pphjhjffoìó ìóccs ek sjstc` sjs tcò o cfk cfkeô` eô`jfk jfk c ije ijeoef oefcjr cjrk. k.

Eo vj vjdo do c` io io`à `àhjo hjo O `æc ohcrto ks kutrks `c`brks do io`àhjo quc ê prcfjsk tkòr bo boe emks òjs furtks ks,, poro quc ek ijeoh dk `çs mogo uò cfkek`jo dc ïluo c dc cecr ce crlj ljo o ch chêt êtrj rjfo fo.. K fk fket etrk rkhc hc ê ic icjt jtk k pk pkrr `c `cjk jk do dos s fk fkeetos dc ïluo c huz. O fkhobkroìæk dc tkdks rcsuhto euò eu` o cfk cfkek` ek`jo jo fk fkesj esjdcr dcrïvc ïvchh por poro o o vj vjdo do c` io` io`àh àhjo. jo.

O EÏHJVC OEÏH JVC DK ^RKBH ^RKBHC@O C@O DO CV CVF FOVV OVVCW CW DC RC RCFS FSR RVK VKV V ôro je ôro jejf jfjo jor` r`ks ks k cst stud udkk do cf cfke kek` k`jo jo,, tkre tk reoo-sc sc ec ecfc fcss ssïr ïrjk jk,, fk fk`p `prc rcce cedc dcr` r`ks ks u` d ks p r j e fj p oj s p r k bh c ` o s s k fj o j s q uc c h o tceto fkhk hkffor c` mor` r`kkejo c quc ù ùjt jtkks fràtjf jfks ks oi oijr jrò ò` ` qu qucc ikj o fo fous usoo dk sur urlj lj`c `cet etkk prkbh bhc cò do csf sfo oss ssc cz dk dkss dcsto dcs to fjç fjçefjo efjo77 k prk rcfursks .

Eos fk`pro fk`pros dk Vupc upcr`c r`crfo rfodk dk Ok cetror`k cetror`ks s c` u` supcr`crfo supcr`crfodk, dk, pkdc pk dc`k `ks s vc vcrj rjij ijfo forr ù ùjt jtos os pc pcss ssko kos s ov ovoh ohjo joed edk k prcì pr cìks ks,, qu quoe oetj tjdo dodc dc,, qu quoh ohjd jdod odc, c, pr prk` k`kì kìóc ócs, s, dcsf dc sfke ketk tks s ct ctf. f. Os vo vorj rjïv ïvcj cjs s dc pr prcì cìks ks pk pkdc dc` ` scr bostoetc lroedcs, k quc ioz fk` quc os pcsskos fk`prc` c` supcr`crfodks djic dj icrc rcet etcs cs.. Tkd kdks ks cs cstc tcs s io iotk tkrc rcs s rc rcic icrc rc``-sc sc,, gusto`cetc, gusto`cet c, î cfkek`jo, pkjs, uò bko oeïhjsc dks prkdutks ohj cxpkstks poro o vced vc edo, o, pk pkdc dc kf kfos osjk jkeo eorr c` u` uò o cfkek`jo ek vohk vo hkrr tk tkto tohh do dos s fk fk`p `pro ros. s. Cfkek`jo - Ouho ?

Ykfç gï porku poro pcesor eo rchoìæk quc qu c cxj xjsstc ce cettrc ks rc rcffur urssks eo eotu turo rojs js c suo cxph cx phkr kro oìæ ìæk; k; C quc o cs csfo foss sscz cz dc rc rcfu furs rsks ks ê u` dks ò òjk jkrc rcss prk rkbh bhccò òss do skf kfjc jcdo dodc dc `kdcreo; ?3


Fk`k sobc`k `kss, u` dks prj rje efjp jpo ojs prk rk-bhc` bh còs os ue uejv jvcr crso sojs js,, qu qucc o sk skfj fjcd cdod odc c `k `kdc dcre reo o ceirceto, ê k do csfosscz dks rcfurs rsk ks, quc sæk gusto`cetc ks fk`pkecetcs ku ks pröprjk pr jkss kb kbgc gctk tkss qu qucc to toet etkk dc dcsc scgo go`k `ks. s.

fupodo fupo do fk fk` ` o pr prcs cscr crvo voìæ ìækk do eo eotu turc rczo zo c fk fk` ` ks rcfursks eoturojs dc ekssk phoecto, cxjljedk `övcjs quc scgo` iobrjfodks fk` òdcjros prkvcejcetcs dc ïrvkrcs quosc cxtjetos;

Iotk Io tkrc rcss do Cs Csfo foss sscz cz dc Rc Rcfu furs rsks ks Yo` o`ks ks po port rtjr jr do qu qucs cstæ tæk k cf cfkh khöl öljf jfo o po poro ro `chm `c hmkr kr fk fk`p `prc rcce cedc dcr` r`ks ks cs cstc tc pr prkb kbhc hcò ò,, qu quc c ê u` dk dkss pk pket etks ks pr prje jefj fjpo pojs js do cf cfke kek` k`jo jo.. Kh Khmc mc-`ks ok ekssk rcdkr c oeohjsc`ks ks kbgctks quc eks fcrfo`7 cstoetc, fodcjro, `cso, foò, vjkhæk, hjvrk, hïpjs, fodcrek, pkrto, goecho, protchcjro, luordo-rkupos ctf.

S ` c x c ` p h k d c st o ` ï u tj h j z oì æ k dk s r cf u r s k s e o tu r oj s d c e ks s k p o às , sc dc u gusto`cetc gusto` cetc eo êpkfo dc scu dcsfkb dcsfkbrj`ce rj`cetk, tk, quoe qu oedk dk ks cur urkp kpccus rc rctj tjro roro ro` ` qu quoosc tk tkdo doss os ïrvkrcs dc pou-b -brrosjh (ïrv rvkkrc rcss quc oquj cxjs cx jstjtjo` o` c` ob obue uedâ dâef efjo jo c qu qucc dc dcuu kr krjl jlc` c` ok ek`c dc ekssk poàs), mkgc ro roro ross eos ihk hkrrcstos bro brosjhc sjhcjros jros.. Otê k `k`cetk, sö dc`kestro`ks ks iotkrcs do csfosscz dks rcfursks eoturojs Tkdks cstcs kbgctks, fk`k sobc`ks, rc rcho hofj fjke keod odks ks ok `c `cjk jk o` o`bj bjce cetc tc,, pk pkrê rê` ` cs cstc tcss lcroh`cetc tç` fk`k òtêrjo-prjò o pr prkb kbhc hcò òss eæ eæk k pk pkdc dc` ` sc scrr hjhj`j `jto todk dkss sk sk`c `cet etcc òdcjro. ^krê`, ok oeohjsor`ks o ikrò ok `c `cjk jk o` o`bj bjce cetc tc.. fk`k csto òdcjro ê cxtroàdo do eoturczo, Vclued Vcl uedk k k ijhö ijhöski skikk Ort Ortmur mur Vfm Vfmkpc kpcemo emoucr ucr,, dcvcrà dcv crào`k o`kss ijf ijfor or ùj ùjtk tk prc prckfu kfupod podks. ks. @ujtjtos @u os c` c`pr prcs csos os rc rcsp spke kesï sïvc vcjs js pk pkrr cs csto to o cssçefjo do eoturczo muòeo ê o cxtr cx troì oìæk æk,, eæ eækk tç tç` ` o `c `cek ekrr pr prck ckfu fupo poìæ ìæk k fk fk` ` ospjroìæk fkestoetc, sc` kbgctjvk ku k ph phoe oetjtjk k dc ek ekvo voss ïr ïrvk vkrc rcs, s, io iozc zced edk k fk fk` ` qu quc co rcpkusk, ku scgo, Vfmkpcemoucr oijrò csffos cs ossscz dks rc rcffur urssks eotu turo rojs js sc tkre rec c u` quc vjvcr fkesjstc c` sc`prc qucrcr prkb pr kbhc hcò ò fo fodo do vc vczz ò òjs js pr prck ckfu fupo poet etc. c. òjs c oqujhjhk k quc eæk tc`ks, poro quoedk @ujtos rcljócs quc, c` tc`pks eæk os tjvcr` r`k ks, scetjr`ks o ecfcssjd jdoodc dc ùjtjtk ù k dj djst stoe oetc tcs, s, cr cro` o` dc dces eso` o`ce cetc tc pk pkvk vkod odos os kutr ku tros os fk fkjs jsos os,, c os ossj sj` ` su sufc fcss ssjv jvo` o`ce cetc tc.. pkrr je pk je÷` ÷`cr cros os cs cspê pêfj fjcs cs dc oe oej` jòj ojss sj sjhv hvcs cstr trcs cs,, lroì lr oìos os î pr prcs cscr crvo voììæk dc sc scu u o` o`bj bjc cet etc c eo eotturohh, eks djos dc mkgc, dc`kestro` k dcsfosk ro Fk`k Fk `k pk pkdc dc`k `kss pc pcrf rfcb cbcr cr,, k pr prkb kbhc hcò ò dc dk scr muòek poro fk` o eoturczo, scedk cs csfo foss sscz cz dk dkss rc rcfu furs rsks ks tk tkre reoo-sc sc u` pr prkb kbhc hcò ò uò ïrc rco o dcvostodo pcho loe oeâ âefjo c je jeffk`- ue uejv jvc crs rsoh oh,, ku scg cgo, o, cst stïï pr prcs csce cettc c` tkdk dkss ks prccesæk dos pcsskos quc sö fkescluc` po poàs àscs cs,, sc scgo go` ` ch chcs cs dc dcsc scev evkh khvj vjdk dkss ku su subd bdcccexc ce xcrl rlor or k dj djem emcj cjrk rk.. scevkhvjdks7 Fk` k`k k su supr prjr jr os ec ecfc fcss ssjd jdo odc dcss bïsj sjfo foss dk sc scrr mu muò òek ek; ; Fk`k pkdc uò pcssko sc djzcr prck- bï Cfkek`jo - Ouho ?

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Kbsc bscrvc rvc os dji djic crc rceìo eìoss ec ecstc stcss dkj dkjss fo fosks sks Eks poà poàscs scs pkbrcs pkbrcs,, o pk pkpu puho hoìæ ìæk k pr prcf cfjs jso o supr su prjr jr su suos os ec ecfc fcss ssjd jdod odcs cs bï bïsj sjfo fos, s, to tojs js fk fk`k `k77 ohj`ce ohj `cetoì toìæk, æk, vcs vcstuï tuïrjk rjk,, cdu cdufoì foìæk, æk, so÷ so÷dc dc ctf ctf..

Fk`k djstrjbujr ks rcfursks quc sæk hj`jtodks pkr u` e÷`crk dctcr`jeodk, poro uò vketodc quc ê jhj` jtodo, quc eæk tc` ij` c eæk poro dc qucrcr sc`prc òjs; Ecfc cfcssjdo ssjdodc dcss Muò uòeo eoss (jhj`jto (jhj`jtodo dos) s) Yjtojs ku prj`ïrjos7 sæk oquchos quc rcicrc`-sc gusto`cetc o fkescrvoìæk do pröprjo vjdo. Cx.7 ïluo, fk`jdo, vcstj`cetos bïsjfos poro sc prktclcr dk irjk ctf. Vcfuedïrjos 7 sæk os quc sc rcicrc` ok ou`cetk dk bc`-cstor dk jedjvàduk, doedk-hmc òjs fkeikrtk c scluroeìo c` suo vjdo. Cx.7 vjolces, rkupos dc òrfo, oh`kìk ku goetor c` bkes rcstouroetcs ctf. •

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Bces dc Fkesu`k Fkesu`k (rc (rcfursks fursks hj`jt odks) Hjvrcs 7 pkr scrc` cefketrodks c` obuedâefjo eo eoturczo c pchk iotk dc eæk pkdcrc` scr oprkprjodks pchks mk`ces, cstcs rcfursks eæk sæk fketrkhodks pcho cfkek`jo. Cx.7 or. Dc Fkesu`k 7 otcedc` î sotjsioìæk djrcto dc ecfcssjdodcs. ^kdc` scr subdjvjdjdks c`7 Durodkurks7 quc sc dcstjeo` o u` usk pkr u` cspoìk dc tc`pk prkhkelodk. Cx.7 tchcvjsæk, forrk ctf. Eæk-durodkurks 7 ofobo` c` u` jetcrvohk dc tc`pk `cekr. Cx.7 bjsfkjtk ctf. Jetcr`cdjïrjks77 sæk ks bces dc fkeJetcr`cdjïrjks su`k quc fcrto`cetc jræk skircr `kdjijfoìócs, otê sc troesikròr c` rcfursks poro scrc` fkesu`jdks. Cx.7 iorjemo dc trjlk, quc jrï sc troesikròr c` u` bkhk. Ijeojs7 sæk rcfursks prketks poro scrc` fkesu`jdks c sotjsiozcrc` os ecfcssjdodcs dks jedjvàduks. Cx.7 bkhk. Cfkek`jo, ecstc scetjdk, pkdc scr fk`prccedjdo fk`k o fjçefjo quc troto dks iceô`ceks rchotjvks î prkduìæk, djstrjbujìæk c fkesu`k dks bces.

Gï eks po poààsc scs s rjfks rjfks,, kedc c` lcroh, o sjt jtu uoì oìæ æk ij ije eoe oef fcj cjro ro do pk pkpu puho hoì ìæk ê `c `chm hmk kr, csto cs tos s ec ecfc fcss ssjd jdod odcs cs bï bïsj sjfo fos, s, eo ò òjk jkrj rjo o dk dks s fosks, gï ikro` suprjdos. Djijfjh`cetc os pcss pc ssko kos s dcs cstc tcs s po poàs àscs cs ski kirc rc` ` pkr eæ eæk k tc tcrc rc` ` fkedjì fke djìócs ócs poro chj` chj`jeo jeorc` rc` suo suos s ecf ecfcss cssjdod jdodcs cs bïsjfos. @ c s` k o s sj ` , o s p c ss k o s dc s t cs p o à s c s ` o j s r j f k s e æ k d cj x o` d c s ce t j r o e c fc s s j d o d c d c s c ` p r c ` c h m kr o r c ` s cu podr po dræk æk dc vj vjdo do.. Cs Csto tos s ec ecfc fcss ssjd jdod odcs cs sæk su su-p r j d o s o t r o vê s dc u ` o o h j ` c e t o ì æ k ` o j s vorjod vor jodo, o, opo oporch rchmks mks chc chctrô trôejf ejfks ks ski skijst jstjfo jfodks dks,, outk ou tk`ö `övc vcjs, js, vj vjol olce ces s ctf ctf..

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^krtoe ^krt oetk tk,, fk fk`k `k ik ikro ro dj djtk tk oe oetc tcrj rjkr kr`c `cet etc, c, jedcpcedcetc`cetc do skfjcdodc, `cjk skfj sk fjoh oh,, jd jdod odcc ku sj sjtu tuoì oìæk æk ijijeo eoef efcj cjro ro c` qu quc c sc cefket cef ketrc rc quo quohqu hqucr cr jed jedjvà jvàdu duk, k, suo vke vketo todc dc sc scrï rï jeso je sofj fjïv ïvch ch,, rc rcst stoe oedk dk î cf cfke kek` k`jo jo fk fkhk hkfo forr c` mor` mo r`ke kejo jo k sc sclu luje jetc tc dj djhc hcò ò77 YKETODC MS@OEO JHJ@JTODO Cfkek`jo - Ouho ?

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RCFSRVKV HJ@JTODKV ?<


DCIJEJÌÓCV DC CFKEK@JO Cstudoedk k scetjdk ctj`khöljfk do pohovro cfkek`jo, pkdc`ks fkestotor quc chc dcrjvo dc duos pohovros lrclos7 kjaks ‖ quc sjlejijfo foso, c ek`ks ‖ quc qucr djzcr ekrò ku hcj. Tcrào`ks, cetæk, portjedk dk cstudk ctj`khöljfk, o pohovro kjakek`jo quc c` d`jejstroìæk æk do scu scetjdk hjtcroh scrjo o ‘ od`jejstroì foso‐ , ku c` u` scetjdk òjs obroelcetc7 ‘od`jejstroìæk do fkjso p÷bhjfo‐.

C` suo dcijejìæk, o cfkek`jo busfo rchofjkeor ks rcfursks c o vketodc muòeo. ^krê`, fk`k pkdc`ks vcrjijfor c` ekssk djoo-djo, suo otuoìæk voj ùjtk ohê`, busfoedk, gusto`cetc, tkreor tkreor o`jstkso csto rchoìæk. Kutrks pketks j`pkrt oetc oetcss

To`bê` pkdc`ks oijròr quc ioz portc dk kbgctk dc cstudks do cfkek`jo qucstócs rcicrcetcs î jeihoìæk, dcsc`prclk, sohïrjk, prkdutjvjdodc, fk`k iozcr fk` quc k olrjfuhtkr loemc òjs, vcedcedk scus prkdutks ok fkesu`jdkr, quc dcvc fk`prï-hks o u` bk` prcìk, cetrc kutros qucstócs. Dcsto ikrò, eæk dcvc`ks tkòr cstos dcijejìócs, otê oquj cxpkstos, fk`k scedk os ÷ejfos, ku `cs`k, os quc fketc`phc` fk` òjkr cxotjdæk k quc vc` o scr o cfkek`jo. Vö pkdc`ks tcr uò vjsæk òjs o`pho c uò dcijejìæk u` pkufk òjs fkefrcto dk quc vc` o scr o cfkek`jo, opös tcr`ks fk`prccedjdk tkdos os oeïhjscs icjtos.

Ycgo`ks uò dcijejìæk dc cfkek`jo dodo pchks cfkek`jstos @orfk Oetôejk Voedkvoh dc Yosfkefchhks c Rkbcrtk Hujz Trkstcr c` scu hjvrk Cfkek`jo bïsjfo7 Cfkek`jo pkdc scr dcijejdo fk`k o fjçefjo skfjoh quc cstudo o òecjro pcho quoh ks mk`ces dcfjdc` c`prclor rcfursks csfossks, o ij` dc prkduzjr djicrcetcs bces c scrvjìks c otcedcr îs ecfcssjdodcs dc fkesu`k.

Fk`k ikj djtk oetcrjkr`cetc, o cfkek`jo ê gusto`cetc o `cdjodkro cetrc ks rcfursks csfossks c o vketodc muòeo jhj`jtodo , ku scgo, tceto fkhkfor c` mor`kejo cstos duos vorjïvcjs.

MJVTÖRJFK DO CFKEK@JO O cfkek`jo ikj uò prïtjfo cxcrfjdo pchos pcsskos, dcsdc ks tc`pks òjs rc`ktks, ku scgo, gï sc iozjo prcscetc ek prjefàpjk dos fjvjhjzoìócs, `cs`k quc dc ikrò eæk sjstcòtjzodo.

O portjr dcstos qucstócs bïsjfos c jetrkdutörjos, pkdc`ks oijròr quc o cfkek`jo ê uò fjçefjo skfjoh, skfjoh, pkjs pkjs otuo otuo gusto`cetc eos rchoìócs cstobchcfjdos eo pröprjo skfjcdodc. Cfkek`jo - Ouho ?

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_uosc quc dc ikrò ueâej`c, ks fràtjfks do mjstörjo do cfkek`jo oijrò` quc k jeàfjk do tckrjo cfkeô`jfo sc dcu ek oek dc ujrr y ?<<9 fk` o pubhjfoìæk dk hjvrk7 Oe Jeq uj Os trkfos rcohjzodo rcohjzodos s pchos pcsskos, tjemo` fk`k iuedo`cetk qucstócs cfkeô`jfos bïsjfos. Fk`k cxc`phk, pkdcrào`ks utjhjzor k fosk dc u` ortcsæk quc iobrjfovo sopotks c trkfovo-ks pkr kbgctks dc scu jetcrcssc. C` uò dcstos trkfos fk` u` pcsfodkr, ofcjtku u` lroedc pcjxc pkr uò soedïhjo. Vcluedk o ovohjoìæk dc o`bks quc cstovo` cevkhvjdks eo eclkfjoìæk, o trkfo cro gusto c voetogkso voetogkso,, toetk poro k ortcsæk, quc djspuemo do têfejfo dc iozcr fohìodks, quoetk poro k pcsfodkr quc cro cspcfjohjsto eo ortc dc rctjror dk rjk lroedcs pcjxcs.

jetk tmc eoturc oed fouscs ki tmc wcohtm ki eotjkes, eotjkes , bostoetc fkemcfjdk fk`k7 O rj r j qu quczo czo dos eoì eoìócs ócs dc Odo` V`jtm.

Lroedcs Lro edcs pcesodkrcs p cesodkrcs c suos tckrjos t ckrjos Odo` Od o` V`jt V` jt m

Eosfcu eo Csföfjo ek oek dc ?<26, kedc vjvcu pkr quosc tkdo o suo vjdo. Chc ê fkesjdcrodk fk`k k prcfurskr do tckrjo cfkeô`jfo, do ikrò sjstcòtjzodo fk`k tc`ks eks djos dc mkgc. Vcu hjvrk ê j`pkrtoetc dcsdc o êpkfo c` quc ikj pubhjfodk, pkjs ê k prj`cjrk o trotor qucstócs cfkeô`jfos, tojs fk`k7 ospcftks `kectïrjks, djstrjbujìæk dk rcedj`cetk do tcrro c prcìks dc prkdutks. quczo czo dos d os eoì eoìócs ócs quc ê o Eo kbro O rj qu bosc c k iuedo`cetk dk pceso`cetk cfkeô`jfk, k outkr chobkro u` `kdchk obstrotk fk`phctk c rchotjvo`cetc fkcrcetc skbrc o eoturczo, k iuefjkeo`cetk c o cstruturo dk sjstcò fopjtohjsto. Ecstc hjvrk sæk dcscevkhvjdks `kdchks c fkefcjtks quc ùjtk jeihucefjoræk k pceso`cetk cfkeô`jfk dks pröxj`ks sêfuhks. S` dks fkefcjtks j`pkrtoetcs ê gusto`cetc k do `æk jevjsàvch, c` quc tkdos os pcsskos ku olcetcs dc uò skfjcdodc, c` busfo dc hufror k `ïxj`k, ofobo` prk`kvcedk k bc` cstor dc tkdo o skfjcdodc, ku scgo, scrjo fk`k sc uò `æk jevjsàvch krjcetossc os dcfjsócs cfkeô`jfos.

Cstos troesoìócs cetrc pcsskos dcstos skfjcdodcs pkdcrjo` scr tkòdos fk`k k jeàfjk do prckfupoìæk cfkeô`jfo, c` quc fodo u` djspuemo doqujhk quc `chmkr sobjo iozcr, poro utjhjzor fk`k kbgctk dc trkfo c odqujrjr kutros fkjsos fkjsos dc quc ecfcssjtossc. ecfcssjtossc.

Dcsdc os prj`cjros fjvjhjzoìócs, os pcsskos skirjo` fk` o csfosscz dks rcfursks. Trjbks eôòdcs sc jestohovo` c` uò dctcr`jeodo rcljæk otê k `k`cetk c` quc ohj fkesclujo` ohj`cetk. _uoedk os tcrros sc tkreovo` cstêrcjs, portjo` c` busfo dc hulorcs òjs iêrtcjs. @ujtks sêfuhks sc possoro` poro quc o cfkek`jo dcjxossc dc scr opceos uò prïtjfo jefkesfjcetc c tkreor-sc uò fjçefjo sjstcòtjzodo dk `kdk fk`k tc`ks eks djos dc mkgc. Cfkek`jo - Ouho ?

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Ycgo`ks Yc go`ks uò fjtoìæk rctjrodo dk pröprjk hjvrk O rj qu czo dos eoì ócs dc Odo` V`jtm7

Tmkòs Rkbcrt @ohtm @ohtmus us

Ok busfor o sotjsioìæ sotjsioìæk k dk scu jetcrcss jetcrcssc c portjfuhor, k jedjvàduk otcedc ircqucetc`cetc ok jetcrcssc do skfjcdodc dc `kdk ùjtk òjs cijfoz quc sc prctcedcssc rcoh`cetc dcicedç-hk.

C` scu hjvrk ^rjefjphcs ki pkhjtjfoh cfkek`y, pubhjfodk ek oek dc ?=2>, oijrò quc ê k fkesu`jdkr fk` suo vketodc cictjvo dc fk`pror quc` ioz fk` quc o prkduìæk ou`cetc. @ohtmus tjemo uò vjsæk bostoetc pcssj`jsto dk dcscevkhvj`cetk do muòejdodc c` ekssk phoecto, oijròedk quc cstc cro u` prkbhcò cfkeô`jfk djiàfjh dc scr rcskhvjdk.

Sò dos ikròs dc pcrfcbcr`ks cstc fkefcjtk eo prïtjfo, pkdcrjo scr quoedk ovohjo`ks o fkefkrrçefjo cetrc dctcr`jeodks scl`cetks.

K pketk csscefjoh do tckrjo dc @ohtmus7 mï uò iohto dc fkefkrdâefjo cetrc o rcprkdu ìæk do cspêfjc muòeo c os fkedjìócs dc frjor `cjks poro quc cstos pcsskos, pcssk os, quc eæk poro` dc eosfcr, eosfcr, pksso` skbrcvjvcr djleo`cetc.

Eks pkstks d c fk`bustàvcjs

Vcluedk @ohtmus, o pkpuhoìæk ùedjoh frcsfc do sclujetc ikrò7 ?9

? _uoedk u` dctcr`jeodk pkstk dc fk`bustàvch rcskhvc obojxor scus prcìks, o ij` dc ou`cetor suos vcedos c chj`jeor o fkefkrrçefjo, chc otcedc ok jetcrcssc do skfjcdodc quc, o portjr dc u` jetcrcssc portjfuhor, pkdcrï polor `ceks pchk fk`bustàvch, ikrìoedk o fkefkrrçefjo o obojxor k prcìk, sc mkuvcr jetcrcssc c` sc òetcr ek `crfodk.

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Ok possk quc os ikròs dc subsjstçefjo dks scrcs muòeks c` ekssk phoecto, frcsfc eo sclujetc prkpkrìæk7

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Cstc pceso`cetk ê o bosc dk hjbcrohjs`k cfkeô`jfk, uò vcz quc k jetcrcssc jedjvjduoh fketrjbuj poro o sotjsioìæk dk jetcrcssc lcroh, pkrtoetk, dcvc`ks dcjxor phceo hjbcrdodc dc oìæk oks jetcrcsscs prjvodks. V`jtm ojedo oijròvo quc o krjlc` do rjquczo sc dï gusto`cetc ek trobohmk dos pcsskos, c eæk fk`k oijròvo` fkrrcetcs oetcrjkrcs ok scu pceso`cetk quc djzjo` quc o krjlc` do rjquczo cstï ek kurk ku eo tcrro. Cfkek`jo - Ouho ?

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^krtoetk, poro @ohtmus, u` lroedc prkbhcò o scr rcskhvjdk scrjo k dc sc fkhkfor c` mor`kejo o toxo dc frcsfj`cetk pkpuhofjkeoh fk` scus `cjks dc subsjstçefjo. Vcluedk k outkr, sc cstos vorjïvcjs eæk ikrc` fkhkfodos c` mor`kejo, ekssk phoecto fo`jemorï poro uò lroedc fotïstrkic. 2>


Ikj c` suo lroedc kbro K fopjtoh quc @orx dcscevkhvcu lroedc portc dc scus fkefcjtks quc ùjtk scræk djsfutjdks c` cfkek`jo. Vcu pceso`cetk pkdc scr djvjdjdk c`7 ijhksöijfk quc sc rcicrc îs qucstócs skbrc k òtcrjohjs`k mjstörjfk c o huto dc fhosscs, c cfkeô`jfk, rcicrcetc î cxphkroìæk c o cvkhuìæk, pkrê` ohlues ospcftks eæk pcr`jtc` quc sc ioìo csto djstjeìæk.

Dovjd Do vjd Rjfordk

Kutrk tcörjfk quc ùjtk jeihucefjku k pceso`cetk cfkeô`jfk dc suo êpkfo, scedk ojedo ùjtk fkesuhtodk eks djos otuojs. Chc sc fkhkfku o iozcr uò oeïhjsc dk rcedj`cetk do tcrro. Dcsto oeïhjsc, Rjfordk fkefhuju quc o djstrjbujìæk dcstcs rcedj`cetks ê dctcr`jeodo pcho prkdutjvjdodc dos tcrros òjs pkbrcs, ku òrljeojs. Ikj o portjr dcstc cstudk quc surlju k tcr`k òrljeohjs`k dcetrk do oeïhjsc cfkeô`jfo.

Ecstc töpjfk, jrc`ks obkrdor òjs os qucstócs cfkeô`jfos, vjstk quc ê ekssk kbgctk dc cstudks. Vcluedk @orx, os qucstócs cfkeô`jfos sc djvjdc` c`7

Gkme Vtuort @jhh

Fkesjdcrodk u` mjstkrjodkr dk pceso`cetk cfkeô`jfk, pkjs suo kbro fkedceso k pceso`cetk dc scus oetcfcsskrcs, quc iozc` portc do csfkho fhïssjfo . ^krê`, pkdc`ks oijròr quc suo fketrjbujìæk eæk sc rcsu`c c` opceos sjetctjzor o mjstörjo dk pceso`cetk cfkeô`jfk. K ovoeìk dodk pkr @jhh ok pceso`cetk cfkeô`jfk, sc dcu gusto`cetc ok jefkrpkror ekvks chc`cetks ok pceso`cetk do csfkho fhïssjfo do cfkek`jo. @ujtks kutrks outkrcs tjvcro` lroedc j`pkrtâefjo ek dcscevkhvj`cetk do cfkek`jo otê fmclor`ks eks `khdcs quc tc`ks mkgc c` djo, dcetrc chcs, pkdc`ks dcstofor k pceso`cetk dk ijhöskik ohc`æk Aorh M. @orx, k quoh cstudorc`ks o sclujr.

Cxphkroìæk

Cvkhuìæk

Fouso7 cstïtjfo c ophjfotjvo

Fkescquçefjo7 djeâ`jfo c dcsfrjtjvo

O cxphkroìæk poro @orx ê oprcscetodo skb dkjs ospcftks quc sæk fk`phc`cetorcs7 .Cfkeô`jfk7 odktoedk o tckrjo dk vohkr, dcscevkhvjdo pchks fhïssjfks, @orx oijrò quc k vohkr dc uò `crfodkrjo dcvcrjo scr dctcr`jeodk pchk tc`pk dc trobohmk poro suo prkduìæk. .Vkfjoh 7 k vohkr dc uò `crfodkrjo dcvc pcrtcefcr o quc` ikrecfc k trobohmk, ku scgo, ok kpcrïrjk. ôrtjedk dk prcssupkstk quc k vohkr dc uò `crfodkrjo dcvc scr òjkr ku `cekr, hcvoedk c` fkesjdcroìæk k e÷`crk dc mkros ecfcssïrjos poro suo prkduìæk, cetæk tcrc`ks7

Aorh @orx c k Fo Fopjt pjt oh

^rkdutk ?

6 mkros poro suo prkduìæk Yohk ohkrr $ ?>> Cfkek`jo - Ouho ?

2?

^rkdutk 2 : mkros poro suo prkduìæk Yohkr $ 6>> Jestjtutk Sejvcrsoh Brosjhcjrk

Vcluedk @orx, k trobohmk ê o ÷ejfo iketc dc vohkr, pkrê`, ks trobohmodkrcs rcfcbc` opceos uò porfcho dks irutks dc scus csikrìks. Chc djstjelujo k trobohmk sj`phcs dk trobohmk quohjijfodk, scedk quc uò mkro dc trobohmk quohjijfodk pkdcrjo vohcr pkr duos, trçs, quotrk ku `cs`k fjefk mkros dk trobohmk sj`phcs.

K sohïrjk dk trobohmodkr ê cstjpuhodk dc ofkrdk fk` u` `àej`k poro suo skbrcvjvçefjo, ok possk quc oquchc quc djspóc dks `cjks dc prkduìæk, tcetorï prkhkelor ok `ïxj`k o duroìæk dc suo gkreodo dc trobohmk, fk` vjsto o ou`cetor o òjs-vohjo. Cfkek`jo, ecstc fosk, pkdc scr dcijejdo fk`k o fjçefjo skfjoh quc cstudo o òecjro pcho quoh ks mk`ces dcfjdc` c`prclor rcfursks csfossks, o ij` dc prkduzjr djicrcetcs bces c scrvjìks c otcedcr îs ecfcssjdodcs dc fkesu`k.

Rcihj Rc ihj to skbrc skbr c o cxphkr cxphkroìæ oìæk k S` dc scus prjefjpojs fkefcjtks ikj k do cxphkroìæk. @orx djzjo quc scedk k vohkr dos `crfodkrjos frjodk pchk trobohmk, k gustk gus tk sc scrjrjo o k hu hufr frkk jr por poroo o `æ `æk k dc qu quc` c` ikrecfcu k trobohmk, quc scrjo gusto`cetc k trobohmodkr. Fk`k k trobohmodkr eæk rcfcbc k vohkr jetclroh dc scu trobohmk, eæk hmc ê pkssàvch odqujrjr ec` ok `ceks ks prkdutks quc prkduz, tkreoedk-sc, dcsto ikrò, uò vàtjò dk fopjtohjs`k. Jstk ofketcfc pkrquc ek rclj`c fopjtohjsto os trkfos sæk dcsjluojs c jegustos. O cxphkroìæk dks trobohmodkrcs ê dc`kestrodo gusto`cetc ecstos rchoìócs, c` quc ks ofkrdks cetrc ks c`prclodkrcs c c`prclodks eæk sæk icjtks fk` jluohdodc, dcsto ikrò, ks trobohmodkrcs tkreo`-sc csfrovks dk sjstcò fopjtohjsto. ^krê`, scluedk @orx, csto cxphkroìæk eæk ê fuhpo sk`cetc doquchcs quc dctç` ks `cjks dc prkduìæk, òs ê jecrcetc ok rclj`c fopjtohjsto, ku scgo, sö jrï fcssor fk` k dcsoporcfj`cetk dk pröprjk fopjtohjs`k.

KBGCTJYKV C ^RKBHC@OV CFKEÔ@JFKV ISEDO@CETOJV S` dks kbgctjvks do cfkek`jo scrjo k dc, o portjr dk csikrìk jedjvjduoh dc fodo pcssko, frjor bkos pkhàtjfos quc tcemo` fk`k iueìócs7 dj`jeujr dc ikrò fkesjdcrïvch ks prkbhcòs c ou`cetor ks bceciàfjks, ku scgo, otrovês dk trobohmk dk jedjvàduk, o cfkek`jo dcvc busfor ikròs quc ioìo` fk` quc chc loemc òjs, fk` u` `àej`k pkssàvch dc pcrdos ku prcguàzks.

Eo icjro

Rcihj Rc ihj to skbrc skbr c o òjs-vohjo

Ok jr o icjro fk`pror irutos c hclu`cs, toetk o pcssko quc cstï fk`proedk, fk`k o quc cstï vcedcedk, cstæk protjfoedk qucstócs rchofjkeodos î cfkek`jo7 os vorjoìócs dc prcìks, k quc cstï c` ohto, k quc cstï c` iohto, o quohjdodc do `crfodkrjo ctf. Cfkek`jo - Ouho ?

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Vcluedk k outkr Gksê ôsfmkoh Rksscttj Rkssc ttj c` scu hjvrk Jetrkd uìæk î cfkek`jo, mkgc o cfkek`jo sc kfupo to`bê` dk dcsc dcscevkhvj` evkhvj` cetk, do jeihoìæk jeihoìæk dc prcìks, dk dcsc`prclk, dk eàvch dc rcedo skfjoh, dos rcfcssócs c do phceo utjhj zo zoìæk ìæk dks csfo csfossks ssks rcfursks dk sjstcò cfkeô`jfk.

Cstc ê u` kutrk prkbhcò quc o cfkek`jo busfo rcskhvcr7 `chmkror o djstrjbujìæk dc rcedo cetrc ks poàscs c os pcsskos, prjkrjzoedk, dcsto ikrò, o quohjdodc dc vjdo doquchcs quc òjs ecfcssjto`.

Ycgo`ks ohlues dks kbgctjvks do cfkek`jo c vïrjks prkbhcòs hcvoetodks pkr Rksscttj7 Djstrjbujìæk dc rcedo ‖ ok kbscrvor`ks k ùedk c` quc vjvc`ks, pkdc`ks pcrfcbcr quc chc pkdc scr djvjdjdk c` dkjs lroedcs lrupks, dc u` hodk ks poàscs rjfks, kedc os pcsskos, dc u` `kdk lcroh, usuiruc` dc bkos fkedjìócs dc vjdo1 dk kutrk hodk, poàscs pkbrcs quc ossjstc` o cspctïfuhks fruêjs fk`k o iohto dc ohj`cetk c os pêssjòs fkedjìócs dc vjdo. •

C`prclk ‖ cstc ê u` kutrk lroed lroedcc prkprkbhcò o scr rcskhvjdk pcho cfkek`jo. Fk`k frjor volos fopozcs dc iozcr fk` quc tkdos os pcsskos quc cstcgo` dcsc`prclodos fkesjlo` uò ikrò mkecsto dc skbrcvjvcr; O rcihcxæk skbrc csto pcrlueto vcrc`ks c` hjìócs pkstcrjkrcs. •

Oeïhj Oe ïhj sc do d o sj tu oìæk cfk cfkeô eô`j `j fo dk ekssk poà poàs s Eæk prcfjsorào`ks ec` ok `ceks oeohjsor o qucstæk ùedjoh poro pcrfcbcr cstos qucstócs. K Brosjh kfupo u` dks prj`cjrks hulorcs eo hjsto do `ï djstrjbujìæk dc rcedo ek ùedk. C` ekssk poàs, pkdc`ks vcrjijfor io`àhjos vjvcedk eos `csòs fkedjìócs dc pcsskos quc vjvc` c` poàscs rjfks fk`k7 Iroeìo, Jelhotcrro, CSO ctf., tcedk u` ötj`k podræk dc vjdo. ^krê`, sc fkesjdcror`ks k kutrk hodk do `kcdo, o sjtuoìæk ê bc` djicrcetc. @jhmócs dc brosjhcjrks vjvc` c` fkedjìócs obojxk dk eàvch dc pkbrczo, jluohoedk-sc o ùjtks poàscs oirjfoeks quc sæk ùjtk pkbrcs. Cfkek`jo - Ouho ?

^rcìks ‖ o cstobjhjz cstobjhjzoìæk oìæk dks prcìks dks prkdutks ê u` kutrk kbgctjvk pcrsclujdk pcho cfkek`jo. K prkbhcò fkesjstc c` quoh o `chmkr ikrò dc iozcr fk` quc ks prkdutks odqujrjdks pkr uò dkeo dc foso ecstc `çs, òetcemo`-sc ek `cs`k vohkr poro ks pröxj`ks `cscs. Djoetc dc toetos ksfjhoìócs, c` u` ùedk lhkbohjzodk, kedc, uò frjsc eo Fmjeo, pkdc oictor djrcto`cetc k prcìk dks prkdutks eks `crfodks dc tkdk k ùedk, cstc tkreo-sc u` prkbhcò bostoetc fk`phcxk dc scr rcskhvjdk. •

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Frcsfj`cetk cfkeô`jfk ‖ cstc ê k Frcsfj`cetk kbgctjvk toetk dc poàscs rjfks fk`k dc poàscs pkbrcs, pkjs oquchcs quc sæk rjfks oescjo` tkreor-sc òjs rjfks, ok possk quc ks poàscs pkbrcs skemo` fk` k frcsfj`cetk cfkeô`jfk poro `chmkror os fkedjìócs dc vjdo dc suo pkpuhoìæk. K frcsfj`cetk cfkeô`jfk ê dc`kestrodk pcho skhuìæk dks prkbhcòs oetcrjkr`cetc dcsfrjtks. Fkefhuà`ks cstc töpjfk oijròedk quc k prjefjpoh kbgctjvk do cfkek`jo ê o sotjsioìæk dos ecfcssjdodcs muòeos dc ikrò gusto c jluohjtïrjo •

? skò7 vohkr jedjvjduoh dks ijxodkrcs ª

RCEDO, ^RKDSTK C DCVCEYKHYJ@CETK

ª

^rkbhcò7 dupho fketolc`

O cfkek`jo dc u` poàs dcpcedc bosjfo`cetc, dk dcscevkhvj`cetk dc scu prkdutk , kbtjdk otrovês dc uò òjkr rcedo, cstcs sæk iotkrcs prj`krdjojs poro k jeàfjk c sustcetoìæk cfkeô`jfo dc uò eoìæk. K bc`-cstor dc uò eoìæk pkdc scr kbscrvodk o portjr dc vorjïvcjs fk`k7 pkbrczo, `krodjo, dcsc`prclk, dcsjluohdodc, fkedjìócs dc so÷dc, cdufoìæk ctf.

Cxjstc` ohlues prkdutks quc sæk utjhjzodks fk`k òtêrjo-prjò eo prkduìæk dc kutrks, fosk scgo` fketodks ek `k`cetk c` quc soc` do c`prcso quc ks iobrjfku. Vcrjo` fketodks duos vczcs, pkjs scrvjræk dc jesu`k poro kutrks prkdutks. Ycgo`ks u` cxc`phk dcsto d csto dupho fket olc`. Sò c`prcso outk`kbjhàstjfo odqujrc dc kutros c`prcsos djvcrsks fk`pkecetcs quc fkestjtujræk k forrk quc dcvc scr fkesjdcrodk fk`k k prkdutk ijeoh. Dcetrc cstcs fk`pkecetcs, cstï tkdo o hjemo dc ijxodkrcs7 pkrfos, poroiusks, orruchos ctf. Vc o fketolc` dk prkdutk ikssc icjto dcsdc o c`prcso quc ikrecfcu ks ijxodkrcs, tcrào`ks uò dupho fketolc`.

^kr prkdutk pkdc`ks fk`prccedcr o skòtörjo dc tkdos os fkjsos quc ikro` prkduzjdos ek poàs duroetc u` dctcr`jeodk pcràkdk dc tc`pk, lcroh`cetc u` oek. ^krê`, ohlues prkbhcòs surlc` eo tcetotjvo dc iozcr o skòtörjo dk quc ikj prkduzjdk ek poàs. K prj`cjrk prkbhcò ê fk`k pkdcrc`ks skòr fkjsos tæk djstjetos, cxc`phk7 lchodcjro + outk`övch + tchmos; Ks cfkek`jstos poro rcohjzorc` csto skòtörjo, cxprcsso` ks vohkrcs dc fodo kbgctk djstjetk, c` uejdodc `kectïrjo, quc ê k quc vjobjhjzo csto skò. S` kutrk prkbhcò ek fïhfuhk dk prkdutk eofjkeoh brutk (ÊB), ek`c dodk ok vohkr do skòtörjo dk prkdutk, ê k do dupho fke tolc tolc`. `. Cfkek`jo - Ouho ?

2 skò7 k vohkr dks ijxodkrcs gï cstorjo c`butjdk eo uejdodc `kectïrjo dk forrk

ôro cvjtor cstc tjpk dc prkbhcò, ks cfkek`jstos fketobjhjzo`, ek fïhfuhk dk prkdutk eofjkeoh brutk, sk`cetc k prkdutk ijeoh, quc ê gusto`cetc oquchc quc scrï odqujrjdk pchk fkesu`jdkr. Ek fosk dk cxc`phk oetcrjkr, sö 24


scrï fketobjhjzodk k vohkr `kectïrjk dk outk`övch. Tkdos os pcìos quc k fk`póc`, quc ikro` odqujrjdos pcho c`prcso quc k `keto, eæk cetroræk ek fïhfuhk.

Yo`ks cetæk, vcr k quc vc` o scr c quojs sæk ks kbgctks dc cstudks do `jfrkcfkek`jo c do òfrkcfkek`jo dcetrk dc u` sjstcò cfkeô`jfk c ijeoefcjrk dc u` poàs. Ycgo`ks suos dcijejìócs bïsjfos7 @jfrkcfkek`jo

ôrtc do cfkek`jo quc cstudo k iuefjkeo`cetk dc olcetcs cfkeô`jfks jedjvjduojs. @ofrkcfkek`jo

ôrtc do cfkek`jo quc cstudo k iuefjkeo`cetk dk sjstcò cfkeô`jfk fk`k u` tkdk.

Ê o portjr do ovohjoìæk dk prkdutk dc u` poàs quc pkdc`ks vcrjijfor sc mkuvc frcsfj`cetk ku eæk dc suo cfkek`jo, ku scgo, k dcscevkhvj`cetk dc u` poàs cstï djrcto`cetc rchofjkeodk fk` suo prkdutjvjdodc. Cetæk tcrc`ks k sclujetc csqucò7 ^rkdutk Eofjkeoh Brutk-ohtk

Rcedo òjkr

O portjr dcstos dcijejìócs, pkdc`ks dcscevkhvcr k sclujetc csqucò poro fk`prccedcr`ks o iueìæk do `jfrk c do òfrkcfkek`jo7

Dcscevkhvj`cetk Cfkeô`jfk c Vkfjoh

@ofrkcfkek`jo7 kfupo-sc dk fk`pkrto`cetk lhkboh dk sjstcò cfkeô`jfk.

J`pkrtoetc7 K dcscevkhvj`cetk cfkeô`jfk dc uò eoìæk ê vcrjijfodk otrovês dk frcsfj`cetk fketàeuk do rcedo ok hkelk dk tc`pk, cstjùhodk pchk frcsfj`cetk dk prkdutk.

sjstcò cfkeô`jfk

@JFRKCFKEK@JO C @JFRKCFKEK@JO @OFRKCFKEK@JO

@jfrkcfkek`jo7 kfupo-sc do oeïhjsc dk fk`pkrto`cetk dos uejdodcs cfkeô`jfos.

Cstos sæk duos ïrcos dc cstudks djstjetos, fugo ijeohjdodc pkdc scr fkesjdcrodo o `csò7 o fk`prccesæk do sjtuoìæk cfkeô`jfo dc u` poàs. ^krê`, fodo uò dchos portc dc scus pröprjks kbgctks dc cstudks poro ohfoeìor suo ijeohjdodc.

^kdc`ks oijròr quc o `jfrkcfkek`jo ku tckrjo dks prcìks , fk`k to`bê` ê bostoetc fkemcfjdo, tc` vïrjks fo`pks dc cstudks dcetrk dc u` sjstcò cfkeô`jfk. Ycgo`ks ohlues7 Fkesu`jdkrcs ^rkprjctïrjks dc rcfursks C`prcsos Vohïrjks ^rcìks dc prkdutks Iotkrcs rchofjkeodks î prkduìæk @crfodks • •

@JFRK

• •

cfkek`jo

•

@OFRK

•

•

Cfkek`jo - Ouho ?

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O òfrkcfkek`jo cstudo k sjstcò cfkeô`jfk fk`k u` tkdk, rcduzjedk csto oeïhjsc o u` e÷`crk hj`jtodk dc vorjïvcjs, ku scgo, eo òfrkcfkek`jo o cfkek`jo ê cstudodo eæk o portjr dc suos portcs, òs dc scu tkdk, dc ikrò lhkboh. Ycgo`ks ohluòs dos prjefjpojs ïrcos dc cstudks do òfrkcfkek`jo7

Ecsto òtêrjo, dcscevkhvcrc`ks ospcftks rchofjkeodks o `jfrk c o òfrkcfkek`jo. Fk`k cxc`phk, pkdcrào`ks fjtor k jtc` oetcrcedo,, prkdut k c dcsc dcscevkhvj` evkhvj` cetk quc rjkr rcedo sæk ospcftks cstudodks pcho òfrkcfkek`jo (prkdutks eofjkeojs). Dorc`ks fketjeujdodc ok cstudk do cfkek`jo, trotoedk dc u` kutrk ossuetk ùjtk j`pkrtoetc poro fk`prccedcr`ks `chmkr os rchoìócs rchoì ócs csto cstobchcf bchcfjdos jdos cetrc os uejd uejdodcs odcs dc u` sjstcò cfkeô`jfk7 O c`prcso c o prkduìæk , jtces rcicrcetcs ok fo`pk dc cstudks do `jfrkcfkek`jo.

- Toxo dc fâ`bjk - Bohoe Bohoeìk ìk dc polo polo`cet `cetks ks @ofrkcfkek`jo - Rcedo - ^rkdu ^rkdutks tks eofj eofjkeojs keojs - C`prclk/dcsc`prcl C`prclk/dcsc`prclk k - Toxos dc gurks.

Ou O u ho ? ? ‖ Vcluedk Ortmur Vfmkpcemoucr, Vfmkpcemoucr, quoh o fkestoetc fkestoetc ospjroìæk muòeo;

R7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ R7[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[ 2 ‖ Bces dc fkesu`k fkesu`k pkdc` pkdc` scr scr djvjdjdks c`7 hjvrcs, hjvrcs, dc fkesu`k, jetcr`cdjïrjks c ijeojs. ijeojs. Væk foroftcràstjfos dks bces jetcr`cdjïrjks7

o) ( b) ( f) ( d) (

) k iotk dc dc eæk pkdcrc` pkdcrc` scr scr oprkprjod oprkprjodks ks pchos pchos pcsskos. pcsskos. ) otcedcrc otcedcrc` ` î sotjsioì sotjsioìæk æk djrcto djrcto dc ecfcs ecfcssjdod sjdodcs. cs. ) sæk bces quc jræk jræk skircr skircr `kdjijfoì `kdjijfoìócs ócs otê otê sc tkreor tkreorc` c` rcfursks rcfursks poro scrc` fkesu fkesu`jdks. `jdks. ) sæk prkdutks prketks prketks poro poro scrc` fkesu`jdks.

6 ‖ Jedcpcedcetc`cetc Jedcpcedcetc`cetc do skfjcdodc, `cjk skfjoh, jdodc, sjtuoìæk ijeoefcjro, o vketodc dk je jedj djvà vàdu dukk ê jes jesof ofjï jïvc vch,h, rcs rcsto toed edk k o cfke k` k`jo jo fk fkhk hkfo forr c` mo mor` r` kej o [[ [[[[ [[[[ [[[[ [[[[ [[[[ vcrsus [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[ 4 ‖ _uoh k prjefjpoh prcssupkstk do cfkek`jo;

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ 3 ‖ Osskfjc ks sclujetcs sclujetcs fkefcjtks7 fkefcjtks7

( ? ) @ofrkcfkek`jo

( ) cstudo ks olcetcs cfkeô`jfks jedjvjduojs.

( 2 ) @jfrkcfkek`jo

( ) cstudo k iuefjkeo`cetk cfkeô`jfk lhkboh

Cfkek`jo - Ouho ?

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Tcrro (ïrco) Trobohmk (`æk-dc-kbro) Fopjtoh (iàsjfk) ^rkdutks (òtêrjos-prjòs) Sò c`prcso utjhjzo ks iotkrcs dc prkduìæk dc `kdk quc cstcs rcsuhtc` ek prkdutk ijeoh. ôro cictuor o prkduìæk, ùjtos vczcs, ecfcssjto dc bces c scrvjìks prkduzjdks pkr kutro c`prcso. • •

O SHO 2 OSHO O C@^RCVO C O ^RKDSÌÆ ^RKDSÌÆ K C`prcso O c`prcso ê fkesjdcrodo, eo cfkek`jo ùedjoh, u` dks iotkrcs j`prcsfjedàvcjs ek dcscevkhvj`cetk dc u` poàs. ôrtjedk dk prcssupkstk quc k prkdutk eofjkeoh ê `cdjdk o portjr dks prkdutks ijeojs prkduzjdks, gï pkdc`ks pkdc`ks pcrfcbcr pcrfcbcr suo suo j`pkrtâefjo. j`pkrtâefjo. @ujtks kutrks iotkrcs rchofjkeodks î cfkek`jo ojedo dcpcedc` dos c`prcsos, tojs fk`k7 o qucstæk dk dcsc`prclk, prcìks, `crfodk, fkefkrrçefjo, cetrc kutrks.

C`prcso ê uò krloejzoìæk quc prkduz ohlk, pkdc-sc djzcr quc cstc ê k scu prjefjpoh kbgctjvk. ^kr `cjks têfejfks, prkduz bces, scrvjìks c prkdutks, cstcs chc`cetks sæk rcsuhtodk dc tkdk u` prkfcssk dc prkduìæk.

• •

O p r k d u ì æk dk p æk e k s s k dc f od odo o dj djo Yo`ks ikfor k jelrcdjcetc prjefjpoh. Ykfç fk`pro k pæk eo podorjo. ôro iobrjfor k pæk, o podorjo prcfjso odqujrjr o iorjemo dc trjlk dc uò kutro c`prcso. O c`prcso quc prkduz o iorjemo dc trjlk, fk`pro k lræk je eoturo dk olrjfuhtkr.

Ecstc fosk, k pæk scrjo k pr kdut k ijeoh. Ecstc ij eoh. O iorjemo dc trjlk scrjo u` bc` jetcr`cdjïrjk . K lræk je eoturo, o òtêrjo-prjò.

@ujtos vczcs, uò c`prcso poro prkduzjr ohlk, dcpcedc dc iotkrcs dc prkduìæk dc uò kutro c`prcso, kfkrrcedk uò jetcrdcpcedçefjo jetcrdcpcedçef jo cetrc os c`prcsos. Ks bces odqujrjdks pkr uò c`prcso, poro scrc` troesikròdks c` prkdutks, pkdc` scr djvjdjdks c`7 Bces ijeojs - prkduzjdks pcho c`prcso otê scu têr`jek c vcedjdks djrcto`cetc ok fkesu`jdkr, fk`k prkdutks ijeojs. Ycgo k cxc`phk dk pæk.

^rkduìæk Ks bces c scrvjìks sæk fkesjdcrodks utjhjdodcs cfkeô`jfos quc sotjsiozc` os ekssos ecfcssjdodcs. Dcssc `kdk, o prkduìæk pkdc scr fhossjijfodo fk`k7 ^rkduìæk dc bces cfkeô`jfks ohj`cetks, rc`êdjks, `ïqujeos ctf. ^rkduìæk dc scrvjìks - scrvjìks dc troespkrtc, djvcrsócs p÷bhjfos, scrvjìk `êdjfk ctf. •

•

•

Ek fo`pk do cfkek`jo, k fkefcjtk dc prkduìæk eæk ê djicrcetc, prkduzjr sjlejijfo frjor bces ku scrvjìks, kicrcfcedk-ks î vcedo ku î trkfo.

^æk 0 prkdutk ijeoh Bces jetcr`cdjïrjks7 sæk prkdutks quc cetroræk eo `ketolc` dks prkdutks iobrjfodks pcho c`prcso quc ks odqujrju. Cx.7 uò c`prcso outk`kbjhàstjfo quc fk`pro, dc uò kutro c`prcso, pecus poro o `ketolc` dc scus outk`övcjs. •

Iotkr Io tkrcs cs dc ^rkduìæk ôro sc prkduzjr ohlk sæk ecfcssïrjks ks iotkrcs dc prkduìæk. Cstcs iotkrcs sæk bces c scrvjìks troesikr`ïvcjs c` prkdutks. K prkfcssk dc prkduìæk cevkhvc bosjfo`cetc, quotrk iotkrcs, quc sæk7 Cfkek`jo - Ouho 2

êcus 0 bces jetc`cdjïrjks 2<


@ujtks sæk ks iotkrcs quc ikrò` ks fustks dc uò c`prcso, cstcs fustks vorjo` dc c`prcso poro c`prcso. ^krê`, k fïhfuhk dks fustks eo vjsæk cfkeô`jfo ê djicrcetc dks fïhfuhks rcohjzodks eo fketobjhjdodc do c`prcso. Cequoetk ek fïhfuhk dks fustks do fketobjhjdodc ê hcvodk c` fkesjdcroìæk sk`cetc fustks cxphàfjtks, ku scgo, ks lostks cxprcssks ikròh`cetc c fk` fhorczo, tojs fk`k7 òtêrjo-prjò, sohïrjk, j`pkstks ctf., ek fïhfuhk dks fustks, eo vjsæk cfkeô`jfo, hcvo`-sc c` fkesjdcroìæk ks fustks cxphàfjtks skòdks oks fustks j`phàfjtks. ^kr fustks j`phàfjtks, pkdc`ks fk`prccedcr oquchcs quc cstæk jefhuàdks, òs eæk dc `kdk fhork, ku scgo, ijfo` subcetcedjdks. Cstcs fustks sæk cstjpuhodks o portjr dk quc pkdcrjo scr loemk quoedk ks rcfursks do c`prcso sæk bc` utjhjzodks. Cx.7 o fopofjdodc `ïxjò dc prkduìæk dc uò `ïqujeo ku icrro`ceto. Dcsto ikrò, poro quc uò c`prcso dc`kestrc cstobjhjdodc ijeoefcjro c cfkeô`jfo, k rcsuhtodk dc scus fustks cfkeô`jfks dcvc scr òjkr quc k dc scus fustks fketïbcjs. Ks fustks dc uò c`prcso pkdc` scr djvjdjdks bosjfo`cetc c`7

@otêrjo-prjò7 ê gusto`cetc k òtcrjoh ojedo eæk trobohmodk pkr kutro c`prcso quc scrï utjhjzodk eo iobrjfoìæk dks prkdutks dc quc` k odqujrju. Cxc`phk7 `jeêrjks fk`prodks pkr u` c`prcso quc iobrjfo pjsks c rcvcstj`cetks fcrâ`jfks. •

@jeêrjks 0 òtêrjo-prjò O c`prcso, oetcs dc jejfjor suo prkduìæk dcvc tcr c` `cetc os sclujetcs qucstócs7 ^RKDSWJR

K quç; ôro quc`; Fk`k;

Os rcspkstos poro cstos pcrluetos fkestjtuc` k kbgctk dc cstudk do cfkek`jo ophjfodo îs c`prcsos. Cijfjçefjo eo prkduìæk ôro quc uò c`prcso pksso csfkhmcr k prkfcssk dc prkduìæk, dcvc-sc ovohjor o suo cijfjçefjo, toetk dk pketk dc vjsto tcfekhöljfk fk`k cfkeô`jfk. O cijfjçefjo tcfekhöljfo pcr`jtc prkduzjr uò `csò quoetjdodc dc prkdutk, utjhjzoedk `ceks iotkrcs dc prkduìæk. O cijfjçefjo cfkeô`jfo pcr`jtc prkduzjr uò `csò quoetjdodc dc prkdutk, fk` `ceks fustks cevkhvjdks eo prkduìæk ou`cetoedk dcsto ikrò, k hufrk poro o c`prcso. Cijfjçefjo Cijfjçef jo tcfek tcfekhölj höljfo fo - pcr` pcr`jtc jtc prkduzjr uò `csò quoetjdodc dc prkdutk, utjhjzoedk `ceks iotkrcs dc prkduìæk.

Fustks cfkeô`jfks

Fustks fketïbcjs

HSFRK Cijfjç Cijf jçef efjo jo cf cfke keô` ô`jf jfoo - pcr pcr-`jtc prkduzjr uò `csò quoetjdodc dc prkdutk, fk` `ceks fustks eo prkduìæk.

Fustks ijxks (FI)7 sæk oquchcs osskfjodks oks iotkrcs dc prkduìæk quc eæk vorjo` c` u` furtk cspoìk dc tc`pk, ku scgo, sæk iotkrcs ijxks quc eæk skirc` ohtcroìócs fk` k ou`cetk do prkduìæk. Cxc`phk7 ohuluêjs, j`pkstks, sclurks ctf. •

FSVTKV DO ^RKDSÌÆK

Fustks vorjïvcjs (FY)7 (FY)7 cstcs vorjo` dc ofkrdk fk` o vorjoìæk do prkduìæk, pkjs o cho cstæk jetjò`cetc hjlodks. Væk chcs7 òtêrjo-prjò, òqujeïrjk, cecrljo chêtrjfo, `ækdc-kbro ctf.

Fustks do prkduìæk ê gusto`cetc k vohkr lostk pcho c`prcso poro prkduzjr uò dctcr`jeodo quoetjdodc dc prkdutks1 scrjo o skòtörjo dc tkdks ks lostks fk` o prkduìæk. Cfkek`jo - Ouho 2

•

2=


Fustk tktoh (FT)7 dï-sc gusto`cetc pcho skòtörjo dks fustks ijxks òjs ks fustks vorjïvcjs, rcsuhtoedk eks fustks tktojs tktojs dc suo prkduìæk.

Fustks @êdjks Ohê` dks fustks ijxks, fustks vorjïvcjs c dk fustk tktoh, pkdcrào`ks ojedo fohfuhor ks fust ks `êdjk (F (F@c @c), ), quc sæk cqujvohcetcs o fodo uejdodc prkduzjdo, ku scgo, pkr `cjk dks fustks `êdjks, pkdc o c`prcso sobcr quoetk ikj k fustk dc fodo uejdodc prkduzjdo. Ks fustks `êdjks sæk fohfuhodks o portjr do djvjsæk dk fustk tktoh (FT), fohfuhodk oetcrjkr`cetc, pchk e÷`crk tktoh dc pcìos prkduzjdos pcho c`prcso c` u` dctcr`jeodk pcràkdk (_).

•

F@c

0

FT _

Ycgo`ks u` cxc`phk utjhjzoedk ojedo k fosk fjtodk7 F@c 0 FT 0 4 >>>,>> F@c 0 ?>,>> _ 4>> ^krtoetk, tcrào`ks $ ?>,>> dc fustk c` fodo uejdodc prkduzjdo.

S` cxc`phk prïtjfk dk fïhfuhk dks fustks dc uò c`prcso Sò c`prcso dc bkrrofmo oprcscetku k sclujetc bohoefctc `cesoh poro rcohjzoìæk dks fïhfuhks dc fustk7 Dcsfrjì Dc sfrjì æk dks lostks Ijxks Yorjïvcjs Yohkr $

Ïluo Ohuluch Cecrljo chêtrjfo J`pkstk @æk-dc-kbro @oqujeïrjk @otêrjo-prjò Vclurk

] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]

2>>,>> =>>,>> 6>>,>> 3>>,>> 4>>,>> =>>,>> 9>>,>> 4>>,>>

Kbscrvc o dji djicrceìo crceìo cetr cetrc c ks fustks fust ks Furtk prozk7 tc` fk`k foroftcràstjfo ks fustks ijxks c ks fustks vorjïvcjs1 Hkelk prozk7 ê fkestjtuàdk opceos pchk fustk vorjïvch, pkjs, o hkelk prozk, uò c`prcso eæk pkssuj fustks ijxks. •

•

E÷`crk tktoh dc uejdodcs prkduzjdos ( _)7 4>> pcìos

O C@^RCVO C KV HSFRKV Cetæk tcrào`ks7

Fk`k sobc`ks, o busfo prjefjpoh dc lroedc portc dos c`prcsos ê gusto`cetc k hufrk, quoetk òjkr c òjs hufrotjvo ikr uò c`prcso, òjs fkefcjtuodo scrï ek poekroò cfkeô`jfk ùedjoh.

Fustks i jxks (FI) 0 ohuluch + j`pkstk + sclurk 0 =>>,>> + 3>>,>> + 4>>,>> 4>>,>> 0 $ ? <>>,>> •

Fustks vorjïvcjs (FY) (FY) 0 ïluo + cecrljo chêtrjfo + `æk-dc-kbro + òqujeïrjk + òtêrjo-prjò 0 2>>,>> + 6>>,>> + 4>>,>> + =>>,>> + 9>>,>> 0 $ 2 6>>,>> •

K hufrk pkdc scr fk`prccedjdk fk`k loemks, voetolces ku bceciàfjks quc sc kbtç` fk` fk` o vcedo dc bces ku fk` uò otjvjdodc.

Fustk tk toh (FT (FT) 0 FI + FY 0 ? <>>,>> + 2 6>>,>> 0 $ 4 >>>,>> •

Cfkek`jo - Ouho 2

2:


}

Vobcedk quc k kbgctjvk prjefjpoh dos c`prcsos ê k hufrk, pkdc`ks oijròr quc ioræk k pkssàvch c k j`pkssàvch poro ou`cetor fodo vcz òjs scus hufrks, do `csò ikrò quc ks fkesu`jdkrcs dc scus prkdutks busforæk ou`cetor suo sotjsioìæk ok odqujrjrc` tojs prkdutks. C@^RCVO

FKEVS@JDKR

òxj`jzoìæk òxj`jzoìæ k dks h ufrks

òxj`jzoìæk do sotjsioìæk

$ Fustk c`prclodk c` suo prkduìæk

}

$ HSFRK

$ Yohkr tktoh dk prkdutk

^RKDSÌÆK C BCECIÀFJKV

O skhuìæk poro cstc djhcò cetrc c`prcso c fkesu`jdkr sö sc dï fk` o djeo`jzoìæk dks `cjks dc prkduìæk. O c`prcso dcvc prkduzjr òjs jtces quc tcemo` fk`k foroftcràstjfos prjefjpojs7 bk` prcìk, quohjdodc, ossjstçefjo ctf, dj`jeujedk dc ikrò fkesjdcrïvch ks rciulks. O portjr dcsto jejfjotjvo do c`prcso, fcrto`cetc ks dkjs olcetcs cevkhvjdks ecstc prkfcssk scræk bcecijfjodks7 k fkesu`jdkr quc jrï odqujrjr u` prkdutk quc k dcjxorï phceo`cetc sotjsicjtk c o c`prcso quc kbtcrï òjkòjk rcs vcedos c, ossj`, òjkrcs hufrks.

K bceciàfjk dc uò c`prcso cstï hjlodk djrcto`cetc î suo prkduìæk. Ê gusto`cetc o voetolc` ku prkvcjtk poro scr odqujrjdo otrovês do vcedo dc scus prkdutks c kbtceìæk dks hufrks. ^rkduìæk

Hufrks

Bceciàfjks

Fk`k ikj djtk oetcrjkr`cetc, o prkduìæk dc uò c`prcso, dcvc scr fk`prccedjdo fk`k uò otjvjdodc quc busfo sotjsiozcr ks dcscgks dc kutros pcsskos quc odqujrc` scus prkdutks. O c`prcso sö kbtcrï òjkrcs hufrks c, dcsto ikrò, òjs bceciàfjks, otrovês dc uò bko fk`bjeoìæk dc scus rcfursks prkdutjvks quc pkdc` scr bosjfo`cetc fhossjijfodos c` trçs7 Tcrro ku rcfursks eoturojs - o tcrro, ks `jecrojs c kutrks rcfursks eoturojs sæk j`pkrtoetcs `cjks utjhjzodks eo kbtceìæk dc vïrjks prkdutks, scrvc`, lcroh`cetc, fk`k òtêrjo-prjò eo kbtceìæk dc je÷`crks prkdutks òeuioturodks. Ek fosk cspcfàijfk do tcrro, cho cetro fk`k u` chc`cetk prj`krdjoh poro k bk` dcscevkhvj`cetk do olrjfuhturo. Trobohmk - ê u` dks rcfursks òjs c`prclodks eo jed÷strjo `kdcreo, pkjs ê o portjr do skòtörjo dc vïrjks csikrìks (djvjsæk dk trobohmk), c do ktj`jzoìæk dcstcs csikrìks, quc scrï dodk k rjt`k dc uò prkduìæk bc` fk`k o loroetjo do quohjdodc dk òtcrjoh prkduzjdk. •

Rcfcjtos sæk ks vohkrcs kbtjdks fk` o vcedo dks prkdutks quc ikro` iobrjfodks. Hufrk scrjo gusto`cetc k vohkr tktoh fkbrodk pchk prkdutk, subtrojedk dcstc vohkr ks fustks cevkhvjdks c` suo prkduìæk.

•

^kdc`ks kbscrvor quc k fustk c`prclodk eo prkduìæk cstï jefhuàdk ek vohkr tktoh dk prkdutk fk`k `kstro o rcprcscetoìæk quc dcstofo csscs dkjs iotkrcs. Cfkek`jo - Ouho 2

6>


Fopjtoh - rcicrc-sc îs qucstócs dc jevcstj`cetk c` òqujeïrjk, icrro`ceto, bkes cqujpo`cetks dc `cdjìæk, phoeto do c`prcso, cspcfjohjzoìæk dc `æk-dc-kbro, bc` fk`k k polo`cetk dc sohïrjks gustks îs pcsskos cevkhvjdos fk` o prkduìæk. Ek jeàfjk dcsto hjìæk, fkhkfo`ks uò qucstæk ùjtk j`pkrtoetc o scr rcspkedjdo pchks c`prcsïrjks, oetcs `cs`k dc jejfjorc` suo prkduìæk7 •

Oe ïhjsc Oeïhj sc lr lrïij ïijfo fo do cij cijfj fjçef çefjo jo cfk cfkeô eô`j `jfo fo d c uò c`prcso eu` dctcr`jeodk p cràkdk

+ hufrk

K quç; ôro quc`; Fk`k;

^RKDSWJR

J`pkrtoetc7 Sò bko fk`bjeoìæk dc rcfursks prkdutjvks, quc sæk tcrro c rcfursks eoturojs, trobohmk c fopjtoh, ê o `chmkr ikrò dc prkduzjr, fk` ks `cjks dc quc o c`prcso gï djspóc.

goecjrk

obrjh

òjk

guemk

Fustks c`prclodks eo prkduìæk Tktoh dc prkdutks prkduzjdks

Csto ê uò qucstæk iuedo`cetoh poro k bk` dcscevkhvj`cetk do prkduìæk, kbtceìæk dc òjs hufrks c bceciàfjks poro o c`prcso, iuefjkeïrjks c, prjefjpoh`cetc, poro ks fkesu`jdkrcs. ^krtoetk, ê sk`cetc o portjr dk dcscevkhvj`cetk dcstos pkhàtjfos prkdutjvos, osskfjodos î skòtörjo dc tkdks ks olcetcs cevkhvjdks ek prkfcssk dc prkduìæk dc bces dc fkesu`k, quc o c`prcso pkdcrï kbtcr scus hufrks, ku oòrlor k prcguàzk.

Fk`k pkdc`ks vcrjijfor, ok hkelk dc scjs `cscs csto c`prcso fkescluju dj`jeujr, dc ikrò fkesjdcrïvch, scus fustks cevkhvjdks eo prkduìæk, òetcedk o `csò quoetjdodc dc prkdutks prkduzjdks. Csto dj`jeujìæk eks fustks do prkduìæk sc dï, c` lroedc portc, otrovês dc uò bko fk`bjeoìæk dks rcfursks prkdutjvks. Sò kutro ikrò do c`prcso kbtcr òjkrcs bceciàfjks ê k jevcstj`cetk c` tcfekhkljo poro k bk` dcscevkhvj`cetk dc scu prkfcssk prkdutjvk.

;

O TCFEKHKLJO

^RCGSÀWK

HSFRK

icvc ic vcrc rcjr jrkk ò òrì rìkk

C@^RCVO

O tcfekhkljo vkhtodo poro o prkduìæk pkdc scr fk`prccedjdo fk`k k fkeguetk dc fkemcfj`cetks fjcetàijfks quc sc ophjfo` o u` dctcr`jeodk ro`k dc otjvjdodc.

Sò ikrò do c`prcso òetcr scus bceciàfjks ê o cijfjçefjo cfkeô`jfo quc ê o kbtceìæk do `csò quoetjdodc dc prkdutks prkduzjdks, dj`jeujedk, dc ikrò fkesjdcrïvch, ks fustks c` suo prkduìæk.

^kdc`ks oijròr quc cxjstc` je÷`cros ikròs dc sc prkduzjr k `cs`k prkdutk c` uò c`prcso. Cstos ikròs vorjo` quoetk ok c`prclk dc têfejfos ku cqujpo`cetks quc vjobjhjzc` k prkfcssk prkdutjvk.

Cfkek`jo - Ouho 2

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O portjr dk dcscevkhvj`cetk tcfekhöljfk dks `cjks dc prkduìæk, o c`prcso pkdcrï kbtcr uò òjkr quoetjdodc dc prkdutks ophjfoedk dc ikrò jetchjlcetc ks iotkrcs c`prclodks eo prkduìæk7 rcfursks eoturojs c `æk-dc-kbro, rcskhvcedk prkbhcòs iuedo`cetojs dc cfkek`jo. O tcfekhkljo ê uò dos `chmkrcs oròs fketro o fkefkrrçefjo. Ê o portjr dcho, quc o c`prcso pkdcrï obotcr ek prcìk ijeoh dk prkdutk o cfkek`jo icjto c` suo prkduìæk, pchk iotk dc prkduzjr òjs fk` fk` `ceks fustks, fustks, rcpossoedk cstc vohkr oks fkesu`jdkrcs. Dcetrk dc u` sjstcò prkdutjvk, o tcfekhkljo otuo bosjfo`cetc eks sclujetcs ospcftks7 - ^csqujsos - ^rkgctks - Cqujpo`cetks TCFEKHKLJO - Oeïhjsc dc òtcrjojs - Jestru`cetks dc `cdjìæk - Oeïhjscs hobkrotkrjojs - Têfejfos

K cstudk poro csto substjtujìæk fk`cìo pchk trobohmk dc prkgctjstos quc oeohjso` k trobohmk rcohjzodk, prkgctoedk u` cqujpo`cetk quc scgo fopoz dc rcohjzor csto `csò torcio, sc pkssàvch, dc ikrò òjs cijfjcetc c òjs rïpjdo quc o `æk-dc-kbro ohj c`prclodo. K scluedk possk, dcpkjs dc prkgctodk c icjtk k cqujpo`cetk, ê fkhkfor c` prïtjfo c vcrjijfor suo iuefjkeobjhjdodc poro dcpkjs fk`cìor o prkduzjr. K rcsuhtodk ijeoh dcsto substjtujìæk, scrï k ou`cetk dks hufrks poro o c`prcso pkjs cstc cqujpo`cetk substjtujrï k trobohmk dc dcz iuefjkeïrjks quc ohj trobohmovo`. Opös Opö s o c` c`pr prcso cso rc rcfu fupcr pcror or k fus fustk tk jevcstjdk ecstc cqujpo`cetk, scus hufrks scræk bc` òjkrcs, kbtcedk bceciàfjks poro o c`prcso c scus fkesu`jdkrcs.

{

Tcfekhk ljo ] Dcsc`prclk Eo c`prcso outk`kbjhàstjfo pkdc`ks vcrjijfor fk` òjs fhorczo cstos ùdoeìos tcfekhöljfos eks `cjks prkdutjvks, ùjtks sctkrcs djspceso` quosc quc tktoh`cetc o `æk-dc-kbro, doedk hulor o rkbôs quc fkòedo` tkdo o prkduìæk. K hufrk lcrodk o portjr dcsto ùdoeìo, sc dï pchk iotk dk rkbô eæk ecfcssjtor dc iêrjos, ossjstçefjo `êdjfo, ohj`cetoìæk, sohïrjk ctf.

S` cxc`phk prïtjfk dk dcscevkhvj`cetk tcfekhöljfk dc u` sjstcò prkdutjvk7 Sò c`prcso outk`kbjhàstjfo tc` jetcrcssc c` dj`jeujr ks fustks prkdutjvks dk sctkr dc skhdo dc pkrtos dc outk`övcjs ohj prkduzjdks, substjtujedk portc do `æk-dc-kbro c`prclodo ek trobohmk pkr `ïqujeos ku rkbôs quc scgo` fopozcs dc cictuor csto `csò iueìæk.

O ch j ` j e oì æk d c f o` p k s d c t r obohmk dc`kestro` quc os pcsskos dcvc` sc cspcfjohj zo zorr f odo vcz òjs poro eæk oòrlor eo ijho dk dcsc`prclk, pkjs o ekvo rcohjdodc rcohjdodc ùedj oh rcqucr pcsskos ohto`cetc quohjijfodos poro fkòedor c iozcr iozcr òeutceìæk òeu tceìæk ecstcs cqujpo`cetks. Ioscs Io scs poro o j`p hoetoìæk dc tcfekhk ljo Fk`k pkdc`ks vcrjijfor ek cxc`phk fjtodk oetcrjkr`cetc, k dcscevkhvj`cetk tcfekhöljfk dc u` sctkr prkdutjvk kbcdcfc trçs ioscs djstjetos poro suo ophjfoìæk7

Cfkek`jo - Ouho 2

62


Kbcdcfcedk o cstos trçs ioscs, o c`prcso pkdcrï c`prclor ks `cjks tcfekhöljfks fopozcs dc ktj`jzor suo prkduìæk, ou`cetoedk scus hufrks c ks bceciàfjks poro o c`prcso.

C`prclodkr Ê oquchc quc, pchk iotk dc pkssujr ks `cjks dc prkduìæk, fketroto, otrovês dk polo`cetk dc sohïrjks, trobohmodkrcs poro dcscevkhvcr torcios, fk` vjstos ok dcscevkhvj`cetk dcsc evkhvj`cetk dc prkdutks ku scrvjìks poro scrc scrc` ` vcedjdks o kutros pcs s kos.

^rkgctor

Fkhkfor c` prïtjfo

^rkduzjr

TROBOHMODKR, C@^RCLODKR C FKEVS@JDKR Tkdk c quohqucr sjstcò cfkeô`jfk sc sustceto skbrc cstcs trçs pjhorcs quc sæk o bosc do cfkek`jo ùedjoh7 trobohmodkr, c`prclodkr c fkesu`jdkr. Yo`ks dcijejr c cstobchcfcr os pkssàvcjs djstjeìócs cetrc cstcs trçs `kdks dc otuoìæk skfjoh, cxjstcetcs c` tkdos os skfjcdodcs fopjtohjstos.

Fkesu`jdkr Ê gust o`cetc oquchc quc odqujr c ks prkdutks prkdut ks ku scrvjìks iobrjfodks pchks trobohmodkrcs, quc ikro` fketrotodks pchks c`prclo c`pr clodkrcs, dkrcs, ku scgo, scrjo scrjo oquchc quc fkesk`c, u` j edjvàduk ku k u jestjtu je stjtujìæ jìæk k quc fk`pro fk`pr o bces bces poro scu scu fkesu`k. fkes u`k.

Trobohmodkr O p oh ov r o t r ob oh m od k r, d cr j v o d k vcrbk trobohmor, trobohmor, dcsto ikr` o, scrjo gusto`cetc oquchc oquchc quc cxcfuto k trobohmk. Lcroh`cetc, cstc trobohmodkr, pkr eæk pkssujr `cjks dc prkduìæk, vcedc suo ikrìo dc trobohmk poro oquchcs quc pkssuc` tojs `cjks d c prkduìæk.

Fk`k pkdc`ks vcrjijfor, cxjstc uò jetcrdcpcedçefjo cetrc cstos trçs iueìócs dcetrk dc u` sjstcò cfkeô`jfk. Tkdos chos sæk dc jluoh j`pkrtâefjo c dcpcedc` uòs dos kutros poro k bk` dcscevkhvj`cetk dks eclöfjks. K chk dc hjloìæk cetrc cssos trçs iueìócs sc dï gusto`cetc pkr `cjk dk prkdutk, pkjs ê o portjr dchc quc scræk loroetjdks k polo`cetk dk trobohmodkr, k hufrk poro k c`prclodkr c o sotjsioìæk dk fkesu`jdkr. Cfkek`jo - Ouho 2

66


Trobohmodkr

^rkdutk

Ecstc cxc`phk, k hufrk dk c`prclodkr pkdcrjo scr u` pkufk `cekr, ou`cetoedk, dcsto ikrò, ks loemks poro ks trobohmodkrcs c poro ks fkesu`jdkrcs, quc pkdcrjo` fk`pror scus prkdutks pkr u` prcìk òjs ofcssàvch.

C`prclodkr

Fkesu`jdkr

S` dks prjfjpojs prkbhcòs cfkeô`jfks dk fopjtohjs`k ê gusto`cetc cstc7 o qucstæk dks rjfks sc tkreorc` fodo vcz òjs rjfks rj fks c ks pkbrcs (oquchcs quc eæk djspóc` dks `cjks dc prkduìæk), fodo vcz òjs pkbrcs c j`pkssjbjhjtodks dc ùdorc` csto sjtuoìæk. Durobjhjdodc Duro bjhjdodc dks prkd utks Sò kutro qucstæk ùjtk jetcrcssoetc eo skfjcdodc `kdcreo, ê k iotk dc fk`k ks prkdutks prkduzjdks c vcedjdks tç` uò durobjhjdodc `cekr dk quc ks `cs`ks prkdutks prkduzjdks oetjlo`cetc. ^kdc`ks vcrjijfor csto qucstæk oeohjsoedk ks outk`övcjs. Oetjlo`cetc, o hotorjo dc u` forrk cro ùjtk òjs rcsjstcetc dk quc o dks quc sæk iobrjfodks mkgc. ^cìos quc cro` icjtos c` icrrk, ikro` substjtuàdos pchk phïstjfk. Cstos ùdoeìos ikro` icjtos, c` ùjtks fosks, pcesoedk eos vcedos. Eæk ê jetcrcssoetc poro uò c`prcso fopjtohjsto, iobrjfor u` prkdutk quc durc ‘poro sc`prc‐. K jdcoh ê quc k prkdutk tcemo uò fcrto durobjhjdodc, òs quc tcemo dcslostcs, poro quc k fkesu`jdkr vcemo o odqujrjr pcìos dc rcpksjìæk, ku `cs`k, u` kutrk prkdutk. Ê dcsto ikrò quc o c`prcso òetê` scus bceciàfjks, frjoedk pkhàtjfos quc prjkrjzc` k hufrk, loroetjedk o cstobjhjdodc ijeoefcjro poro k bk` dcscevkhvj`cetk dc scus eclöfjks.

K fkeihjtk prjefjpoh ecstc sjstcò, scluedk Aorh @orx, cstï eo qucstæk do cxphkroìæk. Cspcfjijfo`cetc ek sjstcò fopjtohjsto c` quc k hufrk òjkr ijfo poro oquchcs quc djspóc` dks `cjks dc prkduìæk, ku scgo, ks c`prclodkrcs. K fkeihjtk ê lcrodk pchk iotk dk trobohmodkr cxjljr poro sj u` sïhorjk `chmkr, `chmkrcs fkedjìócs dc trobohmk, ossjstçefjo `êdjfo, ohj`cetoìæk ctf. K fkesu`jdkr, pkr suo vcz, busfo sc`prc prkdutks fk` prcìks bojxks c òjs bceciàfjks, tojs fk`k quohjdodc, durobjhjdodc, ossjstçefjo têfejfo ctf. C` fketroportjdo, k c`prclodkr busfo sc`prc òxj`jzor scus hufrks, dj`jeujedk ks fustks eo prkduìæk.

Hufr k ] Vohïrjk Vohïrjk S` c`prclodkr tc` u` hufrk `cesoh fk` o vcedo dc scus prkdutks dc $ 6>. >>>,>>. Cstc `cs`k c`prclodkr, c`prclo iuefjkeïrjks poloedk u` sohïrjk `cesoh dc opceos $ 9>>,>>. Fk`k pkdc`ks vcrjijfor, ecstc fosk tàpjfk dk sjstcò fopjtohjsto, eæk mï uò djvjsæk cqujtotjvo dks hufrks. O djvjsæk cqujtotjvo òejicsto scesk dc gustjìo c rcspcjtk î jluohdodc dc djrcjtks. Cfkek`jo - Ouho 2

VOHÏRJK Vohïrjk ê o ik ikr` ròo dc po polo lo`c `cet etkk dcvjdo pchk c`prclodkr ok c`prclodk.

K sohïrjk pkdc scr fk`prccedjdk fk`k u` kbgctk dc trkfo cetrc k c`prclodkr, quc pkssuj ks `cjks dc prkduìæk, c ks trobohmodkrcs, pcsskos fketrotodos poro dcscevkhvcrc` ohlu` tjpk dc otjvjdodc vjsoedk hufrks poro o c`prcso. 64


Tkdo c quohqucr c`prcso sö fketrotorï u` trobohmodkr ku k òetcrï c` scu quodrk dc iuefjkeïrjks, otê k `k`cetk c` quc k vohkr prkduzjdk pkr chc, scgo, òjkr quc k fustk dc suo fketrotoìæk.

Sò kutro ikrò dc sohïrjk, ùjtk fkù` poro prkijssjkeojs do ïrco dc vcedos, ê o fk`jssæk. Cstc tjpk dc krdceodk cstï djrcto`cetc rchofjkeodk î vcedo dc prkdutks7 o pcssko quc rcohjzku os vcedos rcfcbc uò pkrfcetolc` dk vohkr dk prkdutk vcedjdk. Lcroh`cetc, os c`prcsos quc uso` csto ikrò dc polo`cetk fk`bjeo` fk` k trobohmodkr u` sohïrjk ijxk, skòdk o fk`jssæk skbrc os vcedos cxcfutodos. Csto ê fkesjdcrodo uò otjtudc `ktjvodkro quc ioz fk` quc ks trobohmodkrcs dcscevkhvo` ikròs dc ou`cetor suos vcedos o ij` dc ou`cetorc` scu sohïrjk ijeoh.

} _uoetjo polo ok trobohmodkr

}

Vjedjfotks Ks sjedjfotks tç` uò iueìæk prj`krdjoh eo fkequjsto dc dc `chmkrcs sohïrjks. O rchoìæk cetrc trobohmodkrcs c c`prclodkrcs, c` uò skfjcdodc fopjtohjsto, portc dc jetcrcsscs kpkstks O lucrro ê dcfhorodo o portjr dk `k`cetk c` quc sc ioho c` dj`jeujr ks hufrks doquchcs quc pkssuc` ks `cjks dc prkduìæk. Ks sjedjfotks tcrjo` k popch dc odvklodks dks trobohmodkrcs, hutoedk pkr `chmkrcs sohïrjks c fkedjìócs djleos dc trobohmk. O portjr do jetcrvce jetcrvceìæk ìæk dks sjedjfotk sjedjfotkss ikj frjodk u` tctk tctk `àej`k poro k polo`cetk polo`cetk dks trobohmodkrcs7 k sohïrjk `àej`k.

Yohkr tkt oh prkduzjdk pchk trobohmodkr

Fmoò`ks dc ossohorjodks tkdos os pcsskos quc dcpcedc` dk sohïrjk rcfcbjdk c` trkfo dc csikrìk eo prkduìæk dc bces. Cstcs bces c ks hufrks kbtjdks c` suos vcedos sæk dc prkprjcdodc doquchcs quc pkssuc` ks `cjks dc prkduìæk7 ks c`prclodkrcs, rcspkesïvcjs pchk polo`cetk dks sohïrjks. O fràtjfo dc @orx fkesjstc c` quc k vohkr dc uò `crfodkrjo dcvcrjo pcrtcefcr o quc` ikrecfc k trobohmk, ku scgo, ok kpcrïrjk. K sohïrjk, lcroh`cetc, ê k rcsuhtodk dc u` ofkrdk cetrc ks c`prclodkrcs c c`prclodks. ^kdc scr polk djorjo`cetc, scòeoh`cetc, o fodo qujezc djos, `cesoh`cetc, Rctrkspcftjvo Rctrkspcftjvo mjstör jfo pkdcedk cstor otrchodk î prkduìæk ku eæk. Fk` o Rcvkhuìæk Jedustrjoh, ek sêfuhk ]J], tcvc jeàfjk o rcùecroìæk dk trobohmodkr. Oetcs djssk, fodo pcssko prkduzjo scus Ikròs dc sohïrjk Vc ikr hjlodk î prkduìæk, k trobohmodkr pröprjks utcesàhjks, poro usk pröprjk ku poro busforï sc`prc ou`cetor o quoetjdodc dc trkfos. O ÷ejfo `æk-dc-kbro cxjstcetc cro o uejdodcs prkduzjdos poro ou`cetor scu so- csfrovo. Trobohmovo-sc poro u` scemkr, quc hïrjk, quc cstï hjlodk djrcto`cetc î suo prk- cro tjdk fk`k scu dkek c, c` trkfo dc scu dutjvjdodc. trobohmk, rcfcbjo-sc k `àej`k poro sotjsiozcr suos prj`cjros ecfcssjdodcs7 ohj`cetoìæk, O fodo ?.>>> `krodjo, vcstj`cetos ctf. $ ?.>>>,>> pcìos prkduzjdos Ks csfrovks eæk pkdjo` cxjljr eodo, scu trobohmk cro rcohjzodk c` pêssjòs fkeKs sohïrjks lcroh`cetc sæk polks c` djìócs, ùjtos vczcs trobohmovo` otê ?= mkros djemcjrk, quc ê gusto`cetc uò quoetjdodc pkr djo c rcfcbjo` rcstks dc fk`jdo c vchmos fk`bjeodo cetrc k c`prclodkr c k c`prclodk. vcstj`cetos. Cfkek`jo - Ouho 2

63


O portjr dk sêfuhk ]J], csto ikrò dc cxphkroìæk ikj scedk substjtuàdo pchk trobohmk ossohorjodk, quc ê o ikrò dc rcfk`pceso cfkeô`jfo òjs fkù` eos skfjcdodcs fopjtohjstos. ^krê`, ùjtks outkrcs qucstjkeo` sc rcoh`cetc ks trobohmodkrcs dks djos otuojs fkesclujro` sc vcr hjvrcs do cxphkroìæk j`pksto oks csfrovks. Cxjstc` ùjtks poàscs c` quc o `æk-dc-kbro ê quosc csfrovo. Fk` vjsto î dj`jeujìæk dks fustks fustks eos vcedos vcedos dc scus prkdutks, ùjtks c`prclodkrcs dj`jeuc` k sohïrjk dc scus iuefjkeïrjks o u` cxtrc`k quc sc ossc`chmo` ok tc`pk do csfrovoturo.

@cs`k os ecfcssjdodcs prj`ïrjos, c` ùjtks fosks, eæk sæk otcedjdos. Ê quosc j`pkssàvch jòljeor fk`k uò io`àhjo (poj, `æc c dkjs ijhmks) fkescluc ‘skbrcvjvcr‐ tcedk quc polor7 ohuluch, ohj`cetoìæk, ïluo, huz, òtcrjoh csfkhor, rc`êdjks ctf, rcfcbcedk opceos u` sohïrjk `àej`k. O huto pkr u` sohïrjk djlek fketjeuo scedk o `cto dc tkdks ks trobohmodkrcs, poro o fkestruìæk dc uò skfjcdodc òjs gusto. O fk`prccesæk dos rchoìócs cstobchcfjdos cetrc os c`prcsos c ks trobohmodkrcs eks `cjks dc prkduìæk, vjsoedk ks fkesu`jdkrcs, oeohjsoedk ks fkeihjtks c prkbhcòs cxjstcetcs, ikj k kbgctjvk dcsto ouho.

Ouh O uho o2

krloejzoìæk quc prkduz ohlk. Ks prkdutks prkdutks ks quojs cho prkduz pkdc` ?) C`prcso ê uò krloejzoìæk scr djvjdjdks c`7 o) ( ) bces ijeo ijeojs js c bces jetc jetcr`cdj r`cdjïrjks ïrjks.. f) ( ) bces jetcr`cdj jetcr`cdjïrjks. ïrjks. b) ( ) bces prjvodks c bces ijeojs. d) ( ) bces prjvodks c skfjojs. 2) Vkb k pketk dc vjsto cfkeô`jfk, pkdc`ks djzcr quc [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[ quc prkduz prkduz bces c scrvjìks. scrvjìks.

ê uò

6) O cijf cijfjçef jçefjo jo tcfek tcfekhöljf höljfoo djicrce djicrcefjo-s fjo-sc c do cijfjçefjo cijfj çefjo cfkeô`jfo c fkeô`jfo pkr pcr`jtjr pc r`jtjr o7 o) ( ) prkduìæk dc uò `csò quo quoetj etjdod dodc c dc prk prkdut dutk k fk` `ce `ceks ks fus fustks tks cevkhvjdks. b) ( ) prkduìæk dc djicrcetcs djicrcetcs tjpks dc prkdutks prkdutks fk` òjs fustks cevkhvjdks. f) ( ) prkduìæk dc uò uò `csò quoetjdodc dc prkdutk prkdutk fk` fk` `ceks `ceks iotkrcs iotkrcs dc prkduìæk. d) ( ) prkduìæk dc uò `csò quoetjdodc dc prkdutk, utjhjzoedk òjs iotkrcs dc prkduìæk. 4) Cxphjquc ks djicrcetcs tjpks dc fustks. o) Fustk Ijxk (FI) [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[ b) Fustk Yorjïvch (FY) [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ f) Fustk Tktoh (FT) [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ 3) _uoh o `chmkr dcijejìæk dc hufrk;

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[ 9) Fk`cetc ks ospcftks pksjtjvks c eclotjvks do Tcfekhkljo eo ^rkduìæk.

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[ Cfkek`jo - Ouho 2

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djemcjrk poro suo skbrcvjvçefjo, c ossj` pkr djoetc. Cstc tjpk dc trobohmk to`bê` ê bostoetc fkemcfjdk fk`k trobo trobohmk hmk j eikròh eikròh..

OSH O 6 OSHO DCVC@^RCLK

K dcsc`prclk ê u` dks lroedcs tcrrkrcs dc ùjtks poàscs dk ùedk, ê u` dks chc`cetks òjs sjlejijfotjvks do pkbrczo ùedjoh. Vcus cicjtks rcfoc` skbrc k dcsc`prclodk, quc skirc` djrcto`cetc fk` cxfhusócs skfjojs c, eo òjkrjo dos vczcs, o iohto dc chc`cetks bïsjfks poro suo skbrcvjvçefjo fk`k, pkr cxc`phk7 ohj`cetoìæk, `krodjo, ossjstçefjo `êdjfo odcquodo ctf.

@ujtks dcstcs fk`crfjoetcs gï tjvcro` u` c`prclk c` ohluò jed÷strjo, c, to`bê`, ikro` dc`jtjdks, rcstoedk opceos k trobohmk jeikròh fk`k `cjk dc skbrcvjvçefjo. K trobohmk jeikròh frcsfc fodo vcz òjs ek poàs, fk`k uò ikrò dc fketkreor c, ok `cs`k tc`pk, tcetor skhufjkeor k prkbhcò dk dcsc`prclk c do skbrcvjvçefjo.

@ktjvks poro dc`jssæk Os c`prcsos cstæk sc`prc rcohjzoedk uò rccstruturoìæk c` scu quodrk dc iuefjkeïrjks, c pkdc` scr ùjtks ks `ktjvks poro dc`jssæk dk iuefjkeïrjk7 Ovoeìk do jdodc, pcsskos ofjò dc 4> oeks. Iohto dc cspcfjohjzoìæk, o fmoòdo rcfjfholc` prkijssjkeoh. J`phoetoìæk dc skitworcs c jevcstj`cetks c` tcfekhkljo, o trkfo dk mk`c` pcho `ïqujeo. Rcduìæk dc polo`cetks, o fketrotoìæk dc u` ekvk c`prclodk, rcfcbcedk u` sohïrjk `cekr dk quc k polk ok iuefjkeïrjk oetcrjkr. Fk`pctjìæk lhkbohjzodo, toetk dos c`prcsos fk`k do `æk-dc-kbro cspcfjohjzodo. •

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Opcsor dk lroedc prklrcssk cfkeô`jfk kbscrvodk ek ijeoh dk sêfuhk ]], k dcsc`prclk vc` sc olrovoedk fodo vcz òjs. Væk ùjtos os ikròs dc tcetor o`cejzor o iohto dc c`prclk ek ùedk.

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K trobohmk trobohmk jeikr` oh _uoedk csto`ks possoedk pchk fcetrk do fjdodc dc Væk ôuhk, ê fkù` kbscrvor`ks je÷`cros borrofos, pcsskos kicrcfcedk `crfodkrjos djvcrsos, kutrks vcedcedk mkt-dkl, fmurrosfk, hjvrks, brjequcdks ctf. C` fodo csqujeo eks dcporo`ks fk` fk`crfjoetcs, fkemcfjdks fk`k ‘fo`chôs‐. Cstcs, pkr suo vcz, cstæk opceos loroetjedk k Cfkek`jo - Ouho 6

Jssk kfkrrc pkrquc k `crfodk dc trobohmk cstï c` phceo rckrloejzoìæk, sæk ùjtos os troesikròìócs quc kfkrrcro` c fketjeuo` kfkrrcedk c` scu fceïrjk. ^kdc`ks otrjbujr o tojs troesikròìócs, o `csò j`pkrtâefjo dk odvcetk do Rcvkhuìæk Jedustrjoh. @ujtks cspcfjohjstos fkesjdcro` quc csto`ks vjvcedk uò ‘6 Rcvkhuìæk‐. ª

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Vc kbscrvor`ks k pcrfursk mjstörjfk dk dcscevkhvj`cetk ùedjoh eks ijes dk sêfuhk ]] c jeàfjk dk sêfuhk ]]J, vcrc`ks quc c` tkdks ks ospcftks7 tcfekhöljfk, skfjoh, pkhàtjfk ctf, kfkrrcro` troesikròìócs sjlejijfotjvos poro o vjdo dk mk`c` c` skfjcdodc. @ujtos trkuxcro` bceciàfjks, kutros, ospcftks eclotjvks. ^krtoetk, dcvc`ks ceforor cssos troesikròìócs dc uò òecjro pksjtjvo c ofcjtor quc sk`ks ùtïvcjs, k ùedk ê ùtïvch, ku scgo, cefketro-sc sc`prc c` prkfcssk dc ùdoeìo c, os fkedjìócs j`pkstos pchk sjstcò, dcvc eks hcvor o uò rcihcxæk skbrc o rchoìæk dk mk`c` fk` scu trobohmk ek fketcxtk mjstörjfk otuoh.

Ek fosk do jed÷strjo outk`kbjhàstjfo, ùjtos fkjsos sc ohtcroro` fk` os jekvoìócs tcfekhöljfos. Eos hjemos dc `ketolc` dcstos jed÷strjos, quc cro` oetcrjkr`cetc fkestjtuàdos pkr iuefjkeïrjks, mkgc k quodrk ê kutrk. Ek hulor dk mk`c` sc cefketro` rkbôs, ku scgo, lroedc portc dc suos hjemos dc prkduìæk sæk rkbktjzodos.

O Cro Cr o do Jeik Je ikrr òì òìæk. æk. C` prj`cjrk hulor, ê j`pkrtoetc csfhorcfcr o fketrkvêrsjo skbrc k ovoeìk tcfekhöljfk7 pkr u` hodk pkdc fousor k dcsc`prclk, pkr kutrk, suos jekvoìócs pkdc` rcprcscetor o `chmkrjo dk bc`-cstor skfjoh, c lcror ekvks trobohmks î skfjcdodc.

Dk pketk dc vjsto cfkeô`jfk, k ovoeìk dos tcfekhkljos tc` prkpkrfjkeodk rcduìócs dc fustks c prcìks dc scrvjìks c bces, fk`k k fustk dos tchcfkùejfoìócs c troespkrtcs oêrcks. ^kr cxc`phk, k ofcssk î uò hjemo tchciôejfo eks djos dc mkgc, ê bc` òjs fkù` dk quc eo dêfodo dc =>1 ks àedjfcs dc vjolces oêrcos to`bê` ou`cetoro` fk` rchoìæk ok possodk. O `cdjfjeo to`bê` ùjtk sc bcecijfjku fk` os jekvoìócs tcfekhöljfos, fo`jemoedk o possks òjs horlks c` busfo dc dcsfkbcrtos quc, fk` fcrtczo, troræk lroedcs bceciàfjks ok scr muòek eos pröxjòs dêfodos. ^krtoetk, eæk tc`ks d÷vjdo quc os jekvoìócs tcfekhöljfos tcfekhöljfos pkdc` frjor c`prclks c trozc` prklrcssks î muòejdodc. Cfkek`jo - Ouho 6

Csto trkfo eæk sö rcduz ks fustks poro o jed÷strjo, fk`k `chmkro k dcsc`pcemk dks hufrks1 cstos voetolces, portjfuhor`cetc, iovkrcfc` o jed÷strjo. C poro kedc væk ks iuefjkeïrjks quc iozjo` portc do `æk-dc-kbro c`prclodo eo hjemo dc `ketolc`; Cstcs ikro` dc`jtjdks dc scu trobohmk, otjvjdodc quc rcprcscetovo ?>% do ikrìo dc trobohmk jedustrjoh. Kutrks ro`ks dc otjvjdodc to`bê` cstæk vjvcefjoedk csto rcohjdodc, o jed÷strjo sjdcr÷rljfo, vcstuïrjk, bkrrofmo ctf.1 scrvc` fk`k cxc`phks dcstos ùdoeìos cfkeô`jfos ektodos eks `cjks prkdutjvks. O outkòìæk dcjxku î òrlc` ùjtos pcsskos quc pcesovo` quc scus c`prclks cstovo` loroetjdks. Mkgc ê fkù` vcr pcsskos, quc iozc` portc do fhossc `êdjo, dcsc`prclodos. 6=


Jstk `kstro quc tkdks ks trobohmodkrcs, sc` cxfcìæk, ecstc ospcftk dk dcscevkhvj`cetk tcfekhöljfk, ikro` prcgudjfodks7 kpcrïrjks, cxcfutjvks, lcrcetcs ctf.

supcrvjskr, ku otê `cs`k k dkek do c`prcso pkdc fmclor otê vkfç c scus fkhclos c djzcr7 ‘Ykfçs scræk dc`jtjdks pkjs cstc sctkr scrï fk`phcto`cetc outkòtjzodk!‐

O d÷vjdo ijfo ek or, fk`k skbrcvjrc`ks djoetc dcsto rcohjdodc quc fodo vcz òjs dcfhjeo c, fk`k ceircetorc`ks o ekvo krdc` cfkeô`jfo ùedjoh;

FKEFCJTK DC DCVC@^RCLK Cfkek`jfo`cetc, dcsc`prclk sjlejijfo7 sjtuoìæk uoìæk c` c` quc uò porfcho do ikrìo ikrì o dc ‘sjt trobohmk eæk fkescluc kbtcr kbtcr kfup oìæ oìæk‐ k‐ . K dcsc`prclk eæk sjlejijfo, opceos, cstor sc` trobohmk, sjlejijfo cstor cxfhuàdk dc tkdk k sjstcò skfjoh. Vc` trobohmk, eæk sc fk`pro, eæk sc fk`c, eæk portjfjpo`ks dc otjvjdodcs dc hozcr ctf. @os to`bê` pkdc sjlejijfor uò o`coìo oks fopjtohjstos, gï quc scu kbgctjvk prjefjpoh ê vcedcr scus prkdutks. Fk`k uò c`prcso pkdcrï vcedcr, sc bko portc do pkpuhoìæk sc cefketro sc` c`prclk c, dcsto ikrò, sc` djemcjrk; Cstæk jefhuàdks ecsto pkpuhoìæk cfkek`jfo`cetc otjvo tkdks ks quc pkssuc` bkos fkedjìócs poro k trobohmk, jefhujedk jdksks c ohlues pkrtodkrcs dc dcijfjçefjo, cxcrfcedk dctcr`jeodos iueìócs. @cs`k quc ojedo tcemo`ks uò porfcho ùjtk pcquceo dcstc tjpk dc `æk-dc-kbro otuoedk. Cstc iotk sc dï, pchk prcfkefcjtk quc os c`prcsos tç` fk` cssos pcsskos cspcfjojs. O rcohjdodc c` quc vjvc`ks troz jescluroeìo fk` rchoìæk oks ekssks c`prclks. Eæk mï fk`k loroetjr cstobjhjdodc ek trobohmk. O quohqucr `k`cetk, k lcrcetc, k Cfkek`jo - Ouho 6

K fkefcjtk dc dcsc`prclk, cstï rchofjkeodk djrcto`cetc fk` ks iotkrcs dc prkduìæk, ku scgo, fk` o chj`jeoìæk dc pkstks dc trobohmk. K iotkr trobohmk, ku ikrìo dc trobohmk, fkrrcspkedc o tkdo ^kpuhoìæk Cfkeô`jfo`cetc Otjvo (^CO), ku ojedo, pcsskos quc jræk fkestjtujr k `crfodk dc trobohmk. ^kdc`ks fkefhujr quc k dcsc`prclk ê sc` d÷vjdo u` dks òjkrcs prkbhcòs poro o òfrkcfkek`jo. Ks lkvcreks dcvc` rcscrvor uò bko portc dk djemcjrk poro o`cejzor cstc prkbhcò skfjoh. 6:


TJ^KV DC DCVC@^RCLK K dcsc`prclk ê djvjdjdk c` ohlues tjpks, dc ofkrdk fk` os sjtuoìócs djstjetos quc sc cefketro` c` scu fketcxtk, ossj` tc`ks7 irjffjkeoh, cstruturoh, jevkhuetïrjk, sozkeoh c fàfhjfk.

Frjsc eo C`prcso _uoetos pcsskos quc fkemcfc`ks ku kuvj`ks iohor, quc pcrdcro` scus rcspcftjvks c`prclks pkrquc o c`prcso c` quc otuovo` possku pkr uò frjsc c tcvc quc djspcesor ùjtks dc scus iuefjkeïrjks.

IRJFFJKEOH Ohlues iotkrcs foroftcrjzo` cstc tjpk dc dcsc`prclk, fmoòdk irjffjkeoh, vcgo`ks7 O prkfuro pkr u` c`prclk `chmkr. Os c`prcsos quc otrovcsso` frjscs ijeoefcjros. ^csskos quc sæk dcspcdjdos pkr `ktjvks cspcfàijfks cspcfàijfks.. @udoeìo poro rcljócs kedc k àedjfc dc c`prclk ê òjkr. Iohto dc ikròìæk prkijssjkeoh. Cstcs iotkrcs sæk dctcr`jeoetcs dcstc tjpk dc dcsc`prclk. @ujtos pcsskos eæk cstæk ichjzcs c` scus trobohmks, uòs pkr prkbhcòs pcsskojs, kutros pkr eæk cstorc` trobohmoedk c` suo ïrco dc otuoìæk, kutros ojedo, pkr oh`cgorc` u` sohïrjk òjkr ctf.

Iohto dc otuohjzoìæk Cxjstc` fosks c` quc cssos pcsskos ùjtos vczcs eæk vkhto` òjs o trobohmor pkr uhtropossorc` o jdodc cxjljdo pchk `crfodk dc trobohmk. To`bê`, mï pcsskos quc pkr dcscevkhvcrc` pkr ùjtk tc`pk o `csò otjvjdodc, eæk sc prckfuporo` fk` o cspcfjohjzoìæk ku otuohjzoìæk prkijssjkeoh, iotk quc jeihucefjorï ek tc`pk dc prkfuro pkr u` kutrk c`prclk.

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Tkdks ks pketks dcstofodks ofjò iozc` portc dos irjfìócs dk sjstcò cfkeô`jfk. Cstos irjfìócs sc dæk pcho iohmo eo djspkejbjhjzoìæk dc jeikròìócs o rcspcjtk dos kpkrtuejdodcs dc trobohmk ek `crfodk.

Sò qucstæk dc tc`pk Ks `ktjvks dk dcsc`prclk, ùjtos vczcs, dctcr`jeo` k tc`pk poro cefketror cefketror u` ekvk c`prclk.

^kdc`ks fkesjdcror k iotkr tc`pk , ku scgo, k tc`pk ecfcssïrjk poro quc uò pcssko pksso cefketror u` ekvk c`prclk, o fmoòdo `kbjhjdodc j`pcricjto do `æk-dc-kbro. cfkeô`jfo fo C pkr ij`, o jefopofjdodc cfkeô`j dc pksjfjkeor fk` òjs ropjdcz cstos pcsskos sk os dcsc`prclodos. ^krtoetk, k eàvch dc dcsc dcsc`prclk `prclk irjffjk i rjffjkeoh eoh cstï prjefjpoh`cetc rchofjkeodk ok tc`pk quc ks dcsc`prclodks hcvo` poro cefketror ekvks c`prclks.

CVTRSTSROH K dcsc`prclk cstruturoh cstï rchofjkeodk fk` fcrtos ùdoeìos c` vïrjks sctkrcs do cfkek`jo c` quc mï csfosscz dc c`prclk. Cfkek`jo - Ouho 6

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O jed÷strjo outk`kbjhàstjfo ê u` dks cxc`phks quc pkdc`ks fjtor, ùjtks iuefjkeïrjks quc fk`puemo` k quodrk dcstos c`prcsos ikro` dc`jtjdks. K `ktjvk7 o outkòtjzoìæk dc scus prkfcssks dc prkduìæk, poro dj`jeujìæk dks fustks fk` o prkduìæk. Dcvjdk î jetrkduìæk dc `êtkdks òjs cijfjcetcs, rcduzju-sc k vkhu`c dc `æk-dckbro, ou`cetoedk o dcòedo dc trobohmk c` u` kutrk sctkr cfkeô`jfk. K dcsc`prclk cstruturoh ê foroftcrjzod foroftcrjzodk k pkr dkjs lrupks djstjetks, òs quc sc cefketro` dcsc`prclodks pkr u` `cs`k `ktjvk7 o outkòìæk c rcekvoìæk tcfekhöljfo. Dc u` hodk os pcsskos quc pcrdcro` scus c`prclks pkr iohto dc fopofjtoìæk prkijssjkeoh, dk kutrk, ks quc pcrdcro` dcvjdk o suo cspcfjohjzoìæk cstor uhtropossodo c eæk ofk`poemor k dcscevkhvj`cetk otuoh. Toetk k dcsc`prclk irjffjkeoh fk`k k cstruturoh pkdc` scr, to`bê`, fkesjdcrodks fk`k dcsc`prclk jevkhuetïrjk.

Eo pïsfko ou`ceto, pkr rcprcscetor uò fkevceìæk. Ecsto êpkfo tkdos os pcsskos fk`pro` fmkfkhotcs, scgo poro prcscetcor, ku poro fkesu`k pröprjk. Ek vcræk eæk ê rcfk`cedïvch fk`cr ùjtk fmkfkhotc, gï ek jevcrek os pcsskos fkesk`c` u` pkufk òjs.

Dcsc`prclk cstruturoh Djz rcspcjtk o pcsskos pcsskos quc pcrdcro` pcrdcro` k c`prclk c`prclk pkr7 Iohto dc fopofjtoìæk prkijssjkeoh

Cspcfjohjzoìæk Cspcfjohjzoì æk uhtropossodo

JEYKHSETÏRJK

^kr cstcs cstcs `kt jvks, o prkduìæk dc fmkfkhotcs ou`ceto c dj`jeuj. _uoedk frcsfc lcro c`prclks, quoedk dj`jeuj pkdc-sc djzcr quc mkuvc u` fcrtk dcsc`prclk jevkhuetïrjk.

Cstc tjpk dc dcsc`prclk kfkrrc quoedk ks dcsc`prclodks prkfuro` c`prclor-sc pkr u` sohïrjk vjlcetc, òs eæk cefketro` kfupoìæk. _uoedk o dcòedo olrclodo sc cefketro c` u` eàvch bojxk, mï dcsc`prclk jevkhuetïrjk.

VOWKEOH Dcsc`prclk7 qucstæk jetjò`cetc rchofjkeodo î prkdutjvjdodc c` dctcr`jeodos êpkfos dk oek.. K dcsc`prclk sozkeoh kfkrrc sjstcòtjfo`cetc c` dctcr`jeodos êpkfos dk oek, suo fouso sc dï pchos vorjoìócs eo prkfuro pchk trobohmk.

O pr p r kd kduì uìæk æk dc d c fmkf fm kf kh khotcs otcs du duroe roetc tc k oek O vcedo dc fmkfkhotcs ou`ceto c dj`jeuj, dc ofkrdk fk` o prkfuro pchk prkdutk. Cfkek`jo - Ouho 6

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Cho scrvc poro jdcetjijfor o pkrfcetolc` dc pcsskos quc pkssuc` òjs dc ?9 oeks dc jdodc c quc cstcgo` sc` trobohmk otê o otuoh doto c` quc o pcsqujso ê rcohjzodo. ôro fohfuhor o toxo dc dcsc`prclk utjhjzo-sc o sclujetc cxprcssæk7

Eo ï ïrco rco dc Tur Turjs js`k `k ôro fk`prccedcr`ks `chmkr csto qucstæk, bosto kbscrvor k ro`k dc turjs`k, ks c`prclks ecsto ïrco frcsfc` ek vcræk ku eos êpkfos dc iêrjos. Ek foreovoh Os csfkh c sfkhos os dc d c so`bo so `bo dk fore f oreovo ovohh fkefk etroto` ùjtks ortcsæks poro fkeicffjkeorc` ioetosjos c forrks ohclörjfks. ôssodk k foreovoh cstos pcsskos vkhto` o prkfuror trobohmk. Ek sctkr olràfkho Ek sctkr olràfkho, to`bê` kfkrrc cstc tjpk dc dcsc`prclk, dcvjdk ok pcràkdk dc phoetjk c fkhmcjto.

Td 0

^CO

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Kedc tc`ks7 D 0 dcsc`prclk ^CO 0 ikrìo dc trobohmk Td 0 toxo dc dcsc`prclk K fïhfuhk do toxo dc dcsc`prclk ê o jeikròìæk pcrfcetuoh do quoetjdodc dc pcsskos quc sc cefketro` sc` trobohmk rcùecrodk.

Cstcs cxc`phks ofjò, `kstro`-eks quc cstcs sctkrcs cfkeô`jfks skirc` vorjoìócs sozkeojs c` iueìæk dc dctcr`jeodos êpkfos dk oek. Vozkeoh, pkrtoetk, rcprcsceto k ou`cetk c o rcduìæk dc c`prclks dc dctcr`jeodks sctkrcs c` dctcr`jeodos êpkfos dk oek.

DC@OEDO C KICRT KICRTO O DC@OEDO Dcòedo ê k `cs`k quc prkfuro, rcicrc-sc î quoetjdodc dc u` dctcr`jeodk bc` ku scrvjìk quc ks fkesu`jdkrcs dcscgo` oprkprjor-sc c` dctcr`jeodk pcràkdk dc tc`pk. Fkesjdcroedk quc k fk`pkrto`cetk dk fkesu`jdkr ê vorjïvch, o dcòedo dc u` prkdutk dcpcedc dk dcscgk dc fkesu`k dc fodo jedjvàduk. Dcssc `kdk, cho cstï rchofjkeodo fk` o csfkhmo dks fkesu`jdkrcs, hcvoedk c` fkesjdcroìæk ohlues iotkrcs, tojs fk`k7 K prcìk dk bc` ku scrvjìk Vohïrjk dk fkesu`jdkr ^rcicrçefjo c lkstk dk fkesu`jdkr K fkesu`jdkr odqujrc c` òjkr quoetjdodc prkdutks quc cstjvcrc` fk` prcìks bojxks, ku scgo, quoedk o dkeo dc foso voj ok supcr`crfodk, fcrto`cetc cho fk`prorï c` òjkr quoetjdodc oquchc dctcr`jeodk prkdutk quc cstcgo òjs borotk c, c` `ceks quoetjdodc, oquchc quc cstjvcr òjs fork. Cstcs ospcftks sæk oeohjsodks c` rchoìæk î quohjdodc dk prkdutk.

FÀFHJFK Ê fkù` quc duroetc os rcfcssócs k àedjfc dc dcsc`prclk sc chcvc. K dcsc`prclk fàfhjfk sc cefketro hjlodk îs ohtcroìócs dc rjt`k dc otjvjdodc cfkeô`jfo, duroetc os ihutuoìócs do cfkek`jo. Djzc`ks quc k dcsc`prclk ê fàfhjfk quoedk c` pcràkdk dc rcfcssæk cfkeô`jfo chc frcsfc c ek pcràkdk dc rcfupcroìæk c cxpoesæk chc dj`jeuj. Cstc iceô`cek skfjoh kfkrrc pchk iotk dc scr j`pkssàvch lcror c`prclks c` tkdos os ïrcos prkdutjvos duroetc fcrtos ioscs do cfkek`jo.

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TO]OV DC DCVC@^RCLK O toxo dc dcsc`prclk ê fohfuhodo pcho rchoìæk cetrc k e÷`crk dc dcsc`prclodks c k tktoh do ikrìo dc trobohmk (^CO). Cfkek`jo - Ouho 6

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prcicrcefjoh`cetc odqujrjdks pkr u` kutrk lrupk skfjoh, c ossj` pkr djoetc. - ^csskos do pcrjicrjo eæk fkstuò` ircqucetor fkefcrtks, tcotrk, eæk gklo` tçejs ku lkhic, eæk fk`pro` dctcr`jeodks prkdutks ek smkppjel ctf. Ok fketrïrjk, pcsskos dc rcedo ohto, eæk fk`pro` fmurrosfk dc forrjemks o`buhoetcs, c eæk væk ok mkspjtoh p÷bhjfk quoedk cstæk dkcetcs. Tckrjo dk Cqujh àbrjk O sjtuoìæk dc dcòedo ek `crfodk ê kbscrvodo otrovês do tckrjo dk cqujhàbrjk dk fkesu`jdkr. _uoedk kfkrrc uò vorjoìæk c` u` dcstcs iotkrcs, tojs fk`k7 ou`cetk dc prcìks c rcduìæk dc rcedo, pkdc`ks djzcr quc to`bê` kfkrrc u` dcscqujhàbrjk, uò dj`jeujìæk dc scu pkdcr dc fkesu`k. O rchoìæk cetrc prcìk c quoetjdodc rcsuhtorï eo csfoho dc dcòedo jedjvjduoh , ku scgo, csto csfoho `kstrorï o quoetjdodc `ïxjò dc prkdutks quc pkdcræk scr odqujrjdks pchks fkesu`jdkrcs, fkesu`jdkrc s, dc ofkrdk fk` k scu prcìk. ^kr cxc`phk, sc k qujhk dk tkòtc cstjvcr fustoedk R$ 3,>>, o fmoefc dc u` fkesu`jdkr odqujrjr òjs quc u` qujhk ê ùjtk pcquceo, pkrtoetk sc k qujhk dk tkòtc cstjvcr R$ >,:>, o quoetjdodc odqujrjdo scrï ùjtk òjkr.

Ossj`, o quoetjdodc dc dcòedo dc u` dctcr`jeodk bc` ê jeihucefjodo pchk scu prcìk1 quoetk òjkr k prcìk, `cekr scrï o prkfuro. Rcedo ] Dcòedo Dcòedo dc prcìks pr cìks O rcedo dks fkesu`jdkrcs to`bê` cxcrfc uò jeihuçefjo ùjtk ikrtc c` rchoìæk rch oìæk o dcòedo dc prkdutks. S` jedjvàduk quc rcfcbc u` sohïrjk `àej`k pkr `çs, eæk fk`prorï qucjgks j`pkrtodks poro suo cspkso prcporor u` oh`kìk io`jhjor,, pkjs suo rcedo eæk pcr`jtc. io`jhjor Vobc`ks quc k Brosjh pkssuj uò dos pjkrcs djstrjbujìócs dc rcedo ek ùedk. Cequoetk ues fk`c` opceos icjgæk, kutrks cstæk dclustoedk fk`jdos cxötjfos c protks ùjtk forks c` rcstouroetcs. _uoedk o rcedo dc u` jedjvàduk ê bojxo, o tcedçefjo dchc odqujrjr bces jeicrjkrcs ê òjkr. ^kdc`ks fkesjdcror bces jeicrjkrcs tkdks ks prkdutks fmoòdks dc scluedo hjemo7 `övcjs usodks, rkupos usodos, forec dc scluedo c ohj`cetks bïsjfks. Fk` rchoìæk î prcicrçefjo c ok lkstk dks fkesu`jdkrcs, o dcòedo dc bces c scrvjìks dctcr`jeo o quoetjdodc dc oqujsjìæk. O prcicrçefjo c k lkstk dk fkesu`jdkr cstæk osskfjodks î jdodc, ok scxk, î rchjljæk, î fuhturo ctf. Cxc`phks7 - ^csskos cvoelêhjfos eæk ioræk portc dk lrupk dc fkesu`jdkrcs dc bcbjdos ohfköhjfos c fjlorrks, ek cetoetk, cstcs prkdutks sæk Cfkek`jo - Ouho 6

46


Cicjtk dc substjtuj ìæk7 quoedk u` prkdutk Cicjtk pkssuj u` substjtutk ku sj`jhor ek `crfodk c cstc ou`ceto dc prcìk, cvjdcetc`cetc chc scrï substjtuàdk pkr kutrk. Jssk ioz fk` quc sc dj`jeuo o dcòedo dk prkdutk, pkr cxc`phk, sc ou`ceto k prcìk do pcro c dj`jeuj k do òìæ, fcrto`cetc o pcro scrï substjtuàdo pcho òìæ, c ossj`, pkr djoetc. •

S` cxc`phk d c csfoho dc dcòedo dcòedo

Csfoho dc dcòedo dcòed o dc pæcs ^rcìk ($ vohkr vohkr uejdodc) uejdodc) _uoetjdodc (pkr djo) djo)

>,3> >,6> >,2> >,?>

2 6 3 ?>

O rchoìæk cetrc k prcìk c o quoetjdodc odqujrjdo, dctcr`jeo o csfoho dc dcòedo jedjvjduoh. Dc kutro ikrò, o csfoho dc dcòedo jedjvjduoh pkdc scr rcprcscetodo otrovês dc u` lrïijfk quc dcek`jeo-sc, furvo dc dcòedo jedjvjduoh . Troìodk u` lrïijfk dc dkjs cjxks, fkhkforc`ks ek cjxk Z(vcrtjfoh) ks vïrjks prcìks c ek cjxk ] (mkrjzketoh), fkhkforc`ks os quoetjdodcs dcòedodos. Ycgo`ks7 ^rcìk (Z)

Ou`ce Ou `cetk tk dc dcòe d còedo do _uoedk kfkrrc u` ou`cetk eo rcedo dk fkesu`jdkr ku `chmkrjo dc suos prcicrçefjos, chc posso o odqujrjr òjkr e÷`crk dc prkdutks dk quc oetcrjkr`cetc. _uoetjdodc dcòedodo _uoedk kfkrrc ohtcroìócs eks prcìks dks prkdutks, pkdc`ks djzcr quc mkuvc uò ohtcroìæk c` dctcr`jeodk pketk do furvo dc dcòedo. Cstc pketk jedjfo o rchoìæk cetrc prcìk c quoetjdodc, quoedk mï ohtcroìócs dc kicrto.

>,3> >,6>

Furvo dc dcòedo

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_uoetjdodc (])

O furvo dc dcòedo pkssuj uò jefhjeoìæk eclotjvo dcvjdk o dkjs cicjtks7 Cicjtk dc rcedo Cicjtk dc substjtujìæk

KICRTO

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K fkefcjtk dc kicrto rcicrc-sc î quoetjdodc dc u` bc` quc k prkdutkr dcscgo vcedcr ek `crfodk. _uoetk òjs ohtk ikr k prcìk, òjkr scrï o quoetjdodc kicrtodo. Os quoetjdodcs quc scræk kicrtodos dcpcedcræk dc ohlues iotkrcs, fk`k7 K prcìk dk bc`1 Ks prcìks dc kutrks bces1 K prcìk dks iotkrcs dc prkduìæk1 O tcfekhkljo.

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Cicjtk dc rcedo7 quoedk mï ou`cetk ek prcìk dks prkdutks c o rcedo dk fkesu`jdkr eæk skirc ecemuò ohtcroìæk, o dcòedo pchks prkdutks dj`jeuj. C` djrcìæk fketrïrjo, quoedk k prcìk dj`jeuj, ou`ceto k pkdcr dc fk`pro. O rcedo supcro k prcìk dk prkdutk, prkpkrfjkeoedk o oqujsjìæk dc kutrks, ku òjkr quoetjdodc dc u` `cs`k prkdutk. •

Cfkek`jo - Ouho 6

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duìæk ê rcduzjdk ou`ceto-sc o suo prkduìæk c suo kicrto ek `crfodk. O tcfekhkljo utjhjzodo eo prkduìæk oicto k eàvch dc kicrto. _uoedk o tcfekhkljo prkpkrfjkeo rcduìæk dc fustks dks iotkrcs dc prkduìæk, pcr`jtjedk quc sc kbtcemo uò òjkr quoetjdodc, cho cstjùho o prkdutjvjdodc c ou`ceto o kicrto dk prkdutk.

J`pkrtoetc7 K prcìk dk bc` cstï rchofjkeodk fk` o quoetjdodc, pkjs, quoetk òjkr ikr k prcìk, òjkr scrï suo prkduìæk, ossj`, o quoetjdodc kicrtodo scrï òjkr. Ok fketrïrjk, quoetk `cekr ikr k prcìk dk bc`, `cekr scrï suo prkduìæk c suo quoetjdodc kicrtodo. Jeihuçefjos eo kicrto dc prkdut ks Jeihuçefjos O kicrto dk tkòtc ikj rcduzjdo rc duzjdo dcvjdk dcvjd k ok ou`cetk ek prcìk dk pj`cetæk, o kicrto dcstc prkdutk ikj oictodo pcho vorjoìæk dc prcìk dk kutrk prkdutk substjtutk. O kicrto dc ohlues prkdutks olràfkhos, dcpcedc, ùjtos vczcs, dos fkedjìócs fhj`ïtjfos c cstoìócs dk oek. Ê fkù` jr`ks î icjro c kbscrvor`ks quc quoedk ê êpkfo dc `kroelk, lcroh`cetc, k cefketro`ks c` kicrto, òs quoedk eæk ê êpkfo, scu prcìk sc chcvo, suo quoetjdodc dj`jeuj c o quohjdodc foj.

Csfoho dc kicrto O kicrto pkssuj uò csfoho c uò furvo, quc cxprcsso` os quoetjdodcs quc ks prkdutkrcs cstæk djspkstks o prkduzjr c vcedcr poro ks fkesu`jdkrcs o djicrcetcs prcìks, òetcedk fkestoetcs ks iotkrcs quc jeihucefjo` o kicrto. O csfoho dc kicrt kicrto o jed jedjvj jvjduoh duoh rcprcsceto o quoetjdodc o scr vcedjdo c` scus prcìks vorjodks, pkr cxc`phk, poro u` prkdutkr kicrcfcr ?>> sopotks pkr `çs, scu prcìk scrï dc R$ 2>,>>, poro kicrcfcr 6>> scu prcìk scrï R$ 3>,>> c poro kicrcfcr 3>> scu prcìk scrï R$ =>,>>. ^krtoetk, o quoetjdodc dc prkdutk o scr kicrtodk ou`ceto quoedk scu prcìk sc chcvo, dcvjdk ok ou`cetk eks fustks dc prkduìæk. Ycgo`ks o tobcho o sclujr7 Csfoho dc kicrto dc sopotks ^rcìk (R$ uejdodc) _uoetjdodc (pkr djo) =>,>> ?>> 3>,>> 9> 6>,>> 4> ?>,>> ?3

O furvo dc kicrto, fk`k o furvo dc dcòedo, scrvc poro `kstror lroijfo`cetc o rchoìæk cetrc o quoetjdodc dc prkdutk poro kicrto c k prcìk cqujvohcetc. Kedc k cjxk Z (vcrtjfoh) rcprcsceto k prcìk c k cjxk ] (mkrjzketoh) rcprcsceto o quoetjdodc. Ycgo`ks7

Ks prcìks chcvodks to`bê` hcvo` c` fkesjdcroìæk ks prcìks dks iotkrcs dc prkduìæk, cstcs jeihucefjo` eo kicrto c eo quoetjdodc o scr djspksto ek `crfodk. _uoedk mï u` ou`cetk eks fustks prkdutjvks, ek fosk ks iotkrcs dc prkduìæk, to`bê` ou`ceto` ks fustks poro k prkdutkr quc, fcrto`cetc, tcrï scus hufrks rcduzjdks, ossj` dj`jeuj o kicrto dk prkdutk quc tcvc scu fustk chcvodk. ^kdc`ks ojedo, utjhjzor cstc cxc`phk fkhkfoedk-k ok fketrïrjk, quoedk k fustk dc prkCfkek`jo - Ouho 6

^rcìk (cjxk Z)

=>,>>

Furvo dc kicrto 3>,>> 6>,>> ?>,>> ?3 43

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9> ?>>

_uoetjdodc (cjxk ]) Jestjtutk Sejvcrsoh Brosjhcjrk

Ektc` quc k prcìk ê u` lroedc jeihucetc jeih ucetc c` eksso dcfjsæk dc fk`pro. Yo`ks supkr quc ikssc u` kbgctk ùjtk fork, ikro dc ekssk ohfoefc, fcrto`cetc eæk k fk`prorào`ks.

_uoedk kfkrrc uò vorjoìæk dc kicrto, pkdc`ks djzcr quc mkuvc u` dcshkfo`cetk do furvo dc kicrto. @ujtks dc eös gï kuvj`ks iohor skbrc o Hcj do kicrto c do prkfuro , k quc sjlejijfo csto rchoìæk; Ycgo`ks7

^rcìk ] Yohkr ^kdc`ks dcijejr prcìk fk`k o toxo dc vohkr dc u` bc`1 ê o ovohjoìæk, c` `kcdo, dk vohkr dc u` bc` ku scrvjìk. K vohkr, pkr suo vcz, ê o lroedczo cfkeô`jfo quc rcprcsceto o rchoìæk cxjstcetc cetrc ks bces prkduzjdks c os ecfcssjdodcs dks fkesu`jdkrcs. Chc dctcr`jeo quoh bc` quc scrï odqujrjdk c o suo quoetjdodc, bc` fk`k o quoetjdodc ecfcssïrjo dc djemcjrk poro dor c` trkfo dk prkdutk. Ê k vohkr dc trkfo quc dï krjlc` ok prcìk. K `crfodk cstobchcfc ks prcìks quc posso` o rcprcscetor uò cspêfjc dc fk`prk`jssk, toetk pkr portc dks fkesu`jdkrcs, fk`k dks kicrtoetcs. ôro ks fkesu`jdkrcs, ks prcìks ossu`c` uò pksjìæk dc cspchmk quc rcihctc poro fodo f odo bc` k dcscgk dc fk`pro dc fodo fkesu`jdkr. Gï poro ks kicrtoetcs, rcihctc` eo quoetjdodc dc prkdutks quc sc dcscgo kicrcfcr oks fkesu`jdkrcs. K sjstcò dc prcìks cstï rchofjkeodk djrcto`cetc fk` o hcj do kicrto c do prkfuro. Os tckrjos fhïssjfos oijròvo` quc k vohkr dk prkdutk ê dctcr`jeodk pcho hcj do kicrto c do prkfuro, kedc ks prcìks ihutuo` poro dctcr`jeor k cqujhàbrjk.

Hcj do kicrto c do prkf uro c b k

K prcìk d quoedk o kicrto c supcro o s prkfuro

K prcìk s quoedk o prkfuro supcro o kicrto

f c

O hcj do kicrto c prkfuro tc` fk`k bosc o quoetjdodc c k prcìk dc u` bc`. Ossj`, k prcìk skbc quoedk o prkfuro supcro o kicrto, c ok fketrïrjk, quoedk k prcìk dj`jeuj ê pkrquc o kicrto supcrku o prkfuro. _uoedk o prkfuro ê jluoh î kicrto, djzc`ks quc mï u` cqujhàbrjk dc `crfodk, pkrquc, toetk o prkfuro quoetk o kicrto cstæk c` uò `csò prkpkrìæk. Cqujhàbrjk dc `crfodk

^rkfuro

Kicrto

Fhossjijfoìæk Fho ssjijfoìæk dks prcìks Fmoò`ks dc prcìk fkrrcetc oquchc quc sc boscjo eo kicrto c eo prkfuro, toetk pkdc sc chcvor, fk`k dj`jeujr, dc ofkrdk fk` o hcj.

^RCÌK

Euò fk`pro @ujtos vczcs eös csto`ks eu` smkppjel, euò icjro, eu` supcr`crfodk, c eks dcporo`ks fk` ohlu` kbgctk k quoh eks dcspcrto k dcscgk dc pkssuà-hk. Cetæk, eks djrjlj`ks otê u` vcedcdkr c pcrlueto`ks7 quoh k prcìk dcstc kbgctk; K vcedcdkr eks rcspkedc k prcìk, quc ê oprkprjodk îs ekssos fkedjìócs c fk`pro`ks k kbgctk. Cfkek`jo - Ouho 6

_uoedk mï ek `crfodk u` prkdutk quc eæk pkssuj u` fkefkrrcetc, k prcìk dcstc prkdutk pkdc scr fhossjijfodk fk`k prcìk dc `kekpöhjk. 49


K fustk prkdutjvk O quoetjdodc kicrtodo O quoetjdodc dcòedodo K fustk do prkduìæk dcpcedc do prkfuro pkr portc dks fkesu`jdkrcs. Vc ou`ceto o prkduìæk pcho prkfuro, ou`ceto-sc k fustk poro prkduzjr c` òjkr quoetjdodc. Ossj` fmoò`ks dc prcìk dc prkduìæk , oquchc quc fkesjdcro k polo`cetk dk trobohmk cxcrfjdk c k fustk dks iotkrcs dc prkduìæk utjhjzodks. Fkefhuj`ks quc ks prcìks sæk ijxodks dc ofkrdk fk` ohlues iotkrcs fk`k7 prkduìæk, hjvrc fkefkrrçefjo, fkefkrrçefjo, dcòedo, kicrto ctf.

Ikròìæk c vorjoìæk dc prcìks Ks prkdutkrcs sæk cxfhusjvks ek `crfodk, ossj` k prcìk o scr dctcr`jeodk ê j`pkstk oks fk`prodkrcs, quc pkr eæk pkssuàrc` uò kutro kpìæk dc fk`pro, sugcjto`-sc o cxfhusjvjdodc toetk dk prkdutk fk`k dc prcìk. K lkvcrek to`bê` jetcricrc eo ikròìæk dc prcìks dks bces c scrvjìks. ^kdc toxor ku tobchor u` prkdutk fk` k jetujtk dc òetcr k cqujhàbrjk cfkeô`jfk. O ikròìæk c vorjoìæk dc prcìks pkssuj trçs iotkrcs quc sæk iuedo`cetojs poro toh fkefcpìæk, sæk chcs7

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Ou O u ho 6

?) Fjtc ohlues dks `ktjvks poro dc`jssæk.

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[ 2) Cfkek`jfo`cet Cfkek`jfo`cetc, c, dcsc`prclk sjlejijfo7 (o) ( ) iohto dc trobohmk trobohmk prkdutjvk eks sctkrcs jedustrjojs. (b) ( ) sjtuoìæk c` quc uò porfcho porfcho do ikrìo dc trobohmk trobohmk eæk fkescluc kbtcr kbtcr kfupoìæk. (f) ( ) chc`cetk chc`cetk do iohto dc c`prcl c`prclk k poro poro fkes fkestjtujr tjtujr o ikrìo dc trobohmk. (d) ( ) chc`cetks quc quc jræk fkestjtujr fkestjtujr k `crfodk dc trobohmk. 6) Cxphjquc k quc scrjo7 ‘`kbjhjdodc j`pcricjto do `æk-dc-kbro‐

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[ 4) ^kdc` scr fkesjdcrodks fk`k dcsc`prclks jevkhuetïrjks7 o) ( ) dcsc`prclk irjffjkeoh c cstruturoh. b) ( ) dcsc`prclk sozkeoh c fàfhjfk. f) ( ) dcsc`prclk dcsc`prclk fàfhjfk c cstruturoh. cstruturoh. d) ( ) dcsc`prclk fàfhjfk c irjffjkeoh. 3) O quoetjdodc dcòedodo dc prkdutks pchks fkesu`jdkrcs ê jeihucefjodo pkr quojs `ktjvks7 o) ( ) pkr scrc` bces jeicrjkrcs c pkr cstorc` c` prk`kìæk. prk`kìæk. b) ( ) prcìks bojxks c quohjdodc. f) ( ) bojxk fustk, fustk, prcicrçefjo prcicrçefjo c lkstk lkstk d) ( ) bojxk fustk Cfkek`jo - Ouho 6

4<


9) O furvo dc dcòedo pkssuj uò jefhjeoìæk eclotjvo pkr fouso dc dkjs cicjtks. Ossjeohc Ossjeohc o ohtcreotjvo quc fketê` cstcs cicjtks7 o) ( ) cicjtk cstuio cstuio c cicjtk dc bojxo kicrto kicrto b) ( ) cicjtk dc rcedo rcedo c cicjtk dc substjtujìæk. substjtujìæk. f) ( ) cicjtk dc furvo dc dcòedo dcòedo c cicjtk dc rcedo. d) ( ) cicjtk dc dcòedo c prcìk. <) O hcj do kicrto c do prkfuro boscjo-sc7 o) ( ) eo quoetjdodc quoetjdodc c ek prcìk dc u` bc`. b) ( ) eo quohjdodc quohjdodc c eo prkfuro pchk bc`. f) ( ) sk`cetc eo prkfuro pchk bc`. d) ( ) sk`cetc sk`cetc eo quohjdodc. =) Eo hcj do kicrto c do prkfuro k [[[[[[[[[[[ skbc quoedk o prkfuro supcro o kicrto c [[[[[[[[[[[ quoedk o kicrto supcro o prkfuro.

Rcspkstos OSHO O SHO ? ? ‖ Vcluedk Ortmur Vfmkpcemoucr Vfmkpcemoucr,, quoh o fkestoetc fkestoetc ospjroìæk ospjroìæk muòeo; R7 Yjvc Yjvcrr fkes jstc c` qucrcr qucrcr sc`prc òjs c oqujhk oqujhk quc eæk tc`ks, tc`ks, poro quoedk quoedk os tjvcr`ks, scetjr`ks o ecfcssjdodc ecfcssjdodc dc kutros fkjsos, c ossj` sufcssjvo`cetc. sufcssjvo`cetc.

2 ‖ Bces dc fkesu`k pkdc` scr subdjvjdjdks c`7 durodkurks, eæk durodkurks, jetcr`cdjïrjks c ijeojs. Væk foroftcràstjfos dks bces jetcr`cdjïrjks7 o) ( ) k iotk dc eæk pkdcrc` scr oprkprjodks pchos pchos pcsskos. b) ( ) otcedcrc` otcedcrc` î sotjsioì sotjsioìæk æk djrcto djrcto dc ecfcssjdod ecfcssjdodcs. cs. f) (]) sæk bces quc jræk skircr `kdjijfoìócs otê sc tkreorc` rcfursks poro scrc` fkesu`jdks. fkesu`j dks. d) ( ) sæk prkdutks prketks poro scrc` scrc` fkesu`jdks. 6 ‖ Jedcpcedcetc`ce Jedcpcedcetc`cetc tc do do skfjcdodc, skfjcdodc, `cjk skfjoh, skfjoh, jdodc, jdodc, sjtuoìæk ijeoefcjro, o vketodc vketodc dk YKET ETODC ODC MS MS@OEO @OEO jedjvàduk ê jesofjïvch, rcstoedk î cfkek`jo fkhkfor c` mor`kejo YK RCFSRVKV VKV HJ@JT HJ@JTODKV. ODKV. vcrsus RCFSR

4 ‖ _uoh k prjefjpoh prjefjpoh prcssupkstk do cfkek`jo; R7 O cfkek cfkek`jo `jo tc` tc` fk`k pr css cssupkstk upkstk prjefjpoh o od`jejstroìæk od`jejstroìæk dks rcfursks quc cevkhvc` krloejzoìócs p÷bhjfos c prjvodos. Cfkek`jo - Ouho 6

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sclujetcs fkefcjtks7 fkefcjtks7 3 ‖ Osskfjc ks sclujetcs ( ? ) @ofrkcfkek`jo

( 2 ) cstudo ks olcetcs cfkeô`jfks jedjvjduojs.

( 2 ) @jfrkcfkek`jo

( ? ) cstudo k iuefjkeo`cetk cfkeô`jfk lhkboh.

OSHO O SHO 2 ?) C`prcso ê uò krloejzoìæk quc prkduz ohlk. Ks prkdutks ks quojs cho prkduz pkdc` scr djvjdjdks c`7 o) (x ) bces ijeojs c bces jetcr`cdjïrjks. j etcr`cdjïrjks. b) ( ) bces prjvodks prjvodks c bces ijeojs. f) ( ) bces bces jetcr`cdjïrjks. jetcr`cdjïrjks. d) ( ) bces prjvodks c skfjojs. 2) Vkb k pketk dc vjsto cfkeô`jfk pkdc`ks djzcr quc C@^RCVO ê uò KRLOEJWOÌÆK quc prkduz bces c scrvjìks. 6) O cijfjçefjo tcfekhöljfo tcfekhöljfo djicrcefjo-sc do cijfjçefjo cfkeô`jfo pkr pcr`jtjr7 o) ( ) o prkduìæk dc uò `csò `csò quoetjdodc dc prkdutk prkdutk fk` `ceks fustks fustks cevkhvjdks. b) ( ) o prkduìæk dc djicrcetcs djicrcetcs tjpks dc prkdutk fk` fk` òjs fustks cevkhvjdks. cevkhvjdks. f) (x ) o prkduìæk dc uò `csò quoetjdodc dc prkdutk fk` `ceks iotkrcs dc prkduìæk. d) ( ) o prkduìæk dc uò `csò quoetjdodc quoetjdodc dc prkdutk, utjhjzoedk òjs iotkrcs iotkrcs dc prkduìæk. 4) Cxphjquc ks djicrcetcs tjpks dc fustks. o) Fustk Ijxk (FI) ê oquchc oquchc osskfjodk oks i otkrcs dc prkduìæk, prkd uìæk, sc` vorjoìócs. b) Fustk Yorjïvch (FY) vorjo dc ofkr ofkrdk dk fk` o vorjoìæk vorjoìæk do prkduìæk. prkdu ìæk. f) Fustk Tktoh (FT) skòtörjo dks fustks i jxks òjs ks fust ks vorjïvcjs. vorjïvcjs. 3) _uoh o `chmkr dcijejìæk dc hufrk; R7 Yoetolces ku bceciàfjks q uc sc kbtç` fk` o vcedo dc bces ku s crvjìks . 9) Fk`cetc ks ospcftks pksjtjvks c eclotjvks do Tcfekhkljo eo ^rkduìæk. R7 ^ksjtjvks7 ou`ceto o prkdutjvjdodc c dj`jeuj ks fustks d o c`prcso. c`prcso. Eclotjvks7 pkdc oforrctor dcsc`prclk c j`poftk jejfjoh dc jevcstj`cetks. Cfkek`jo - Ouho 6

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OSHO O SHO 6 ?) Fjtc ohlues dks `ktjvks poro dc`jssæk. R7 Ovoeìk do jdodc, jdodc, iohto dc cspcfjohjzoìæk, cspcfjohjzoìæk, tcfekhk ljo, fk`pctjìæk lhk bohjzodo bohjzodo.. 2) Cfkek`jfo`cetc, dcsc`prclk sjlejijfo7 o) ( ) iohto dc trobohmk trobohmk prkdutjvk eks sctkrcs jedustrjojs. b) (x ) sjtuoìæk c` quc uò porfcho do ikrìo dc trobohmk eæk fkescluc kbtcr kfupoìæk. f) ( ) chc`cetk do do iohto dc c`prclk poro fkestjtujr fkestjtujr o ikrìo ikrìo dc trobohmk. trobohmk. d) ( ) chc`cetks quc quc jræk fkestjtujr fkestjtujr k `crfodk dc trobohmk. 6) Cxphjquc k quc scrjo7 ‘`kbjhjdodc j`pcricjto do `æk-dc-kbro‐ R7 K tc`pk ecfcssïrjk ecfcssïrjk quc uò pcssko prcfjso prcfjso poro cefketror cefketror u` ekvk c`prclk. 4) ^kdc` scr fkesjdcrodks fk`k dcsc`prclks jevkhuetïrjks7 o) (x ) dcsc`prclk irjffjkeoh c cstruturoh. b) ( ) dcsc`prc dcsc`prclk lk sozkeo sozkeohh c fàfhj fàfhjfk. fk. f) ( ) dcsc`prclk dcsc`prclk fàfhjfk c cstruturoh. cstruturoh. d) ( ) dcsc`prclk dcsc`prclk fàfhjfk c irjffjkeoh irjffjkeoh 3) O quoetjdodc dcòedodo dc prkdutks pchks fkesu`jdkrcs ê jeihucefjodo pkr quojs `ktjvks7 o) ( ) pkr scrc` bces jeicrjkrcs c pkr cstorc` cstorc` c` prk`kìæk. prk`kìæk. b) ( ) prcìks bojxks c quohjdodc. f) (x ) bojxk fustk, prcicrçefjo c lkstk d) ( ) bojxk bojxk fustk fustk

Ossjeohc 9) O furvo dc dcòedo pkssuj uò jefhjeoìæk eclotjvo pkr fouso dc dkjs cicjtks. Ossjeohc o ohtcreotjvo quc fketê` cstcs cicjtks7 o) ( ) cicjtk cstuio cstuio c cicjtk dc bojxo kicrto kicrto b) (x ) cicjtk dc rcedo c cicjtk dc substjtujìæk. f) ( ) cicjtk dc furvo dc dcòedo dcòedo c cicjtk dc rcedo. d) ( ) cicjtk dc dcòedo c prcìk. <) O hcj do kicrto c do prkfuro boscjo-sc7 o) (x ) eo quoetjdodc c ek prcìk dc u` bc`. b) ( ) eo quohjd quohjdodc odc c eo prkfuro prkfuro pchk bc`. f) ( ) sk`cetc eo prkfuro pchk bc`. d) ( ) sk`cetc sk`cetc eo quohjdodc. =) Eo hcj do kicrto c do prkfuro k ^RCÌK skbc quoedk o prkfuro supcro o kicrto c DCVFC quoedk o kicrto supcro o prkfuro. Cfkek`jo - Ouho 6

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@CRFODK

Fk` o lhkbohjzoìæk dk fk`êrfjk c dos ijeoeìos, iozcr o oeïhjsc dos rchoìócs dc `crfodk c fk`prccedcr suo fk`phcxjdodc, sæk pketks dc portjdo poro o tkòdo dc dcfjsócs dk prk prkijss ijssjkeoh jkeoh quc qu c prctcedc prctcedc otuor c` c` c`prcsos p÷bhjfos p÷bhj fos c prjvodos. Cstc Cstc ê k kbgctjvk kbgctjv k dos ouhos skbrc sk brc @crfodk. @crfodk. O ou ouho ho ? tr troz oz k s f k ef efcj cjtk tkss r ch chotj otjvv k s o @cr @crff odk odk,, por p ortjtje e d k do op ophh jf jfoì oìæk æk prïtjfo do tckrjo cfkeô`jf o ek djo-o-djo. djo-o-djo. Oprcsceto ojedo fketc÷dks fk`k fk`k77 os vorjoìócs dc prcìks c k cqujhàbrjk dc @crfodk. @crfodk. •

O o u h o 2 d c s t o f o o s C s t r u t u r o s d c @ c r f o d k , o p r k i u e d o e d k o s jetcr-rchoìócs cetrc fke fkesu`j su`jdkr dkrcs cs c prk prkdutk dutkrcs rcs eo eclkfjoìæk dc prkd prkdutks utks.. Væk Væ k obkrdodks tcòs fk`k7 fke fkr fkrrçefjo, rçefjo, `kek `kekpöhj pöhjk, k, lhkbohjzoìæk lhkbohjzoìæk ctf. ctf. •

ôro cetcedcr `chmkr o Cfkek`jo eo Cro do Lhkbohjzoìæk, hcjo u` dks hjvrks fjtodks c` eksso bjbhjklroijo, Troduzjedk k Cfkek`çs dc ôuhk Voedrkej. @crfodk - Ouho ?

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Fk`pctjìæk7 cetror c` fkefkrrçefjo, prïtjfo quc kfkrrc cetrc pcsskos, cqujpcs, c`prcsos. Fkefkrrçefjo7 djsputo `crfoetjh cetrc prkdutkrcs ku fk`crfjoetcs, fk`pctjìæk sjùhtâeco cetrc c`prcsos. Frcdjbjhjdodc7 foroftcràstjfo dk quc ê fkeijïvch. Cstobjhjdodc7 cstodk dc cqujhàbrjk, loroetjo dc pcròeçefjo ek c`prclk, `cdjoetc fkefursk p÷bhjfk. @kekpöhjk7 prjvjhêljk poro cxphkror fk` cxfhusjvjdodc uò otjvjdodc, pkssc cxfhusjvo. Khjlkpöhjk7 sjtuoìæk dc `crfodk c` quc u` pcqucek lrupk dc c`prcsos fketrkho o kicrto. ^rcfurskr7 ek fketcxtk do cfkek`jo, pkdc scr cetcedjdk fk`k oquchc quc prcfcdc, oetcfjpo ku oeuefjo uò jekvoìæk ku ùdoeìo. Vjstcòtjzoìæk7 krloejzoìæk c` sjstcòs, dcijejedk o krdceoìæk ku k olrupo`cetk dc otjvjdodcs c rcfursks, vjsoedk ok ohfoefc dc kbgctjvks c rcsuhtodks cstobchcfjdks.

Fkefcjtks J`pkrt `pkrto oetcs7 Cqujhàbrjk dc @crfodk7 @crfodk7 ê u` prjefàpjk bïsjfk do Cfkek`jo, suo iueìæk ê rcluhor ks prcìks. Vc o prkfuro pkr u` prkdutk ê òjkr quc suo kicrto, o tcedçefjo eoturoh ê quc scu vohkr subo. Fosk fketrïrjk, sc o kicrto dc u` prkdutk ê òjkr quc suo prkfuro, o tcedçefjo eoturoh ê quc scu vohkr obojxc. Eo prïtjfo, ks fmoòdks ‘olcetcs cfkeô`jfks‐ - k lkvcrek, jed÷strjos, fkkpcrotjvos, k fk`êrfjk jetcricrc` eo hcj do kicrto c prkfuro, pr kfuro, fk` o jetceìæk dc chcvor ku dj`jeujr k vohkr dc dctcr`jeodks prkdutks. Cetrctoetk, c` u` `crfodk fk`pctjtjvk, o kicrto c o prkfuro dc u` prkdutk tcedc` o sc cqujhjbror, rcsuhtoedk ek fmoòdk ‘prcìk dc cqujhàbrjk‐. Lhkbohjzoìæk7 fmoò-sc lhkbohjzoìæk k frcsfj`cetk do jetcrdcpcedçefjo dc tkdks ks pkvks c poàscs do supcriàfjc tcrrcstrc. Ohlues ioho` c` ohdcjo lhkboh, pchk iotk dk phoecto porcfcr `cekr. Mkgc uò ektàfjo pkdc scr troes`jtjdo ok vjvk poro k ùedk tkdk. Os c`prcsos eæk ijfo` òjs rcstrjtos o u` ÷ejfk poàs, toetk fk`k vcedcdkro ku prkdutkro. @ojs rcfcetc`cetc, r cfcetc`cetc, o cxprcssæk lhkbohjzoìæk tc` sjdk utjhjzodo to`bê` fk` scetjdk jdckhöljfk, jedjfoedk k prkfcssk dc jetclroìæk cfkeô`jfo krqucstrodo pchk eckhjbcrohjs`k - foroftcrjzodk pchk prcdk`àejk dks jetcrcsscs ijeoefcjrks, c` rchoìæk oks skfjojs. @crfodk - Ouho ?

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Ek ùedk otuoh, tkdo prkduìæk ê djrcfjkeodo o u` `crfodk cspcfàijfk. ^kr cxc`phk7 o prkduìæk dc orrkz, skgo, fcrvcgo, outk`övcjs ctf. Csto prkduìæk scrï dcstjeodo î fk`pro c vcedo. K `crfodk ioz fk` quc kfkrro uò fjrfuhoìæk dcstcs prkdutks ek fketcxtk cfkeô`jfk.

O SHO ? OSHO @CRFODK

Tjpks dc @crfodk

@crfodk hjvrc. K quc pkdc`ks fk`prccedcr pkr u` `crfodk `cr fodk hjvrc; O pohovro hjvrc eks ioz cetcedcr quc k `crfodk pkssuj uò fcrto hjbcrdodc poro fkkrdceor o cfkek`jo dc `crfodk sc` jetcrvceìæk ohluò. Cetrctoetk, eæk pkdc`ks fkefcbcr o jdêjo dc u` `crfodk tktoh`cetc hjvrc, pkrquc suo troesikròìæk dcpcedc dc ohlues frjtêrjks. Vc k `crfodk ikssc rcoh`cetc hjvrc, scrjo pcr`jtjdo o fk`crfjohjzoìæ fk`crfjohjzoìækk dc oròs c drklos. Ek cetoetk, cetoetk, tkdks tkdks eös sobc`ks quc ê jhcloh o prïtjfo fk`crfjoh dks jtces fjtodks. ^kr cstc c pkr kutrks `ktjvks ê quc k lkvcrek portjfjpo djrcto`cetc eo cfkek`jo dc `crfodk, otrovês do fkbroeìo dc j`pkstks c ijsfohjzoìæk dks prkdutks fk`crfjohjzodks. @crfodk j`pcricjtk. Yïrjks iotkrcs jetcricrc` ek hjvrc fursk dk `crfodk, foroftcrjzoedk-k fk`k j`pcricjtk. Vcrjo pcricjtk sc ikssc boscodk boscodk tktoh`cetc tktoh`cetc eo hjvrc fkefkrrçefkefkrrçefjo, ku scgo, o hjbcrdodc dc prkduìæk c vcedo pkr portc dks prkprjctïrjks.

O po porr t j r do e ks so vj vç vçef ef j o e k fktj djoek, k quc sjlejij fo @crfodk; @crfodk;

K fkefcjtk dc `crfodk tc` u` scetjdk o`phk. Ek djo-o-djo, `crfodk ê u` hkfoh kedc os pcsskos sc rc÷ec` poro fk`pror c poro vcedcr suos `crfodkrjos. Csto ê o dcijejìæk òjs sj`phcs quc tc`ks o rcspcjtk dk quc pksso scr `crfodk7 u` hkfoh quc scrvc dc bosc poro cictuor troesoìócs fk`crfjojs, fk`pro c vcedo dc bces c scrvjìks. C skb k prjsò do Cfkek`jo, fjçefjo quc cstudo ks iotkrcs cfkeô`jfks, k quc scrjo @crfodk;

K `crfodk pkdc scr fkesjdcrodk k hulor do hjvrc fkefkrrçefjo cetrc vcedcdkrcs c fkesu`jdkrcs, c` quc sc rcohjzo` o prkfuro c o kicrto dc prkdutks. ^kdc scr fkesjdcrodk ojedo k olcetc ikròdkr dc prcìks, pkr scr o portjr dk `crfodk quc ks prcìks dc je÷`crks prkdutks sæk ijxodks. Ks dcòedoetcs c ks kicrtoetcs dcfjdc` k prcìk dc u` bc`, csto dcfjsæk fkegueto fcdc cspoìk poro quc sc rcohjzc uò cfkek`jo dc `crfodk, boscodo eo trkfo dc bces pkr djemcjrk, fkeikr`c k prcìk cstobchcfjdk.

@crfodk @c rfodk hj vrc ] @crfodk @crfodk j`pcri cjtk Yo`ks supkr quc vkfç ê u` prkdutkr quc portjfjpo do cfkek`jo dc `crfodk c pkssuj tktoh hjbcrdodc poro prkduzjr c vcedcr scus bces, kedc c fk`k qujscr. Cstorjo otuoedk eu` `crfodk hjvrc. O ousçefjo dc quohqucr fketrkhc pkdcrjo oforrctor eclhjlçefjos c iroudcs. ^kr cstc `ktjvk, djicrcetcs iotkrcs c krloejs`ks pkdc` jetcrvjr c fketrkhor o cfkek`jo dc `crfodk. Cssos jetcricrçefjos tkreo` k `crfodk j`pcricjtk.

Fketcxtk mjstörjfk

K `crfodk cvkhuju ek fketcxtk mjstörjfk c cfkeô`jfk otrovês dks tc`pks, k òrfk dc suo cvkhuìæk sc dcu fk` o jedustrjohjzoìæk. Ikj o portjr dcstc `k`cetk quc os rchoìócs fk`crfjojs sc cxpoedjro`, tkreoedk k `crfodk òjs fk`phcxk ek quc sc rcicrc o suo cstruturo. @crfodk - Ouho ?

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YO RJOÌÓCV DC ^RCÌKV

O h l u e s i ot Oh otk k r cs q u c p k d c` j e i h u ce ceff j or k lrou dc chostjfj dodc-prcìk do dcòedo. dcòedo.

CHOVTJFJDODC

Ek fosk dk cxc`phk fjtodk oetcrjkr`cetc, pkr scr k frc`c dcetoh u` prkdutk csscefjoh o so÷dc bufoh dos pcsskos, `cekr scrï eksso rcoìæk fk` rchoìæk o ùdoeìo dc scu prcìk. ^kr scr u` prkdutk csscefjoh, c pkr scr òjs scesàvch c` rchoìæk ok prcìk, tkreo o dcòedo jechïstjfo. Kutrk iotkr quc pkdc`ks fjtor ê o djspkejbjhjdodc dc prkdutks sj`jhorcs ku substjtutks ek `crfodk. Vc ou`ceto k prcìk dc u` prkdutk quc pkssuj u` kutrk sj`jhor, suo dcòedo scrï `cekr, dcvjdk o substjtujìæk dk prkdutk c` busfo dc u` prcìk `cekr. Tc`ks ojedo, o dcòedo dc chostjfjdodc uejtïrjo. _uoedk kfkrrc ou`cetk ku qucdo ek prcìk jssk eæk oicto o rcfcjto tktoh, pkrquc k pcrfcetuoh do vorjoìæk dc prcìk ê jluoh o vorjoìæk eo quoetjdodc. ^kr cxc`phk, sc u` prkdutkr dc tkòtcs ou`cetor k prcìk ek `crfodk, o quoetjdodc prkfurodo scrï o `csò c` rchoìæk o cstc prcìk, pkr scr u` prkdutk csscefjoh. ôro sjetctjzor cstcs fkefcjtks quc ikro` cxphjfjtodks, kbscrvc` k csqucò quc scluc7

_uoedk kfkrrc uò vorjoìæk dc prcìk dc u` bc`, o suo quoetjdodc dcòedodo to`bê` skircrï uò vorjoìæk.

Yorjoìæ orjoìæk k dc pr cìk dc u` pr kdutk usuoh Vc vkfç cstï ofkstuòdk o fk`pror ?> uejdodcs dc sobkectcs pkr `çs, o u` prcìk pr cìk uejtïrjk dc R$ ?,3>, c kbscrvo quc ek `çs otuoh dc fk`pro scu prcìk uejtïrjk subju poro R$ 2,=31 fcrto`cetc vkfç trkforï k prkdutk pkr u` òjs borotk, ku dj`jeujrï o quoetjdodc o scr fk`prodo.

Fk` cstc cxc`phk, pkdc`ks dcijejr k fkefcjtk dc chostjfjdodc-prcìk do dcòedo , quc ê o scesjbjhjdodc do prkfuro dc u` prkdutk djoetc dos vorjoìócs dc scu prcìk. Ek cstudk dc chostjfjdodc, o dcòedo pkdc scr djvjdjdo c`7 chïstjfo c jechïstjfo. Chïstjfo - quoedk o vorjoìæk do dcòedo dc u` prkdutk ê prkpkrfjkeoh`cetc òjkr quc o vorjoìæk dc scu prcìk. ^kr cxc`phk, sc mï uò qucdo eks prcìks dks tchcikecs fchuhorcs, òjkr scrï o quoetjdodc dc prkfuro pchks fkesu`jdkrcs quc dcsc go` kbtcr k prkdutk. prkdutk. •

CHOVTJFJDODC ^RCÌK DO DC@OEDO Dcòedo jechïstjfo

Jechïstjfo - quoedk o vorjoìæk dc prcìk eæk ohtcro o quoetjdodc dcòedodo. ^kr cxc`phk, vo`ks supkr quc vkfç fk`prc frc`c dcetoh o u` prcìk dc R$ ?,2>, dc rcpcetc kfkrrc ohtcroìæk ek prcìk, chc ou`ceto k vohkr c posso o fustor R$ ?,6>. Kbscrvc quc k ou`cetk ê quosc j`pcrfcpj `pcrfcptàvch, c eæk ê pkr jssk quc vkfç voj dcjxor dc fk`pror frc`c dcetoh, `cs`k pkrquc, chc ê u` prkdutk csscefjoh poro k bc`-cstor. Dcssc `kdk, o dcòedo dk frc`c dcetoh ikj jechïstjfo î vorjoìæk dk prcìk.

Dcòedo chïstjfo

Chostjfjdodc uejtïrjo

O quoetjdodc dcòedodo vorjo fk` ohtcroìæk dc prcìk.

O vorjoìæk do quoetjdodc dcòedodo ê jluoh o vorjoìæk dc prcìk.

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O quoetjdodc dcòedodo, eæk vorjo fk` o ohtcroìæk dc prcìk.

Ohê` dk fkefcjtk dc chostjfjdodc-prcìk do dcòedo, ojedo tc`ks7 ChostjfjdodcChostjfj dodc-rcedo rcedo do dcòedo ChostjfjdodcChostjfj dodc-prcìk prcìk fruzodo f ruzodo do dcòedo dcòedo Chostjfjdodc-prcìk do kicrto •

•

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@crfodk - Ouho ?

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Chostjfjd odc odc-rcedo -rcedo do dcòedo `cdc o vorjoìæk do quoetjdodc dc prkfuro dcvjdk o uò vorjoìæk eo rcedo r cedo dk fkesu`jdkr.

Kbscrvc o sàetcsc dcssc fkefcjtk ek csqucò obojxk7

CHOVTJFJDODC-RCEDO DO DC@OEDO

Bc` ekròh

Bc` jeicrjkr

Chïstjfo

O vorjoìæk do quoetjdodc ê òjkr quc o vorjoìæk pcrfcetuoh do rcedo

O quoetjdodc dcòedodo ou`ceto dc ofkrdk fk` k ou`cetk do rcedo O quoetjdodc dcòedodo dj`jeuj î `cdjdo quc o rcedo ou`ceto

^kr cxc`phk, uò pcssko sc`prc dcsc gku fk`pror u` forrk, òs suo rcedo eæk pcr`jtjo rcohjzor toh fk`pro. _uoedk cho rcfcbcu u` ou`cetk c` scu sohïrjk, o pcssko kbscrvku quc olkro pkdcrjo fk`pror k forrk quc toetk oh`cgovo. Tkdo vcz quc kfkrrc u` ou`cetk eo rcedo dk fkesu`jdkr, prkvovch`cetc movcrï u` ou`cetk eo dcòedo dc ohlues prkdutks. Ks fkesu`jdkrcs fk`proræk òjs prkdutks quc otê k `k`cetk eæk fkesu`jo`, ku fkesu`jo` c` `cekr quoetjdodc.

O vorjoìæk do quoetjdodc ê `cekr quc o vorjoìæk pcrfcetuoh do rcedo

Chostjf jdodc-prcìk fruzodo Chostjfjdodc-prcìk fr uzodo do dcòedo dcòedo `cdc o vorjoìæk do quoetjdodc dcòedodo dc u` bc` quoedk mï ùdoeìo ek prcìk dc u` kutrk bc`. ^krtoetk, chostjfjdodc-prcìk fruzodo do dcòedo, ikrecfc ks dodks pcrfcetuojs c` rchoìæk î vorjoìæk prkfurodo dc u` prkdutk ], quoedk kfkrrc ùdoeìo ek prcìk dc u` prkdutk Z, hcvoedk c` fkesjdcroìæk ks tjpks dc bces. Fhossjijfoìæk dks bces Bces substjtutks - sc mkuvcr u` ou`cetk ek prcìk dc u` prkdutk ], ou`cetorï o quoetjdodc dcòedodo dc u` prkdutk Z. ^kr cxc`phk, u` ou`cetk ek prcìk dk prcsuetk, iorï fk` quc k fkesu`jdkr fk`prc òjs oprcsuetodk, substjtujedk u` pchk kutrk. ^krtoetk, k prcsuetk c k oprcsuetodk sæk bces substjtutks. Bces fk`phc`cetorcs - quoedk mï u` ou`cetk ek prcìk dc u` bc` ] dj`jeuj o quoetjdodc dcòedodo dc u` bc` Z. Vj`phjijfoedk, sc ou`ceto k prcìk dk xo`pu dj`jeujrï o quoetjdodc prkfurodo dk fkedjfjkeodkr, pkr scrc` bces fk`phc`cetorcs, o utjhjzoìæk dc u` rcqucr o dk kutrk. Bces jedcpc jed cpcedcetcs edcetcs - u` ou`cetk ek bc` Z eæk ohtcrorï o quoetjdodc dcòedodo dc u` bc` ]. Ok fketrïrjk dks bces fk`phc`cetorcs, k ou`cetk eæk ohtcro o prkfuro. ^kr cxc`phk, sc mkuvcr u` ou`cetk ek sobæk c` pö, o quoetjdodc dcòedodo dc tchcvjskrcs eæk scrï ohtcrodo, pkr scrc` bces jedcpcedcetcs. •

Djicrceìos cetr cetrc c bc` bc` ekròh ekr òh c bc` jeicrjkr jeicrj kr

Vc kfkrrc ou`cetk eo rcedo c, fkescqucetc`cetc, kfkrrc ou`cetk eo dcòedo dc u` prkdutk, cstc pkdc scr fkesjdcrodk u` bc` ekròh. Ok fketrïrjk, sc kfkrrc ou`cetk eo rcedo c o quoetjdodc dc dcòedo dj`jeuj, sjlejijfo quc cstc bc` ê jeicrjkr.

•

O dcòedo ê fkesjdcrodo chïstjfo c` rchoìæk î rcedo quoedk o vorjoìæk dc quoetjdodc dcòedodo ê òjkr quc o vorjoìæk vorj oìæk do rcedo. Jechïstjfo , quoedk o vorjoìæk do quoetjdodc dcòedodo ê `cekr quc o vorjoìæk do rcedo, ku ojedo, pcricjto`cetc jechïstjfo quoedk o quoetjdodc dcòedodo eæk vorjo dc ofkrdk fk` o vorjoìæk do rcedo. @crfodk - Ouho ?

Jechïstjfo

•

33


CHOVTJFJDODC-^RCÌK FRSWODO DO DC@OEDO Bces substjtutks

Bces fk`phc`cetorcs

_uoedk ou`ceto k prcìk dk bc` ], òjkr scrï o quoetjdodc dcòedodo dk bc` Z.

_uoedk ou`ceto k prcìk dk bc` ], `cekr scrï o quoetjdodc dk bc` Z.

Chostjfjdodc-prcìk do kicrto7 eæk ê ùjtk djicrcetc do chostjfjdodc-prcìk do dcòedo. ^kdc`ks opketor fk`k ÷ejfo djicrceìo o rchoìæk djrcto cetrc prcìk c kicrto. Vobc`ks quc quoetk òjkr ikr k prcìk òjkr scrï o quoetjdodc kicrtodo pchk prkdutkr. Dc ofkrdk fk` o chostjfjdodc, pkdc`ks djzcr quc o kicrto ê7 Chïstjfo , Jechïstjfo , Chïstjfo uejtïrjo. _uoedk o vorjoìæk pcrfcetuoh do quoetjdodc kicrtodo ikr òjkr quc o vorjoìæk dk prcìk, djzc`ks quc o kicrto ê chïstjfo. Vc o vorjoìæk pcrfcetuoh do quoetjdodc kicrtodo ikr `cekr quc o vorjoìæk dk prcìk, pr cìk, djzc`ks quc o kicrto ê jechïstjfo. O chostjfjdodc uejtïrjo, uejtïrjo, `kstro quc o vorjoìæk pcrfcetuoh do quoetjdodc kicrtodo ê jluoh î vorjoìæk dk prcìk.

Cqujhàbrjk dc `crfo `crfodk dk

@crfodk - Ouho ?

^RCÌK

_SOETJDODC DC@OEDODO

2,>>

?3.>>>

_SOETJDODC KICRTODO 3.>>>

Olkr o, vo`k Olkro, vo`ks s fkes fkesjdc jdcror ror quc k prc prcìk ìk dc u` prkdutk ê dc R$ 4,>>, o quoetjdodc dcòedodo dcstc prkdutk ê dc ?2.>>> uejdodcs c o quoetjdodc kicrtodo to`bê` ê ?2.>>> uejdodcs. Jssk dc`kestro quc os quoetjdodcs dc kicrto c dc prkfuro sæk prkpkrfjkeoh`cetc jluojs, rcsuhtoedk c` u` cqujhàbrjk dc `crfodk.

K cqujhàbrjk dc `crfodk sö ê pkssàvch quoedk o prkpkrìæk do quoetjdodc dc dcòedo ê o `csò dc kicrto, dcvjdk ok prcìk. C` kutros pohovros, k cqujhàbrjk sö kfkrrcrï quoedk ks jetcrcsscs dks fkesu`jdkrcs fkjefjdjrc` fk` ks dks prkdutkrcs, otrovês dc uò ovohjoìæk eo csfoho dc prcìks dks prkdutks.

☷ 0

_uoedk ou`ceto k prcìk dc u` bc` ], o quoetjdodc dcòedodo dk bc` Z eæk scrï ohtcrodo

Dcscqujh Dc scqujhàbrjk àbrjk ] Cqujhàbrj k dc `crfodk `crfodk Fkesjdcrc`ks quc k prcìk dc u` prkdutk ê dc R$ 2,>> c o quoetjdodc dcòedodo dcstc prkdutk ê dc ?3.>>> uejdodcs1 cetrctoetk, csso prkfuro eæk scrï otcedjdo pkrquc o quoetjdodc kicrtodo ê dc opceos 3.>>> uejdodcs. Kbscrvc` quc o quoetjdodc dc dcòedo supcro o quoetjdodc dc kicrto. Jssk rcsuhto c` u` dcscqujhàbrjk dc `crfodk.

C_SJHÀBRJK DC @CRFODK

Jetcrcssc dks Fkesu`jdkrcs

Bces jedcpcedcetcs

^RCÌK

_SOETJDODC DC@OEDODO

_SOETJDODC KICRTODO

4,>>

?2.>>>

?2.>>>

K cqujhàbrjk cqujhàbrjk eæk ê pkssàvch pkssàvch quoedk o kicrto supcro o dcòedo c vjfc-vcrso, sk`cetc quoedk os duos furvos, dc kicrto c dc prkfuro, sc cefketro` ek `cs`k pketk fkrrcspkedcetc ok ok pr cìk, ê quc ofket ofket cfc k cqujhàbrjk. cqujhàbr jk.

Jetcrcssc dks ^rkdutkrcs

☷ 39


Dcssc `kdk, vo`ks rcprcscetor o pcrspcftjvo dc kicrto c dcòedo jdcetjijfoedk k pketk dc cqujhàbrjk, otrovês dk lrïijfk obojxk7 =,>>

c dcòedodo pchks prkdutkrcs c pchks fkesu`jdkrcs.1 Ou` O u` ce cett k e o ki cr crtt o - u` ou`cetk eo kicrto fousorï uò dj`jeujìæk ek prcìk dc cqujhàbrjk c u` ou`cetk eo quoetjdodc dc cqujhàbrjk. Dj`jeujìæk eo dcòedo - uò dj`jeujìæk eo dcòedo fousorï uò dj`jeujìæk ek prcìk c eo quoetjdodc quoetjdodc dc cqujhàbrjk. Dj`jeujìæk eo kicrto - uò dj`jeujìæk eo kicrto fousorï u` ou`cetk ek prcìk c uò dj`jeujìæk eo quoetjdodc dc cqujhàbrjk.

Kicrto Cqujhàbrjk

9,>> 4,>> 2,>>

Dcòedo :.>>> ?2.>>> ?3.>>> ?=.>>>

^kdc`ks sjetctjzor k fkefcjtk dc cqujhàbrjk dc `crfodk dcsto òecjro7 _uoedk o kicrto ê òjkr quc o prkfuro tc`ks u` dcscqujhàbrjk, pkjs mï u` cxfcssk dc kicrto1 _uoedk o prkfuro ê òjkr quc o kicrto tc`ks u` dcscqujhàbrjk, pkjs mï u` cxfcssk dc prkfuro1

Cssos duos ikrìos (kicrto c prkfuro) sc ogusto`, cqujhjbroedk-sc, c k prcìk, ecstc `crfodk dc hjvrc fk`pctjìæk, ê o cxprcssæk dk ogusto`cetk. Vc tkdks fkemcfc` ks prcìks quc vjlkro` c` fcrtk `k`cetk, eu` `crfodk, k prcìk dc uò `csò `crfodkrjo tcedc o scr k `cs`k, pkrquc quc` kicrcfc csso `crfodkrjo o prcìk òjs bojxk otroj òjs irclucscs c, pkr fouso dk cstkquc dc quc djspóc, scrï hcvodk o subjr k prcìk. O jeihuçefjo dks fk`prodkrcs dctcr`jeorï o chcvoìæk. Csscs iotks sæk jetujtjvks. Bosto cxo`jeor fk`k iuefjkeo` o kicrto c o prkfuro prkfur o c` quohqucr `crfodk hjvrc, poro quc sc pcrfcbo toh `cfoejs`k. Vc mï ùjtks vcedcdkrcs, dc quc` dcpcedc k prcìk; Cvjdcetc`cetc dc ecemu` dchcs c` portjfuhor, òs do oìæk dc tkdks. @ojs u`, ku `ceks u` vcedcdkr, eæk oictorjo k prcìk. Vc Gkæk obrju iohçefjo ku ^cdrk surlju fk`k ekvk vcedcdkr, ek phoek lcroh eodo sc ohtcrku. ^kdc`ks, pkrtoetk, fkesjdcror k prcìk fk`k o b÷sskho dk `crfodk, jedcpcedcetc do kicrto c do prkfuro. Dc quc ikrò; Ycgo`ks7 quoedk k prcìk skbc, otroj òjs

_uoedk o prkfuro ê prkpkrfjkeoh`cetc jluoh î kicrto tc`ks u` cqujhàbrjk, pkjs eæk mï ec` cxfcssk c ec` csfosscz. csfosscz. Fk`pctjìæk _uoedk os quoetjdodcs kicrtodos cxfcdc` îs quoetjdodcs prkfurodos, kfkrrc uò fk`pctjìæk cetrc ks fkefkrrcetcs, pkdcedk ofketcfcr uò bojxo eks prcìks dks prkdutks. Ks prcìks, pkr suo vcz, dcvc` scr ogustodks poro quc mogo k cqujhàbrjk, sk`cetc otrovês dk ogusto`cetk ê quc scrï pkssàvch suprjr odcquodo`cetc k `crfodk. _uoedk o kicrto c o prkfuro sc dcshkfo`, ks prcìks dc cqujhàbrjk tkò` ekvos pksjìócs, jssk hcvo k `crfodk o uò busfo dc ogusto`cetk. Iotkrcs quc jeihucefjo` o ùdoeìo dc cqujhàbrjk dk `crfodk Ou`ce Ou `cetk tk eo e o dcòedo dcòed o - u` ou`cetk eo dcòedo fousorï u` ou`cetk dc prcìk c u` ou`cetk eo quoetjdodc dc cqujhàbrjk. _uoetjdodc dc cqujhàbrjk ê o quoetjdodc kicrtodo @crfodk - Ouho ?

3<


vcedcdkrcs ku jefcetjvo ks vcedcdkrcs oetjlks o ou`cetorc` ks cstkqucs, o ij` dc tcrc` òjkrcs hufrks. Vc k prcìk bojxo, tcedc, ok fketrïrjk, o oiulcetor ks vcedcdkrcs ku jefurtjr-hmcs `cdjdos dc `kdcroìæk. Vc k prcìk dc vcedo ê jluoh ok prcìk dc fustk, dcsoporcfcu k hufrk7

`crfodkrjo pkdc scr cstkfodo, pkrquc cstï sugcjto o sc dctcrjkror.

Hcjs do Kicrto c do ^rkf ^rkfuro uro ? - O chcvoìæk dk prcìk tcedc o dcprj`jr o prkfuro c cstjùhor o kicrto, c vjfc-vcrso1 o qucdo dk prcìk tcedc o cxohtor o prkfuro c o rcduzjr o kicrto.

^rcìk dc d c vcedo - ^rcìk ^rcìk d c fustk fust k 0 WCRK WCRK

Ecssc fosk, eæk jetcrcsso prkduzjr poro vcedcr, ec` jetcrcsso vcedcr. Vc ks cstkqucs pkdc` scr rctjdks, sc ê pkssàvch oròzceï-hks, poro oluordor `chmkrcs djos c `chmkrcs prcìks, k vcedcdkr pkdcrï cspcror o ohto dk prcìk. @os ec` tkdo

2 - K prcìk tcedc o subjr quoedk o prkfuro cxfcdc cxfcdc o kicrto, c vjfc-vcrso1 tcedc o bojxor, quoedk o kicrto cxfcdc o prkfuro. 6 - K prcìk tcedc o u` eàvch dc cqujhàbrjk quoedk o prkfuro sc jluoho î kicrto.

Ouh O uho o?

?) Vkb k pketk dc vjsto do cfkek`jo, quoh o dcijejìæk dc @crfodk;

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ 2) ^rcìk fkrrcetc ê oquchc quc sc boscjo7

o) ( b) ( f) ( d) (

) ek `crfodk ) ek fkesu`jdkr ) eo kicrto kicrto c eo dcòedo ) E.D.O

6) ^kdc`ks djzcr quc o dcòedo ê chïstjfo quoedk o quoetjdodc dcòedodo7

o) ( b) ( f) ( d) (

) eæk vorjo vorjo fk` ohtcroìæk ohtcroìæk dc prcìk ) ê jluoh o vorjoìæk dc prcìk ) vorjo fk` ohtcroìæk dc prcìk ) E.D.O.

4) _uoedk o vorjoìæk pcrfcetuoh do quoetjdodc ikr òjkr quc o vorjoìæk dk prcìk, djzc`ks quc o kicrto ê7

o) ( b) ( f) ( d) (

) Jechïstjfo ) Chïstjfo ) Jechïstjfo uejtïrjo ) Chïstjfo uejtïrjo

@crfodk - Ouho ?

3=


O SHO 2 OSHO CVTRSTSROV DK @CRFODK

ôro cetcedcr os cstruturos dk `crfodk ê ecfcssïrjk o`phjor eksso vjsæk c fk`prccedcr k `crfodk, fk`k uò uejdodc fk`phcxo c obstroto quc voj ohê` dk fkefcjtk mobjtuoh dcsfrjtk. ^kdc`ks dcijejr `crfodk fk`k k `cjk pchk quoh sc cstobchcfc` os rchoìócs cetrc ks prkdutkrcs c ks fkesu`jdkrcs7 os c`prcsos otuo` eo vcedo dc scus prkdutks c ks fkesu`jdkrcs odqujrc` bces c scrvjìk.

FKEFKRRÇEFJO Sò dos foroftcràstjfos csscefjojs dk `crfodk, quc jeihucefjo djrcto`cetc os jed÷strjos, ê cstobchcfcr ks vohkrcs dks prkdutks, pkjs ê o portjr do fkefkrrçefjo quc o c`prcso pkdcrï pcrfcbcr sc scu prkdutk cstï fk` u` prcìk fkcrcetc ku eæk. O fkefkrrçefjo ê u` iotkr prj`krdjoh ek `crfodk quc ioz fk` quc os c`prcsos ohtcrc` pkhàtjfos cfkeô`jfos c rcohjzc` ùdoeìos c` scus sctkrcs prkdutjvks.

@CRFODK

Fk`pro

Bces c scrvjìks

Ycedo

@os ê prcfjsk o`phjor ks fketkreks do dcijejìæk dc `crfodk poro `chmkr fk`prccedcr suos cstruturos. Os cstruturos dk `crfodk pkdc` scr cetcedjdos fk`k k fo`pk kedc ofketcfc` os jetcr-rchoìócs cetrc fkesu`jdkrcs c prkdutkrcs eo eclkfjoìæk dks prkdutks. K fkemcfj`cetk dos cstruturos dk `crfodk tkreo`-sc iuedo`cetojs, pkjs ê o portjr dcstc fkemcfj`cetk quc o c`prcso pkdcrï dctcr`jeor ùjtks iotkrcs rchofjkeodks î prkduìæk, fk`k7 quc tjpk dc bces dcvc` scr prkduzjdks, prkduzjdks, quoh quoh k prcìk, o quo quoetj etjdod dodc c ctf.

Fkefkrrçefjo pkdc scr fk`prccedjdo fk`k uò fk`pctjìæk1 c` cspcfjoh, oqucho quc kfkrrc cetrc prkdutkrcs ku vcedcdkrcs dc u` `cs`k prkdutk.

O vjtörjo ecsto fk`pctjìæk sj`bkhjzo o kbtceìæk dc òjkrcs hufrks, otrovês dc u` òjkr e÷`crk eos vcedos c eo kbtceìæk do frcdjbjhjdodc pkr portc dks fkesu`jdkrcs c, fkescfutjvo`cetc, uò òjkr cstobjhjdodc cfkeô`jfo do c`prcso ek `crfodk.

K cstudk dos cstruturos dks `crfodks jejfjo-sc, prjefjpoh`cetc, pcho oeïhjsc opurodo dos sclujetcs qucstócs7 Tjpks d c fkesu`jdkrcs E÷`crk dc c`prcsos dk `cs`k ro`k quc otuo` ek `crfodk Iofjhjdodc dc ofcssk îs tcfekhkljos vkht odo odoss poro o prk prkduìæk duìæk •

•

•

@crfodk - Ouho 2

3:


O portjr do fkefkrrçefjo ê quc scræk dctcr`jeodks ks prcìks dks prkdutks hcvodks î vcedo. C`prcso ? C`prcso 2

C`prcso 6

C`prcso 4

S` cxc`phk cxc`phk prïtjfk prïtjfk dc fkefkrrçefjo. Ek fosk dk prcìk dk fk`bustàvch poro ks outk`övcjs, pkdc`ks pcrfcbcr quc ks pkstks dc obostcfj`cetk cstjpuho` scus prcìks cstoedk sc`prc ohcrtos î fkefkrrçefjo. Fosk k prcìk dc scus prkdutks uhtropossc` o `êdjo utjhjzodo ek ek `crfodk c` quc otuo`, fcrto`cetc movcrï pkufks fhjcetcs jetcrcssodks c` obostcfcr ecstcs pkstks, prkvkfoedk, dcsto ikrò, prcguàzks.

^RKDSTKV FKEVS@JDKRCV

Ospcf Os pcftk tkss i ue uedo` do`cet cetojs ojs do fke f kefk fkrr rçe rçefj fjo o Fkefkrrçefjo pcricjto - ê dctcr`jeodo pkr u` lroedc e÷`crk dc fk`prodkrcs osskfjodo, djrcto`cetc, o u` lroedc e÷`crk dc vcedcdkrcs. Ks prkdutks fk`crfjohjzodks ecstc tjpk dc fkefkrrçefjo sæk mk`klçecks, ku scgo, do `csò eoturczo ku cstæk skhjdo`cetc hjlodks cetrc sj, k quc ioz fk` quc ks fkesu`jdkrcs sc sjeto`, dc fcrto ikrò, jedjicrcetcs î c`prcso dc quc jræk odqujrjr scus prkdutks. Ecstc tjpk dc fkefkrrçefjo, fkefkrrçef jo, eæk ê k fk`prodkr ku vcedcdkr quc cstjpuho` k prcìk dks prkdutks. Cstc ê dctcr`jeodk o portjr do pröprjo vorjoìæk dk `crfodk, ku do fkefkrrçefjo cetrc os c`prcsos. Sò kutro foroftcràstjfo do fkefkrrçefjo pcricjto ê o troesporçefjo dk `crfodk, quc ê foroftcrjzodo pchk fkemcfj`cetk, pkr portc dos c`prcsos quc portjfjpo`, skbrc os fkedjìócs dc iuefjkeo`cetk dk `crfodk. Eo fkefkrrçefjo pcricjto to`bê` ê ofcjto o cetrodo c soàdo dc c`prcsos sc` quc os cstruturos dcstc tjpk dc krloejzoìæk scgo` obohodos. O òxj`jzoìæk dks hufrks, osskfjodo djrcto`cetc o iotkrcs dc fustk `àej`k, pkr portc dos c`prcsos, sæk foroftcràstjfos iuedo`cetojs do fkefkrrçefjo pcricjto.

C` ùjtks fosks, o fkefkrrçefjo pkdc prkduzjr bceciàfjks poro ks fkesu`jdkr cs, pkjs ks prcìks dks prkdut ks sæk cstjpuh odks o portjr dos rchoìócs cetrc vcedcdkrcs c fk`p rodkrcs.

@KEK^ÖHJK @kekpöhjk ê o sjtuoìæk dc `crfodk c` quc o kicrto dc uò `crfodkrjo ku scrvjìk ê fketrkhodo pkr uò sö c`prcso ku vcedcdkr.

K `kekpöhjk c o fkefkrrçefjo pcricjto oporcfc` fk`k dkjs cxtrc`ks. K `kekpöhjk ê foroftcrjzodk pcho cxjstçefjo dc u` ÷ejfk kicrtoetc, quc pkssuj o outkek`jo dc dctcr`jeor scu prcìk.

Fkefkrrçefjo j`pcricjto - sæk cstruturos dc `crfodk quc tç` fk`k prjefjpojs foroftcràstjfos k iotk dc fk`prodkrcs c vcedcdkrcs jedjvjduojs pkdcrc` cstobchcfcr hjvrc`cetc k prcìk dks prkdutks quc scræk fk`crfjohjzodks. @crfodk - Ouho 2

Ok fketrïrjk do fkefkrrçefjo quc tc` quc tkòr u` prcìk dodk c odcquor-sc ok `crfodk. 9>


fkeicrc ok jevcetkr k djrcjtk cxfhusjvk dc iobrjfoìæk dc u` dctcr`jeodk prkdutk c` u` pcràkdk dc tc`pk, pkrtoetk, csto ê uò sjtuoìæk dc `kekpöhjk. Cxjstc, ojedo, u` fkefcjtk dc `kekpöhjk eoturohh surlc fmoòdk eoturoh. K `kekpöhjk eoturo quoedk uò c`prcso dj`jeuj k prcìk olrclodk ok prkdutk eo `cdjdo c` quc suo prkduìæk ou`ceto. Eo vcrdodc, csto sjtuoìæk ê ùjtk sotjsiotörjo poro k fkesu`jdkr, pkr polor u` prcìk `cekr pkr u` prkdutk cxfhusjvk, dc quohjdodc c quc sotjsioz o suos ecfcssjdodcs dc fkesu`k. J`pkrtoetc7 _uoedk uò c`prcso sc `kekpkhjzo, ks prcìks dc scus prkdutks scræk òjkrcs dk quc ek `crfodk dc fkefkrrçefjo pcricjto, ossj`, ks fkesu`jdkrcs ijfo` sugcjtks o polor u` prcìk ohtk c rcduzjr o dcòedo.

Ek sjstcò `kekpkhjsto, mï uò ousçefjo dc fk`pctjìæk, uò ÷ejfo c`prcso `kekpk hjzo k `crfodk, ku scgo, mï u` ÷ejfk vcedcdkr dc u` dctcr`jeodk prkdutk.

K prkdutk vcedjdk pkr uò c`prcso dc `kekpöhjk ê cxfhusjvk, ku djicrcetc dks dcòjs, pkr jssk quoedk kfkrrc` ùdoeìos, pkr cxc`phk, ek prcìk dc kutros c`prcsos, eodo oicto î c`prcso dc `kekpöhjk. O kbtceìæk kbtceìæk dc òjkrcs hufrks ê k prjefjpoh kbgctjvk dcstos c`prcsos, pkr jssk busfo` u` eàvch dc prkduìæk quc hmcs prkpkrfjkec` cstc kbgctjvk.

KHJLK^ÖHJK Khjlkpöhjk ê o sjtuoìæk dc `crfodk c` quc o kicrto ê fketrkhodo pkr u` pcqucek e÷`crk dc lroedcs c`prcsos.

Foroftcràstjf os quc dctcr`jeo` o Foroftcràstjf cstruturo do c`prcso dc @kekpöhjk ×ejfo - o jed÷strjo `kekpkhjsto tc` uò lroedc jeihuçefjo ek `crfodk, pkr scr ÷ejfo ek ro`k dc otjvjdodc c, to`bê`, pkr dctcr`jeor k prcìk o scr cstjpuhodk c` scus prkdutks. Cho dk`jeo jetcjro`cetc o kicrto, òetcedk, dcsto ikrò, k `crfodk c` suos `æks. Jesubstjtuàvch - ks prkdutks iobrjfodks pkr c`prcso `kekpkhjsto eæk pkssuc` substjtutks ek `crfodk, ossj`, eæk mï kutro ohtcreotjvo poro k fkesu`jdkr sc eæk fkesu`jr opceos ks prkdutks dcstos c`prcsos. Ks fkesu`jdkrcs eæk tç` suos ecfcssjdodcs otcedjdos pkr kutros c`prcsos, sk`cetc pkr uò, o dc `kekpöhjk. ^kdcrkso - ek scetjdk dc cxcrfcr pkdcr c` duos vorjïvcjs j`pkrtoetcs ek `crfodk7 k prcìk c o quoetjdodc o scr kicrtodo. Cstc pkdcr tc` fk`k kbgctjvk òetcr o sjtuoìæk dc `kekpöhjk, cstobchcfcedk prcìks quc dcscstjùhc` o jetcrvceìæk dc kutros fkefkrrcetcs c òxj`jzor ks hufrks. S` iotkr quc to`bê` foroftcrjzo k `kekpöhjk ê o fkefcssæk dc uò potcetc . Cho •

K khjlkpöhjk sc ossc`chmo ok `kekpöhjk pkr oprcscetor u` fketrkhc skbrc o kicrto toetk dc òtêrjos-prjòs fk`k dc potcetcs. Chc pkdc scr fkesjdcrodk purk ku djicrcefjodk. ûrk quoedk ks fkefkrrcetcs dc uò c`prcso khjlkpkhjsto kicrcfc` k `cs`k prkdutk, pkrê`, substjtutks pcricjtks cetrc sj. Ê fkesjdcrodk djicrcefjodk quoedk ks prkdutks eæk sæk substjtutks pcricjtks cetrc sj. Cxc`phks dc khjlkpöhjk purk c djicrcefjodk7

•

Khjlkpöhjk

•

@crfodk - Ouho 2

ûrk

Djicrcefjodk

Jed÷strjo dc ohu`àejk

Jed÷strjo dc fjlorrks

Os c`prcsos khjlkpkhjstos sæk jetcrdcpcedcetcs cetrc sj, pchk iotk dc scrc` c` e÷`crk pcqucek. 9?


KHJLK^VÔEJK

Csto jetcrdcpcedçefjo ioz fk` quc, quoedk uò c`prcso rcduz scu prcìk c utjhjzo uò bko pubhjfjdodc, o furvo dc dcòedo dc kutros c`prcsos scgo rcduzjdo c ùjtos vczcs cstos rcolc` fketro. Ks fkefkrrcetcs otuoetcs eo cstruturo khjlkpkhjsto sæk rjvojs cetrc sj, c` ùjtks fosks csto rjvohjdodc troesporcfc eos fo`poemos pubhjfjtïrjos. O cetrodo dc kutros c`prcsos ecsto cstruturo ê ùjtk djiàfjh, os djijfuhdodcs dc cetrodo sc dæk pchks sclujetcs iotkrcs7

Khjlkpsôejk ê cstruturo dc `crfodk c` quc mï u` e÷`crk rcduzjdk dc fk`prodkrcs. Ecstc fosk, k vohkr dk prkdutk ê, c` ùjtks fosks, cstobchcfjdk pchk pröprjk fkesu`jdkr, quc ojedo pkdc cxjljr rclohjos do c`prcso ikrecfcdkro poro odqujrjr scus prkdutks. Cstc iotk sc dï pchk `ktjvk dos c`prcsos ikrecfcdkros eæk tcrc` jetcrcssc c` pcrdcr ks pkufks, òs j`pkrtoetcs, fhjcetcs quc pkssuc`. Fk`prodkr ?

Csfoho dc prk prkduìæk duìæk Cxjlçefjos dc fopjtoh Dk`àejk Dk`à ejk d c tcfekhkljo

K iotkr òjs j`pkrtoetc rchofjkeodk fk` os rchoìócs khjlkpkhjstos sæk ks prcìks. K prcìk cstobchcfjdk pkr uò jed÷strjo dcvcrï scr odktodk pkr kutros, ofcjtoedk, ossj`, o hjdcroeìo dc prcìk dc uò kutro jed÷strjo. O cstruturo dc fustk dcstos jed÷strjos lcroh`cetc sæk bojxos, djicrcefjoedk-sc dos dcòjs, pkr jstk ê quc chos fkescluc` sc j`pkr fk`k hàdcrcs. O ikròìæk dc fortch ê uò òecjro dos jed÷strjos sc rcuejrc` poro dctcr`jeor prcìks c chobkror ofkrdks fk`crfjojs fk`k ikrò dc o`phjor ks hufrks.

Ikrecfcdkr?

Ikrecfcdkr2 Ikrecfcdkr6

Ikrecfcdkr4

LHKBOHJWOÌÆK Otuoh`cetc, csto`ks eæk sö kbscrvoedk fk`k vjvcefjoedk o vchkfjdodc fkestoetc fk` quc o tcfekhkljo sc troesikrò c ofobo troesikròedk o vjdo dos pcsskos. Fk` cssc ovoeìk tcfekhöljfk, tkreoro`sc òjs rïpjdos os fkùejfoìócs1 fk` k dcscevkhvj`cetk dks sotêhjtcs, tchcikejo fchuhor c o Jetcrect. Os jeikròìócs fmclo` otê eös c` tc`pk rcoh. O Jetcrect eks prkpkrfjkeo odcetror c` vïrjks ossuetks dk ùedk jetcjrk, c to`bê` òetcr rchoìócs cetrc pcsskos quc sc cefketro` eos portcs òjs djstoetcs dk lhkbk tcrrcstrc. Dcvjdk o cstos lroedcs ùdoeìos, skfjcdodcs dk ùedk jetcjrk tceto` portjfjpor dcstc `crfodk lhkboh, quc dcsprczo os djstâefjos lcklrïijfos, dcek`jeodk7 lhkbohjzoìæk. O scesoìæk quc eks fouso ê dc quc k ùedk ê fodo vcz `cekr. Eo lhkbohjzoìæk, ê pkssàvch fkemcfcr o suprcòfjo fuhturoh c prkdutks cspcfàijfks dc vïrjks poàscs. K phoecto Tcrro ê fk`pkstk pkr vïrjks ùedks, fk` ikròs dc krloejzoìæk dc skfjcdodcs bc` djicrcefjodos.

Cstruturos dc `crfodk `crfodk fk` ikfk ik fk ek fk`prodkr @KEK^VÔEJK @kekpsôejk ê o cstruturo dc `crfodk c` quc mï u` ÷ejfk fk`prodkr, fk`prodkr, ecstc fosk, k vohkr dk prkdutk ê, c` ùjtks fosks, cstobchcfjdk pchk pröprjk fkesu`jdkr, quc ojedo pkdc cxjljr rclohjos do c`prcso ikrecfcdkro poro odqujrjr scus prkdutks. ×ejfk fk`prodkr

Ikrecfcdkr ? Ikrecfcdkr 2 Ikrecfcdkr 6 @crfodk - Ouho 2

Fk`prodkr 2

92


ôro u` sjstcò c`prcsorjoh dk sêfuhk ]] k iotkr òjs j`pkrtoetc ê o fk`pctjtjvjdodc, gï quc otuo` gueto`cetc fk` vïrjks kutrks sjstcòs c`prcsorjojs dcetrk do cfkek`jo lhkbohjzodo. ^krtoetk, os c`prcsos fk`pctc` cetrc sj poro òjkr obcrturo c` scus `crfodks otuoetcs c c` kutrks `crfodks poro ks quojs cxpkrto`. Bhkfks cfkeô`jfks Ikj otrovês do lhkbohjzoìæk quc surljro` ks bhkfks cfkeô`jfks, quc tç` fk`k iueìæk prjefjpoh dj`jeujr os borrcjros quc j`pcdc` o hjvrc fjrfuhoìæk dc `crfodkrjos, ohiâedclo, irketcjros, `kcdos ctf., dc dctcr`jeodos rcljócs pröxjòs. Cstcs iotkrcs djijfuhto` o hjvrc troesoìæk fk`crfjoh cetrc poàscs quc eæk iozc` portc dks `cs`ks bhkfks, pkrê`, iofjhjto` k fk`êrfjk poro ks poàscs dk `cs`k bhkfk. Ks poàscs quc portjfjpo` do zkeo hjvrc dc fk`êrfjk, ohê` dc busforc` o rctceìæk r ctceìæk dc j`pkstks, pkr ùjtos vczcs sc ikrtohcfc` djoetc do lhkbohjzoìæk.

_uoh k popch do lhkbohjzoìæk ek dcscevkhvj`cetk jed ustrjoh c fk`crfjoh; fk`crfjoh;

Opös k surlj`cetk c dcscevkhvj`cetk dos jed÷strjos, k ùedk quc vjvcefjovo u` eoturohjs`k mobjtuoh possku o vjvcefjor u` ortjijfjohjs`k prkvkfodk pchos jed÷strjos c pchk ovoeìk tcfekhöljfk. tcfekhölj fk. O djstrjbu djstrjbujìæk jìæk dc prkdutks jedustrjohjzodks possku o scr òjs prïtjfo c cijfjcetc quc ks prkdutks fugo krjlc` cro k fo`pk, ku scgo, k sufk dc horoego eoturoh pcrdcu ùjtks fkesu`jdkrcs poro k ‘sufk dc fojxjemo‐. K fopjtohjs`k fk`crfjoh sc cxpoedc doedk hulor ok fopjtohjs`k jedustrjoh, scedk o lhkbohjzoìæk o iosc òjs rcfcetc dk sjstcò fopjtohjsto, u` pcràkdk têfejfk-fjcetàijfk c jeikròfjkeoh. jeikròfjke oh. Ecstcs pcràkdks, prcvohcfc` o iofjhjdodc eo fkùejfoìæk c k lroedc dcscevkhvj`cetk tcfekhöljfk, vkhtodk poro o prkduìæk c lcrcefjo`cetk. Eo lhkbohjzoìæk, tkdks ks poàscs cevkhvjdks ecstc sjstcò prkfuro` cxpoedjr suo cfkek`jo-skfjoh c otrojr jevcstj`cetks prkdutjvks tcedk, fk`k fkescquçefjo j`cdjoto, u` frcsfj`cetk eos cxpkrtoìócs ùedjojs. Ecstc sjstcò, ê bc` vjsàvch k lroedc ihuxk dc `crfodkrjos cetrc ks poàscs. @crfodk - Ouho 2

^rjefjpojs bhkfks cfkeô`jfks EOITO - Ofkrdk Ekrtc-o`crjfoek dc Hjvrc Fk`êrfjk @CRFKVSH - @crfodk Fkù` dk Vuh SC - Sejæk Curkpêjo OVCOE - Osskfjoìæk dos Eoìócs dk Vudcstc Osjïtjfk O^CF - Fkkpcroìæk Cfkeô`jfo Ïsjoôfàijfk. Os ùht ù htje jeofj ofjke keojs ojs Væk os rcspkesïvcjs pcho prkpoloìæk do cfkek`jo lhkbohjzodo ek ùedk. K ihuxk dc `crfodkrjos c j`phoetoìæk dc ijhjojs c` kutrks poàscs tkreo`-sc bc` vjsàvcjs oks khmks dk ùedk.

S` cxc`phk dc ùhtjeofjkeoh prkpolodkro dc cfkek`jo lhkbohjzodo O EJAC, c`prcso c`prcso o`crjfoeo o`crjfoeo quc pkr pkr eæk scr uò iïbrjfo c sj` uò òrfo, boscjo-sc 96


porodk poro quohqucr frjsc ê oquchc quc tc` uò bko ikròìæk c busfo sc`prc sc otuohjzor dcetrk dcstc sjstcò fodo vcz òjs fk`pctjtjvk. Fk`k pkdc`ks vcrjijfor, vcrj ijfor, eks djos otuojs, cxjstc` je÷`cros volos dc c`prclk, pkrê` sc` `æk-dc-kbro cspcfjohjzodo poro k prccefmj`cetk dcstos volos.

c` cstrotêljos dc òractjel otrovês dc scu dcsjel. @oetê` fketrotks fk` lroedcs dcspkrtjstos c pkdc rciozcr scus fketrotks c` vïrjks poàscs quc pkssuo` bkos fkedjìócs poro o c`prcso.

Fkescquçefjos do lh kbohjzoìæk

O lhkbohjzoìæk tcvc to`bê` u` lroedc j`poftk ek `crfo `crfodk dk dc tr obo obohmk hmk , prjefjpoh`cetc c` poàscs `ceks jedustrjohjzodks. K surlj`cetk dc c`prclks, dos ùhtjeofjkeojs quc soc` dc poàscs rjfks poro ks poàscs pkbrcs, busfoedk trobohmodkrcs fk` bojxks sohïrjks, pkufks bceciàfjks, hcjs c j`pkstks jeicrjkrcs oks fkbrodks c` scus poàscs dc krjlc` ê u` bk` cxc`phk.. Kutro fkescquçefjo ê o trkfo do `ækdc-kbro muòeo pcho `æk-dc`æk-dc-kbr kbro o `cfâejfo. K ro`k outk`kbjhàstjfk cvjdcefjo csto qucstæk, eæk ê òjs k kpcrïrjk quc cxcfuto ùjtks dks trobohmks dchjfodks eo hjemo dc `ketolc` c sj`, rkbôs. Ek `cjk c`prcsorjoh eosfc o jdêjo do j`phoetoìæk j`phoetoìæ k do rcquohjijf rcquohjijf oìæ oìæk k prkijs sjkeoh otrovês dc trcjeo`cetks , djrjljdks î trobohmodkrcs quc ecfcssjto` dc scu c`prclk k quoh posso pkr fkestoetcs troesikròìócs, sclujedk k dcscevkhvj`cetk tcfekhöljfk. K dcsc`prclk tcedc o fkefcetror-sc eo òsso fk` `ceks jestruìæk csfkhor csfkhor,, ku scgo, o lhkbohjzoìæk rcqucr pcsskos ohto`cetc jeikròdos c jeikròtjzodos.

Eo ekvo rcohjdodc ùedj oh poro quc uò c`prcso sc òetcemo ek `crfodk, k quc ê òjs j`p krtoetc7 o quoetjdodc ku o quohjdodc dc scus prkdutks c scrvjìks; O qucs q ucstæk tæk o`b o`bjj cet cetoh oh e o lhkb lh kbohj ohj zoìæk _uoedk ioho`ks c` frcsfj`cetk prkdutjvk ùedjoh c iïfjh ofcssk oks `crfodks dc tkdks ks poàscs, ê j`pkrtoetc pcesor`ks o rcspcjtk do utjhjzoìæk dc ekssks rcfursks eoturojs. Ks fustks o`bjcetojs frcsfcro` poro os jed÷strjos, dc ikrò quc ikj ecfcssïrjo o j`phoetoìæk dc ekròs quc vjsossc` toetk î prktcìæk o`bjcetoh fk`k o `chmkr ikrò dc utjhjzoìæk dks rcfursks eoturojs. C` poàscs jedustrjohjzodks, o c`jssæk dc rcsàduks c pkhucetcs, toetk ek skhk fk`k ek or, vc` ou`cetoedk o fodo djo. K dcsòto`cetk c o dclrodoìæk do foòdo dc kzôejk tkreoro`-sc prkbhcòs ohoròetcs, quc troz tr ozc` c` òhcs jrrcvcrsàvcjs î muòejdodc. ^rklroòs dc prcvceìæk î pkh pkhujìæk ujìæk

Lhkbohjzoìæk ] Frjscs Lhkbohjzoìæk Os frjscs, dcetrk dcstc `crfodk ÷ejfk lhkboh, tkreo`-sc jecvjtïvcjs. Vc pkr ohlu` `ktjvk o cfkek`jo dc u` dctcr`jeodk poàs voj òh, ks kutrks poàscs to`bê` skircræk os fkescquçefjos. Cstos frjscs ou`ceto` k dcsc`prclk c o jefcrtczo dks poàscs oictodks. ôro fketcr tojs frjscs ê ecfcssïrjk tcr u` `crfodk ikrtc c fk`pctjtjvk poro rcpkr pkssàvcjs ksfjhoìócs eoturojs do cfkek`jo ùedjoh. C sc` d÷vjdo, u` jedjvàduk `chmkr prc@crfodk - Ouho 2

Vubstjtujìæk dc òtcrjojs prcgudjfjojs pkr Vubstjtujìæk òtcrjojs eæk ekfjvks Rcutjhjzoìæk ku dcstjeoìæk odcquodo poro òtcrjojs pkhucetcs Rcduìæk dks cstïljks dk prkfcssk dc prkduìæk Rcfjfholc` Stjhjzoìæk fkrrcto dc cecrljo Jevcstj`cetk eo cdufoìæk o`bjcetoh Stjhjzoìæk dc ekvos tcfekhkljos, poro o prcscrvoìæk dk cfkssjstcò. 94


FKEFHSVÆK

c`prclodk ] c`prclodkr, o prkdutjvjdodc hjlodo djrcto`cetc î quohjdodc ikro` ks cstkpjes poro k surlj`cetk dks fkefcjtks od`jejstrotjvks, poro sjstcòtjzor c `chmkr dcscevkhvcr ks `cjks prkdutjvks. Fkefcjtks quc otê ks djos dc mkgc `kstro`-sc ecfcssïrjks c cijfozcs. C` `cjk o toetos ùdoeìos, k trobohmk possku o scr pcìo prjefjpoh poro o cfkek`jo dos lroedcs `ctröpkhcs c ek dcscevkhvj`cetk skfjoh urboek1 fk` k ou`cetk eo prkduìæk c uò `chmkro ek o`bjcetc dc trobohmk c eos rchoìócs cetrc fkkrdceodkr c subkrdjeodk. Tkdks cstcs iotkrcs vjso` v jso` o u` ou`cetk eo prkduìæk prkduìæk poro sotjsiozcr sotjsiozcr k `crfodk, quc quc pkr suo vcz, eæk poro dc frcsfcr. Doà o j`pkrtâefjo dc oeohjsor os rchoìócs dc `crfodk c suos j`phjfoìócs ek fketcxtk söfjk-cfkeôej`k, poro pkdcr otuor fk` fk`pctçefjo ek `cjk c`prcsorjoh.

Djoetc dk fceïrjk curkpcu dk sêfuhk ]YJJJ, os lroedcs jevceìócs ikro` jetrkduzjdos eo skfjcdodc fk` jetujtk dc sotjsiozcr îs ecfcssjdodcs muòeos c cxpoedjr os òrovjhmos dos dcsfkbcrtos. Dcsdc os lroedcs eovcloìócs, ê ektïvch csto foroftcràstjfo dk scr muòek dc troespkr tkdk tjpk dc borrcjros lcklrïijfos. O jeikròìæk, quc oetcs cro jecijfjcetc c dc`krodo, mkgc pcrfkrrc fcetceos dc qujhô`ctrks c` jestoetcs. K fk`êrfjk ohfoeìo ks fketkreks dc u` `crfodk lhkboh fkù`1 ê pkssàvch fk`pror c vcedcr prkdutks dc kutrks poàscs pcho Jetcrect, c` tc`pk rcoh. O frjoìæk dc ekvks c`prclks, ofk`poemoedk k ou`cetk pkpuhofjkeoh, o rchoìæk

Ouho Ou ho 2

?) _uojs os qucstócs òjs j`pkrtoetcs poro k cstudk dos cstruturos dc `crfodk;

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ 2) _uoh o dcijejìæk dc fkefkrrçefjo;

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ 6) Osskfjc os fkhueos dc ofkrdk fk` ks fkefcjtks7

( ? ) @kekpöhjk ( 2 ) Khjlkpöhjk ( 6 ) @kekpsôejk ( 4 ) Khjlkpsô Khjlkpsôejk ejk

( ( ( (

) quoedk mï u` ÷ejfk fk`prodkr ) quoedk o kicrto ê fketrkhodo pkr uò sö c`prcso ) quoedk mï u` e÷`crk rcduzjdk dc fk`prodkrcs ) quoedk o kicrto ê fketrkhodo pkr u` pcqucek e· dc c`prcsos

4) _uojs os fkescquçefjos do lhkbohjzoìæk;

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[ [[[ @crfodk - Ouho 2

93


Rcspkstos OSHO O SHO ? ?) Vkb k pketk dc vjsto do cfkek`jo, quoh o dcijejìæk dc @crfodk; R7 @crfodk @crfodk pkdc scr k hulor do hjv hjvrc rc fkefkr rçefjo poro fk`p fk`pro ro c vcedo dc prk prkdutk dutkss 2) ^rcìk fkrrcetc ê oquchc quc sc boscjo7

o) ( ) ek `crfodk b) ( ) ek fkesu`jdkr

f) ( x ) eo kicrto c eo dcòedo d) ( ) E. D. O

6) ^kdc`ks djzcr quc o dcòedo ê chïstjfo quoedk o quoetjdodc dcòedodo7 dcòedodo7 o) ( ) eæk vorjor fk` ohtcroìæk dc prcìk prcìk b) ( ) ê jluoh o vorjoìæk vorjoìæk dc prcìk f) (x ) vorjo fk` ohtcroìæk dc prcìk d) ( ) E. D. O 4) _uoedk o vorjoìæk pcrfcetuoh do quoetjdodc ikr òjkr quc o vorjoìæk dk prcìk, djzc`ks quc o kicrto ê7 f) ( ) Jechïstjfo uejtïrjo o) ( ) Jechïstjfo d) ( ) Chïstjfo uejtïrjo b) ( x ) Chïstjfo

OSHO O SHO 2 ?) _uojs os qucstócs òjs j`pkrtoetcs poro k cstudk dos cstruturos dc `crfodk; R7 Tjpk Tjpkss dc fkesu`jdk fkesu` jdkrcs, rcs, e· dc c`pr c`prcsos csos quc otuo` ek `crfodk, ofcssk îs tcfek tcfekhkl hkljos jos 2) _uoh o dcijejìæk dc fkefkrrçefjo; R7 Fk`pctjìæk Fk`pctjìæk cetrc prkdutkrcs ku vcedc vcedcdkrcs dkrcs dc u` `cs`k prkd utk 6) Osskfjc os fkhueos dc ofkrdk fk` ks fkefcjtks7

( ? ) @kekpöhjk ( 2 ) Khjlkpöhjk ( 6 ) @kekpsôejk ( 4 ) Khjlkpsôejk

( 6 ) quoedk mï u` ÷ejfk fk`prodkr ( ? ) quoedk o kicrto ê fketrkhodo pkr uò sö c`prcso ( 4 ) quoedk mï u` e÷`crk rcduzjdk dc fk`prodkrcs ( 2 ) quoedk o kicrto ê fketrkhodo pkr u` pcqucek e· dc c`prcsos

4) _uojs os fkescquçefjos do lhkbohjzoìæk; R7 J`poftk ek `crfodk ` crfodk dc trobohmk, trobohmk, `cfoejzoìæk `cfoejzoìæk do `æk-dc`æk-dc-kbro, kbro, rcquohjij rcquohjijfoìæ foìæk k prkijss pr kijssjkeoh jkeoh @crfodk - Ouho 2

99


CFKEK@JO C @CRFODK ôro cxcrfjtor ôro cxcrfjtor eo prïtjfo ks fkemcfj`cetks odqujr jdks fk` f k` ks cstudks d c cfkek` cfkek`jo jo c `crfodk, rcskhvo o qucstæk obojxk. O c`pr c` prcso cso R^ - Rcfup Rcf upcrod crodkr kro o dc êcus ê cus - tc` t c` ks k s s clu clujj et etcs cs fus f ustt ks ks77 Ïl uo Ïluo Cecrljo Cecrlj o chêtrj fo Oh ul uluch uch @æk-dc-kb ro JEVV Vclur k J`pkst J`pk stks ks @otêrj o-pr o-prj` jò o Cqujpo`cet Cquj po`cetks ks

R$ 4>>,>> R$ ? 3>> 3>>,>> ,>> R$ 2 3>>,>> R$ 4 3>>,> 3>>,>> > R$ ::>,>> R$ 22>,> 22>,>> > R$ <3> <3>,>> ,>> R$ ? =>>,> =>>,>> > R$ 2 ?3> ?3>,>> ,>>

@ketc o tobcho tobcho dc ofkrd ofkrd k fk` ks jt ces dc fustk. fust k. (fkesuhtc (fkesuh tc k `kdchk `kd chk do pïl. 2:) 2:).. Dcsfrjìæk Dc sfrjìæk dk s lostks

Ij x k s

Yor j ïv cj s

Yoh k r $

E÷`crk dc pecus rcfupcrodks (_)7 9>> pcìos Dctcr`jec ks fustks ijxks, vorjïvcjs c tktoh. Fohfuhc to`bê` ks fustks `êdjks dcsto c`prcso. o) Fustks Ijxks (FI) [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ b) Fustks Yorjïvcjs (FY) [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ f) Fus Fustk tk Tktoh (FT) [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[ d) Fustks @êdjks (F@c) [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ @crfodk - Ouho 2

9<


CFKEK@JO C @CRFODK Rcspkstos ôro cxcrfjtor ks fkemcfj`cetks dos ouhos dc Cfkek`jo c @crfodk.

Fïhfuh Fï hfuhk k dks d ks fus fustks tks do C`prcso R^ R^ - Rcfupcrodkro Rcfupcrodkro dc êcus êcus Tobcho dc fustks Dcsfrjìæk Dc sfrjìæk d ks l ostks Ij x k s Yor j ïv cj s ] Ïluo ] Cecrljo chêtrjfo ] Ohuluch ] @æk-dc-kbro ] JEVV ] Vclurk J`pkstks ] @otêrjo-prjò ] ] Cqujpo`cetks E÷`crk dc pecus rcfupcrodks (_)7 9>> pcìos

Yoh k r $ 4>>,>> ? 3>>,>> 2 3>>,>> 4 3>>,>> ::>,>> 22>,>> <3>,>> ? =>>,>> 2 ?3>,>>

Fïhfuhks o) Fust Fustks ks Ijxks (F (FI) I) ohuluch + j`pkstk + sclurk 0 2 3>>,>> + <3>,>> + 22>,>> 0 R$ 6 4<>,>> 4<>,>> b) Fustks Yorjïvcjs Yorjïvcjs (FY) (FY) ïluo + cecrljo chêtrjfo chêtrj fo + `æk-dc-kbr `æk-dc-kbro o + JEV JEVV V + @otêrjo-prj @otêrjo-prjò ò + cqu cqujpo`cet jpo`cetks ks 0 4>>,>> + ? 3>>,>> + 4 3>>,>> + ::>,>> + ? =>>,>> + 2 ?3>,>> 0 R$ ?? 64>,>> f) Fustk Tktoh Tktoh (FT) (FT) FI + FY 0 6 4<>,>> + ?? 64>,>> 0 R$ ?4 =?>,>> d) Fustks Fustk s @êdjks (F (F@c @c)) F@c 0 FT 0 ?4 =?>,>> _ 9>>

F@c 0 24,9=

^krtoetk, tcrào t crào`ks `ks R$ 24, 24,9= 9= dc fust k `êdjk c` fodo uejdodc prkd uzjdo

@crfodk - Ouho 2

9=


KRLOEJWOÌÆK DC C@^RCVOV

K prjefj po pohh kbgctjvk dcsto djsfjphjeo ê r cho chofjkeor fjkeor os otjvjdodc otjvjdodcss krloejzo krloejzofjkeojs fjkeojs fk` ks prjefàpjks tcörjfks quc os iuedo`ceto`. Ê prcfjsk o`phjor k fkeguetk dc fkemcfj`cetks, mobjhjdodcs c otjtudcs poro dcsc`pcemor, fk` cijfïfjo, dctcr`jeodo eo doss iueìó iueìóc cs ek ùed ùedk k fkrpk fkrpkro rotjvk. tjvk. C`prc `prcso soss quc qucrc rc` ` rc rcsuht suhto odks pksjt pksjtjvks, jvks, lcstkrcs qucrc` pcsskos fopozcs dc otuor fk` sufcssk.

. O ouho ? tr ot oto o dk fkefcjtk dc Krloejzoìæ Krloejzoìæk k dc C`prcsos, C`prcsos, obkrdoedk suos ikròs

c scus kbgctjvks. Oprcsceto, ojedo, o dcijejìæk dc pcssko guràdjfo fk` u` rktcjrk poro o chobkroìæ cho bkroìæk k dc u` fketrotk s kfjoh.

. O ouho 2 oprcsceto k fkefcjtk dc Od`jejstroìæk, oprkiuedoedk os ^rjefjpojs

Tckrjos dc Od`j ejs ejstroìæk troìæk quc iuedo`ceto iued o`ceto` ` ks @kdchks dc d c Lcstæk, Lcstæk, dcstofoedk dcstofoedk o Cro Cro do _uohjdodc Tktoh.

. Eo ouho 6 sæk dcsfrjtos os Otjvjdodcs Lcrcefjojs, cspcfjijfoedk os dj`cesócs dc

dcporto`cetohjzoìæk, cxc`phjijfoedk djicrcetcs cstruturos dc iuefjkeo`cetk c`prcsorjoh.

. O ouho 4 dcijec dcijec os Iueìócs Od`jejst rotjvos c suos j`p hjfoìócs ek phoec phoecgo`c go`cetk etk

kpcrofjkeoh.

Ofcssc k sjtc www.ecthcljs.fk`.br sjtc www.ecthcljs.fk`.br c c hcjo os ektàfjos pubhjfodos pcho Rcvjsto Fketïbjh c C`prcsorjoh skbrc k tcò c` cstudk. Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho ?

9:


Bohoeìk oeuoh dcijfjtïrjk 7 ê k rchotörjk fketïbjh quc oprcsceto dêijfjt, tcr`k fketobjhàstjfk, quc sjlejijfo sohdk eclotjvk rcsuhtoetc dc, c` u` krìo`cetk, tcr òjs lostks ku dcspcsos dk quc loemks ku rcfcjtos. Toh krìo`cetk ê fmoòdk dc dcijfjtïrjk. Fkrrcspkedc ok prcguàzk c` bohoeìks dc c`prcsos eæk cfkeô`jfos ku "sc` ijes hufrotjvks". Bcmovjkrjsto7 dcrjvodk dc Bcmovjkrjs`k (Bcmovjkrjs` c` jelhçs) ku bcmovjkr (CSO)7 fk`p fk `pkr krto to`c `cet etk, k, fk fked edut uto. o. Dj Djzz-sc sc dc pc pces eso` o`ce cetk tk fj fjce cetà tàijijfk fk rc rcic icrc rcet etcc î Oe Oeïh ïhjs jscc dk Fk`pkrto`cetk ku ^sjfkhkljo Kbgctjvo7 fkeguetk dos tckrjos psjfkhöljfos quc pkstuho` k fk`pkrto`cetk fk`k ÷ejfk, ku, ok `ceks, òjs dcscgïvch, kbgctk dc cstudk do ^sjfkhkljo. Fkòedjto7 tcr`k dk djrcjtk c`prcsorjoh brosjhcjrk, o skfjcdodc c` fkòedjto sj`phcs ê o foroftcrjzodo pcho cxjstçefjo dc dkjs tjpks dc söfjks7 ks söfjks fkòedjtïrjks c ks fkòedjtodks. Ks söfjks fkòedjtïrjks tç` rcspkesobjhjdodc hj`jtodo c` rchoìæk îs kbrjloìócs fketroàdo tro àdoss pch pchoo skf skfjcd jcdodc odc,, rcs rcspke pkedce dcedk dk opc opceos eos pch pcho o jet jetclr clrohj ohjzoì zoìæk æk dos fkt fktos os sub subsfr sfrjtjtos. os. Fketrjbuc` opceos fk` k fopjtoh subsfrjtk, eæk fketrjbujedk dc ecemuò kutro ikrò poro k iuefjkeo`cetk do c`prcso, ijfoedk ohmcjk, jefhusjvc, do od`jejstroìæk do `csò. Gï ks söfjks fkòedjtodks fketrjbuc` fk` fopjtoh, trobohmk c sæk rcspkesïvcjs pcho od`jejstroìæk do c`prcso. Vuo rcspkesobjhjdodc pcroetc tcrfcjrks ê jhj`jtodo, dcvcedk sohdor os kbrjloìócs fketroàdos pcho skfjcdodc. Cstruturo òtrjfjoh 7 o dcporto`cetohjzoìæk òtrjfjoh ê u` tjpk `jstk dc dcporto`cetohjzoìæk, ek quoh cqujpcs fk`pkstos pkr pcsskos dc djvcrsos cspcfjohjdodcs sæk rcuejdos fk` k kbgctjvk dc rcohjzor torcios fk` foroftcràstjfos tc`pkrïrjos. Cho cvkhuju o portjr do dcporto`cetohjzoìæk iuefjkeoh trodjfjkeoh, ohjodo î djeo`jfjdodc dos cstruturos dc prkgctk ku prkdutk. Iccdbofa 7 rctrkohj`cetoìæk, ku to`bê` rcohj`cetoìæk, ê k ek`c dodk ok prkfcdj`cetk otrovês dk quoh portc dk sjeoh dc soàdo dc u` sjstcò (pkdc scr uò torcio fkefhuàdo, jestruìæk otcedjdo, jeikròìæk troes`jtjdo ctf.) ê troesicrjdo poro o cetrodo dcstc `cs`k sjstcò fk` k kbgctjvk dc dj`jeujr, o`phjijfor ku fketrkhor o soàdo dk sjstcò. @ofrko`bjcetc7 o`bjcetc cxjstcetc ikro dk tcrrjtörjk iàsjfk do krloejzoìæk, ikròdk pcho fkefkrrçefjo, sctkr p÷bhjfk, fhjcetcs, ikrecfcdkrcs, sjstcò ijeoefcjrk, sctkr cxtcrek, tcfekhkljo, hcljshoìæk lcroh, cfkhkljo, sjedjfodks ctf. @jfrko`bjcetc7 o`bjcetoìæk iàsjfo ku vjrtuoh c` quc os kpcroìócs do krloejzoìæk sæk òjs iofjh`cetc fketrkhodos dcsdc quc eæk mogo jetcricrçefjos òfrko`bjcetojs. Cx.7 rcfursks muòeks, prkduìæk, ijeoeìos, fk`crfjoh/òractjel, sjstcòs dc jeikròìæk ctf. ^rkduìæk cexuto 7 Vjstcò Tkykto dc ^rkduìæk, to`bê` fmoòdk dc ^rkduìæk Hcoe @oeuiofturjel. Vurlju ek Gopæk, eo iïbrjfo dc outk`övcjs Tkykto, hklk opös o Vcluedo Lucrro @uedjoh. Eoqucho êpkfo, o jed÷strjo gopkecso tjemo uò prkdutjvjdodc ùjtk bojxo c uò cekr`c iohto dc rcfursks, k quc eoturoh`cetc o j`pcdjo odktor k `kdchk do prkduìæk c` òsso. ^rkduìæk c` òsso 7 dcscevkhvjdk pkr Ircdcrjfa Toyhkr c Mcery Ikrd c` ?:26. Vcbroc7 Vcrvjìk Brosjhcjrk dc Opkjk îs @jfrk c ^cquceos C`prcsos, surlju c` ?:<2 fk`k rcsuhtodk dc jejfjotjvos pjkecjros dc djvcrsos cetjdodcs quc cstjùhoro` k c`prccedcdkrjs`k ek poàs. Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho ?

<>


Tkdk sctkr, dcporto`cetk c dcòjs fêhuhos do c`prcso sæk j`pkrtoetcs, fodo quoh fk` lrou dc j`pkrtâefjo c rcspkesobjhjdodc rchotjvo, fkefhujedk-sc quc cxjstc uò jetcrdcpcedçefjo rchcvoetc cetrc chcs. Os rcspkesobjhjdodcss dks otkrcs dks prkfcssks (fkhobkrobjhjdodc dkrcs dk rcs)) eæk sc hj` hj`jtjto` o` op opce ceos os îs dc dcfjs fjsóc ócss cstrotêljfos (cxcfutjvks do c`prcso).

OSH O ? OSHO KRLOEJWOÌÆK DC C@^RCVOV

FKEFCJTK Jòljec`ks u` c`prccedj`cetk fk`k scedk quohqucr tjpk dc jestjtujìæk quc kpcrc eo fkeduìæk c prkduìæk dc bces òtcrjojs ku sc scrv rvjì jìks ks.. ^k ^kdc dc`k `kss dj djzc zcrr qu quc c cs cstc tcss c`prccedj`cetks ikrò` krloejzoìócs, pkjs hï cxj cxjstc stc` ` to torci rcios os jet jetcrd crdcpc cpcedc edcetc etcss quc quc,, guetos, troræk ohlu` tjpk dc prkduìæk. _uohqucr tjpk dc cstruturo quc kbgctjvc hufrk ku eæk (c`prcsos ku cetjdodcs) pkssuc` "örlæks" djstjetks quc, mor`kejzodks, fk`póc` os krloejzoìócs. ^krtoetk7

Os rc rcho hoìó ìócs cs dc rc rcsp spke keso sobj bjhjhjdo dodc dc c outkrjdodc sc o`phjo` pkr tkdo o cstruturo c`prcsorjoh, frjoedk k quc fmoò`ks dc mjcrorqujo.

KRLOEJWOÌÓCV EÆK-H EÆK-HSFRO SFROTJY TJYOV OV C HSFROTJYOV

Krloejzoìæk ê u` lrupk dc jedjvàduks, rcuejdks pkr u` fkeguetk dc rchofjkeo`cetks dc outkrjdodc c dc rcspkesobj so bjhjd hjdo odc dc,, ks qu quo ojs tç tç` ` u` uò o `c `cto to fkù`.

_uoh k kbgctjvk dos krloejzoìócs;

Busfor Busf or rcs rcsuh uhto todk dkss qu qucc ot otce cedo do` ` o forçefjos forçe fjos djvc djvcrsos7 rsos7 hozcr hozcr,, ohj`c ohj`ceto etoìæk, ìæk, troespkrtc, cetrctcej`cetk, fkemcfj`cetk, tcfekhkljo c ossj` pkr djoetc.

Ks örlæks pkdc` scr troduzjdks pchks sctkrcs, dcporto`cetks, lcrçefjos c djrctkrjos, ku ojedo pchos ïrcos cspcfàijfos dc prkduìæk, duì æk, ije ijeoeì oeìos, os, `cr `crfod fodkhö khöljfo ljfo,, rcf rcfursk urskss muòeks, jeikr`ïtjfo ctf. ^crfcbc`ks quc, fk` suos otrjbujìócs cspcfàijfos, iuefjkeïrjks c dcòjs rcfursks kpcro` poro quc o jestjtujìæk iuefjkec ek scetjdk dc otjeljr scus kbgctjvks.

Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho ?

Eos cfkek`jos soudïvcjs, c`prccedj`cetks ùhtjphjfo`-sc, dcsoporcfc`, rcoporcfc` `kdjijfodks c dc`kestro` k pkdcr do djeâ`jfo dks `crfodks. _uoedk _uo edk u` c`p c`prcc rccedj edj`ce `cetk tk ot otced cedcc uò ecf ecfcss cssjdo jdodc dc do fk` fkùej uejdod dodcc sc` sc`,, ek cetoetk, vjsor î kbtceìæk dc hufrks, tc`ks os cetjdodcs. Væk kr krlo loej ejzo zoìó ìócs cs rc rcljd ljdos os pk pkr r cstotutks skfjojs quc eæk vjso` hufrks c suo rcet rc etob objhj jhjdo dodc dc ê dc dcst stje jeod odoo î o` o`ph phjo joìæ ìækk dc suos otjvjdodcs. Væk osskfjoìócs dc fhossc, osskfjo oss kfjoìócs ìócs rchj rchjljks ljksos, os, fhub fhubcs, cs, sjed sjedjfot jfotks, ks, fkkpcrotjvos ctf. Vc k c`prccedj`cetk cxphkro quohqucr tjpk dc otjvjdodc fk` o ijeohjdodc dc kbtcr hufrk, troto-sc dc uò c`prcso, quc cstudorc`ks o sclujr.

C@^RCVOV

òjs cstrotêljfks. Ycgo`ks7 ?. Hufrk7 sö ê pkssàvch kbtcr k rctkrek dks jevcstj`cetks cictuodks eo c`prcso pcho ofuùhoìæk dc hufrks, trozcedk djvjdcedks poro ks söfjks c dcòjs jevcstjdkrcs. Ê ekròh u` c`prccedj`cetk cvcetuoh` cvce tuoh`cetc cetc kpcr kpcror or fk` prcgu prcguàzk àzk (boho (bohoeìk eìk oeu oeuoh oh dcijfjtïrjk), òs, pcrsjstjedk cstc prkbhcò pkr òjs oeks, tkreo-sc jevjïvch o fketjeujdodc dks eclöfjks. 2. Frcsfj`cetk7 k ikrtohcfj`cetk c o`phjoìæk dc uò krloejzoìæk sæk `ctos o scrc` otjeljdos. Fk` k frcs frcsfj` fj`cet cetk k c` c`prc prcsor sorjoh joh,, otc otcedc edc-sc -sc oks kbgct kb gctjvk jvkss dks jev jevcst cstjdk jdkrcs rcs,, söf söfjks jks,, c to` to`bê` bê` do skfjcd skf jcdodc odc,, pch pcho o fke fketrjb trjbujì ujìæk æk ek dcs dcscev cevkhv khvj`c j`cetk etk cfkeô`jfk, lcroìæk dc c`prclks ctf. 6. ^c ^crpctuoìæk7 rpctuoìæk7 tkdk c`p c`prcce rccedcd dcdkr kr dcv dcvcc frjor fkedjìócs poro suo pcròeçefjo ek `crfodk otrovcssoedk lcroìócs. Eks ÷htj`ks oeks, o`phjo`sc os iusócs c oqujsjìócs dc c`prcso poro c`prcso. @oss o pc @o pcrpc rpctuo tuoìæk ìæk dc u` ecl eclöfj öfjkk eæk sjl sjleji ejijfo jfo ecfcssorj ecfc ssorjo`ce o`cetc tc quc csto cstoss cstro cstrotêljo têljoss dcvo dcvo` ` scr dcsfkesjdcrodos, pkjs c` ùjtks fosks o fketjeujdodc dc kp kpcro croìóc ìócss dc dcpce pcedc dc cxo cxoto to`ce `cetc tc dc ek ekvos vos ikròtoìócs do krloejzoìæk.

C`prcso ê o uejdodc prkdutkro otrovês do quoh sæk rcuejdks c fk`bjeodks ks iotkrcs dc prkduìæk, tcedk c` vjsto k dcscevkhvj`cetk dc u` dctcr`jeodk ro`k dc otjvjdodc cfkeô`jfo. Troto-sc Troto-sc dc u` krloejs`k cfkeô`jfk c echc os cstrotêljos poro o frjoìæk dc u` bc bc` ` ku sc scrv rvjì jìkk vj vjso so` ` î kb kbtc tceì eìæk æk dc hufrks huf rks,, frc frcsfj sfj`ce `cetk tk c fke fketje tjeujdo ujdodc. dc. Kut Kutro ro ikrò dc fkefcjtuor c`prcso scrjo7 Eclöfjk, ku krloejzoìæk dc eclöfjks, pkr pcssko ku lrupk dc pc pcssko sskoss osskf sskfjo jodo dos, s, po poro ro cxphkro xphkroìæ ìæk k dc uò otjvjdod tjvjdodc c fk`c fk`crfjoh, rfjoh, jedustrjoh ku dc prcstoìæk dc scrvjìks.

ôro otjeljr cstos prcrrklotjvos bïsjfos, k `kejtkro`cetk fkestoetc dk quc ofketcfc dcetrk do c`prcso (`jfrko`bjcetc) c to`bê` ikro do c`prc c`prcso so (òfr (òfrko`bj ko`bjcetc cetc)) ê iued iuedo`ce o`cetoh. toh. Ks vorjodks tjpks dc rchofjkeo`cetks muòeks cxjstcetcs eos otjvjdodcs c`prcsorjojs væk dor ikr` ik rò o îs dc dcfj fjsó sócs cs tk tkò òdo doss pc pchk hkss od od`j `jej ejst stro rodk dkrc rcs. s. ^krtoetk, dcvc-sc tcr cxtrc`k fujdodk fk` k lcrcefjo`c lcrce fjo`cetk etk dcst dcstcs cs rchofj rchofjkeo`c keo`cetks etks,, pkjs sæk os pcsskos quc olc` c trozc` ks rcsuhtodks quc dcvc` scr pksjtjvks.

Kbgctjvks Kbgc tjvks C`prc C`prcsorjojs sorjojs Mï fkescesk dc quc cxjstc` trçs otjvjdodcs c`p c`prcs rcsorj orjojs ojs fhï fhïssj ssjfos fos77 fk` fk`êrf êrfjk, jk, jed jed÷st ÷strjo rjo c scrvjìks. Iohor`ks opceos dk kbgctjvk hufrotjvk dcstos otjvjdodcs ê jesuijfjcetc. O cvkhuìæk dos krloejzoìócs posso pkr ùjtos sjtuoìócs, tkdos chos cevkhvjdos eu` fceïrjk ek quoh sc pcrscluc kbgctjvks, ohlues òjs cstrotêljfks c kutrks òjs scfuedïrjks. Ks kbgctjvks bïsjfks dc quohqucr c`prccedj`cetk sæk oquchcs csscefjojs poro o fketjeujd eu jdod odc c do doss kp kpcr croì oìóc ócss do doss c` c`pr prcs csos os ks quojs dcvc` pcròecfcr fketjeuo`cetc ek fjfhk dc vjdo c`prcsorjoh. Ek dcfkrrcr dk tc`pk c eos kpcroìócs dc quohqucr c`prccedj`cetk, pkdc` surljr cvcetk cvc etkss fk` fk`kk fk` fk`pct pctjìæ jìækk òj òjss ofj ofjrrod rrodo, o, ecfcssjdodc dc jekvoìæk j`cdjoto, busfo dc tcfekh tcf ekhklj kljo o ctf ctf.. Ohl Ohlues ues dcs dcstcs tcs io iotks tks pkd pkdc` c` jetcricrjr c` kbgctjvks scfuedïrjks gï troìodks, ks quojs pkdc` skircr `kdjijfoìócs c` fkeikr`jdodc fk` o rcohjdodc do c`prcso. @os kbgctjvks bïsjfks sæk òjs cstruturojs, Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho ?

_uoh o `chmkr cstrotêljo poro vjobjhjzor hufrk; Fk`k tro troìo ìorr cstro strotê têljo ljoss quc fketc fketc`phc `phc` ` o so÷dc c o fk`pctjtjvjdodc f k`pctjtjvjdodc do c`prc c`prcso; so;

S` fkeguetk dc `cdjdos vkhtodos poro lcstæk do quohjdodc c loroetjo dk prkdutk, rchofjkeo`cetk fk` ks fkesu`jdkrcs, rcspkeso pke sobjh bjhjdo jdodc dc sk skfjo fjohh c cfk cfkhöl höljfo jfo,, lc lcstæ stækk <2


trjbutïrjo c lcstæk dc pcsskos sæk ohlues dks prjefjpojs jtces o scrc` fkesjdcrodks.

Fkestjtujìæ kestjtujìæk k c Hclohjzoìæ Hclohjzoìæk k dc C`prcsos ^cssko ^c ssko Guràdjfo Fkeikr`c k Vcbroc (Vcrvjìk Brosjhcjrk dc Opkjk îs @jfrk c ^cquceos C`prcsos), pcssko guràdjfo ê o cetjdodc obstroto fk` cxjstçefjo cxjstç efjo c rcspkeso rcspkesobjhjdodc bjhjdodc guràdjfo guràdjfoss fk`k, fk` k, pkr cxc xc`phk `phk,, uò ossk sskfjo fjoìæ ìæk, k, c`prcso, fk`poemjo, hcloh`cetc outkrjzodos. ^kdc ^k dc` ` sc scrr dc dj djrc rcjtjtk k p÷ p÷bh bhjf jfk k (S (Sej ejæk æk,, Sejdodcs Sejdo dcs Icdc Icdcrotjv rotjvos, os, Outorqujos Outorqujos ctf. ctf.), ), ku dc djr djrcjt cjtkk prj prjvod vodkk (c` (c`prc prcso sos, s, sk skfjc fjcdod dodcs cs sj`phcs, osskfjoìócs ctf.). Yohc djzcr ojedo quc os c`prcsos jedjvjduojs, poro ks cicjtks dk j` j`pk pkst stkk dc rc rced edo, o, sæ sæk k cq cquj ujpo poro rodo doss îs pcsskos guràdjfos.

Dcsto Dcst o ik ikr` rò, o, u` uòo pc pcss ssko ko pk pkdc dc sc c`prcsï sïrjk rjk sc sc` ` söfjks, fkestj fke stjtuj tujrr fk`k c`prc pkr krê` ê` k sc scuu pot otrj rj` `ôe ôejk jk por orttjf jfuh uhoor sc fkeiuedjrï fk` k do c`prcso, ku scgo, os dàvjdos dk scu eclöfjk pkdc` scr fkbrodos do pcssko iàsjfo. Yohc hc`bror quc k od`jejstrodkr rcspkedc pchks cxfcssks quc protjfor ek cxcrfàfjk dc suo iueìæk. Jstk eæk ofketcfc eo skfjcdodc hj`jtodo eo quoh o rcspkesobjhjdodc dc fodo söfjk ê rcstrjto ok vohkr dc suos qukt quktos. os. Ok fket fk etor or fk fk` ` sö söfj fjks ks,, o c` c`pr prcs csoo pk pkdc dc tc tcr r ofcs of cssk sk o ò òjs js rcf rcfurs ursks ks,, ohê ohê` ` dc pk pkdc dcr r djvjdjr os rcspkesobjhjdodcs dc od`jejstroìæk. _uoetk î fketobjhjdodc do c`prcso, csso dcvcrï scr icjto pkr prkijssjkeoh mobjhjtodk - k fket fketobjhjst objhjsto. o.

^cssko ssko Guràdjfo pkrquc o Fmoò-sc ^c c`prcso pkssuj djrcjtks c dcvcrcs pröprjks, djstjetks djstj etks doquc doquchcs hcs rcic rcicrcetc rcetcss îs pcss pcsskos kos iàsjfos quc o fk`póc`. Gï o ^cssko Iàsjfo ê o pc pcss ssko ko eo eotu turoh roh,, js jstk tk ê, tk tkdk dk je jedjv djvàd àduk uk (mk`c` ku ùhmcr), dcsdc k eosfj`cetk otê o `k `krt rtc. c. O pc pcrsk rskeo eohjd hjdod odc c fj fjvjh vjh do pc pcss ssko ko fk`cìo ek eosfj`cetk, fk` o vjdo.

Vkfjcdodcs C`prcsorjojs ôro cxcrfcr otjvjdodcs cfkeô`jfos, o Væk c`p c`prcs rcsos os fke fkestj stjtuà tuàdos dos pkr pkr,, pch pchkk pcssko iàsjfo pkdc otuor fk`k outôek`k ku `cek `c eks, s, dk dkjs js sö söfj fjks ks.. S` Sòo c` c`pr prcs csoo pk pkdc dc söfjk dc c`prcso ku skfjcdodc sj`phcs. pcrt rtce cefc fcrr ok qu quod odrk rk sk skfj fjoh oh dc ku kutr tro. o. Js Jstk tk Ojedo, scluedk k Vcbroc, o otjvjdodc pc cfkeô` cfk eô`jfo jfo krl krloej oejzod zodoo prk prkdut dutjvo jvo ek Bro Brosjh sjh sjlejijfo quc, dcetrc ks söfjks dc uò pcssko pkdc pk dc sc scrr cx cxcrf crfjdo jdo jed jedjvj jvjdu duoh` oh`ce cetc tc ku dc guràdjfo, pkdcrï fkestor kutro. Ek Brosj Brosjh,h, os sk skfjc fjcdo dodc dcss fk fk`c `crfj rfjojs ojs ikr` ik rò o fk fkhc hctjtjvo vo,, kb kbgc gctjtjvo voed edk k o po port rtjhjhmo mo dk dkss pkdc` oprcscetor vïrjos ikròs dc fkestjtujrcsuhtodks kbtjdks pcho c`prcso. Vc o kpìæk ikr o dc C`prcsïrjk ìæk. Fopofjdodc ijeoefcjro, ofkrdk cetrc ks Jedjvjduoh, k od`jejstrodkr ê k rcprcscetoetc söfjks, jetcrcsscs cstrotêljfks, tjpk dc eclöfjk c kutrks iotkrcs jeihucefjo` cstos ikròs hcloh do c`prcso. dc fkestjtujìæk. ^chk Ekvk Födjlk Fjvjh, k od`jejstrodkr ê Dcetrc vïrjks tjpks dc ikròtoìócs dos k otuoh söfjk-lcrcetc. Ê chc quc tc` ks pkdcrcs skfjcdodcs c`prcsorjojs, dcstofo`ks7 poro po ro lcr lcrcef cefjor jor c od od`je `jejst jstror ror o c`p c`prcs rcsoo fke fkeikr ikr`c `c Vkfjcdodc Hj`jtodo - Ê k tjpk dc skfjcos otrjbujìócs fkeicrjdos c` fketrotk skfjoh. dodc do dc ò òjs js fk fkù ù` ` od odkt ktod odkk pc pcho hoss pc pcqu quce ceos os Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho ?

<6


c`prcsos. Fketo fk` rcspkesobjhjdodc hj`jtodo dks söfjks - rcstrjto ok vohkr dc suos quktos - c ê dc fkestjtujìæk òjs sj`phcs. _uktos, ecstc fosk, fkrrcspkedc` ok vohkr c` djemcjrk, bces ku djrcjtks quc fodo söfjk ophjfo oph jfo ek c`p c`prcc rccedj edj`ce `cetk, tk, fk` fk`pke pkedk dk k fopjtoh skfjoh.

Vkfjcdodc c` Fkòedjto pkr Oìócs tc` k fopjtoh djvjdjdk c` oìócs rcljdos pchos ekròs rchotjvos îs skfjcdo skfjcdodcs dcs oeôejòs. O pcs pcssk sko o gur guràd àdjf jfoo eæ eækk sc fk fkei eiue uedc dc fk` os pcsskos iàsjfos dks prkprjctïrjks. O c`prcso tc` djrcjtks, kbrjloìócs, c o tudk quc ikr protjfodk c` scu ek`c, ê cho quc` rcspkedc pcroetc o hcj. Cetrctoetk, k gujz pkdc dcfjdjr quc ks cicjtks dc fcrtks otks scgo` sc go` cst cstced cedjd jdks ks ok okss bc bces es po port rtjfu jfuhor horcs cs dks söfjks.

Fketrotk Vkfjoh Troto-sc dc u` dkfu`cetk quc, pkr scr u` fke fketro trotk, tk, cst cstobc obchcf hcfcc gur gurjdj jdjfo` fo`cet cetcc rcs rcs-pkesobjhjdodcs c djrcjtks cetrc duos ku òjs pcsskos quc sc uec` poro fkestjtujìæk dc u` c`prccedj`cetk. ôro rcdoìæk dc u` fketrotk skfjoh, u` `àej`k dc fhïusuhos dcvcrï cstor prcscetc7 ?. Tjpk ?. Tjpk dc skfjcdodc. 2. _uohjijfoìæk 2. _uohjijfoìæk fk`phcto dks söfjks. Cedcrcìk fk`phctk do c`prcso. 6. Cedcrcìk 6. 4. Ek`c c`prcsorjoh (ijrò ku dcek`jeoìæk skfjoh). (jedjfoìæk do otjvjdodc 3. Kbgctk skfjoh (jedjfoìæk do c`prcso). 9. Fopjtoh Fopjtoh skfj skfjoh oh (quo (quoetjo, etjo, rcpr rcprcsce cscetodo todo c` bces ku djemcjrk, ecfcssïrjo poro quc o c`prcso pksso jejfjor suos otjvjdodcs). <. _ukto <. _ukto dc fodo söfjk ek fopjtoh skfjoh. Rcspkesobjhjdodc hj`jtodo dks söfjks. =. Rcspkesobjhjdodc =. :. Ikrò :. Ikrò dc fkevkfoìæk dos rcuejócs ku ossc`bhcjos. ?>. Ek`coìæk dk od`jejstrodkr c scus pkdc pk dcrc rcss (e (ekk pr pröp öprj rjkk fk fket etro rotk tk sk skfj fjoh oh ku c` dkfu`cetk scporodk) scporodk).. ??.. ôrtjfjpoìæk dc fodo söfjk eks hufrks ?? c eos pcrdos. ?2. Vjtuoìæk ?2. Vjtuoìæk dc cxfhusæk ku iohcfj`cetk dc söfjk. ?6.. Rcl ?6 Rcluh uho` o`cet cetor or o fc fcssæ ssækk dc fk fkto toss sk skfjo fjojs. js. ?4. Ikrk dc chcjìæk (jedjfoìæk dk guàzk c` quc dcvcrï scr rcskhvjdo quohqucr fketrkvêrsjo rcicrcetc ok fketrotk skfjoh). ?3. ^rozk ?3. ^rozk dc duroìæk do c`prcso.

Vkfjcdodc c` Ek`c Fkhctjvk - dcvc scr fkestjtuàdo sk`cetc pkr pcsskos iàsjfos scedk quc tkdks ks söfjks rcspkedc` skhjdïrjo c jhj`jtodo`cetc pchos kbrjloìócs skfjojs. Vkfjcdodc c` Fkòedjto Vj`phcs pkssuj pks suj dkj dkjss tjp tjpks ks dc söf söfjks jks fk` fkòed oedjtjtodk odks7 s7 pcsskos iàsjfos, rcspkesïvcjs skhjdïrjos c jhj`jtodo`cetc pchos kbrjloìócs skfjojs, c ks fkòedjtïrjks, kbrjlodks sk`cetc pchk vohkr dc suo qukto. tc` k fo fopj pjto tohh Vkfjc kfjcdo dodc dc Oeôejò - tc` djvjdjdk c` oìócs ok jevês dc quktos. O rcspkesobjhjdodc dks söfjks ku ofjkejstos scrï hjhj`j `jttod odo o ok pr prcì cìkk dc c` c`js jssæ sæk k do doss oì oìóc ócss subsfrjtos ku odqujrjdos. O skfjcdodc oeôejò pkdc, o quohqucr `k `cetk, eclkfjor eclkfjor oìóc ìócss ek `c `crfo rfodk dk dc fo fopjto pjtojs, js, kbtc kbtcedk edk rcfursks dc jevcstjdkrcs. Vcluedk o Bkvcspo Bkvcspo (Bkhso (Bkhso dc Yohkrcs dk Cstodk dc Væk ôuhk), o oìæk eclkfjodo eo bk bkhs hso o ê u` uòo pc pcqu quce ceoo por orttc dc u` uò o c`prcso. Opceos fk` uò ku òjs oìócs, k j evcstj dkr sc tkr eo sö fjk dch o. Tcfejfo`cetc, pkdc`ks dcijejr oìócs fk`k tàtuhks ek`jeotjvks eclkfjïvcjs quc rcprcsceto`, poro quc` os pkssuj, uò iroìæk dk fopjtoh skfjoh dc uò c`prcso. Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho ?

<4


Ycgo obojxk u` rktcjrk poro chobkroìæk dc u` Fketrotk Vkfjoh prkpkstk pchk Vcbroc, k quoh fketc`pho o ekvo hcljshoìæk, cspcfjoh`cetc poro skfjcdodc hj`jtodo.

Eæk dcvc` fkestor os cxprcssócs @C (@jf (@ jfrk rkc` c`p prc rcso so)) ku C^^ (C (C`p `prc rcso so dc ^cqucek ^krtc), tcedk c` vjsto quc o fkedjìæk dc `jfrk c pcquceo c`prcso ku c`prcso dc pcqucek pkrtc ê sk`cetc uò qucstæk dc ioturo`ce ioturo`cetk tk c eæk u` tjpk skfjctïrj skfjctïrjk. k. O utjhjzoìæk dos cxprcssócs @C ku C^^ kfkrrcrï opös op ös k ce cequ quod odro ro`c `cet etkk ek ekss tc tcr` r`ks ks dk Cstotutk do @jfrk c ^cquceo C`prcso - Hcj ek :.=4?/::. _uoedk o c`prcso cxcrfcr djvcrsos otjvjdodcs, dcvcrï chclcr o prjefjpoh ku prcpkedcroetc poro fkestor do dcek`jeoìæk skfjoh.

FKETRO FKE TROTK TK VKFJOH VKFJOH DC OFKRD OFKRDK K FK@ K EKYK FÖDJLK FJYJH ^chk prcscetc Jestru`cetk ôrtjfuhor dc Fketrotk Vkfjo Vkfjoh,h, ks obo obojxk jxk ossjeo ossjeodks.. dks.... - _uohjijfoìæk dks söfjks (pcssko iàsjfo)7 ek`c fk`phctk, eofjkeohjdodc, eoturohjdodc, cstodk fjvjh (sc fosodk, jefhujr k rclj`c dc bces), doto dc eosfj`cetk, prkijssæk, e÷`crk dk FÎ, e÷`crk do jdcetjdodc (RL, rcscrvjsto ku FT FT^V ^V), ), je jedj djfo foed edkk to` o`bê bê` ` k ör örlæ læk k cxpcdjdkr c o uejdodc icdcrodo kedc ikj c`jtjdk, dk`jfàhjk c rcsjdçefjo (cedcrcìk, e÷`crk, bojrrk, ùejfàpjk, cstodk c FC^). - _uohjijfoìæk dks söfjks (pcssko guràdjfo)7 ek`c ek `c c` c`prc prcso sorjo rjoh,h, ce cedc dcrc rcìk ìk fk fk`p `phc hctk tk do scdc, c, sc scdjodo ek Brosjh, EJRC (E÷`crk dc Je Jesf sfrj rjìæ ìækk dc Rc Rclj ljst strk rk dc C` C`pr prcs cso) o),, ku e÷`crk otrjbuàdk ek fortörjk dc rcljstrk fjvjh dos pc pcsssk skos os gu gurà ràddjf jfoos, c k e÷ e÷`c `crk rk dk Fodo Fo dost strk rk Eo Eofjk fjkeo eohh dc ^cs ^cssk skos os Gu Guràd ràdjf jfos os (FE^G), quohjijfoìæk fk`phcto dks rcprcscetoetcs hclojs do c`prcso c `prcso ek `k`ce `k`cetk tkdo do fk fkes es-tjtjtu tujì jìæk æk dc ek ekvo vo pc pcss ssko ko gu gurà ràdj djfo fo..

Cxc`phks7 I hk hk r d c H j z B o r c Hoefmkectc Htdo. ku @ofmodk dc Ossjs c Ruj Borbkso Hoefmkectc Htdo. Cedcrcìk7 cedcrcìk fk`crfjoh do scdc c dc ijhjojs dcfhorodos7 ruo, ovcejdo, oho`cdo, trovcs tro vcsso, so, ek` ek`c, c, e÷` e÷`crk crk fk` fk`phc phctk, tk, boj bojrrrk/djstrjtk, ùejfàpjk, cstodk (uejdodc icdcrodo) c FC^. ^rozk7 tc`pk dc duroìæk do skfjcdodc quc pkd pkdc c scr dct dctcr` cr`jeo jeodk dk (cx (cx.7 .7 skf skfjcd jcdodc odc pchk prozk dc 6 oeks) ku jedctcr`jeodk (cx.7 skfjcdodc pkr prozk jedctcr`jeodk).

... tç tç` ` cetrc sj, gust gusto o c fketro fketroto todo do,, o fkes fkestj tjtu tujì jìæ æk dc uò Vkf kfjc jcdo dodc dc dc Rcsp spke keso sobjhjdod bjhjdodc c Hj`jto Hj`jtodo do,, eo ikrò do hcj, hc j, `c `cdjo djoetc etc os fked fkedjìóc jìócss c fhï fhïusuho usuhoss sclujetcs7

Ijhjojs c kutros dcpcedçefjos7 o skfjcdodc pkdcr pkdcrï, ï, o quohqu quohqucr cr tc`pk, tc`pk, obrjr obrjr ijhjo ijhjojs js c kutrks cstobchcfj`cetks ek poàs pkr otk dc scus od`jejstrodkrcs ku pkr dchjbcroìæk dks söfjks.

FHÏSVSHO ^RJ@CJRO DO DCEK@JEOÌÆK VKFJOH, VCDC VC DC,, DS DSR ROÌÆK OÌÆK,, IJHJOJ HJOJV V C KS KST TROV DC^CEDÇEFJOV

FHÏSVSHO VCLSEDO DK KBGCTK VKFJOH Djz rc Djz rcsp spcj cjtk tk î ot otjv jvjd jdod odcc pr prje jefj fjpo pohh do c`pr c` prcs cso. o. Dc Dcvc vcrï rï fk fket etcr cr o dc dcfh fhor oroì oìæk æk prcfjso prc fjso c dc dcto tohmo hmodo do do doss otjvjdo tjvjdodc dcss o scrc` dcscevkhvjdos, `cefjkeoedk lçecrk c cspêfjc. - Lçecrk7 jed jed÷st ÷strjo rjo,, fk` fk`êrf êrfjk jk ku scr scrvjì vjìks. ks. - Cspêfjc7 fohìodks fohìodks,, rkup rkupos os jeio jeioetjs etjs,, hj`pczo. Cxc`phks7 jed÷ jed÷st strjo rjo dc fo fohì hìod odks ks,,

Ijrò ku dcek`jeoìæk dcek`jeoìæk skfjoh skfjoh ê jl jlu uoh ok ek`c c`prcsorjoh quc dcvc cstor rchofjkeodk fk` o otjvjdodc cfkeô`jfo do c`prcso jetclrodk pcho pohovro hj`jtodo ku suo obrcvjoturo (ortj (o rtjlk lk ?. ?.?3 ?3= = c scus po porïlroiks). rïlroiks). O k`jssæk k`j ssæk do pohovro HJ@JTODO dctcr`jeo o rcspkesobjhjdodc skhjdïrjo c jhj`jtodo dks söfjks od`jejstrodkrcs ku eæk. Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho ?

<3


fk`êrfjk fk`êrf jk dc rku rkupo poss jei jeioet oetjs, js, prc prcst stoìæ oìæk k dc scrvjìks dc hj`pczo.

rcojs) fodo uò, ek `ketoetc dc R$ 3.>>>,>> (fjefk (fjef k `jh rcojs rcojs)1 )1 K sö söfj fjk k RSJ subsfrcvc c c RSJ BORBK BORBKVO VO subsfrcv jetclrohjzo, ecstc otk, 3>> (qujemcetos) quktos ek vohkr ek`jeoh dc R$ ?>,>> (dcz rcojs) fodo fo do u` uò, o, ek `k `ket etoe oetc tc dc R$ 3. 3.>> >>>, >,>> >> (fjefk (fjef k `jh rcojs rcojs). ).

FHÏSVSHO TCRFCJRO DK FO^JTOH VKFJOH Rcprcsceto k vohkr/j`pkrtâefjo dk fopjtoh c` `k `kcd cdoo fk fkrr rrce cetc tc eo eofj fjke keoh oh dc u` uò o c`prcso, subsfrjtk (fk`prk`jssk dc fketrjbujìæk fk` fcrto quoetjo poro o c`prcso) c jetclr jet clrohj ohjzod zodkk (quc cst cstïï fk` fk`phc phctk, tk, jet jetcjrk cjrk)) pchks pch ks söf söfjks jks dcv dcvced cedkk fke fkest stor or c` fhï fhïusu usuho ho fketrotuoh c scr rcljstrodk hcloh`cetc. Ê kbrjlotörjk eos c`prcsos fk` ijeohjdodc do dc hu hufr frot otjv jvo, o, sc scrv rvje jedk dk to to`b `bê` ê` fk fk`k `k chc`ce chc `cetk tk rcl rcluhod uhodkr kr dos rcs rcspke pkesob sobjhjd jhjdodc odcss dks söfjks, dc ofkrdk fk` k tjpk skfjctïrjk. Csto fhïusuho dcvcrï fketcr o jedjfoìæk eu`ê eu `êrj rjfo fo c, pk pkrr cx cxtc tces esk, k, k tk tkto tohh dk fo fopj pjttoh sk skfj fjoh oh,, k vo vohk hkrr ek ek`j `jeo eohh dc fo fodo do qu qukt ktoo qu quc c pk pkdc dc tc tcrr vo vohk hkr r dcsjluoh ok tktoh dc qukto(s) dc fodo söfjk, o dcfhoroìæk skbrc o ikrò c k prozk dc jetclrohjzoìæk dk fopjtoh c, sc mkuvcr söfjk `cekr, k fopjtoh dcvcrï cstor tktoh`cetc jetclrohjzodk. Jetclrohjzoìæk fk` bces `övcjs c j`övcjs7 dcsfrjìæk c jdcetjijfoìæk dk bc` `övch ku j`övch. Ek fosk dc jetclrohjzoìæk fk` bc` j`övch,, dcv vch dcvcrï crï fke fkest stor or o dcs dcsfrj frjìæk ìæk dct dctohm ohmodo odo,, to tohh fk`k suo ïrco, dodks rchotjvks o suo tjtuhoìæk, e÷`crk dc òtràfuho ek Rcljstrk dc J`övcjs c outkrj out krjzoì zoìæk æk dk fôe fôegul gulcc ek jes jestru tru`ce `cetk tk fke fketro trotu tuoh oh fk` fk ` o rc rcic icrç rçef efjo jo pc pcrt rtje jece cetc tc,, so sohv hvk k sc k rc rclj lj`c `c dc bces ikr k dc scporoìæk obskhuto.

FHÏSVSHO _SORTO DOV RCV^KEVOBJHJDODCV DKV VÖFJKV

Dcvcrï fketcr dcfhoroìæk dc quc o rcspkesobjhjdodc dks söfjks ê rcstrjto ok vohkr dc suos quktos c quc scræk skhjdorjo`cetc rcspkesïv rcspk esïvcjs cjs pcho jetc jetclrohjz lrohjzoìæk oìæk dk fopjt fopjtoh oh skfjoh. Dc ofkrdk fk` ks tcr`ks dk ort. ?.>32 do Hcj ?>.4>9/2>>2, o rcspkesobjhjdodc dks söfjks ê rcstrjto ok vohkr dc suos quktos, c tkdks rcspkedc`, skhjdorjo`cetc, pcho jetclrohjzoìæk dk fopjtoh skfjoh. FHÏ SVSHO _SJET FHÏSVSHO _SJETO O DO OD@JEJVTROÌÆK C SVK DO IJR@O

Ks söf söfjks jks pkd pkdcræ crækk dcs dcsjle jleor or k od` od`jjejstrodkr do skfjcdodc c` fketrotk skfjoh ku c` otk scporodk, jedjfoedk suos otrjbujìócs c pkdcrcs, dcetrc chcs k dc usor dk ek`c c`prcsorjoh c k prozk dc lcstæk, sc dctcr`jeodk. Ek fosk dc ek`coìæk dc od`jejstrodkr c` otk scporodk, dcvc-sc c`jtjr dkfu`cetk pröprjk poro k otk. K fketrotk pkdc cstobchcfcr hcf cr o dcs dcsjle jleoìæ oìækk dc od` od`jej jejstr strodk odkrr EÆK söfjk.. Cetrc söfjk Cetrctoe toetk, tk, dcpc dcpcedcrï edcrï dc oprkv oprkvoìæk oìæk do ueoej`jdodc dks söfjks, sc k fopjtoh eæk cstjtjvc cs vcrr je jetc tclr lroh ohjz jzod odkk ek `à `àej ej`k `k dc dk dkjs js tcrìks, sc tktoh`cetc jetclrohjzodk (ort. ?.>9? do Hcj ?>.4>9/>2).

O ik ikrr òì òìæk æk dc u` fop fopjj toh K fopjtoh skfjoh ê dc R$ ?>.>>>,>> (dcz `jh rcojs), djvjdjdk c` ?.>>> (`jh) quktos ek vohkr uejtïrjk dc R$ ?>,>> (dcz rcojs), tktoh`cet `c etc c su subs bsfr frjtk jtks s c je jetc tclr lroh ohjz jzod odks ks pc pchk hks s söfjks c` `kcdo fkrrcetc, fkeikr`c obojxk dcsfrjtks7 K sö söfj fjk k @OFMODK @OFMODK DC OVV OVVJV JV subsfrcvc c jetclrohjzo, ecstc otk, 3>> (qujemcetos) qukt qu ktos os ek vo vohk hkrr ek ek`j `jeo eohh dc R$ ?> ?>,> ,>> > (d (dcz cz Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho ?

Ek`coìæk dc7 Ek`coìæk Vöfjk `cekr - sk`cetc sc còefjpodk. Cstroelcjrk - - dcvcrï oprcscetor o Cstroelcjrk fort fo rtcj cjro ro dc jd jdce cetjtjdo dodc dc fk fk` ` k vj vjst stk k pcròecetc. <9


FHÏSVSHO KJTOYO DO FCVVÆK DC _SKTOV

O od`jejs od`jejstroìæk troìæk dks eclöfjks eclöfjks do skfjcdodc pkdcrï pkd crï scr cxc cxcrfjd rfjdoo c` fkeguetk ku jskhodo`cetc (dcijejr oetcfjpodo`cetc) pchks söfjks-od`jejstrodkrcs -od`jej strodkrcs,, fkeikr`c jedjfodks jedjfodks eo ikrò dk fketrotk fket rotk skfj skfjoh oh quc rcp rcprcsc rcsceto etoræk ræk o skfj skfjcdo cdodc dc otjvo c possjv possjvo, o, gudjfjo gudjfjohh c cxtrogud cxtrogudjfjoh`c jfjoh`cetc. etc. Ks söfjks eæk pkdcræk, c` quohqucr fjrfuestâ fue stâefj efjo, o, pro protjf tjfor or otk otkss dc hjb hjbcro crohjd hjdodc odc c` ek`c do skfjcdodc, tojs fk`k o prcstoìæk dc loroetjos dc iovkr c kutrks cstroemks oks kbgctjvks c eclöfjks skfjojs.

Fcs cssæ sæk k dc qukto quktos7 s7 o ku kutr trks ks sö söfj fjks ks (cstobchcfcr k djrcjtk dc oqujsjìæk o tkdks jluoh`cetc). ^rcvcr k djrcjtk dc ks dcòjs söfjks dchjbcrorc` pkr djsskhuìæk, fosk eæk fkevce fke vcemo mo òe òetcr tcr o skf skfjcd jcdodc odc sc` oqu oquchc chc quc dcs dcscgo cgorr sc rct rctjro jrorr. _uo _uoetk etk o tcr tcrfcj fcjrks rks,, sk`cetc sc tkdks fkefkrdorc` fk` k ekvk prctcedcetc (ort. ?.>3<).

FHÏ SVSHO VC]T FHÏSVSHO VC]TO O DK ^RÖ-HOBKRC

Os quktos do skfjcdodc sæk jedjvjsàvcjs c eæk pkdcræk scr fcdjdos ku troesicrjdos sc` k cxprcssk fkescetj`cetk do skfjcdodc, fobcedk,, c` jl dk jluo uohd hdod odcc dc pr prcì cìks ks c fk fked edjì jìóc ócs, s, k djrc dj rcjtjtkk dc pr prcic cicrç rçef efjo jo ok sö söfj fjkk qu qucc qu qucj cjro ro odqu od qujr jrjj-ho hos. s. K sö söfj fjkk qu qucc pr prct ctce cedo do fc fcdc dcrr ku troesicrjr tkdos, ku portc dc suos quktos, dcvcrï òejicstor suo jetceìæk pkr csfrjtk ok söfjk rcòecsfcetc, ossjstjedk o cstc k prozk dc 6> (trjeto) djos poro quc pksso cxcrfcr scu djrcjtk dc prcicrçefjo. Fosk u` dks söfjks dcscgc rctjror-sc do skfjcdodc, dcvcrï ektjijfor k kutrk pkr csfrjtk, fk` oetcfcdçefjo `àejò dc 6> djos, c scus movcrcs hmc scræk rcc`bkhsodks eo prkpkrìæk dc suo portjfjpoìæk ek fopjtoh skfjoh ek prozk dc ?> `cscs.

K prö-hobkrc dks söfjks-od`jejstrodkrcs scrï pkr chcs ijxodk dc fkù` ofkrdk kbcdcfjdk fj dkss ks hjhj`j `jtc tcss hc hclo lojs js do hc hclj ljsh shoì oìæk æk dk J`pkstk dc Rcedo. FHÏSVSHO VÊTJ@O DK CE CEFC FCRR RRO@CE O@CET TK DK C] C]CR CRFÀ FÀFJ FJK K VK VKFJ FJOH OH

Jedjfor o doto dk têr`jek dc fodo cxcrfàfj fà fjk k po poro ro o ch chob obkr kroì oìæk æk dk je jevc vcet etïr ïrjk jk,, dk bohoeìk potrj`kejoh c dk bohoeìk dk rcsuhtodk cfkeô`jfk (ort. ?.>93, FF/2>>2) c o rcicrçefjo ok guhlo`cetk dos fketos ek prj`cjrk quodrj`cs drj `cstrc trc scl scluje ujetc tc ok têr têr`je `jek k dk cxc cxcrfà rfàfjk fjk skfjoh pchks söfjks (ort.?.><=, FF/2>>2) c î fkhkfoìæk dcstcs dkfu`cetks î djspksjìæk dks söfjks eæk od`jejstrodkrcs otê trjeto djos oetcs do rcuejæk ku do ossc`bhcjo dc söfjks (ort. ?.><=, § ?· do Hcj ?>.4>9/>2).

FHÏSVSHO EKEO DK IOHCFJ@CETK Rclro Lcroh (ort.?.>2=)7 skbrcvjvçefjo do skfjcdodc, hjqujdoìæk do qukto. Cxfcìócs7 - Djspksjìæk fketrotuoh djvcrso. - Kpìæk pcho djsskhuìæk. - Of Ofkr krdk dk ce cetr trcc sö söfj fjks ks c ks mc mcrd rdcj cjrk rkss poro substjtujìæk dk söfjk iohcfjdk.

Cxc`phk 7 Ek djo 6? dc dc Cxc`phk7 dczc zc`b `brk rk dc fodoo oek fod oek,, scr scrïï rco rcohjz hjzod odkk k hcv hcvoet oeto`c o`cetk etk dk bohoeìk potrj`kejoh c opurodks ks rcsuhtodks dk cxcrfàfjk. Opös os dcduìócs prcvjstos prcvjstos c` hcj c o ikròìæk dos rcscrvos quc ikrc` fkesjdcrodos ecfcssïrjos, ks hufrks c prcguàzks scræk djstrjbuàdks c supkrtodks pchks söfjks prkpkrfjkeoh fjk eoh`ce `cetc tc îs quk qukto toss dk fop fopjtjtoh oh skf skfjoh joh quc dctjvcrc`. Os rcuejócs (skfjcdodcs (skfjcdodcs fk` dcz ku `ceks pcsskos) ku ossc`bhcjos (skfjcdodcs fk` òjs dc dcz jetclroetcs) dc söfjks scræk rcohjzodos pchk `ceks uò vcz pkr oek, ek prj`cjrk `cj rk quo quodrj drj`cs `cstrc trc,, fke fkeikr ikr`c `c dct dctcr` cr`jeo jeo k ort. ?><=, § ?· do Hcj ?>.4>9/>2. Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho ?

Vc pcròecfcr opceos u` söfjk, cstc tcrï k prozk dc ?=> djos poro rcfk`pkr o phurohjdodc skfjoh fk` k quc, eæk rcfk`pksto, djsskhvc-sc o skfjcdodc fkeikr`c k djspkstk ek ort. ?.>66 ?.>66,, jef jsk JY. Mcrdcjrks tkreo`-sc tjtuhorcs do qukto7 tç` djrcjtk î djvjsæk dks hufrks, dc ofkrdk <<


FHÏSVSHO DÊFJ@O VCLSEDO DOV DCHJBCROÌÓCV DKV VÖFJKV EOV RCSEJÓCV KS OVVC@BHCJO

fk` k prozk c os rclros cstobchcfjdos c` fketrotk. Ikrò dc hjqujd hjqujdo oìæ ìæk k (ort. (ort. ?.> ?.>6?) 6?)77 polo`cetk c` djemcjrk1 prozk dc :> djos o portjr do hjqujdoìæk.

skfjcdodc fk` Rcuejóc uejócss dc söfjk söfjks7 s7 skfjcdodc dcz söfjks ku `ceks. Ossc` Os sc`bh bh cjo dc sö söfj fjks ks77 skfjcdodc fk` òjs dc dcz söfjks. Ikrò dc rcljstrk7 hjvrk hjvrk dc ot otos os dc rcuejócs. ^crjkdjfjdodc7 dctcr`jeo dctcr`jeorr o pcrjkd pcrjkdjfjjfjdodc do dc fk fk` ` qu quc c kf kfkr krrc rcræ rækk os rc rcue uejó jócs cs dc dc-vcedk movcr, ek `àej`k, uò pkr oek (ort. ?.><= § ?·).

Fketrotk Vkfjoh7 dcvcrï prcvcr prozk òjkr poro polo`cetk c o pkssjbjhjdodc dc cictuï cic tuï-hk -hk c` dje djemcj mcjrk rk ku bce bces. s. Ije Ijeohj ohjdod dodc7 c7 prcscrvor o sjtuoìæk cfkeô`jfo do c`prcso gï ek fketrotk skfjoh. Cxc`phk 7 Ek fo Cxc`phk7 fosk sk dc io iohc hcfj fj`c `cet etkk dc quojs qu ojsquc qucrr dk dkss söf söfjks jks,, scr scrïï rco rcohjz hjzodk odk,, c` 6> (trjeto) djos do kfkrrçefjo, u` bohoeìk cspcfjoh. Fkevje Fke vjedk dk ok ok(s) (s) söf söfjk( jk(s) s) rc` rcòe oecsf csfcet cetc(s c(s)) c, fkefkr fke fkrdoe doedk dk k(s k(s)) mcr mcrdcj dcjrk( rk(s), s), scr scrïï hov hovrod rodkk tcr`k dc ohtcroìæk fketrotuoh fk` o jefhusæk dcstc(s). Fosk eæk vcemo(`) k(s) mcrdcjrk (s) o jetclror o skfjcdodc, cstc(s) rcfcbcrï(æk) scus movcrcs c` `kcdo fkrrcetc, opurodks otê o doto do to dk j`p j`pcdj cdj`ce `cetk tk ku ioh iohcfj cfj`ce `cetk, tk, c` ?> (dcz) prcstoìócs `cesojs c sufcssjvos, fkrrjljdoss `k do `kec ecto torj rjo` o`ce cetc tc pc pchk hk JL^ JL^,, JL^ JL^-@ -@,, J^ J^F F ctf.,ku kutrk àedjfc quc k vcemo o substjtujr, vcef vc efce cedk dk-s -scc o pr prj` j`cj cjro ro po porf rfch choo op opös ös :> (ekvceto) djos do doto dk bohoeìk cspcfjoh.

Ikrò dc fkevkfoìæk7 dctcr`jeor sc o fkevkfoìæk poro os rcuejócs dks söfjks scrï pkr `cjk dc forto (fk` ovjsk dc rcfcbj`cetk (OR) ku prktkfkhk), pkr c-òjh (quoedk ikrr pk ik pkss ssàv àvch ch o fk fk`p `prk rkvo voìæ ìækk dc ce cevj vjkk c rcfcbj`cetk), ku pkr cdjtoh. ^rcvcr o IHC]JBJHJWOÌÆK do fkevkfoìæk dc rcuejæk dc söfjks7 quoetk î djspceso dos ikròhjdodcs dc fkevkfoìæk, fosk tkdks ks söfjks dcfhorc`, pkr csfrjtk, cstorc` fjcetcs dk hkfoh, doto, mkro c krdc` dk djo, poro o jestohoìæk do rcuejæk (ort. ?.><2 porïlroiks 2·. c 6·.). Foutcho7 ek fosk dc eæk cstor prcvjsto o ik ikr` rò o dc fk fkev evkf kfoì oìæk æk po poro ro rc rcue uejó jócs cs dc söfjks ek fketrotk skfjoh, scrï ophjfodo, subsjdjorjo`cetc, o rclro skbrc ossc`bhcjo lcroh (ortjlk ?.><:). ^rkfcdj`cetks7 k oe÷efjk dc fkevkfoìæ fo ìæk k do os ossc sc`b `bhc hcjo jo dc sö söfj fjks ks sc scrï rï `cek eks, s, pubhjfo pubhjf odk pkr trç trçss vc vczzcs, ok `c dcvcedk `cdjor cetrc o doto do prj`cjro jescrìæk c o do rcohjzoìæk do ossc`bhcjo, k prozk `àej`k dc kjtk djos poro prj`cjro fkevkfoìæk c fjefk djos poro os pkstc?.?3 ?32, 2, rjkr rj krcs cs,, dc of ofkr krdk dk fk fk` ` k ortjlk ?. porïlroik 6· . @otêrjos (ort. ?.><9.

FHÏSVSHO DÊFJ@O DO ÔRTJFJÔÌÆK DKV VÖFJKV EKV HSFRKV C ^CRDOV Jedjfoìækk do port Jedjfoìæ portjfjp jfjpoìæk oìæk prkpk prkpkrfjke rfjkeoh oh dks söfjks eks hufrks sc kutrk ogustc eæk ikr cstjpuhodk (ort. ::<, Yhh, FF/2>>2).

FHÏ SVSHO DÊFJ FHÏSVSHO DÊFJ@O @O ^RJ@CJRO ^RJ@CJRO DO JEC]JVTÇEFJO DC J@^CDJ@CETK ÔRO KV OD@JEJVTRODKRCV Dcfhoro`, skb os pceos do hcj, quc eæk cstæk jefursks c` quojsqucr frj`cs prcvjstks c` hc hcj,j, ku rc rcst strj rjìó ìócs cs hc hclo lojs js qu quc c pk pkss sso` o` j`pcdj-hks dc cxcrfcr otjvjdodc c` skfjcdodc c`prcsïrjo. Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho ?

<=


dcetc. Css dcetc. Csso o `cd `cdjdo jdo prc prcvje vjecc o dcs dcsfop fopjtjtohj ohj-zoìæk do c`prcso fk` o soàdo dc söfjk c` `k`cetk jekpkrtuek.

. 3>% + ? (ek `àej`k) dks prcscetcs c` rcuejæk ku ossc`bhcjo7 o) oprkvoìæk dos fketos do od`jejstroìæk. b) ek`coìæk c dcstjtujìæk dks hjqujdoetcs c k guhlo`cetk dos suos fketos. f) dcòjs fosks, quoedk o hcj ku k fketrotk eæk cstobchcfcr quöru` òjs chcvodk.

FHÏSVSHO DÊFJ@O _SORTO DO C]FHSVÆK DC VÖFJK Cxfhusæk dc söfjk7 cstobchcfcr rclros fhor fh oros os c pr prcf cfjs jsos os qu qucc fo foro roft ftcr crjz jzc` c` gu gust stoo fous fo uso o (o (ort rtjl jlk k ?. ?.>? >?:) :) qu quoe oedk dk u` ku ò òjs js söfjks puscrc` c` rjsfk o fketjeujdodc do c`prcso c` vjrtudc dc otks dc jeclïvch lrovjdodc (ort. ?.>=3).

. 3> 3>% % + ? dk tktoh dk fopjtoh fopjtoh skfjoh7 skfjoh7 o) dcsj dcsjleo leoìæk ìæk dks od` od`jejst jejstrodk rodkrcs rcs quo quoedk edk icjto c` otk scporodk. b) dcstjtujìæk dks od`jejstrodkrcs ek`codks c` otk scporodk. f) `kdk dc rcùecroìæk dks od`jejstrodkrcs. d) pcdjdk dc fkefkrdoto.

Fketrotk skfjoh7 dcvcrï fketcr ks prjefjpojs iotks lcrodkrcs ku fkesjdcrodks pchks söfjks fk`k "gusto fouso" o ij` dc iuedo`cetor o cxfhusæk dc söfjk. O cxfhusæk sk`cetc pkdc pk dcrï rï sc scrr dc dctc tcr` r`je jeod odoo c` rc rcue uejæ jækk ku ossc`bhcj ossc `bhcjo, o, cspc cspcfjoh` fjoh`cetc cetc fkev fkevkfodo kfodo poro cssc ij`, dcvcedk cstor fjcetc k ofusodk c` tc`p tc `pk k mï mïbj bjhh po poro ro pc pcr` r`jtjtjr jr sc scuu fk fk`p `por orcf cfjj`cetk c k cxcrfàfjk dk djrcjtk dc dcicso.

. <3% dk fopjtoh skfjoh (ek `àej`k) o) quohqucr ohtcroìæk dk fketrotk skfjoh. b) dcstjtujìæk dks od`jejstrodkrcs ek`codks c` fketrotk (sohvk djspksjìæk fketrotuoh djvcrso). f) jefkrpkroìæk, iusæk c djsskhuìæk do skfjcdodc ku fcssoìæk dk cstodk dc hjqujdoìæk.

Gusto fouso7 quoedk u` söfjk cictuor rctjro rct jrodos dos cxf cxfcss cssjvo jvoss po poro ro po polo` lo`cet cetks ks dc dàvjdos pcsskojs, sc` oeuçefjo dks dcòjs söfjks, ku quoedk u` söfjk ouscetor-sc do skfjcd skf jcdodc odc pkr òjs dc 9> djo djoss sc` sc` gust gustjijf jijfotjv otjvo. o. ^kr ò òjkr jkrjo jo dk dkss söf söfjks jks,, jed jedcpc cpcedc edcetc etc-`cetc dk e÷`crk dc quktos dk fopjtoh skfjoh dc quc djspuscrc`, pkdcrï scr dcfjdjdo o cxfhusæk dc söfjk djssjdcetc, osscluroedk-sc o cstc k djrcjtk dc cxcrfcr kpkrtueo`cetc k pkdcr dc rcfcss rcf csskk c pks pkssjb sjbjhj jhjtoe toedk, dk, ec ecsso sso mjp mjpötc ötcsc, sc, k rcljstrk do ohtcroìæk fketrotuoh ek örlæk fk`pctcetc, pctc etc, jedcpcedc jedcpcedcetc`c etc`cetc etc do ossje ossjeotur oturoo dk söfjk cxfhuàdk

FHÏ SVSHO FHÏSVS HO DÊFJ DÊFJ@O @O TCRFCJRO TCRFCJRO DOV DJV^KVJÌÓCV IJEOJV - HJ@JTOEDK K DJRCJTK DC RCFCVVK Djrcjtk dc rcfcssk7 djrcjtk dk söfjk dc rctjror-sc do skfjcdodc. prcvjst stos os ek or ort. t. ?. ?.>< ><<, <, Mjpötcscs7 prcvj @kdjijfoìæ ìæk k dk fketro fketrotk tk quoedk quoe dk kfkrr kfkrrcr cr @kdjijfo skfjoh, Iusæk do skfjcdodc , Jefkrpkroìæk dc kutro ku dcho pkr kutro.

FHÏSVSHO DÊFJ@O _SJETO DO VCÔROÌÆK C DJYÖRFJK DKV VÖFJKV

Fketrotk skfjoh7 dcvcrï prcvcr ks `ktjvks poro k cxcrfàfjk dk djrcjtk dc rcfcssk c o ikrò dc hjqujdoìæk do qukto dk söfjk djssjKrloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho ?

Fôegulc eæk ê tjtuhor dos quktos, òs tcrï djrcj dj rcjtk tk o rcf rcfcb cbcr cr po porf rfcho cho dk dkss dj djvjd vjdce cedk dkss rch rchot otjvk jvkss (ort. ?.>2<). Ks mcrdcjrks dk fôegulc dc söfjk, <:


ku dk quc sc scporku gudjfjoh`cetc, eæk pkdc` cxjljr, dcsdc hklk, o portc quc hmcs fkubcr eo qukto skfjoh, òs fkefkrrc` î djvjsæk pcrjödjfo dks hufrks otê quc sc hjqujdc o skfjcdodc.

torjo`cetc pchk JL^, JL^-@, J^F, ku kutrk àedjfc quc k vcemo substjtujr, vcefcedk-sc o prj`cjro porfcho opös :> (ekvceto) djos do doto dk bohoeìk cspcfjoh, fk` o ijeohjdodc dc prktclcr o skfjcdodc c ks dcòjs söfjks.

Fketro ketrotk tk skfjo skfjoh7h7 jescrjr jescrjr fhï fhïusu usuho ho quc dctcr`jec k prozk c` quc k fôegulc ku mcrdcjr dc jrk k dk fô fôeg egul ulcc dc sö söfj fjkk rc rcfc fcbc bcrï rï sc scus us movcrcs.

FHÏSVSHO DÊFJ@O VÊTJ@O DO O^HJFOÌÆK VS^HCTJYO DO VKFJCDODC ^KR OÌÓCV

Ks movcrcs dks mcrdcjrks dk fôegulc dc söfjk, ku fôegulc quc sc scporku gudjfjoh`cetc, ku sc djvkrfjku, scræk opurodks eo ikrò dk ortjlk ?.>6? c polks c` ?> (dcz) prcstoìócs `cesojs `ces ojs c sufc sufcssjvo ssjvos, s, fkrr fkrrjljd jljdos os `kec `kectorj torjoo`cetc pchk JL^, JL^, JL^-@, J^F ku kutrk àedjfc quc k vcemo substjtujr, vcefcedk-sc o prj`cjro porfcho opös :> (ekvceto) djos do doto dk bohoeìk cspcfjoh.

K ortjlk ?.>36 prcvç quc "O skfjcdodc hj`jtodo rclc-sc, eo eoss k`jss k`jssóc ócss dc dcstc stc fo fopà pà-tuhk, pchos ekròs ekr` os do skfjcdodc sj`phcs. ‐ ôrïlroik ÷ejfk. K fketrotk skfjoh pkdcrï prcv pr cvcr cr o rc rclç lçefjo efjo suphc suphctjvo tjvo do skfjc skfjcdo dodc dc hj`jtodo pchos ekròs do skfjcdodc oeôejò. Mï ùjto fketrkvêrsjo skbrc o ophjfoìæk suphct sup hctjvo jvo dos ekr ekròs òs dos skf skfjcd jcdodc odcss pkr oìócs. Ossj`, dc ofkrdk fk` k ortjlk ofjò `cefjkeodk, ek fketrotk skfjoh pkdcrï fketcr o prcvjsæk poro ophjfoìæk ohtcreotjvo dos ekròs do skfjcdodc sj`phcs ku skfjcdodc pkr oìócs.

FHÏSVSHO DÊFJ@O VC]TO DOV RCHOÌÓCV FK@ TCRFCJRKV

Dc ofkrdk fk` k ortjlk ?.>29 do Hcj ?>.4>9/>2, k frcdkr portjfuhor dc söfjk pkdc, eo jesuijfjçefjo dc kutrks bces dk dcvcdkr, iozcr rcfojr o cxcfuìæk dk quc hmc fkubcr skbrc ks hufrks do skfjcdodc ku eo portc quc hmc hm c tk tkfo forr c` hjq hjquj ujdo doìæ ìæk, k, pk pkdc dced edk, k, oj ojed edo, o, rcqucrcr o hjqujdoìæk do qukto dk dcvcdkr, fk` vohkr opurodk c polk eo ikrò dk ortjlk djphkò hcloh. Ossj`, tc`ks7 ?.>6? dk `cs`k djphkò

Ks fos fosks ks k` k`jss jssks ks ek prc prcsce scetc tc jes jestru tru-`cetk scræk rcljdks pchos djspksjìócs dos hcjs vjlc vj lcet etcs cs,, c` cs cspc pcfj fjoh oh os do Vkfjcdodc Vj`phcs ku Hcj dos Vkfjcdodcs Oeôejòs ophjhjfï op fïvc vcjs js î Vk Vkfj fjccdod odcc C` C`pprc rcssïr ïrjo jo dc Rcspkesobjhjdodc Hj`jtodo, sc` prcguàzk dos djspksjìócs supcrvcejce supcrvcejcetcs. tcs.

. ^ks ^kssj sjbj bjhjhjdo dodc dc

FHÏSVSHO DÊFJ@O KJTOYO dc o cx cxcf cfuì uìæk æk rc rcfo fojr jr DO DJVVKHSÌÆK DO VKFJCDODC skbrc djvjdcedks c movcrcs dk dcvcdkr. . ^kssjbjhjdodc dc rcqucrcr o hjqujdoìæk dks movcrcs dk dcvcdkr. Vcluedk k ortjlk ?.>=9, o skfjcdodc sc . Movcrcs scræk opurodks eo ikrò dk djsskhvc, dc phcek djrcjtk, pkr quohqucr dos ortjlk ?. ?.>6 >6? ?. fousos prcvjstos ek ortjlk ?.>44 fk`bjeodk . Bceciàfjk dc krdc`7 o qukto sö ê pc- fk` k ?.>66. emkrïvch eo jesuijfjçefjo dc kutrks bces. O djsskhuìæk do skfjcdodc kfkrrcrï eos mjpötcscs mjpö tcscs prcv prcvjsto jstoss ek ortjlk ortjlk ?. ?.>6 >66 6 do Hcj ?>.4>9/>2 c/ku pkr fkescesk cetrc o òjkrjo ?>.4>9/>2 dks söf söfjks jks,, qu quoed oedkk cs cstcs tcs dc dcsjl sjleo eoræk ræk u` hjqujdotïrjk fk` pkdcr bostoetc poro prkfcdcr c` fkeikr`jdodc fk` o hcljshoìæk vjlcetc î êpkfo.

Fketrotk skfjoh7 dcvcrï prcvcr o pksjìæk do skfjcdodc sc k frcdkr dc söfjk rcqucrcr o hjqujdoìæk do qukto dk dcvcdkr, o ikrò dc po polo` lo`cet cetkk (bc (bces/ es/dje djemcj mcjrk) rk),, k pro prozk zk dc polo`cetk, pkr cxc`phk, c` ?> (dcz) prcstoìócs `cesojs c sufcssjvos, fkrrjljdos `kecKrloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho ?

=>


FHÏSVSHO DÊFJ@O EKEO DO IKR@O DC HJ_SJDOÌÆK

Tcstcùemo Rl7

Ikrò dc hjqujdoìæk (ort. ?.>6?)7 polo`cetk c` djemcjrk1 prozk dc :> djos o portjr do hjqujdoìæk.

Os sjeot Ossj eotur uro o dc odv odvkl klodk odk (Vö qu quoed oedk k eæk ikr @C) [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[ KOB/V^ E.·

Fketrotk Fketro tk skfjo skfjohh 7 dc dcvc vcrï rï pr prcv cvcr cr u` prozk òjkr poro polo`cetk c o pkssjbjhjdodc dc scr cictuodk c` djemcjrk ku bces, fk` o ijeohjdodc dc prcscrvor o sjtuoìæk cfkeô`jfo do c`prcso gï ek fketrotk skfjoh. Ks movcrcs scræk opurodks eo ikrò dk ortjlk ?.>6?.

Iketc.7 mttp7 Iketc.7 mttp7//www //www.scb .scbrocs rocsp.fk` p.fk`.br .br,, ofcs ofcs-sodk c` kutubrk dc 2>><. Ycgo `kdchk dc fketrotk eo pïljeo =2.

Fhosscs dc C`prcsos

K uej uejvcr vcrsk sk dc c`p c`prcc rccedj edj`ce `cetk tkss quc Ks movcrcs scræk polks c` ?> (dcz) cxjs cx jstc tc` ` ek Br Bros osjhjh ê vo vost stk. k. Tkd kdks ks ks dj djos os,, prcstoìócs `cesojs c sufcssjvos, fkrrjljekvo ek voss c` c`prc prcsos sos sæ sækk jeo jeoulu ulurod rodos, os, kut kutros ros dos `kectorjo`cetc pcho JL^, JL^-@, J^F toetos sæk icfmodos, iuedjdos, jefkrpkrodos, ctf, ku kutrk àedjfc quc k vcemo substjtujr, gustjijfoedk o djeâ`jfo dos otjvjdodcs fkrpkvcefce vce fcedkdk-sc sc o prj prj`cj `cjro ro po porfc rfcho ho opö opöss :> rotjvos dk ùedk `kdcrek. ôro quc sc fk`(ekvceto) djos do doto dk bohoeìk cspcfjoh. prccedo `chmkr ks fk`pkecetcs prkdutjvks do fod fodcjo cjo cfk cfkeô` eô`jfo jfo,, ioz ioz-sc -sc ecf ecfcss cssïrj ïrjkk FHÏSVSHO YJLÊVJ@O scporor c fhossjijfor os c`prcsos. DK IKRK Dcetrc vïrjos pkssjbjhjdodcs dc fhossjijfoìæk, os òjs fhïssjfos sæk quoetk î otjvjIjfo chcjtk k Ikrk Fcetroh do Fkòrfo dc do dodc dc cf cfke keô` ô`jf jfo, o, qu quoe oetk tk î tr trjb jbut utoì oìæk æk c Væk ôu ôuhk hk po poro ro ks prk prkfcd fcdj`c j`cetk etkss gud gudjfj jfjojs ojs to`bê` quoetk oks fk`pkecetcs dk quodrk rcic rc icrc rcet etcs cs o cs cstc tc Je Jest stru ru`c `cet etk k dc Fket Fketro rotk tk skfjctïrjk (prkprjcdodc). Vkfj Vk fjoh oh,, fk fk` ` cx cxpr prcs csso so rc rce÷ e÷ef efjo jo o qu quoh ohqu qucr cr kutrk, pkr òjs cspcfjoh ku prjvjhcljodk quc O- Ot Otjv jvjj d odc Cf Cfke keô ô `j `jff o scgo sc go ku vc vcem emoo o sc scrr. C, pk pkrr cs csttor orc` c` os ossj sj`, `, gu gussÊ o fhossjijfoìæk hjlodo oks sctkrcs do tkss c fk tk fket etro roto todk dks, s, ks sö söfj fjks ks kb kbrjl rjlo` o`-s -sc c o fu fu``- cfkek`jo. Ecsto krdc`, tc`ks7 prjr k prcscetc fketrotk eo prcsceìo dc duos ?. C`prcsos dk Vctkr ^rj`ïrjk tcstc` tcs tcùem uemos, os, oss ossjeo jeoedk edk-k -k c` trç trçss vjo vjoss dc jluoh tckr poro ks rcluhorcs cicjtks dc djrcjtk. Dcscevkhvc` otjvjdodcs hjlodos î eoturczo (cxtroìæk, fuhtjvk ku frjoìæk) c sæk subVæk ôuhk, doto , oek. djvjdjdos c`7 o- Cxtrotjvos7 cxtroìæk c/ku fkhcto dc rcfur [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[ sks eoturojs. ^kdc` scr `jecrojs, vclctojs, Vöfjk-od`jejstrodkr oejòjs oejò js (`jec (`jecrodkr rodkros, os, cxtro cxtroìæk ìæk vclc vclctoh) toh),, bkrrofmo ku cxtroìæk oejòh (pcsfo). b- Olrkpcfuïrjos7 fuhtjvo` c fkhmc` quojs [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[ qucrr prk quc prkdut dutks ks olr olràfk àfkhos hos ku frj frjo`, o`, rcp rcprkd rkduuzc` c cxphkro` otjvjdodcs hjlodos o oejòjs Tcstcùemo Rl7 (frjoìæk dc bkvjeks, foprjeks, suàeks, lohjeï [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[ fcks ctf). Vöfjk-quktjsto

2. C`prcsos dk Vctkr Vcfuedïrjk [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[ Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho ?

Dcstjeo`-sc ok prkfcsso`cetk c troes=?



=2


ikròìæk ikrò ìæk dc òt òtêrj êrjosos-prj prjòs òs c` prk prkdut dutks ks ijeojs. Fk`póc` k porquc jedustrjoh, to`bê` fmoòdk dc jed÷strjo dc troesikròìæk.

ekhkljo, jestohoìócs c, opcsor do outkòìæk dks ÷htj`ks oeks, ojedo pkssuc` quoetjdodc fkesjdcrïvch dc iuefjkeïrjks. Væk c`prcsos quc tç` suos kpcroìócs cevkhtos c` uò fk`phcxo tcjo dc trjbutks, ohê` dk pcsk dks `cs`ks c` scus jevcstj`cetks.

6. C`prcsos dk Vctkr Tcrfjïrjk Væk c`prcsos quc prcsto` scrvjìks c` lcroh, lcr oh, ku cet cetæk, æk, ioz iozc` c` fk` fk`êrf êrfjk. jk. ^kr ^krto toetk etk,, tc`ks7 o- C`prcsos Fk`crfjojs7 Fk`pro` c vcedc` vce dc` `cr `crfod fodkrj krjos, os, fk` fk`crf crfjoh johjzo jzo` ` bce bces, s, djst dj strj rjbu buc` c` rjq rjquc uczo zoss do cf cfke kek` k`jo jo.. Væ Væk k ks mjpcr`crfodks mjpcr`c rfodks,, ior`ïf ior`ïfjos, jos, fkefcs fkefcssjkeïrj sjkeïrjos os dc outk`övcjs, hkgos djvcrsos, popchorjos, ihkrjfuhturos ctf. Tkdks ks b- C`prcsos dc Vcrvjìks7 Tkdks tjtjpk pkss dc pr prcs csto toìæ ìækk dc sc scrv rvjì jìks ks (k (kdk dket etkh khööljfks, fkesuhtkrjo, sclurks, ijeoefcjrks, mkspjtohorc pjt ohorcs, s, fkùe fkùejfoìó jfoìócs, cs, cduf cdufofjke ofjkeojs, ojs, prkijssjkeojs hjbcrojs ctf).

2- @jfrkc`prcsos @jfrkc`prcsos (@ (@C) C) c C`prc C`prcsos sos dc ^cqucek ^krtc Mï ù ùjtjtkk tc tc`p `pkk qu qucc sc pr prkf kfur uro, o, ek Brosjh, ohtcreotjvos poro quc mogo fkedjìócs poro o prkhjicroìæk dc òjs c`prcsos fk` `cekr forlo trjbutïrjo. C` ?4 dc dczc`brk dc 2>>9, k Lkvcrek Icdcroh oprkvku o hcj fk`phc`cetor e· ?26, quc jestjtuju k Cstotutk Eofjkeoh do @jfr @j frkc kc`p `prc rcso so c do C` C`pr prcs csoo dc ^c ^cqu quce cekk ^krt ^k rtc c qu quc c oh ohtc tcro ro dj djsp spks ksjtjtjv jvks ks do doss Hc Hcjs js eks =.2?2 c =.2?6, o`bos dc 24 dc guhmk dc ?::?, do Fkeskhjdoìæk dos Hcjs dk Trobohmk (FHT), oprkvodo pchk Dcfrctk-Hcj ek 3.432, dc ?· dc òjk dc ?:46, do Hcj ek ?>.?=:, dc ?4 dc icvcrcjrk dc 2>>?, do Hcj Fk`phc`cetor ek 96, dc ?? dc goecjrk dc ?::> c rcvklo os Hcjs eks :.6?<, dc 3 dc dczc`brk dc ?::9, c :.=4?, dc 3 dc kutubrk dc ?:::.

B- Trjbutoìæk Dcpcedcedk do jefjdçefjo dc j`pkstks c toxos, os c`prcsos tç` uò fhossjijfoìæk cspcfjoh quc voj dcpcedcr dc ùjtks iotkrcs. Cxjstc` djicrceìos cetrc cstodks c ùejfàpjks pj ks qu quoe oetk tk î hc hclj ljsh shoì oìæk æk sk skbr brc c j`p j`pks kstk tks, s, toxos c dcòjs vohkrcs rcfkhmjdks oks fkircs p÷bhjfks. p÷bh jfks. O rcluh rcluho`ce o`cetoì toìæk æk dcst dcstos os kbrjl kbrjlooìócs trjbutïrjos dcvc scr ohvk fkestoetc dc `kejtkroìæk pkr portc dks fketodkrcs.

Fkeikr`c k djspkstk ek ortjlk 6· do Hcj Lcroh, fkesjdcro`-sc `jfrkc`prcsos ku c`prcsos dc pcqucek pkrtc o skfjcdodc c`prcsïrjo, o skfjcd skf jcdod odcc sj` sj`phc phcs, s, c k c`p c`prcs rcsïrj ïrjkk jed jedjvj jvjdu duoh oh dcvjdo`cetc rcljstrodk eo Gueto Fk`crfjoh dk Cstodk ku ek Fortörjk dc Rcljstrk dos ^csskos Guràdjfos, fkeikr`c k fosk, dcsdc quc7 J - @jf @jfrkc rkc`p `prcs rcsos7 os7 kb kbtce tcemo, mo, c` fod fodoo oek-fohcedïrjk, rcfcjto bruto jluoh ku jeicrjkr o R$ 24>.>>>,>>. JJ - - C`prcsos dc pcqucek pkrtc7 kbtcemo, JJ c` fodo oek-fohcedïrjk, rcfcjto bruto supcrjkr o R$ 24> 4>.> .>> >>, >,>> >> c jl jluo uohh ku je jeic icrj rjkr kr o R$ 2.4>>.>>>,>>.

Ek jeàfjk dc otjvjdodc, ek pröprjk oek-fohcedïrjk, k hj`jtc prcvjstk scrï prkpkrfjkeoh ok e÷`crk dc `cscs c` quc o `jfrkc`prcso ku o c`prcso dc pcqucek pkrtc mkuvcr cxcrfjdk otjvjdodc, jefhusjvc os iroìócs dc `cscs. O pk pkss ssjb jbjhjhjd jdod odcc dk pol olo` o`ce cetk tk dc tr trjjbutks but ks ueji uejijfo jfodks dks,, cst cstobc obchcfj hcfjdk dk pch pchkk Vjst Vjstcò cò

Dc ofkrdk fk` k vkhu`c dc ioturo`cetk c/ku vkhu`c dc fopjtoh ophjfodk, pkdc` scr djvjdjdos c` dkjs lroedcs lrupks7 ?- @uhtje uhtjeo ofjke fjkeo ojs dc Lro roedc edc c @êdjk ^krtc Iozc` pcsodks jevcstj`cetks c` tcfKrloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho ?

=6


Jetclr Jetc lrod odk k dc ô ôlo lo`c `cet etkk dc J` J`pk pkst stks ks c Fketrjbujìócs, k VJ@^HCV, c cvcetuojs jsceìócs dc trjbutks iovkrcfcro` ùjtk o o`phjoìæk ìæ k dc ek ekvk vkss ec eclö löfj fjks ks c rc rclu luho horj rjzo zoìæ ìæk k dc c`prccedj`cetks eæk hcloh`cetc fkestjtuàdks. Opcsor Opc sor dk iot ioturo uro`ce `cetk tk scr prj prjefà efàpjk pjk iuedo`ce iued o`cetoh toh poro k cequo cequodro`c dro`cetk etk ecst ecstos os `kdohjdodcs dc c`prcso, o eoturczo dc otjvjdodc, dod c, ikr ikrò ò dc fke fkestj stjtujì tujìæk, æk, rclu rcluhorj horjdod dodc c ijsfoh, hcljshoìæk hkfoh c fkedjìæk dks söfjks sæk sæ k io iotk tkrc rcss to to`b `bê` ê` hc hcvo vodk dkss c` fk fkes esjd jdccroìæk. Dc quohqucr ikrò, o dj`jeujìæk do burkfrofjo ê ùjtk ÷tjh, pkjs o fketobjhjdodc ê sj`phjijfodo, fousoedk òjkr iofjhjdodc dc kpcroìæk c od`jejstroìæk. Fk`k mï uò djeâ`jfo ùjtk lroedc ecstcs ecs tcs djs djspks pksjtj jtjvks vks hcl hclojs ojs dc trj trjbut butoìæ oìæk, k, ks ogustcs ogust cs eos rcluh rcluho`ce o`cetoì toìócs ócs lkvcr lkvcreo`c eo`ceetojs pkdc` ofketcfcr pcrjkdjfo`cetc.

fk`póc` k quodrk skfjctïrjk. Lcroh`cetc, rcohjzo scrvjìks dc utjhjdodc p÷bhjfo, cxphkroìæk dc cecrljo c scluroeìo eofjkeoh, c k Cstodk ê k söfjk ògkrjtïrjk, tcedk ossj` k fketrkhc od`jejstrotjvk.

Rcljstrk Hcloh dc C`prcsos Fk`k gï vj`ks, u` eclöfjk pkdc sc cequ ce quod odro rorr fk fk`k `k ot otjv jvjd jdod odcc dc fk fk`ê `êrf rfjk jk,, jed÷strjo ku scrvjìks. Dcetrk dcstc vostk uejvcrsk, fodo krloejzoìæk tcrï suos portjfuhorjdodc rjd odcs, s, quc cst cstæk æk sug sugcjt cjtos os îs hcl hcljsh jshoìó oìócs cs cspcfàijfos. FK@ÊRFJK ECLÖFJK

JED×VTRJO VCRYJÌK

F - ^rkprjcdodc O pkssc dos quktos skfjojs pkdc cstor fk` k sctkr p÷bhjfk ku prjvodk. Ycgo`ks7

_uoetk _uoe tk î dc dcfj fjsæ sækk do ik ikr` ròh ohjz jzoì oìæk æk,, ku sc scgo go,, hc hclo lohjhjzo zoìæ ìækk do c` c`pr prcs cso, o, ù ùjtjtks ks rclj rc ljst strk rkss dc dcvc vc` ` sc scrr ic icjtjtks ks.. ô ôro ro oh ohlu luò òss c`prcsos, c`prc sos, pkdc pkdc` ` opo oporcfcr rcfcr77 o ecfc ecfcssjdo ssjdodc dc dc hjfceìo dk Fkrpk dc Bk`bcjrks, ohvorï dc iuefjkeo` iuef jkeo`cetk cetk do ^rci ^rcicjtur cjturoo @uejf @uejfjpoh jpoh,, vjstkrjo do Yjljhâefjo Voejtïrjo, Fctcsb ctf. K `chmkr osscsskr poro chufjdoìæk dc d÷vjdos c prkvjdçefjos ecfcssïrjos ê u` fketodkr.

?. C`prcsos ^rjv odo odoss Vcu quodrk skfjoh (söfjks) ê fk`pkstk pkr pcsskos fkùes, tcedk fk`k kbgctjvk prj`krdjoh o kbtceìæk dk hufrk. Væk krloejzoìócs quc ikrò` k sctkr prjvodk, od`jejstrodks pkr portjfuhorcs skbrc ks quojs rcfoc` tkdks ks djrcjtks c kbrjloìócs. 2. C`prcsos ^÷bhjfos Sò c`prcso tktoh`cetc p÷bhjfo pkdc pcrtcefcr o uò ^rcicjturo, o uò uejdodc pkhàtjfk pkhà tjfk-od`j -od`jejst ejstrotjv rotjvoo (Cst (Cstodk odk ku Djst Djstrjtk rjtk Icdcroh) ku î Sejæk, ku scgo, ecstc fosk, sc`prc k prkprjctïrjk scrï k Cstodk. Vuos otjvjdo vj dodc dcss sæ sækk hjhjlo lodo doss sc sc`p `prc rc ok je jetc tcrc rcss ssc c skfjoh, î scluroeìo ku ïrcos cstrotêljfos dc jeiro-cstruturo. Os vcrbos quc pcr`jtc` suo od`jejstroìæk c iuefjkeo`cetk sæk lcrodos pchos pch os rcf rcfcjt cjtos os dk lkv lkvcre crekk fk` fk`k k j`p j`pkst kstks, ks, toxos, ùhtos ctf.

Ycgo ks prjefjpojs örlæks dc rcljstrk7 Rcljstrk do c`prcso eo Gueto Fk`crfjoh. Jesfrjìæk eo Rcfcjto Icdcroh poro kbtceìæk dk FE^G - Fodostrk Eofjkeoh dc ^cssko Guràdjfo. Vc ik ikrr fk fket etrj rjbu buje jetc tc dk JF JF@V @V (c (c`p `prc rcso soss `crfoetjs c prcstodkros dc scrvjìks dc tchcfkùejfoìæk c troespkrtc), rcljstror o c`prcso eo Vcfrctorjo do Iozcedo dk Cstodk. Jesfrjìæk do c`prcso eo ^rcicjturo @uejfjpoh poro po ro kb kbtce tceìæ ìækk dk Fod Fodost ostrk rk dc Fke Fketrj trjbuj bujetc etc @kbjhjïrjk ek ùejfàpjk dc Væk ôuhk. Rcljstrk eo ^rcvjdçefjo Vkfjoh poro jesfrjìæk do c`prcso ek JEVV. Rcljstrk ek Vjedjfotk do Fotclkrjo

. . . . .

6. C`prcsos dc Cfkek`jo @jsto Vjù Vj ùhthtoe oeco co`c `cet etcc k Cs Csto todk dk - sc sctk tkr r p÷bh p÷ bhjf jfk k - c po port rtjf jfuh uhor orcs cs dk sc sctk tkrr pr prjv jvod odk k Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho ?

.

=4


toìæk toìæ k dc rc rclj ljst strk rks. s. Fo Fodo do cs csto todk dk tc tc` ` su suoo Gueto Fk`crfjoh. C` Væk ôuhk, ê dcek`jeodo pcho sjlho GSFCV^. K rcljstrk eo Gueto Fk`crfjoh vjobjhjzo ks kutrks.

Gueto Fk`crfjoh

O Gueto Fk`crfjoh rcljstro k Fketrotk Vkfjoh, quc ê uò cspêfjc dc fcrtjdæk dc eosfj` eos fj`cet cetkk do c`p c`prcs rcso. o. Ecs Ecstc tc rcl rcljst jstrk, rk, o c`pr c` prcs csoo od odqu qujr jrcc dj djrc rcjtjtks ks c pk pkdc dc tc tcrr sc scus us hjvrks hclohjzodks, c`jtjr ektos ijsfojs, kbtcr c`prêstj`ks ctf., opös o dcvjdo fk`phc`ce-

O Vcfrctorjo do do Rcfcjto Icdcroh Icdcroh cxpcdc k FE^G - Fo Fodo dostrk strk Eofjkeo fjkeohh do doss ^cs cssko skoss Guràdjfos dk @jejs têrjk d o Iozc Iozcedo. edo.

Ouho Ou ho ?

? - Fkefcjtuc krloejzoìæk. R7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ R7[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[ 2 - Fk`phctc7

Ks örlæks pkdc` scr scr troduzjdks pchks [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[ , [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ , [[[[[[[[[[[[ c [[[[[[[[[[[[ , ku ojedo pchos ïrcos cspcfàijfos dc [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[, [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[, [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ , [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[ ctf. 6 - Cxphjquc fk`k surlc o mjcrorqujo eos krloejzoìócs. R7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ R7[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[ 4 - Osskfjc7 o- c`p c`prcs rcsos os b- pcrp pcrpctu ctuoìæ oìækk f- frcs frcsfj` fj`cet cetkk d- hu hufr frkk c- cet cetjdo jdodcs dcs

( ( ( ( (

) otc otcedc edc` ` uò ecf ecfcss cssjdo jdodc dc do fk` fkùej uejdod dodcc sc` vjs vjsor or huf hufrks rks.. ) cxp cxphkr hkro` o` quoh quohquc qucrr tjpk tjpk dc dc otjvj otjvjdod dodc c fk` fk` o ijeo ijeohjd hjdodc odc dc kbt kbtcr cr hufrk hufrks. s. ) troz troz djvj djvjdce dcedks dks po poro ro ks söf söfjks jks c dcòj dcòjss jevcs jevcstjd tjdkrc krcs. s. ) ik ikrt rtoh ohcf cfj` j`ce cetk tk c o` o`ph phjo joìæ ìæk k sæ sæk k `c `cttos o sc scrc rc` ` ot otje jelj ljdo dos. s. ) pcr pcròe òeçef çefjo jo ek `cr `crfod fodk k ot otrov rovcss cssoed oedkk lcr lcroìó oìócs. cs.

3 - Fkefcjtuc, tcfejfo`cetc, k quc ê c`prcso.

R7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ R7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[ 9 - Fk`phctc os hofueos7 o- Fkesjdcro-sc [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ quc` cxcrfc prkijssjkeoh`cetc otjvjdodc cfkeô`jfo krloejzodo poro o prkduìæk ku fjrfuhoìæk dc bces ku dc scrvjìks. b- Mï fkescesk dc quc cxjstc` trçs otjvjdodcs c`prcsorjojs fhïssjfos7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[, [[[[[[ [[[ [[[[[[ [[[[[[ [[[[[[ [[[[[[ [[[ c [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[. [[[. Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho ?

=3


Yïrjkss cvc cvcetk etkss ku jet jetcri cricrç crçefj efjos os pkd pkdc` c` ot otrop ropohm ohmor or ks kbg kbgctj ctjvks vks dos c`p c`prcs rcsos. os. <- Yïrjk @cefjkec, pchk `ceks, dkjs prkbhcòs. R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[ = - ^rccefmo os hofueos7

ôro ot ôro otje jelj ljrr kb kbgct gctjv jvks ks c` c`pr prcs csor orjo jojs js,, k `k `kej ejtk tkro ro`c `cet etk k fk fkes esto toet etcc dk qu qucc ofke ofketc tcfc fc dce cetr trk k do c`p `prc rcsso ([ ([[[[[ [[[[ [[[ [[[ [[[[ [[[[ [[[ [[[ [[[[ [[[[ [[[[ [[[) [) c to` o`b bê` ikr kroo do c`p `prc rcso so ([[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[) ê iuedo`cetoh. : - Cxphjquc k quc ê ^cssko Guràdjfo.

R7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ R7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[ ?> - Fkefcjtuc Fketrotk Vkfjoh.

R7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ R7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[ ?? - ^rcce ^rccefm fmoo os ho hofu fueo eoss jd jdce cetjtjijijfo foed edk k o dj djeâ eâ`j `jfo fo do ob obcr crtu turo ro c ic icfm fmo` o`ce cetk tk dc krloejzoìócs7

Tkd kdks ks ks dj djos os,, ek ekvo voss c` c`pr prcs csos os sæ sæk k [[ [[[[ [[[[ [[[[ [[[[ [[[[ [[[[ [[[, [, ku kutr tros os toe oettos sæ sækk [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[, [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[, [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[ c [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[, [, gustjijfoedk o djeâ`jfo dos otjvjdodcs fkrpkrotjvos dk ùedk `kdcrek. ?2 - _uojs _uojs sæk os pks pkssjb sjbjhjd jhjdodc odcss dc fho fhossj ssjijf ijfoìæ oìæk k dc c`p c`prcs rcsos os opr oprcsc cscet etodo odoss c` ekssks cstudks;

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[ ?6 - _uoetk î otjvjdodc cfkeô`jfo, quojs ks sctkrcs c` quc sc cequodro` os c`prcsos;

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ ?4 - _uc tjpk dc otjvjdodc dcscevkhvc uò c`prcso dk sctkr prj`ïrjk;

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[


=9


fkbrodos fkbrod os pkr suo suoss rcs rcspke pkesob sobjhj jhjdod dodcs, cs, eæk opceos cfkeô`jfos c skfjojs, òs to`bê` o`bjcetojs c êtjfos, pkdcrào`ks djzcr quc7

OSHO 2 OD@JEJVTROÌÆ O D@JEJVTROÌÆK K C @KDCHKV DC LCVTÆK - ^RJE ^RJEFJ^ FJÔJV OJV TCKR TCKRJOV JOV

Od`jejstror ê djrjljr uò krloejzoìæk utjhjzoedk têfejfos dc lcstæk poro quc ohfoefc scus kbgctjvks dc ikrò cijfjcetc c fk` rcspkesobjhjdodc skfjoh c o`bjce o`bjcetoh toh..

Jetrkduìæk

@ujtks @ujt ks ou outk tkrc rcss ce ceio iotjtjzo zo` ` qu qucc o cs cssç sçef efjo jo dk trobohmk dk od`jejstrodkr ê kbtcr rcsuhtodks pkr `cjk dos pcsskos quc chc fkkrdceo. Væk ùjtks ks tc tcör örjf jfks ks c dj djvc vcrs rsos os os fk fkef efcj cjtu tuoì oìóc ócs. s.

ôro quc mogo k cxcrfàfjk do od`jejstroìæk, ìæ k, pc pcss ssko koss fk fk` ` pk pkdc dcrr dc dcfj fjsö sörj rjk k ku eæ eæk k otuo` cevkhtks fk` prkdutks, scrvjìks, fhjcetcs, djemcjrk, tcfekhkljo c ospcftks cfkeô`jfks. Fkemcfcr ohluòs ikròtoìócs do od`jejstroìæk c oeohjsor tckrjos frjodos pkr pcesodkrcs quc utjhjzovo` prjefàpjks dc lcstæk c` c`prcsos ouxjhjo o `chmkr fk`prccesæk dcsto djeâ`jfo.

Fkefcjtk Fkefc jtk dc Od`jejstr oìæ oìæk k O Od`jejstroìæk sc`prc cxjstju. Dcsdc o Oet Oetjlu jlujdo jdodc, dc, os pks pksscs scs ku prk prkprj prjcdo cdodcs dcs prcfjs prc fjsovo ovo` ` scr "lc "lcrce rcefjo fjodos dos", ", quc qucrr pchk pchkss scus tjtuhorcs, qucr pkr tcrfcjrks. Ek sêf êfuh uhkk ]YJ YJJJ JJ,, fk` o Rc Rcvvkh khu uìæ ìæk k Jedus Je dustrj trjoh, oh, k fce fceïrj ïrjkk ùd ùdku ku cst cstrut ruturo uroh`c h`cetc etc fk` k dcs dcscev cevkhv khvj`c j`cet etkk dc vïr vïrjos jos otj otjvjd vjdodc odcss quc ecfcssjtovo` dc u` e÷`crk òjkr dc pcsskos poro lcstæk dos iïbrjfos, jefhujedk o jecvjtïvch busfo pkr rofjkeohjzoìæk dk trobohmk, `chmkrjo eks prkfcssks prkdutjvks, ijeoefcjrks, chj`jeoìæk dc dcspcrdàfjks ctf. Cxprcssæk dc krjlc` hotjeo od (djrcìæk, tcedçefjo poro) c `jejstcr (subkrdjeoìæk (subkrdjeoìæk ku kbcdjçefjo), o od`jejstroìæk ê o icrro`ceto prj rje efj fjp poh por oroo fk fked eduuìæ ìæk k dc tkdk dkss ks c`pr c` prcc cced edj` j`ce cetk tks. s. Vk Vkbb u` âe âelu luhk hk ò òjs js `kdc `k dcre rekk c` qu qucc tk tkdo doss os c` c`pr prcs csos os sæ sæk k

Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 2

K lcrcefjo`cetk dc eclöfjks ofketcfc c` o`b o`bjce jcetcs tcs ked kedcc os pcs pcssko skoss oss ossu`c u`c` ` rcspkesobjhjdodcs c to`bê` sc cequodro` c` sjtuoìócs dc outkrjdodc, ku scgo, sæk sub`ctjdks ku cxcrfc` pkdcr. Gï dcijej`ks quc cstos rchoìócs dc rcspkesobjhjdodc c outkrjdodc dcijec` o mjcrorqujo dos krloejzoìócs, quc pkdcrï cxjstjr c` vïrjks eàvcjs.

^jrâ`jdc ^jrâ `jdc Mjc Mjcrïrqujfo rïrqujfo O cs cstr trot otjijijf jfoì oìæk æk dk dkss eà eàvc vcjs js dc pk pkdc dcr r ikrò uò uò pjrâ`jdc pjrâ`jdc mjcrïrqujf mjcrïrqujfo. o. O ikrò pjropjro`jdoh ê odcquodo, pkjs, eo bosc, ijfo o òjkrjo dks fkhobkrodkrcs c, quoetk òjs ohtk k eàvch, `cekr k cspoìk c quoetjdodc dc lcstkrcs c csicros dc tkòdo dc dcfjsæk.

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Eo pjrâ`jdc rcprcscetodo, cxjstc` quotrk eàvcjs dc dcfjsæk. Os krloejzoìócs prcfjso` quc scus fkhobkrodkrcs pkssuo` mobjhjdodcs c fk`pctçefjos djvcrsos. K `kdchk pjro`jdoh ê djeâ`jfk, pkdc scr fk`pkstk fk` ohluòs vorjoìócs sc`prc otcedcedk îs sjeluhorjdodcs dc fodo c`prcso c scu rchofjkeo`cetk fk` k `crfodk. _uoedk _uoe dk oeo oeohjso hjso`ks `ks os mob mobjhjd jhjdodc odcss dos pcsskos eos torcios dk djo-o-djo dos c`prcs c`p rcsos, os, pkd pkdc`k c`kss scp scporï orï-hos -hos c` trç trçss fotclkrjos7

? - @uhtjphjfor scu potrj`ôejk ê kbgctjvk dc quohqucr c`prcso. 2 - Rcduzjr c chj`jeor dcspcsos dcsecfcssïrjos fketrjbuj poro o `chmkrjo do lcstæk. 6 - K je jevc vcst stj` j`ce cetk tk je jejf jfjo johh - fo fopj pjto tohh do c`prcso - mï dc scr rcovjdk pchks söfjks. 4 - Jevcstjr ek frcsfj`cetk jetcrek, ku dcscevkhvcr cstrotêljos quc fkeduzo` o chc ê iuedo`cetoh c` fceïrjks olrcssjvks. 3 - Ecfcssjdodc dc frjor c fketrkhor dkjs krìo`cetks7 k kpcrofjkeoh c k dc kpkrtuejdodcs. Lcror rcfursks djspkeàvcjs o scrc` kbtjdks ê kbrjlotörjk. 9 - @kejtkror prkdutks ku scrvjìks quc dcjxo` dc scr cictjvo`cetc rcetïvcjs ê iueìæk do od`jejstroìæk. < - Ihcxjbjhjdodc eks cpjsödjks c` quc k phoecgo`cetk eæk ikj cijfjcetc c fkòedor o oljhjdodc eo supcroìæk dks prkbhcòs, ohê` dc sob sobcr cr opr oprkvc kvcjtjtor or kpk kpkrtu rtuejd ejdodc odcss jec jecspc spc-rodos, sæk cxtrcò`cetc dcscgïvcjs.

?- Têfejfo7 fopofjdodc dc usor fkemcfj` emc fj`cet cetks ks csp cspcfà cfàijf ijfks ks c dc cxc cxcfut futor or prkfcssks prkfc ssks têfe têfejfks. jfks. Cxc`p Cxc`phks7 hks7 prki prkijssjk jssjk-eojs dc chctrôejfo, icrro`cetcjrks, lujos dc turjs`k, fketobjhjstos ctf. 2 - Muòeo7 fopofj fopofjdod dodc c dc hjd hjdor or,, rchofjkeor-sc fk` fkhobkrodkrcs, fkhclos dc trobohmk c p÷bhjfks djvcrsks. ôro sc otjeljr rcsuhtodks, ê ecfcssïrjo o fkeduìæk dc pcsskos. Csto ê uò mobjhjdodc jedjspcesïvch pces ïvch oks lcstkrcs.

Iotkrcs Dctcr`jeoetcs dk Çxjtk do Lcstæk Lc stæk Od`je jstrotjvo

Os mobjhjdodcs c fk`pctçefjos dks lcstkrcs skirc` jeihuçefjos djvcrsos. K o`bjcetc krloejzofjkeoh ê prccefmjdk pkr uò sêrjc dc sjtuoìócs quc pkdc` scr pksjtjvos c eclotjvos. Vc eæ eæk k mk mkuv uvcr cr vjsæk dc ecl eclöfj öfjks, ks, lcro-sc fkeiusæk. Vc eæ eæk k sc pc pcrf rfcb cbcr cr fk`pctçefjo, oporcfcrï o rcsjstçefjo dks iuefjkeïrjks. Vc eæk cxjstjr jefcetjvk, chj`jeo-sc o @ktjvks poro Od`jejstror `ktjvoìæk. Tudk dcv dcvcc sc scrr lcr lcrce cefjo fjodk dk77 rcf rcfurs ursks ks Vc iohtorc` rcfursks, movcrï irustroìæk. muòeks, prkfcssks prkdutjvks, ijeoefcjrks, Vc os kpcroìócs ofketcfc` sc` u` prkfcsso`cetk dc dodks, lcstæk dc fk`pros phoek dc oìæk, k irofossk ê fcrtk. c òr òract actjel jel ct ctf. f. Dce Dcetrc trc jei jeijed jedïvc ïvcjs js roz rozócs ócs ^krtoetk, vjsæk dc eclöfjks, fk`pctçeporo o ophjfoìæk dc uò od`jejstroìæk cijfoz fjo dks od`jejstrodkrcs, fhjò krloejzofjkeoh c cictjvo, pkdcrào`ks dcstofor7 jefcetjvodkr, rcfursks suijfjcetcs c u` bk` OD@JEJVTROR 6 - Fkefcjtuoh7 mobjhjdodc poro cetcedcr o krloejzoìæk fk`k u` tkdk c scus rcspcftjvks rchofjkeo`cetks jetcreks c cxtcreks. Vobcr cstruturor c krloejzor ks rcfursks djs djspke pkeàvc àvcjs js c pho phoecg ecgor or cst cstrot rotclj cljfofo`cetc, eo fkesfjçefjo dos ikrìos c iroquczos do c`prcso, sæk mobjhjdodcs quc dcpcedc` do fopofjdodc jetchcftuoh dk lcstkr.

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phoek phoe k dc oì oìæk æk,, qu quoe oedk dk mo mor` r`ke kejz jzod odks ks,, pcr`jtc` o kbtceìæk dc rcsuhtodks pksjtjvks c, ecstos fkedjìócs, o krloejzoìæk kpcrorï fk` `chmkrcs pcrspcftjvos.

Fk` öt Fk` ötj` jòo cx cxpc pcrjç rjçef efjo jo c` hje hjemo moss dc prkduìæk, ikj u` dks prj`cjrks o rcssohtor o ecfcssjdodc dc rofjkeohjzor k trobohmk jedustrjoh poro ou`cetor o cijfjçefjo eos iïbrjfos. Toyhkr, k "ôj do Od`jejstroìæk Fjcetàijfo", ikfovo ikf ovo sc` sc`prc prc o cij cijfjç fjçefj efjoo c cij cijfïf fïfjo jo kpc kpcrorofjkeoh fjk eoh eo lc lcstæ stækk dc ec eclöf löfjks jks je jedu dustr strjo jojs. js. Vcvvcr Vc crkk eks fket etrrkhc hcss, fk fk` ` uò vj vjsæ sækk `cfoejfjsto, Toyhkr `chmkrku scesjvch`cetc k dcsc`pcemk dos c`prcsos eos quojs ophjfku suos `ctkdkhklj `ctkdkhkljos. os.

Csfkhoss dc Od`jejstr oìæ Csfkho oìæk k Eo Rc Rcvk vkhu huìæ ìækk Je Jedu dust strj rjoh oh,, iï iïbr brjf jfos os cstrut cst ruturo urodos dos pkr prk prkfcs fcssks sks `cf `cfâej âejfks fks ou`cetoro`, fkesjdcrovch`cetc, k vkhu`c dc kpc-roìócs dcsdc k prkfcssk dc oqujsjìæk dc òtêrjos-prjòs, otê ks prkfcssks prkdutjvks c dc cxpcdjìæk dc `crfodkrjos vcedjdos. Sò ekvo òecjro dc "fujdor" dk eclöfjk sc iozjo ecfcssïrjk. O ikrìo dc trobohmk, possku o loemor òjkr rchcvâefjo c` iueìæk dks ohtks àedjfcs dc dcsc`prclk c dos prcssócs dks trobohmodkrcs, do jlrcgo, dk lkvcrek, ceij`, do skfjcdodc fk`k u` tkdk. @ujtks pcesodkrcs, dkeks dc jed÷strjos c jetchcftuojs do êpkfo dcbotcro` prkpkstos poro skhuìæk dc ohlues prkbhcòs pcfuhjorcs dos c`prcsos doquchc pcràkdk dc dcscevkhvj`c vj `cet etkk cf cfke keô` ô`jf jfk. k. @o @os, s, op opce ceos os ek sê sêf. f. ]J], c jeàfjk dk sêfuhk ]], mkuvc oprkiuedo`cetk c sjstcòtjzoìæk dks cstudks rchotjvks î Od`jejstroìæk. Fkemcìo`ks ks prjefjpojs cstudjksks skbrc tckrjo do Od`jejstroìæk7

C` fketroportjdo, to`bê` ofcetuku ks fkeihjtks fk` ks sjedjfotks pcho kfkrrçefjo dc dc`jssócs c jesotjsioìócs lcrodks pchk ekvk fceïrjk dc rchoìócs cetrc c`prcso c c`prclodks. Vcu hjvrk Ks ^rjefàpjks do Od`jejstroìæk Fjcetàijfo, dc ?:??, fkeijrò o ecfcssjdodc dc cxcfutor k trobohmk od`jejstrotjvk c` boscs fjcetàijfos c kbgctjvos. Dc scus cstudks, uò prkd pr kduì uìæk æk cx cxtc tces esoo dc dj djrc rctr trjz jzcs cs po poro ro o bk bkoo lcstæk dc c`prcsos ikro` cvjdcefjodos. Dc uò ikrò sjetêtjfo, fjefk sæk scus iuedo`cetks7 ?. ^rjefàpjks fjcetàijfks c` substjtujìæk ok c`pjrjs`k - prïtjfo od`jejstro od`jejstrotjvo tjvo fjcetàijfo, boscodo c` prjefàpjks c eæk ek prkfcssk dc tcetotjvo skb rjsfk. Jstk sjlejijfo quc tkdos os torcios prcfjso` dc u` cstudk prchj` prc hj`jeo jeorr po poro ro quc scg scgoo dct dctcr` cr`jeo jeodo do uò `ctkdkhkljo pröprjo, vjsoedk sc`prc ok scu `ïxj`k dcscevkhvj`cetk.

Od`j Od `jej ej st stroì roìæk æk Fjce Fjcetài tàijj fo dc Toyh oyhkr kr Ircdcrjfa Ircdc rjfa \jeshkw Toyhkr (?=39?:?3), eo eosf sfcu cu ek ekss Cs Csto todk dkss Se Sejd jdks ks,, ik ikjj tê têfe fejf jfk k c` `cfâejfo c kpcrïrjk, djphk`ku-sc celcemcjrk fmcloedk o kfupor ohtks pkstks od`jejstrotjvks c` c`prcsos ekrtc-o`crjfoeos.

C`pjrjs`k7 frceìo frceìo dc quc k fke fkemcf mcfj`c j`cetk etk prkvê` uejfo`cetc do cxpcrjçefjo, hj`jtoedk-sc ok quc pkdc scr foptodk dk ùedk cxtcrek (pchks scetjdks) ku dk ùedk subgctjvk (pcho jetrkspcfìæk) jetrkspcfìæk) scedk dcsfortodos os vcrdodcs rcvchodos pchk rofjkeohjs`k.

2. Djvjsæk dk trobohmk - rclros bïsjfos poro o djvjsæk dc torcios, c` djicrcetcs ctopos dos djvcrsos otjvjdodcs. Odkto o supcrvjsæk sæ k iu iuef efjk jkeo eohh o qu quoh oh of ofk` k`po poem emoo tk tkdo doss os iosc io scss dc u` tr trob oboh ohmk mk po poro ro vc vcrj rjijijfo forr sc os Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 2

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kpcroìócs sæk dcscevkhvjdos fkeikr`c jestruìócs prklroòdos. 6. Djvjsæ jvjsæk k dc outkrjd utkrjdo odc c rc rcspke spke-sobjhjdodc - torcios dc phoecgo`cetk c djrcìæk dcvc` scr scporodos doquchos rcicrcetcs î cxcfuìæk dk trobohmk. 4. Trcjeo rcjeo`cetk `cetk c schc schcìæk ìæk dk trobo tr obohmodkr hmodkr tkreo rchcvoetc o quohjijfoìæk dk trobohmodkr `cdjoetc o schcìæk c opcricjìko`cetk têfejfk. Jest Je struì ruìóc ócss sjs sjstc tc`ït `ïtjfo jfoss c od odcqu cquod odos os oks trobohmodkrcs pcr`jtc` dcscevkhvj`cetk dc pcsskoh c `chmkrcs rcsuhtodks, ku scgo, òjkr prkduìæk fk` `chmkr quohjdodc. 3. Fkkrdceoìæk cetrc os otjvjdodcs o otuoìæk dks trobohmodkrcs dcvc scr ortjfuhodo ho do fk fk` ` o dk dkss su supc pcrv rvjsk jskrcs rcs c od od`j `jejs ejstrodkrcs. trodkrcs. Boscodks ecstcs iuedo`cetks, ùjtks kutrks prjefàpjks c, fkescqucetc`cetc, prïtjfos kpcrofjkeojs possoro` o scr utjhjzodks7 o) Cs Cstu tudk dk dc tc tc`p `pkk c po podr dróc ócss dc pr prkd kduì uìæk æk.. b)Vupcrvjsæk iuefjkeoh. f) ôdrkejzoìæk dc dc icrro`cetos icrro`cetos c jestru`cetks. d) ^hoec ^hoecgo`ce go`cetk tk dos torc torcios ios c forlk forlks. s. c) ^rje ^rjefàp fàpjk jk do cxf cxfcìæ cìæk7 k7 fke fkefce fcetro troìæk ìæk opceos eks dcsvjks dks prkfcssks. i) Ijfmos dc jestruìæk dc scrvjìks. l) Os Ossk skfj fjoì oìæk æk dc to torc rcio io o pr prç` ç`jk jkss dc prkduìæk pcho suo cxcfuìæk cijfjcetc. m)Fhossjijfoìæk dks prkdutks c dc òtcrjoh utjhjzodk eo òeuioturo. j) Dchje Dchjeco`c co`cetk etk do rktjeo dc trobohmk. trobohmk.

tç` pku pkufos fos fmo fmoefc efcss dc fke fkescl sclujr ujr u` kut kutrk rk c`pr c` prcl clk k pk pkrq rquc uc sö so sobc bc` ` cx cxcf cfut utor or u` uòo to torc rcio io.. . K quc j`pkrto ê o cijfjçefjo od`jejstrotjvo. . Fkesjdcro opceos o iodjlo ùsfuhor c ijsjkh ijs jkhölj öljfo, fo, dcs dcsprc prczoe zoedk dk ks iot iotkrc krcss ps psjfk jfkhöl höljfk jfks. s. . Yç os c` c`pr prcs csos os fk fk`k `k u` sj sjst stc` còo icfmodk, eæk fkesjdcroedk k o`bjcetc, suo hjloìæk fk` ikrecfcdkrcs, fkefkrrcetcs ctf. Opcs Op csor or do doss fr fràt àtjf jfos os,, sc sclu luro ro`c `cet etcc pkdc pk dc`k `kss oij ijr` rò or qu qucc o ikr krò òìæ ìækk dks porqu po rqucs cs jed jedust ustrjo rjojs, js, do òj òjkrj krjoo dks po poàs àscs cs kfjdcetojs, iuedo`cetku-sc eo ophjfoìæk dks prjefàpjks dc Toyhkr.

Tckrjo Fhï hïssjfo ssjfo do Od`jejstro Od`jejstroìæ ìæk k Guhcs Mcerj Ioykh (?=4?-?:23), eosfjdk c` Jsto`buh, eo Turqujo, suo eofjkeohjdodc cro iroefcso. Celcemcjrk dc `jeos, iuedodkr do Tckrjo Tckrjo Fhïssjfo do Od`jejstroìæk, frjku k Fcetrk dc Cstudks Od`jejstrotjvks, ek quo quohh rcu rcuejo ejo pcs pcssko skoss jet jetcrc crcsso ssodos dos eo od`jej od` jejstr stroìæ oìæk k dc ecl eclöfj öfjks ks fk` fk`crf crfjoj jojs, s, jedustrjoj jedus trjojss c lkvc lkvcreo`c reo`ceto etojs, js, fket fketrjbuje rjbujedk dk poro o djiusæk dos dkutrjeos od`jejstrotjvos.

O Od`jejstroìæ Od`jejstroìækk fjce fjcetàijf tàijfoo jestj jestjtuju tuju to`bê` k Vjstcò dc @êrjtk, quc fkesjstjo c`7 . Dc`jssæk dks jefopozcs. . @ojkr sohïrjk poro quc` prkduzjssc òjs. ^rk`kìæk ìæk po poro ro ks quc opr oprcsc cscet etoss ossc` c` . ^rk`k `chmkr dcsc`pcem dcsc`pcemk. k.

Vc Toyhkr fcetrku-sc ek ospcftk kpcrofjkeoh dos jed÷strjos, ijxoedk-sc eo hjemo dc prkduìæk, k iroefçs ikj òjs o`phk c` suo obkrdolc`. Fkestruju uò tckrjo òjs lhkboh do oìæk od`jejstrotjvo o portjr dc uò vjsæk lcroh do c`prcso, ku scgo, çeiosc eo cstruturo c ek iu iuef efjk jkeo eo`c `cet etkk dk dkss sc sctk tkrc rcss po poro ro `chm `c hmkr kr or orro roeg egk k dk dkss dj djic icrce rcetc tcss ör örlæ læks ks do c`prcso c dos rchoìócs cxjstcetcs cetrc chcs. Vuo prckfupoìæk cro oeohjsor o c`prcso dc fjò fj ò por oro o bo bojx jxk, k, ok fk fket etrï rïrj rjkk do doss jd jdêj êjos os odkt od ktod odos os pk pkrr Toy oyhk hkrr c Ik Ikrd rd.. @o @os, s, je jecl clov ovch ch`c `cet etc, c,

Fràtjfos î Csfkho dc Toyhkr

. Trobohmk kpcrïrjk fk` jestruìócs `jeufjksos tcedc o troesikròr k fkhobkrodkr c` `crk outôòtk, u` "mk`c` rkbktjzodk", dcsfkesjdcroedk k chc`cetk muòek. . ^rkfuro sc`prc k dcsc`pcemk `ïxj`k, eæk k bk`. . Ks kpcrïrjks, ok dcjxorc` o c`prcso, Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 2

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fk`k Toyhkr, busfovo cijfjçefjo eos krloejzoìócs ìó cs pk pkrr `c `cjk jk do ut utjhjhjz jzoì oìæk æk dc `ê `êtk tkdk dk fj fjce cetà tàijijfk fk.. Ok os ossu su`j `jrr, ok okss 4< oe oeks ks,, o dj djrc rcìæ ìæk k lcro lc rohh do `je `jecro crodk dkro ro dc fo forv rvæk æk ir iroe oefc fcso so rcssFk``cetry-Ikurfmo`bouht-Dcfozcvjhhc, rc tobchcfcu o so÷dc cfkeô`jfk-ijeoefcjro do c`prcso. Vuo tckrjo oprcsceto to`bê` prjefàpjks, sjstcòs dc rclros c ekròs od`jejstrotjv tro tjvos. os. ^kr css csscc `kt `ktjvk jvk,, ohl ohlues ues to to`bê `bê` ` fmoò` suo tckrjo dc Ekròtjvjsto.

?. djvjsæk dc trobo t robohmk hmk - djvjdjr k trobohmk c` kpcroìócs òjs sj`phcs pcho cspcfjohjzoìæk. Fkesjdcror k tc`pk c k cspoìk utjhjzodk. 2.outkrjdodc c rcspkesobjhjdodc - pkdcr dc dor krdces c dc sc iozcr kbcdcfcr. _uoetk î rcspkesobjhjdodc, ohê` dc rcohjzor o torcio, fcetro-sc eo kbrjloìæk dc prcstor fketos. 6. djsfjphjeo - `cdjoetc rclros dc subkrdjeoìæk oks supcrjkrcs. 4. uejdodc dc fkòedk - poro fodo oìæk sö sc dcvc rcfcbcr krdces dc u` ÷ejfk fmcic/lcrcetc. Dcsto ikrò, u` fcrtk e÷`crk dc subkrdjeodks rcfcbc c ofoto krdces dc u` ÷ejfk supcrjkr. 3. uejdodc dc djrcìæk - u` sö kbgctjvk/p vk /prkl rklro` roò o dc oìæ oìækk (fk (fkef efcet cetroì roìæk æk dks csikrì csi krìks) ks).. S` fcr fcrtk tk e÷` e÷`crk crk dc otj otjvjd vjdodc odcss supcrvjsjkeodk pkr u` ÷ejfk supcrjkr. 9. subkrdjeo subkrdjeoìæ ìæk k dk jetcrc jetcrcssc ssc jedjvjduoh ok fkhctjvk - prcvohçefjo dks jetcrcsscs lcrojs do krloejz krloejzoìæk oìæk oks jetcrcss jetcrcsscs cs jedjvjdu jedjvjduojs. ojs. <.rcùecroìæk - so sohï hïrj rjks ks gu gust stks ks dk pketk dc vjsto do c`prcso c dk trobohmodkr. =.fcetrohjzoìæk - fk fkef efce cetr troì oìæk æk do òjkr skò dc djrcìæk pkssàvch eos `æks dc u` ÷ejfk fketrkhc. Fcetrohjzor ê ou`cetor o j`pkrtâefjo do forlo dc trobohmk dk fmcic c dcsf dc sfce cetr trohj ohjzo zorr ê djs djstr trjbu jbujr jr,, dc ik ikrò rò ò òjs js mk`klçeco, os otrjbujìócs c torcios. :. fodc fodcjos jos mjcrï mjcrïrqujfos rqujfos - fo fodc dcjo jo dc fkòedk (fodcjo csfohor) osskfjodo î fkùejfoìæk ejfoìæ k mkrjzket mkrjzketoh oh (c`brjæk dk `cfoejs `cfoejs`k `k dc fkkrdceoìæk), dcijejedk uò rjlkrkso cstruturo dc outkrjdodc c rcspkesobjhjdodc. ?>.. krdc ?> krdc` ` - fodo fkjso/pcssko ek scu hulor cstobchcfjdk prcvjo`cetc (rofjkeohjzoìæk dk trobohmk), ku scgo, pcricjto krdceoìæk muòeo c òtcrjoh. ??. cqujdodc - loroetjedk o fkefjhjoìæk òjs gusto cetrc ks jetcrcsscs c`prcsorjojs c trobohmjstos. ?2.. csto ?2 cstobjh bjhjdodc jdodc dk pcsskoh - dj`jeujr o rktotjvjdodc dc `æk-dc-kbro quc guhlo òjs cijfj ci jfjçef çefjo jo eo suo pcr pcròe òeçef çefjo jo tro trozce zcedk dk scluro scl uroeìo eìo ek c`p c`prcl rclk. k. Os krl krloej oejzoì zoìócs ócs dcvc` rctcr scus iuefjkeïrjks, cvjtoedk k prc guàzk/ guà zk/ fustks dcfkrrcetc dc ekvks prkfcssks dc schcìæk, trcjeo`cetk c odoptoìæk.

Ok cdjtor c` ?:?9, k hjvrk Od`jejstroìæk Jedustrjoh c Lcroh , dc`kestrku quc os krloejzoìócs kpcro` cevkhvjdos c` u` fkeguetk dc scjs iueìócs bïsjfos7 ?.Têfejfo - Otjvjdodc prkdutjvo do c`prcso ê o iueìæk bïsjfo kpcrofjkeoh. 2. Fk`crfjoh - Torcios dc cetrodo cetrodo dc jesu`ks - fk`pro dc `crfodkrjos - poro prkfcsso`cetk c kpcroìæk do c`prcso c torcios dc soàdo dc prkdutks ku scrvjìks - vcedo dks bces c scrvjìks. Vobcr Vobcr fk`pror c vcedcr ê tæk j`pkrtoetc quoetk iobrjfor bc`. 6. Ijeoefcjro - Foptoìæk c lcstæk dc rcfursks ijeo ijeoefcj efcjrks, rks, od`j od`jejstro ejstroìæk ìæk dk ihuxk dc fojxo fojxo,, frêdjtks, frêd jtks, ophj ophjfoìó foìócs, cs, pol polo`ce o`cetks tks c rcfc rcfcbj`c bj`cetks etks c` lcroh. 4. Fketïbjh - Fhossjijfor c rcljstror kfkrrçefjos cfkeô`jfos ku ijeoefcjros do c`prcso. Opuror bces, djrcjtks c kbrjloìócs, hufrks ku prcguàzks. 3. Vcluroeìo - Fketrkhcs, otrovês dc ekròs, òtcrjojs c dcòjs djspksjtjvks hclojs vjsoedk î prktcìæk muòeo (sohubrjdodc dk o`bjcetc dc trobohmk, fkedjìócs dc jhu`jeoìæk, tc`pcroturo c fujdodks fketro ofjdcetcs) c o prktcìæk òtcrjoh (scluroeìo dc cqujpo`cetks, jestohoìócs c fkestruìócs). 9. Od`jejstrotjvo - Krloejzor, phoecgor, tkòr dcfjsócs c fketrkhor os torcios c kpcroìócs djvcrsos do c` c`prc prcso. so. Rc Rcicr icrc-s c-scc ok tro trobo bohmk hmk dc lc lcrçe rçefjo fjo,, djrcìæk c fketrkhc dos otjvjdodcs poro quc o c`prcso pksso otjeljr scus kbgctjvks. Ê csto iueìæk, poro ùjtk ù jtks, s, o òj òjss j`p j`pkrt krtoet oetc, c, pkj pkjss dc dcho ho dc dcpce pcedc dc o kbtceìæk dc rcsuhtodks pksjtjvks eo cxcfuìæk dc tkdos os kutros iueìócs.

Cstos scjs iueìócs ikrò` ks pjhorcs poro o ophjfoìæk dc quotkrzc prjefàpjks od`jejstrotjvks, ks quojs dcvc` sc odcquor î rcohjdodc dc fodo c`prcso7 Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 2

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?6. jejfjotjvo - cstàùhk î skhuìæk dks prkbhcòs quc sc oprcsceto`, obroelcedk k djeo`js`k dcsdc k prjefjpoh cxcfutjvk otê ks òjs bojxks eàvcjs dc outkrjdodc. ?4.. fkkp ?4 fkkpcroìæ croìæk k - cstjùhoedk k cspàrjtk dc cqujpc c o fkeguloìæk dks csikrìks poro o `cto ijeoh c dcstjeks jetcrhjlodks.

Jssk dï ik Jssk ikr` rò o î pj pjrâ râ`j `jdc dc mj mjcr crïr ïrqu qujf jfo, o, c ek ekss hcvo hc vo î fk fk`p `prc rcce cesæ sækk dc qu qucc os mo mobj bjhjhjdo dodc dcss têfejfos posso` o scr, fodo vcz òjs, od`jejstrotjvos. Toyhkr c Ioykh sc fk`phc`ceto` eos jevcstjloìócs skbrc od`jejstroìæk dc eclöfjks.

ôro sc tcr uò jdêjo do obroelçefjo dc scus cstudk cstudks, s, Ioykh to`bê to`bê` ` fkesjdc fkesjdcrorovo u` fkeguetk dc scjs quohjdodcs pcsskojs poro `chmkr pcrikròefc dks iuefjkeïrjks7 ?. Iàsjfos7 so÷dc, dcstrczo c vjlkr. 2. Jetchcftuojs7 optjdæk poro fk`prccedcr c oprcedcr (djsfcrej`cetk, ikrìo c oljhjdodc jetchcftuoh). 6. @krojs7 cecrljo, ijr`czo, fkrolc` dc ofcjtor rcspkesobjhjdodcs, jejfjotjvo, dcfjsæk, totk c djlejdodc. 4. Fuhturo Lcro roh7h7 fkemc fkemcfj`cetk fj`cetkss vorjodks vorjodks.. 3. Fkemcfj`cetks cspcfjojs7 rchotjvks î iueìæk. 9. Cxpcrjçefjo7 fkemcfj`cetk prïtjfk.

Fràtjfos î Csfkho dc Ioykh7

.O krloejz krloejzoìæk oìæk ê u` sj`phcs `cfoejs`k. `cfoejs`k. .Rofjkeohjs`k cxtrcòdk. C`prcs rcsos os vjs vjsto toss fk` fk`kk sjs sjstc tcòs òs icf icfmod modks. ks. .C`p .^kufk trobohmk cxpcrj`cetoh. .K mk`c` ê vjstk fk`k òjs u` chc`cetk do `ïqujeo. .Io Ioyk ykhh vç k mk mk`c `c` ` je jeihihuc ucef efjo jodk dk pk pkrr dj djem emcj cjrk rk.. Mcery Mc ery Ikrd c o Od`jejstroìæ Od`jejstr oìæk k ), ekrtc-o`crjfoek, Mcery Ikrd ( Ikrd (?=96-?:4< ?=96-?:4<), utjhj ut jhjzk zkuu ks prjefàpjks dc podrkej podrkejzoìæk zoìæk c sj`phjijfoìæk dc Toyhkr c dcscevkhvcu kutros têfejfos ovoeìodos poro o êpkfo. Jejfjku suo forrcjro fk`k `cfâejfk c, opös trobohmor poro vïrjos kijfjeos, kijfje os, fkesc fkescluju luju fkestru fkestrujr jr u` ou outk` tk`övc övch,h, `ketoedk-k pcìo pkr pcìo.

ôro Ioykh, "O fopofjdodc têfejfo dk`jeo o bosc do csfoho mjcrïrqujfo cequoetk o fop fopofj ofjdod dodcc od` od`jej jejstr strotj otjvo vo dk` dk`jeo jeo k tkpk c, î `cdjdo quc ohluê` sc chcvo eo csfoho csfo ho mjcrï mjcrïrqujf rqujfo, o, o j`pkr j`pkrtâef tâefjo jo rchot rchotjvo jvo do fop fopofj ofjdod dodcc od` od`jej jejstr strotj otjvo vo ou ou`c `cet eto o cequoetk o do fopofjdodc têfejfo dj`jeuj". Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 2

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Fk` k possor dk tc`pk, tkreku suos iïbrjfos vcrdodcjrks `kdchks dc vcrtjfohjzoìæk. Jekvodkr, cxtrcò`cetc kusodk poro o êpkfo, dcicedjo o jdcjo dc quc uò c`prcso dcvcrjo, eo `cdjdo dk pkssàvch, fketc`phor tkdks ks cstïljks dk prkfcssk prkdutjvk, fmcloed lo edk, k, je jefh fhus usjv jvc, c, o dk dk`j `jeo eorr os ik iket etcs cs dc òtêrj òt êrjo-p o-prj` rjòo quc quc,, ek scu fos fosk k csp cspcfà cfàijf ijfk k cro` o bkrrofmo, k icrrk c k forvæk. Ossj` pkssuào dcsdc o iïbrjfo dc vjdrk, phoetoìæk dc scrjelucjros, otê o sjdcr÷rljfo. Vcu `k `kdc dchk hk dc pr prkd kduì uìæ æk c` ò òss sso o - k Ikrdjs`k - rcvkhufjkeku o jed÷strjo outk`kbjhàhàst stjf jfo o eo pr prj` j`cj cjro ro `c `cto todc dc dk sê sêfu fuhk hk ]] ]].. Vcluedk mjstkrjodkrcs, suo kbscssæk cro tkreor k outk`övch tæk borotk quc tkdks pkdcrjo` fk`prï-hk.

c` lcstks chc`cetorcs, rofjkeohjzor o prkduìæk, ou`cetoedk ou`cetoedk k rcedj`c rcedj`cetk, etk, scluedk Ikrd, Ikr d, cro phc phceo` eo`cet cetcc pks pkssàv sàvch, ch, tk tkreo reoedk edk scu c`prccedj`cetk prkdutjvk dcetrk dc prjefàpjks êtjfks c pkhjtjfo`cetc fkrrctks. Opcricjìkk Opcri cjìkku, u, scesj scesjvch`c vch`cetc, etc, prkfc prkfcssks ssks dc hjemo dc `ketolc`. O prkduìæk c` sêrjc, `chmkrodo pkr Ikrd, fkesjdcrovo k rjt`k dc trobohmk c` fodcjo c pkupovo tc`pk c fustks.

@ketovo scus vcàfuhks c` cstcjros rkhoetcs quc sc `kv `kvj`c j`cet etovo ovo` ` ceq cequoe uoetk tk k kpc kpcrïr rïrjk jk ijfovo ijfo vo protj protjfo`c fo`cetc etc poro porodk, dk, rcohjz rcohjzoedk oedk uò pcquceo ctopo do prkduìæk, djspcesoedk-sc uò òjkr quohjijfoìæk dks trobohmodkrcs. Ikrd Ik rd rc rcho hotk tku, u, c` sc scus us hjhjvr vrks ks @jemo Ijhkskijo Ijhks kijo dc Jed÷str Jed÷strjo, jo, c @jemo @jemo Yj Yjdo do c @j @jemo emo Kbro, suos jdêjos skbrc Od`jejstroìæk Od`jejstroìæk,, kfupoedk-sc dksc dk sjstcò dc prkduìæk c`prcsorjoh fk` çeiosc eo cijfjçefjo prkdutjvo c o fkescqucetc dj`jeujìæk dk fustk uejtïrjk dks prkdutks, ok fketrïrjk dc Ioykh, quc fcetro suo oeïhjsc ek ospcftk od`jejstrotjvk do c`prcso.

O `k `ket etolc` olc` dc u` for forrr k ek je jeàfj àfj k dk sêfuhk ]] C` ?:>=, oek dc hoeìo`cetk dk `kdchk T do Ikrd, o `ketolc` dc u` outk`övch dc`k dc `kro rovo vo dk dkzc zc mk mkro ros s c vj vjet etc c `j `jeu eutk tks. s. Eo dêfo dê fodo do dc 2> 2>,, bo bost stov ovo o u` uò o mk mkro ro c vj vjet etc c `jeutks. K `kdchk vcedcu ?3 `jhmócs dc uejdodcs. K `êtkdk dc prkduìæk ikrdjsto cxjljo vuhtuk vuh tuksks sks jev jevcst cstj`c j`cetk etks s c lro lroedc edcs s jes jestoh tohooìócs, òs pcr`jtju quc Ikrd prkduzjssc òjs dc 2 `jhmócs dc forrks pkr oek duroetc o dêfodo dc ?:2>.

Trçs prjefàpjks sæk ks pjhorcs dc suo krjcetoìæk poro o prkduìæk7

?. ^rjefàpjk ^rjefàpjk dc Jetcesjijfoìæk Dj`jeujr k tc`pk dc prkduìæk fk` k c`prcl c`p rclk k j`c j`cdjo djotk tk dks cqu cqujp jpo`c o`cetk etkss c do òtêrjo-prjò c rïpjdo fkhkfoìæk dk prkdutk ek `crfodk. Kbgctjvk7 rïpjdk rctkrek dk fopjtoh jevcstjdk, busfoedk-sc chj`jeor o fopofjdodc kfjkso, toetk dc trobohmodkrcs quoetk dc cqujpo`cetks.

ôro fkesclujr jssk, Mcery Ikrd olju, phoecgku, trobohmku c ofobku pkr iozcr uò dcfk`pksjìæk do `ketolc` dk Ikrd T fmcloedk o <.==2 kpcroìócs. Dcfk`pkr k trobohmk Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 2

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2. ^rjefàpjk ^rjefàpjk dc Cfkek`jfjdodc

Rcduzjr vkhu`c dk cstkquc do òtêrjoprjò c` troesikròìæk ok `àej`k. Kbgctjvk7 vchkfjdodc dc prkduìæk, frjor fkedjìócs poro quc k trotkr ku outk`övch ikssc` polks î suo c`prcso oetcs dc vcefjdk k prozk dc polo`cetk do òtêrjo-prjò odqujrjdo bc` fk`k dk polo`cetk dc sohïrjks. Ê cxphjfodk cstc prjefàpjk pcho fêhcbrc irosc prcscetc c` u` dc scus hjvrks7 K `jeêrjk soj do `jeo ek

Toyh oyhkr kr,, Ioy Ioykh kh c Ikr Ikrd, d, fk` ohl ohluò uòss djicrc dji crceìo eìoss dc cei ceikqu kquc, c, sæk ks pjk pjkecj ecjrks rks dos tc tckrj krjos os do Od Od`je `jejs jstro troìæ ìæk. k. ^kr ^krto toet etk, k, opcsor dks cvcetuojs fkeihjtks c iohmos c` suos su os pr prkp kpks ksto tos, s, sæ sækk ks pr prje jefj fjpo pojs js cs cstu tu-djks dj ksks ks,, ek ekss qu quoj ojss sc iu iued edo` o`ce ceto to` ` ks cs cstu tudk dkss do lcstæk dc krloejzoìócs.

sïb ïbod odk k c ê ce cetr trc clu luc c skb o ik ikr` rò o dc u` forrk, ok fkesu`jdkr, eo tcrìo-icjro, î tordc.

Csfkho dc Rchoìócs Muòeos 6. ^rjefàpjk ^rjefàpjk dc ^rkdutjvjdodc

Vurljro` ohluòs ircetcs dc kpksjìæk o Toyhkr fk`k uò tcetotjvo dc muòejzor k trob tr oboh ohmk mk do doed edk k ik ikr` ròo o ek ekvo voss tc tckr krjo jos, s, os quojs dcstofovo` o j`pkrtâefjo dk ospcftk muòek ofjò dks ospcftks òjs `cfoejfjstos dk prkfcssk (`ïqujeos, cqujpo`cetks c `êtkdks dc trobohmk).

Cspcfjohjzor k mk`c` c o hjemo dc `ketolc`. Kbgctjvk7 ou`cetor o fopofjdodc prkdutjvo dk trobohmk. K rcsuhtodk ê òjs prkduìæk ok c`prcsïrjk c o pkssjbjhjdodc dk kpcrïrjk loemor òjs.

Oeïhj Oe ïhjsc sc Fràt Fràtjf jfo o î Csf Csfkh kho o dc Ikr Ikrd d

Lckrlcss Chtke @o Lckrlc @oyk yk (?==>-?:4:), skfjöhklk oustrohjoek, ikr`ku-sc c` `cdjfjeo eo Sejvcrsjdodc dc Odchojdc. Ikj u` dkss pr dk prje jefj fjpo pojs js cx cxpk pkce cetc tcss dk `ê `êtk tkdk dk do skfjkhkljo jedustrjoh ekrtc-o`crjfoeo.

O rjljdcz dcstc `kdchk dc lcstæk jedustrjo tr joh,h, fk fk` ` k po poss ssor or dk tc tc`p `pk, k, pc pcrd rdcu cu su suo o ikrìo. ikr ìo. O iros iroscc dc Ikrd, quc djzjo djzjo quc pkdcrjo` pkdcrjo` scr prkd prkduzj uzjdks dks outk outk`öv `övcjs cjs dc quo quohquc hqucrr fkr fkr,, dcsdc quc ikssc` prctks, tjemo u` `ktjvk7 o

tjeto tjet o pr prct cto o sc scfo fovo vo `c `chm hmkr kr,, c ks fo forr rrks ks pkdc pk dcrjo rjo` ` sc scrr `k `ket etod odks ks rop ropjdo jdo`c `cet etc. c. @os csqucfjo-sc dc kbscrvor o tcedçefjo dc, fodo vcz òjs, scr ecfcssïrjk kuvjr k fkesu`jdkr, kbscrvor scus lkstks c prcicrçefjos. Eo O`êrjfo, scu prjefjpoh fkefkrrcetc, fkefkrrcetc, o Lcecro Lce crohh @kt @ktkrs krs,, ihc ihcxjb xjbjhj jhjzo zo suo prk prkduì duìæk æk c scu `kdchk dc lcstæk. Hoeìo djvcrsks `kdchkss dc vc hk vcàf àfuh uhks ks,, vï vïrj rjos os fk fkrc rcss c od odkt kto o u` sjstc` sjs tcò o dc lcs lcstæk tæk prk prkijs ijssjk sjkeoh eohjzo jzodk. dk. Fk` jstk, o L@ uhtroposso o Ikrd fk`k o òjkr `ketodkro dk ùedk. Eks oeks <>, opös ks fmkqucs dk pctröhck c o cetrodo dc fk`pctjdkrcs gopkecscs ek `crfodk outk`kbjhàstjfk, k Ikrdjs`k c o prkduìæk c` òsso cetro` c` fr frjs jsc c c fk fk`c `cìo ìo`, `, lr lrod odot otjv jvo` o`ce cetc tc,, o scrc` scr c` sub substj stjtuà tuàdks dks pch pchoo prk prkduì duìæk æk cex cexut uto, o, `kdc `k dchk hk dc pr prkd kduì uìæk æk bo bosc scod odk k ek Vj Vjst stc` cò o Tkykto dc ^rkduìæk. Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 2

C` ?: ?:2< 2<,, k Fk Fkes esch chmk mk Eo Eofj fjke keoh oh dc ^csqujsos dks Cstodks Sejdks jejfjku uò cxpc cx pcrjç rjçef efjo jo eo iï iïbr brjf jfoo do \cstcr \cstcre e Chctrj Chctrjf f Fk`poey, sj sjtu tuod odoo c` Fm Fmjf jfol olk, k, bo bojr jrrk rk dc Mowtmkrec, fugo ijeohjdodc cro o dc dctcr`jeor o rchoìæk cetrc o jetcesjdodc do jhu`jeoìæk c o cijfjçefjo dks kpcrïrjks `cdjdo otrovês do prkduìæk. :4


. C` vcz dc jetcrvohks dc òemæ c dc

Ikj fketrotodo uò cqujpc dc Morvord, hjdcrodo pkr Chtke @oyk c Irjtz Rkctmhjsbcrlcr poro fkeduzjr ks cxpcrj`cetks c` u` lroedc dcporto dcp orto`cet `cetkk kedc `kìo `kìoss `ket `ketovo` ovo` rchçs dc tc tchc hcik ikec ec.. O tc tcsc sc cr croo qu quc, c, ou ou`c `cet etoe oedk dk o hu` hu`jek jeksjd sjdod odc, c, o prk prkdu dutjtjvjd vjdod odc c to to`b `bê` ê` ou`cetorjo. Dcpkjs, dj`jeuào-sc o jhu`jeoìæk c fk`porovo`-sc ks rcsuhtodks. Csso cxpcrjçefjo tcvc ioscs djstjetos, fk` kbscrv kbs crvoìó oìócs, cs, scp scporo oroìæk ìæk dc lru lrupks pks c cet cetrcv rcvjst jstos. os.

tordc, opceos u` ek `cjk dk djo7 qucdo do prkduìæk. Ekto Ek to-s -sc c qu qucc k o` o`bj bjce cetc tc dc tr trob oboh ohmk mk,, toetk to etk fk` fk`k k k bc` bc`-cs -csto torr dks tro troboh bohmod modkrc krcss ogudo o chcvor o prkduìæk dc uò c`prcso c eæk opceos k sjstcò cxotk dc fk`k oljr, prkduzjr ctf. Os fkefhusócs kbtjdos frjoro` uò ekvo tckrjo dc od`jejstroìæk7 os rchoìócs muòeos. Csto oijròvo quc k dcsc`pcemk dks trobohmodkrcs eæk dcpcedjo opceos dc u` fkrrctk `êtkdk dc trobohmk poro o cxcfuìæk dos torcios, io s, ò òss to to`b `bê` ê` - c pr prje jefj fjppoh oh`c `cet etcc - do `ktjvoìæk dchcs `ktjvoìæk dchcs poro rcohjzor tojs otjvjdodcs.

?ª Iosc7 O cx cxpc pcrjç rjçef efjo jo kb kbtc tcvc vc bk bkes es rc rcsu suhthtod odks ks,, pkjs, quoetk òjs hâ`podos cro` ofrcsfcetodos ok o`bjcetc dc trobohmk, òjs rchçs cro` `keto `ke todks dks.. Ks csp cspcfjo cfjohjst hjstos os cst cstovo ovo` ` prke prketks tks poro po ro fk fkef efhuj hujrr k rch rchot otörj örjkk qu quoe oedk dk rcs rcskh khvc vcro` ro` iozcr o fketro-prkvo, rcduzjedk o jetcesjdodc dc huz poro kbscrvor o qucdo eo prkdutjvjdodc. Ks rcsuhtodks ikro` surprccedcetcs, pkjs o prkd prkduìæ uìækk fke fketje tjeuku uku ou` ou`cet cetoed oedk, k, `cs `cs`k `k quoedk cro` rctjrodos hâ`podos dk o`bjcetc.

Ijfku fhoro o rchcvâefjo dk iotkr skfjoh c cxpc cx pcft ftot otjv jvos os je jedjv djvjdu jduoj ojss po poro ro k su sufc fcss sskk do c`pr c` prcs cso. o. ^c ^crf rfcb cbcu cu-s -scc qu qucc k eà eàvc vchh dc pr prkd kduì uìæk æk dcpcedc do jetclroìæk skfjoh dks jedjvàduks. Ks trobohmodkrcs pkssuc` u` fk`pkrto`cetk skfj sk fjoh1 oh1 su suos os rco rcoìó ìócs cs eæ eækk sæ sækk js jskho khodo dos, s, sc scuu fk`pkrto`cetk dcpcedcrï dk lrupk. Ek prkfcdj`cetk lcrcefjoh outkrjtïrjk, os pcsskos sæk fkeduzjdos o prkduzjrc` dc ikrò ikr ò `cf `cfâej âejfo, fo, sc` tcr tcrc` c` kpk kpkrtu rtuejd ejdodc odc poro pcesor1 gï ek dc hjdcroeìo, os pcsskos sæk fkeduzjdos o prkduzjrc` dc ikrò cevkhvcetc, portjfjpotjvo c frjotjvo.

O fkefhusæk (quc ijfku ijfku fkemcfjdo fk`k fk`k cxpcrjçefjo rjç efjo dc Mo Mowtmkrec wtmkrec) ê q u c o prkdutjvjdodc skbc quoedk mï o pcrfc pcrfcpìæk pìæk dks trobo trobohmodkrc hmodkrcss c o djrcìæ djrcìæk k do c`prcso dï otceìæk otceìæk o chcs. Fk` jssk, @oyk c Rkctmhjsbcrlcr ùdoro` k kbgctk dc suos pcsqujsos.

2ª Iosc7 Ikro` tcstodos, cetæk, vïrjos ùdoeìos, fodo quoh fk` u` rcsuhtodk7 . ^cquceks jetcrvohks dc òemæ c dc ou`cetk etk do prkdut jvjdodc. tordc7 ou`c ou`cetoedk etoedk . Vïbodk hjvrc7 fketj euku ou`c o prkduìæk. . Rcicjìóc Rcicjìócss duro duroetc etc ks jet jetcrvo crvohks hks77 ou`cetku òjs ojedo. . Dcjxoedk o`jlos trobohmorc` guetos7 ou`cetku ou`c etku o sotjsioìæk sotjsioìæk ek t robo robohmk. hmk. . Mkrïrjk dc soàdo quc cro ?<76> poro ou`cetk etk do prkduìæk. ?=7>>7 ou`c . Hàd Hàdcrcs crcs sj`b sj`böhjf öhjfks ks (ohl (ohluò uò kpc kpcrïrj rïrjo)7 o)7 ou`cetk do vketodc dk trobohmk c prkduìæk. . Mkrïrjk dc soàdo poro ?=76>7 qucdo do prkduìæk. . Mkrïrjk dc soàdo poro ?:7>>7 òjkr qucdo do prkduìæk. Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 2

@ory ôrac racrr Ikhhc khhctt tt (?=9=-?:66), outkro ekrtc-o`crjfoeo, trotku dc djvcrsks tcòs rchotjvks î od`jejstroìæk. "^rkictjso dk lcrcefjo`cetk", suos jdêjos, ùjtk rcvkhufjkeïrjos poro suo êpkfo, otê ks djos otuojs, c` ohl ohlue uess fo fosks sks,, dc dcso soijijo` o` lc lcst stkrc krcss dc eclöfjks.

:3


Ikhhctt prkpôs quc k scr muòek sk`cetc sc dcscevkhvc quoedk forrclodk dc rcspkesobjhjdodc. Cho dcu òjs j`pkrtâefjo îs rchoìócs jedjvjduojs dks trobohmodkrcs c oeohjsku scus podrócs dc fk`pkrto`cetk. ôro @oyk, sc uò c`prcso rcoh`cetc qucr ou`cetor k dcsc`pcemk dc scus trobohmodkrcs, dcvc protjfor7 . jetcrcssc pchk c`prc c`prclodk lodk c eæk sk`cetc pkr `ïqujeos c prkdutjvjdodc. Vc ks c`prclodks ikssc` fkesuhtodks skbrc pkssàvcjs `kdjijfoìóc `kdjijfoìócss eks prkfcssks prkfcssks dc dc trobohm trobohmk, k, pkdcrjo` sc scetjr j`pkrtoetcs ek fketcxtk dk eclöfjk c, ossj`, prkduzjrjo` òjs. . ekvk cstjhk dc supcrvjsæk, eæk dc ikrò j`pksjtjvo, òs fk` òjkr portjfjpoìæk dks trobohmodkrcs. ikrtohcfj`cetk etk dos rchoìócs rchoìócs f k` k . ikrtohcfj`c lrupk lrup k dc tro trobo bohmk, hmk, c` c` vcz dc trotor k jedjvàduk jskhodo`cetc.

oictk, oprkvoìæk, prcstàljk c outkrrcohjzoìæk. Yïrjks Yïr jks kut kutrks rks fjc fjcetj etjst stos os skf skfjoj jojs, s, fk` fk`kk Aurt Hcwje (cstudks skbrc djeâ`jfo dc lrupks c tjpks dc hjdcroeìo) c Fmcstcr Boreord (iueìócs dk cxcfutjvk) to`bê` sc dcstoforo` eo oeïhjsc dk popch dk mk`c` cequoetk fkhobkroro` eks prkfcssks prkdutjvks. O Csfkho Muòeàstjfo Muòeàstjfo ceiotjzovo ceiotjzovo o outkoutkek`jo dk c`prclodk fk` òjkr dchcloìæk dc outkrjdodc c òjkr prckfupoìæk quoetk ok fketc÷dk c î eoturczo dk forlk c, pkrtoetk, òjkr hjbcrdodc c otceìæk î krloejzoìæk jeikròh.

O Csfk Csfkho ho dos Rchoìócs Muòeos Muòeos dcetrk dcetrk dc uò djeâ`jfo ekròh do cvkhuìæk skfjoh, skircu jeihuçefjos dc ekvos òecjros dc vcr o rchoìæk cetrc trobohmk c fopjtoh. Dcsto ikrò, òjss ohl òj ohlues ues pce pcesod sodkrc krcss c pcs pcsquj qujsod sodkrc krcss o`phjoro` os fkefcpìócs skbrc `kdchks dc lcstæk dc c`prcsos. Ycgo`ks ohluòs dcstos dcrjvoìócs7 Os fk fkef efhu husó sócs cs do doss cx cxpc pcrj rjçe çefj fjos os dc Mowtm Mo wtmkr krec ec dc dcst stof ofor oro` o` o ec ecfc fcssj ssjdo dodc dc dc o od`jejstroìæk cstudor c fk`prccedcr os rchoìócs cetrc os pcsskos, ceiotjzoedk k trobohmk c` cqujpc, k outklkvcrek c o fkkpcroìæk cetrc tkdks. Jssk dctcr`jeku o fketjeuoìæk dks cstudks dc od`jejstroìæk eos dêfodos sclujetcs, fmcloedk otê ks djos dc mkgc.

Tckrjo Fk`pkrto`cetoh ku Bcmovjkrjsto (Tckrjo @ktjvofjkeoh) Vurlju ek ijeoh do dêfodo dc ?:4>, dk sêfuhk possodk, eks CSO, òetcedk os pcsskos - fkhobkrodkrcs - fk`k ikfk prjefjpoh. Iuedo`cetodo c` cxpcrj`cetks skbrc frjtêrjks dc oprcedjzolc`, rcoìócs, cstàùhks c rcspkstos, icz uò oeïhjsc òjs fkefrcto dks podró po drócs cs fk` fk`pkr pkrto to`ce `ceto tojs js dk jed jedjvà jvàduk duk.. Ohclovo quc cssc fk`pkrto`cetk rcihctc ek dos krloejzoìócs. Dcstos oeïhjscs, surlju o Tckrjo @ktjvofjk eoh dc Obromo` M. @oshkw, boscodo eos ecfcssjdodcs muòeos.

Dc ikrò sjetêtjfo, tc`ks os sclujetcs jeikròìócs skbrc os pcsskos c` o`bjcetc dc trobohmk7 . K fk`pkrto`cetk fk`pkrto`cetk muòek muòek ê fk`phcxk. . K mk mk`c `c` ` ê fk fked edjf jfjk jkeo eodk dk pc pchk hk o` o`bj bjce cetc tc.. . K mk mk`c `c` ` tc tc` ` ec ecfc fcss ssjdo jdodc dc dc sc sclu luro roeì eìo, o, Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 2

:9


Fkefhu Fkef hujj-sc sc qu qucc os ec ecfc fcss ssjd jdod odcs cs pkdc` scr fhossjijfodos c` uò cspêfjc dc pjrâ`jdc c` quc fodo cstïljk sc skbrcpóc ok oetcrjkr, scedk ohfoeìodk sk`cetc quoe qu oedk dk k je jedj djvà vàdu dukk fk fkes escl cluc uc su subj bjrr k dclrou oetcrjkr. Cstudo k fk`pkrto`cetk dk jedjvàduk fk` rchoìæk îs ecfcssjdodcs pcssko pcs skojs js dk scr mu` muòek oek po poro ro sot sotjsi jsiozc ozcr r scus oescjks.

IOTKRCV IOT KRCV @KTJY @KTJYOFJKEO OFJKEOJV JV

IOTKRCV IOT KRCV MJLJÇEJFKV

(Votjsiotörjks)

(Jesotjsiotörjks)

Fketc÷dk dk Forlk

Fketcxtk dk Forlk

(fk`k k jedjvàduk sc scetc o (f (fk` k`kk k je jedj djvà vàdu dukk sc sc scet etcc o rcspcjtk dk scu forlk) rcspcjtk dc suo c`prcso) ?. K trobohmk c` sj 2. Rcohjzoìæk ^csskoh 6. Rcfkemcfj`cetk 4. ^rklrcssk prkijssjkeoh 3. Rcspkesobjhjdod Rcspkesobjhjdodcc

Mjcrorqujo dos Ecfcssjdodcs

?. Fkedjìócs dc trobohmk 2. Od`jejstroìæk do c`prcso 6. Vohïrjk 4. Rchoìócs fk` k fmcic 3. Bceciàfjks c scrvjìks skfjojs

Iket c7 Vjauho, Oedrcw I. ^crskeech od`jejstrotjk od`jejstrotjke e oed muòe rcskurfcs òeolc`cet. Ecw Zkra7 Gkme \jhcy

@oshkw jdc @oshkw jdcetj etjijf ijfo o ecf ecfcss cssjdo jdodcs dcs muòeos krloejzodos c` uò mjcrorqujo7

& Vkes, ?:<9, p.==.

OSTK - RCOH RCOHJWOÌÆ JWOÌÆK K CVTJ@O

-Outkdcscevkhvj`cetk - Outkssotjsioìæk

Ecfcssjdodcs dk

VKFJOJV clk7

- Krluhmk,

VCLSROEÌO Rchofjkeo`cetk - Outkrrcsp Outkrrcspcjtk cjtk

- Ofcjtoìæk ^rktcìæk fketro7 - Oicjìæk - O`jzodc IJVJKHÖLJFOV - pcrjlk - Fk`prcce Fk`prccesæk sæk - dk dkce ceìo ìo - Fkesjdcro Fkesjdcroìæk ìæk - jefc jefcrtcz rtczo o - Ohj`cetk - dcsc`prclk - Rcpkusk - rkubk - Obrjlk - Vcxk

- Outkcstjò - ^rklrcssk - Fkeijoeìo - Vtotus - Rcfkemcfj` Rcfkemcfj`cetk cetk

ecfcssjdodcs muòeos prj`ïrjos c scfuedïrjos

C` Od`jejstroìæk, o tckrjo jedjfo quc k olcetc olce tc od`je od`jejstro jstrotjvk tjvk dcvc fkes fkesfjcet fjcetjzor-s jzor-sc c dcsto höljfo poro kbtcr `chmkrcs rcsuhtodks dc suo cqujpc. _uoetk î c`prcso, fobc ok od`jejstrodkr cetcedcr quc suo oìæk prcfjso trjhmor ru`k oks kbgctjvks c`prcsorjojs.

Tckrjo dks Iotkrcs Mjljçejfks c Iotkrcs @ktjvofjkeojs dc Mc Mcrzbc rzbcrl rl O pohovro fmovc fketjeuo scedk "`ktjvoìæk" ìæ k".. Oe Oeoh ohjs jsoo-sc sc k po popc pchh dk cs cstà tàù ùhk hk dk mk`c`, pkjs ê k chc`cetk iuedo`cetoh dos krloejzo krlo ejzoìócs ìócs,, cxtr cxtrcò`c cò`cetc etc rchcv rchcvoetc oetc eo fkeduìæk dks eclöfjks. Ircdcrjfa Mcrzbcrl (psjföhklk, fkesuhtkr c prkicsskr) dcscevkhvcu tckrjo dks dkjs iotkrcs quc prkfuro cxphjfor k fk`pkrto`cetk dc trobohmk dks jedjvàduks. ôro chc, cxjstc` dkjs iotkrcs `ktjvofjkeojs7 Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 2

ôro quc k fketc÷dk dk forlk (iotkrcs `ktjvofjkeojs) scgo sc`prc sc`prc cstjùhoetc, cstjùhoetc, prkpóc-sc k cerjqucfj`cetk dk forlk. Jssk troz cicjtks dcscgïvcjs fk`k ou`cetk do `ktjvoìæk, ou`cetk do prkdutjvjdodc, rcduìæk dos iohtos ok trobohmk c rcduìæk do rktotjvjdodc dc pcsskoh. :<


Tckrjo ] c Tckrjo Z dc Dkulhos Dkul hos @fLrclkr

rcfk`pceso cfkeô`jfo (k sohïrjk). O Tckrjo Z djz quc od`jejstror od`jejstror ê u` prkfcssk dc frjor kpkrtuejdodcs, hjbcror pktcefjojs ru`k ok outkdcscevkhvj`cetk dos pcsskos sk os.. Ek hk hkel elk k pc pcrà ràkd kdkk dc pr prcd cdk` k`àe àejk jk do Tckrjo ], os pcsskos sc ofkstuòro` o scr djrjlj djr jljdos dos,, fke fketrk trkhod hodos os c òe òejpu jpuhod hodos os pch pchos os c`prcsos otê cefketrorc` ikro dk trobohmk os sot sotjsi jsioìó oìócs cs po poro ro os suo suoss ecf ecfcss cssjdo jdodcs dcs pcsskojs dc outkrrcohjzoìæk.

Dkulhos @. @fLrclkr c` c` suo Tckrjo ] c Z dc cstjhks od`jejstrotjvks dc djrcìæk, djz quc k prkfcssk dc lcstæk dc pcsskos dcpcedc dos supksjìócs quc ks od`jejstrodkrcs tç` o rcs rcspcj pcjtk tk dk fk` fk`pkr pkrto to`ce `cetk tk mu` muòek oek dcetrk do c`prcso. @fLrclkr @fLrcl kr djs djstje tjeluc luc duo duoss fke fkefcp fcpìóc ìócss kpkst kp kstos os dc cst cstjhk jhkss dc djr djrcìæ cìækk bo bosco scodo doss c` fkefcpìó fkef cpìócs cs oeto oetolôej lôejfos fos ofcr ofcrfo fo do eotu eoturczo rczo muòeo, o sobcr7 o Tckrjo ] (ku trodjfjkeoh) c o Tckrjo Z (ku `kdcreo). Tckrjo ]7 oeohjso fkefcpìócs c prc`jssos jefkrrctos c djstkrfjdos o rcspcjtk do eoturczo muòeo. Echo k od`jejstrodkr dcscevkhvc u` cstjhk dc djrcìæk quc sc rcstrjelc î ophjfoìæk c ok fketrkhc do cecrljo muòeo uejfo`cetc c` djrcìæ djrcìækk oks kbgctjvks c`prcsorjojs. c`prcsorjojs. Tckrjo Z7 prkpóc u` cstjhk dc djrcìæk portjfjpotjvk c dc`kfrïtjfk boscodk eks vohkrcs muòeks c skfjojs, pkr `cjk dk quoh od`jejstror tr or ê u` pr prkf kfcs cssk sk dc fr frjo jorr kp kpkr krtu tuej ejdo dodc dcs, s, hjbcrtor pktcefjojs, rc`kvcr kbstïfuhks, cefkrogorr k frcs rogo frcsfj`c fj`cetk etk jedj jedjvjdu vjduoh oh c prkp prkpkrfj krfjkeor keor krjcetoìæk quoetk o kbgctjvks.

Tckrjo dk Ceikquc Vjstç`jfk Gï vj`ks quc o vjsæk òjs fhïssjfo do Od`je Od `jejs jstr troì oìæk æk (T (Toy oyhkr hkr,, Io Ioyk ykhh c Ik Ikrd rd)) tc tc` ` fk`k chc`cetks prjefjpojs iotkrcs têfejfks. Eo csf csfkho kho fk` fk`pkr pkrto to`ce `ceto tohh (Ch (Chtke tke @oy @oyk, k, @oshkw @os hkw,, Mcr Mcrzbc zbcrl, rl, @fL @fLrcl rclkr kr c kut kutrks rks)) ks iotkrcs muòeks prcdk`jeo`. O jetclroìæk dcsscs dkjs ceikqucs ê u` dks jetcrcsscs dk ceikquc sjstç`jfk. O cssçefjo dk ceikquc sjstç`jfk ê o jetcro jet croìæk ìæk cet cetrc rc djv djvcrs crsks ks chc chc`ce `cetks tks quc sc jeihucefjo` poro rcohjzor kbgctjvks. Cstc ceikquc ikr`ku-sc fk` bosc ek sclujetc fkefcjtk7

Fkeirketoìæk dos Tckrjos ] c Z O Tckrjo ] sc iuedo`ceto c` prcssupkprcssupksjìócs sjì ócs crr crrôec ôecos os ofc ofcrfo rfo dk fk` fk`pkr pkrto to`ce `cetk tk muòek c oprclko u` cstjhk dc djrcìæk c` quc o ijsfohjzoìæk c k fketrkhc cxtcrek ràljdk (rcprcscetodk pkr uò vorjcdodc dc `cjks quc loroetc` k fu`prj`cetk dk mkrïrjk dc trobohmk, o cxoto cxcfuìæk dos torcios pkr `cjk dks `êtkdks ku rktjeos c prkfcdj`cetks dc kpcroìæk, ovohjoìæk dk rcsuhtodk dk trobohmk, rclros, rcluho`cetks c dcfkrrcetcs `cdjdo `cd jdoss djs djsfjp fjphjeo hjeorcs rcs pch pchoo eæk eæk-kb -kbcdjç cdjçefj efjo o `cfoejs`ks ejs`ks po poro ro ecutrohjctf.) fkestjtuc` `cfo zorr o dcsfkeijoeìo do c`prc zo c`prcso so quoetk îs pcsskos quc echo trobohmo`. Fhossjijfo ks fkhobkrodkrcs fk`k jedkhcetcs, hcet cs, prclu prclujìks jìksks, ks, eæk ossu ossu`c` `c` rcspk rcspkeesobjhjdodcs c trobohmo` skb o pcrspcftjvo dc Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 2

Vjstcò ê k fkeguetk dc portcs jetclroetcs c jetcrdcpcedcetcs quc ikrò` u` tkdk tkd k uej uejtï tïrjk rjk fk` dc dctc tcr`j r`jeo eodk dk kbgc kbgctjvk tjvk c cxcrfc cxc rfc dctcr`jeodo d ctcr`jeodo iueìæk.

K `kdcrek ceikquc dc sjstcòs prkfuro dcscevkhvcr7 . Sò têfejfo poro hjdor fk` o lroedc c fk`phcxo c`prcso. :=


. S` ceikquc sjetêtjfk sjetêtjfk dk tkdk k quoh

d. Voàdo dk Vjstcò - rcsuhtod rcsuhtodkk dk prkfcs prk fcssk sk dc tro troesi esikr` kròìæ oìæk. k. Dcv Dcvc` c` scr fkcrcetcs fk` ks kbgctjvks dk sjstcò c, tcedk c` vjsto k prkfcssk dc fketrkhc c ovohjoìæk, os soàdos dcvc` scr quoetjijfïvcjs dc ofkrdk fk` porâ`ctrks prcvjo`cetc ijxodks. c. Fketrkhc c Ovohjoìæk dk Vjstcò vcrjijfo sc os soàdos cstæk fkcrcetcs fk` ks kbgctjvks cstobchcfjdks. K fketrkhc c ovohjoìæk ìæ k sæ sæk k rc rcoh ohjz jzod odks ks c` u` uòo `c `cdj djdo do dc dcsc`pcemk dk sjstcò podræk. i. Rcohj`cetoìæk ku Iccdbofa - rcjetrk rkdu duìæ ìæk k dc u` uòo so soàd àdoo sk skbb o ik ikr` ròo dc jeikrò jei kròìæk ìæk.. Jes Jestru` tru`cet cetks ks dc fke fketrk trkhc hc sæk rcsuhtodks dos djvcrlçefjos vcrjijfodos cetrc os rcspkstos dc u` sjstcò c ks porâ`ctrks prcvjo`cetc cstobchcfjd cstobchcfjdks. ks.

eæk pcr`jtc o oeïhjsc c` scporodk dos portcs, c` vjrtudc dos jetrjefodos jetcr-rchoìócs dos portcs cetrc sj c fk` k tkdk, os quojs eæk pkdc` scr trotodos ikro dk fketcxtk. . Cstudk dos rchoìócs cetrc ks chc`cetks fk`pkecetcs c` prcicrçefjo ok cstudk dks chc`cetks c` sj, dcstofoedk-sc k prkfcssk c os prkbobjhjdodcs dc troesjìæk cspcfjijfodos c` iueìæk dks scus orroegks cstruturojs c do suo djeâ`jfo.

VJVTC@O Kbgctjvk Cetrodo dk Vjstcò

Tckrjo dk Ceikquc do _uohjdodc

Troesikròìæk

Fk` o cxpoesæk dk sctkr jedustrjoh, ek jeàfjk dk sêf. ]], fk` k dcscevkhvj`cetk do prkduìæk c` òsso, u` `chmkr fketrkhc do quohjdodc sc tkreku ecfcssïrjk. Csto vjsæk cvkh cv khuju uju po poro ro o od od`j `jejs ejstr troì oìæk æk do qu quohj ohjdo dodc dc tk tkto toh.h. O cv cvkh khuì uìæk æk dk fk fket etrk rkhc hc do qu quoh ohjd jdod odcc poro o `kdcreo od`jejstroìæk tc` trçs pcràkdks djstjetks7 . Cro do Jespcìæk7 Frjku-sc o iueìæk dc jespctkr do quohjdodc quc, otê ks djos dc mkgc, pcròecfc c` ùjtos c`prcsos. @os ofobor lrodotjvo`cetc fk` o dcpcedçefjo do jespcìæk c` òsso poro loroetjr o quohjdodc ê iuedo`cetoh. O jespcìæk c k fketrkhc eæk prkduzc` quohjdodc, opceos vcrjijfo` suo cxjstçefjo ku eæk. O quohjdodc eæk dcrjvo do jespcìæk c sj` do `chmkrjo dk prkfcssk prkdutjvk.

Voàdo dk Vjstcò Fketrkhc c Ovohjoìæ Ovohjoìæk k Rcohj`cetoìæk ku Iccdbofa

Fk`pkecetcs Bïsjfks dc u` Vjstcò o. Kbgc bgctjvk tjvk - rozæk rozæk dc cxj cxjstç stçefj efjo o dk sjstcò, ku scgo, o ijeohjdodc poro o quoh k sjstcò ikj frjodk (k quc sc prctcedc1 k rcsuhtodk quc sc cspcro ohfoeìor). b. Cetrodo dk Vjstcò - ikrìos quc ikrecfc` ok sjstcò k òtcrjoh, o jeikròìæk c o cecrljo poro o kpcroìæk ku prkfcssk, k quoh lcrorï dctcr`jeodos soàdos dk sjstcò quc dcvc` cstor c` sjetkejo fk` ks kbgctjvks cstobchcfjd cstobchcfjdks. ks. f. ^rkfcssk dc d c Troesikròìæk Troesikròìæk - iueìæk quc pkssjbjhjto o troesikròìæk dc u` jesu`k (cetrodo) c` u` prkdutk, scrvjìk ku rcsuhtodk (soàdo). Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 2

Cstotàstjfk7 Têfejfos . Cro dk Fketrkhc Cstotàstjfk7

dc o`kstrolc` c prkfcdj`cetks iuedo`cetodks eo fjçefjo Cstotàstjfo sæk o bosc dcstc pcràkdk c` quc o scporoìæk dks prkdutks bkes dks rujes cro rcohjzodo dc ikrò quc sc opketossc` jedjfodkrcs eu`êrjfks dc quoetjdodc, jefjdçefjo ctf. ::


O prjefjpoh gustjijfotjvo poro k ekvk fkeecfcssjdodc dc po podrkejzoìæ drkejzoìæk, k, trkhc ê o ecfcssjdodc vjstk quc csto`ks iohoedk dc prkduìæk c` òsso, ku scgo, lroedc quoetjdodc.

Tkykto Eo dêfodo dc ?:3> dk sêfuhk possodk, fk` o cstoleoìæk prkvkfodo pcho lucrro, o Tkykto, uò c`prcso dc pcqucek pkrtc, eo êpkfo, êpk fo, tjemo u` prk prklro lroò ò dc prk prkduì duìæk æk dc ?>>> forrks pkr `çs. Vc iobrjfossc òjs, eæk fkesclujrjo vcedcr. Eks Ek s oe oeks ks => =>,, o Tky kykt kto o io iobr brjf jfov ovo o ?> ?>>> >> fo forrrks c` pkufks `jeutks c cro o tcrfcjro òjkr iobrjfoetc ùedjoh, otrïs do L@ c do Ikrd.

Tkykd kykdo o c Kmek Cjgj Tkyk Cjgj kykdo, do, do io` io`àhj àhjoo prk prkprj prjctï ctïrjo rjo do Tkykto, c Tojjfmj Kmek, k fmcic do celcemorjo do c`prcs c`p rcso, o, sæk ks prj prjefj efjpo pojs js rcs rcspke pkesïv sïvcjs cjs pch pchkk fkeg fk egue uetk tk dc tê têfe fejf jfos os dc ò òeu euio iotu turo ro qu qucc sc tk tkre reku ku fkemcfjdk fk`k Vjstcò fk`k Vjstcò Tkykto Tkykto dc d c ^rkduìæk. Ekss oe Ek oeks ks 3> 3>,, o` o`bk bkss fk fkef efhu huàr àro` o` qu qucc k Vjstcò Ikrd eæk pkdcrjo iuefjkeor eo Tkykto, qucc cr qu croo sc sces esjvc jvch` h`ce cetc tc `c `cek ekrr c pr prcfj cfjso sovo vo dc skhuìócss òjs cijfjcetcs c `ceks djspcedjksos. skhuìóc djspcedjksos. Ok hkelk dc u` pcràkdk dc fcrfo dc 2> oeks, Tkykdo c Kmek fkhkforo` c` prïtjfo ks prje pr jefà fàpj pjks ks qu qucc ik ikr` rò` o` o bo bosc sc dk Vj Vjst stc` còo Tkykto dc ^rkduìæk c quc sæk7

Tktoh7 O quohjdodc . Cro do _uohjdodc Tktoh7

eæk òjs sc rcicrc ok prkdutk ku scrvjìk, ec` ê rcspkesobjhjdodc opceos dk dcporto`cetk do quohjdodc. Ê prkbhcò dc tkdks ks iuefjk iue fjkeïr eïrjks jks c obr obroel oelcc tkd tkdks ks ks osp ospcft cftks ks kpcrofjkeo kpcro fjkeojs. js. Tkreokreo-sc sc uò qucs qucstæk tæk sjst sjstç`jfo ç`jfo.. Vc k sjstcò dc quohjdodc iuefjkeor, loroetc-sc o quohjdodc dks prkdutks c scrvjìks. Cvkhuj-sc poro k quc fmoò`ks Cro do _uohjdodc Tktoh c` quc, dcetrc vïrjks cspcfjohjstos, dcstofo`ks Dc`jel, Icjlcebou` c Jsmjaowo.

. chj`jeoìæk dc dcspcrdàfjks vcàfuhks fuhks fk` quohjdodc quohjdodc . prkduìæk dc vcà . prkduìæk cexuto

@kdchk @kdc hk Gopkeçs dc Od`jejs troìæ troìæk k

@KDCHK @KD CHK GO GO^KE ^KEÇV ÇV

Çeiosc eo Cijfjçefjo

Fk`botc ok Dcspcrdàfjk

K `kd `kdchk chk gop gopkeç keçss dc od od`je `jejst jstroì roìæk æk fkeiuedc-sc fk` o fcetrohjzoìæk do jdêjo do quohjdodc tktoh. Guetoedk-sc os trodjìócs fuhturojs gopkecsos, o od`jejstroìæk fjcetàijfo c ks prjefàpjks do quohjdodc, tcrc`ks uò sàetcsc dk `kdchk gopkeçs. Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 2

Vj`phjijfoìæk @kdchk IKRD

_uohjdodc Tktoh

Os tê têfe fejfo jfoss dc dcsc scev evkh khvjd vjdos os eo Tky kykt ktoo ik ikro` ro` ropjdo`cetc odktodos c` kutros c`prcsos dk Gopæ Go pæk. k. Ec Ecss ssc c prk prkfc fcss sskk dc djs djssc sc`je `jeoì oìæk æk,, ku kutrk trkss jelrcdjc jelr cdjcetc etcss ikr ikro` o` olr olrclo clodks dks,, krjl krjljeoe jeoedk dk u` fkeguetk dc skhuìócs quc sc tkreku fkemcfjdk fk`k os ortcs jedustrjojs gopkecsos ku k `kdchk gopke gop keçs çs dc od`je od`jejst jstro roìæ ìæk. k. ?>>


krloejzoìæk7 rofjkeoh c eoturoh. Csto Csfkho posso o utjhjzor uò obkrdol olc c` `÷ `÷ht htjp jpho ho pk pkrr `c `cjk jkss dc oeïhjsc jetrokrloejzo jetrokrlo ejzofjkeoh fjkeoh c jetcrkrlo jetcrkrloejzo ejzofjkeoh. fjkeoh. Ofrcdjto quc ks fkeihjtks sæk ks chc`cetks lcrodkrcs dos ùdoeìos c dk dcscevkhvj`cetk krloejzofjkeoh. Ks outkrcs cstruturohjsto hjs toss prk prkfu furo` ro` fk fkrrc rrchof hofjke jkeor or os krl krloe oejjzoìó zo ìócs cs fk fk` ` sc scuu o` o`bj bjce cetc tc cx cxtc tcre rekk î sk sk-fjcdod fjc dodc, c, cst cstobc obchcf hcfced cedkk ekv ekvkk fke fkefcj fcjtk tk dc krloejzoìæk. Ohlu Oh lues es io iotk tkrc rcss cf cfke keô` ô`jf jfks ks c sk skfj fjoj ojss jeihuà jei huàro` ro` eo eoss krl krloe oejzo jzoìó ìócs cs,, to tojs js fk fk`k `k k ou`cet ou` cetk k do pkp pkpuho uhoìæk ìæk,, k frc frcsfj sfj`ce `cetk tk dos fjdodcs, o prkduìæk c` sêrjc ctf. K frcsfj`cetk trkuxc o fk`phcxjdodc c os c`prcsos dcpororo`-sc fk` lroedcs dcsoijks rchofjkeodks ok `chmkr oprkvcjto`cetk dc òtêrjoprjò, fustks `cekrcs, ekvks `crfodks, tcfekhkljo ctf. K `k `kdc dchk hk cs cstr trut uturo urohjs hjsto to fk fket etc`p c`pho ho o oeïhjsc do cstruturo ikròh c do jeikròh.

^kstcrjkr`cetc, o jdêjo fcetroh do prkduìæk cexuto - o chj`jeoìæk dc dcspcrdàfjks loemku òjkr cevcrloduro c ohfoeìku tkdo o od`jejstroìæk do c`prcso. Jstk, ek Kfjdcetc, vjrku uò cspêfjc dc prïtjfo fkù`. Eks oeks :>, o cxprcssæk krloejzoìæk (ku c`prcso) cexuto possku o iozcr portc dk vkfobuhïrjk fkrrcetc eos oeïhjscs dc `kdchks dc lcstæk.

Csfkho Cstruturohjsto

Fràtjfo ok @kdchk Cstruturohjsto O tjpk tjpkhklj hkljoo dcsc dcscevkh evkhvjdo vjdo dos krlo krloejzo ejzo-ìócs, c` rozæk dc suo hj`jtodo ophjfobjhjdodc prïtjfo, ê ùjtk djsfutàvch c` fcrtks fosks.

Fk`k k pröprjk ek`c djz, oeohjsovo o "cstruturo fk`k u` tkdk". Dcsto ikrò, sc prckfupovo fk` o jetcrdcpcedçefjo cetrc os portcs quc ikrò` k tkdk. K cst cstrut ruturo urohjs hjs`k `k sur surlju lju fk` fk`k k vcr vcrtce tcetc tc jdcoh pkr cetcedcr quc os krloejzoìócs sæk sjstcòs obcrtks c quc o burkfrofjo hj`jto k uejvcrsk dc oìæk. Vcus "pcesodkrcs" fkefcetrovo`-sc eo cstruturo jetcreo c c` suo jetcroìæk fk` kutros krloejzoìócs. K outkr quc òjs sc dcstofku eo Csfkho Cstruturohjsto ikj k fjcetjsto skfjoh O`jtoh Ctzjkej.

Csfkho dk Dc Dcscevkhvj`cetk scevkhvj`cetk Krloejzofjkeoh

Dcetrk do vjsæk krloejzofjkeoh do Csfkho Cstruturohjsto, dcijec-sc k fkefcjtk dc mk`c`-krloejzofjkeoh, quc -krloejzofjkeoh, quc dcsc`pcemo popêjs c` djicrcetcs krloejzoìóc krloejzoìócs. s.

Eo vcrdodc, o Csfkho Cstruturohjsto prkfuro uejr tckrjos oetcrjkrcs (Csfkho Fhïssjfo, Csfkho dos Rchoìócs Muòeos) c` suo oeïhjsc. Eæk oprcsceto ekvks fkefcjtks o rcspcjtk do kr krlo loej ejzo zoìæ ìækk ik ikr` ròh oh c je jeik ikr` ròh oh,, ò òss busfo k cqujhàbrjk cetrc chos c suo jetcroìæk fk`k o`bjcetc. Vcluedk ks cstruturohjstos, mï dkj kjss `k `kdk dkss dc vc vcrr c fke kefc fcbc bcrr uò Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 2

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Fjcetjstos Fjcetjst os skfjo skfjojs js eks Cst Cstodks odks Sejdk Sejdkss ceiotjzovo` k dcscevkhvj`cetk krloejzofjkeoh phoecgodk. @ojs uò vcz, fkeijr`ku-sc quc o krloejzoìæk dcijec o cstruturo c ks prkfcd prk fcdj`c j`cetk etkss dc tro troboh bohmk. mk. Os krj krjlce lcess dk Dcscevkhvj`cetk Krloejzofjkeoh pkdc` scr otrjbuàdos î djiàfjh ophjfobjhjdodc dos tckrjos od`jejstrotjvos ok oprkiuedo`cetk oprkiuedo`cetk dks cstudks skbrc o `ktjvoìæk muòeo c o suo jetcricrçe ic rçefj fjo o eo dje djeâ` â`jfo jfo do doss krl krloe oejzo jzoìó ìócs cs,, î fkes fk esfjc fjcet etjz jzoì oìæk æk sk skbr brcc os ù ùdo doeì eìos os c î iusæ iu sæk k dc du duos os tc tced edçe çefj fjos os ek cs cstu tudk dk do krloejzoìæk7 cstudk do cstruturo c cstudk dk fk`pkrto`cetk fk`pkrto`ce tk muòek. Csso Cs so cs csfk fkho ho pk pkdc dc sc scrr fo foro roft ftcr crjz jzod odoo fk`k fk `k u` dc dcsd sdkb kbro ro`c `cet etkk do Tck ckrj rjoo Fk`pkrto`cetoh, pkjs cstobchcfc ùdoeìos c ihcxjbjhjdodc krloejzofjkeoh. Jestjtutk Sejvcrsoh Brosjhcjrk

pcsqujsodkrcs o fkefhuàrc` quc k tjpk do cstrutu cst ruturo ro krlo krloejzo ejzofjke fjkeoh oh ê dct dctcr`j cr`jeodk eodk pchks iotkrcs o`bjcetojs. O cstruturo c k fk`pkrto`cetk fk`pkrto`c etk krloejz krloejzofjkeo ofjkeohh jetclro` vorjïvcjs dcpc dcpcedcetcs, edcetcs, cequo os vorjïvcjs cequoet etkk k o`bjcetc c o tcfekhkljo fk`póc` os vorjïvcjs jedcpcedcetcs. O od`je od`jejstr jstroìæk oìæk fketjelcefjoh sc vç otrchodo o trçs eàvcjs krloejzofjkeojs7 jestjtufjkeoh, jetcr`cdjïrjk c kpcrofjk kpcrofjkeoh. eoh.

K Dcsce Dcscevkhvj`c vkhvj`cetk etk Krloejz Krloejzofjkeo ofjkeohh tc` fk`k prcssupkstks bïsjfks7 - fkesto fkestoet etcc c rï rïpj pjdo do ù ùttoì oìæk æk dk o` o`bj bjce cetc tc.. - ecfcssjdodc dc fketàeuo odoptoìæk. - jetcroìæk cetrc krloejzoìæk c o`bjcetc, jedjvàduk c krloejzoìæk, kbgctjvks jedjvjduojs c krloejzofjkeojs. - ùdoeìo krloejzofjkeoh phoecgodo. Boscoedk-sc eos fjçefjos dk fk`pkrto`cetk, k Dcscevkhvj`cetk Krloejzofjkeoh prkfuro ophjfor o djeâ`jfo dc lrupk oks prkfcdj`cetks dc phoecgo`cetk. Cevkhvc vïrjos ùdoeìos c o krloejzoìæk prcfjso cstor djspkeàvch poro djolekstjfor, phoecgor c j`phc`cetï-hos. ôro toetk, ks lcstkrcs rcohjzo` fketjeuo` tje uo`cet cetcc o fop fopto toìæk ìæk dc jei jeikr` kròìó oìócs cs vjo fkhcto dc dodks, djoleöstjfk krloejzofjkeoh c oìæk dc jetcrvceìæk.

Yorjïvcjs Dcpcedcetcs

Fk`pkrto`cetk Krloejzofjkeoh

O`bjcetc Yorjïvcjs jedcpcedcetcs

Fràtjfo ràtjfoss î Csfkho dk Dcsc Dcscevkhvj`cetk evkhvj`cetk Krloejzofjkeoh

Tcfekhkljo

Ohlues fjcetjstos do Od`jejstroìæk tç` o fk fkev evjf jfìæ ìækk dc qu qucc k Dc Dcsc scev evkh khvj vj`c `cet etk k Krloejzofjkeoh ê opceos u` rötuhk utjhjzodk poro o c`boholc` dc dcsfkbcrtos c prjefàpjks do Tckrjo dos Rchoìócs Muòeos c do Tckrjo Fk`pkrto`cetoh, fk` ohluòs rcikrùhoìócs.

O prjefjpoh foroftcràstjfo do Tckrjo do Fket Fk etje jelç lçef efjo jo ê eæ eækk mo movc vcrr u` uòo `c `chm hmkr kr òec ò ecjro jro dc od od`j `jej ejst stro rorr. O c` c`pr prcs csoo eæ eækk pkdc scr cstïtjfo c ec` pkdc cxjstjr uò skhuìæk ÷ejfo poro tkdos os c`prcsos. O c`prcso dcvc fcetror csikrìks c` prkdutks c scrvjìks quc kicrcìo` ljrk dc fopjtoh rïpjdk, ohê` dc busfor fkestoetc`cetc ekvks ejfmks dc `crfodk. @ujtos dos obkrdolces oquj oeohjsodos, fk` çeioscs djicrcefjodos pkdc` scr ceu`crodo `cr odoss quo quoedk edk cst cstudo udo`ks `ks ks prje prjefjp fjpojs ojs pcesodkrcs do Od`jejstroìæk. Dc òecjro lcroh, pkdc`ks djzcr quc k prjefjpoh djvjskr dc ceikquc ê uò vjsæk òjs `cfoejfjsto eks prj`cjrks cstudks, possoedk posso edk pkr uò obkrdolc` òjs vkhto vkhto-do poro o vohkrjzoìæk dk chc`cetk muòek c, ijeoh`cetc, fo`jemo-sc poro obkrdolces òjs fketjelcefjojs, tkdos vkhtodos poro po ro o fk` fk`phc phcxo xo fk fk`pc `pctj tjtjv tjvjdo jdodc dc qu qucc cxjstc c` tkdks ks sctkrcs do cfkek`jo ùedjoh.

Tckrjo do Fketjelçefjo O pohovro fketjelçefjo cstï osskfjodo îqujhk quc pkdc ku eæk ofketcfcr, quc ê "j`prcvjsàvch" c pkdc ofketcfcr sc` quc tcem tc emo o sj sjdk dk ph phoe oecg cgod odk. k. O cs cstr trut utur uro o do c`prcso jrï dcpcedcr dos foroftcràstjfos dk `cjk cxtcrek c do jetcroìæk c`prcsoo`bjcetc. Csso tckrjo ê fmoòdo dc fketjelcefjoh, pkjs prkfuro cxphjfor os c`prcsos c` djicrcetcs fketcxtks. O tcfekhkljo ê uò vorjoetc fkedjfjkeoetc o quc sc otrjbuj lrou dc cijfjçefjo toetk òjkr quoetk òjs ovoeìodo cho ikr. Ecsto Ecs to cs csfkh fkho, o, cs cstu tudk dkss hcv hcvoro oro` ` ks Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 2

Cstruturo

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Ouho Ou ho 2

? - Fkefcjtuc Od`jejstroìæk.

R7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ R7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[ 2 - Fk`phctc os hofueos7

K lcrcefjo`cetk dc eclöfjks ofketcfc c` o`bjcetcs c` quc os pcsskos ossu`c` [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[ c to`bê` sc cequodro` c` sjtuoìócs dc [[[[[[[[[[[[[, ku scgo, sæk sub`ctjdks ku cxcrfc` pkdcr. 6 - Ok oe oeoh ohjs jsor or`k `kss mo mobj bjhjhjdo dodc dcss do doss pc pcss ssko koss eo eoss tor orci cios os dk dj djoo-oo-dj djo, o, pk pkdc dc`k `kss scporï-hos c` quojs fotclkrjos;

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ 4 - Dcetrc ks vïrjks iotkrcs oprcscetodks, quc gustjijfo` o od`jejstroìæk dc eclöfjks, `cefjkec, ok `ceks, duos `ktjvoìócs.

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ 3 - Ossjeo Ossjeohc hc o oht ohtcre creotj otjvo vo quc opr oprcsc cscet eto o iot iotkrc krcss dct dctcr` cr`jeo jeoet etcs cs dk çxj çxjtk tk do lcs lcstæ tækk od`jejstrotjvo7 ( ) o - vjsæk, jesjstçef jesjstçefjo jo o quohqucr quohqucr prcìk, prcìk, jefcetjvk, jefcetjvk, rcfursk rcfurskss c phoek dc oìæk ( ) b - rcvjsæk, rcvjsæk, fk`pctçef fk`pctçefjo, jo, `ktjvoì `ktjvoìæk, æk, rcfursks rcfursks c phoek phoek dc oìæk oìæk ( ) f - vjsæk, fk`pct fk`pctçefjo çefjo,, jefcetjvk, jefcetjvk, rcfurs rcfursks ks c phoek phoek dc oìæk oìæk ( ) d - vjsæk, fk`pct fk`pctçefjo çefjo,, jefcetjvk jefcetjvk,, djsfursks djsfursks c phoek phoek dc oìæk oìæk 9 - ^rccefmo os hofueos7

Toyh oyhkr kr,, k "ô "ôjj do Od` Od`jej jejstr stroìæ oìæk k Fjc Fjcetà etàijf ijfo", o", ikf ikfovo ovo sc` sc`prc prc o [[[ [[[[[[ [[[[[[ [[[[[[ [[[[[[ [[[[[ c [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[ kpcrofjkeoh eo lcstæk dc eclöfjks eclöfjks jedustrjojs. < - Toyhkr to`bê` ofcetuku ks fkeihjtks fk` ks sjedjfotks pcho kfkrrçefjo dc dc`jssócs c jesotjsioìócs lcrodos pchk ekvk fceïrjk dc rchoìócs cetrc c`prcso c c`prclodks.

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= - Dc ofkrdk fk` ekssks cstudks, k quc Toyhkr qujs djzcr fk` "prjefàpjks fjcetàijfks c` substjtujìæk ok c`pjrjs`k";

R7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ R7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[ Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 2

?>6


: - Toyhkr `cefjkeo quc dcvc` cxjstjr rclros bïsjfos poro o djvjsæk dc torcios c` djicrcetcs ctopos dos djvcrsos otjvjdodcs. Chc sc rcicrc o7

( ( ( (

) o - djvjsæk djvjsæk dc dc cqujpc cqujpcss dk `cs`k `cs`k sctk sctkr r ) b - djvj djvjsæk sæk dk tro troboh bohmk mk ) f - trcj trcjeo` eo`cet cetkk purk purk ) d - fkk fkkrd rdce ceoì oìæk æk

?> - Eo djvjsæk dc outkrjdodc c rcspkesobjhjdodc, fk`k ijfo` os torcios;

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[ ?? - Ioykh sc dcstofku pkr ceiotjzor7

( ( ( (

) o - oeïhjsc oeïhjsc opce opceos os dc tc`p tc`pks ks c `êtkd `êtkdks ks ) b - oeïhj oeïhjsc sc dc dc sohïrjks sohïrjks c prkduìæ prkduìæk k opceos opceos ) f - cstu cstudk dk dks dks àedjfc àedjfcss dc prkd prkdutjvj utjvjdodc dodc ) d - tckrjo lhkboh lhkboh do oìæk od`jejstro od`jejstrotjvo tjvo,, cstruturo cstruturo c iuefjkeo`c iuefjkeo`cetk etk dks sctkrcs. sctkrcs.

?2 - _uojs sæk os iueìócs bïsjfos do lcstæk dc eclöfjks, scluedk Ioykh;

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[ ?6 - "O subkrdj subkrdjeoì eoìæk æk dk jet jetcrc crcssc ssc jedjvjdu jedjvjduoh oh ok fkh fkhctj ctjvk" vk".. Cst Cstcc ê u` dks quo quotkr tkrzc zc prjefàpjks dc Ioykh. Cxphjquc-k.

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[ ?4 - Fk`phctc o irosc7

Ioykh djvuhlku o höljfo dc quc k Od`jejstrodkr trobohmo fk` [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[, [[[[[[, [[[[[[[[ [[[[ [[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[ [[[[[[, [[, [[[[ [[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[ [[[[[[, [[, [[[[ [[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[ [[[[[[, [[, c [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[. [[[[[[[[. ?3 - Cxph Cxphjq jquc uc o oi oijr jrò òìæ ìæk k dc Io Ioyk ykh7h7 "O fo fop pof ofjd jdod odc c tê têfe fejf jfoo dk dk`j `jeo eo o bo bosc sc do csfoho mjcrïrqujfo cequoetk o fopofjdodc od`jejstrotjvo dk`jeo k tkpk c, î `cdjdo quc ohluê` sc chcvo eo csfoho mjcrïrqujfo, o j`pkrtâefjo rchotjvo do fopofjdodc od`jejstrotjvo ou`ceto cequoetk o do fopofjdodc têfejfo dj`jeuj"7

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[ Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 2

?>4


Eàvcjs Mjcrïrqujfks

OSH O 6 OSHO KRLOEJWOÌÆK KRL OEJWOÌÆK C DCÔRTO@CETOHJWOÌÆK DC C@^RCVOV

Vc scporor`ks, opceos, ks fkhobkrodkrcs quc pkssuc` pkdcr dchclodk kijfjoh`cetc1 quc tç` subkrdjeodks c fugos dcfjsócs tjvcro` u` pcsk skbrc k oedo`cetk dks eclöfjks fj ks,, c` ò òjk jkrr ku `c `cek ekrr lr lrou ou,, pk pkdc dc`k `kss djvjdj-hks, mjcrorqujfo`cetc, c` trçs eàvcjs7

Otjtjvv jd O jdod odcs cs d k s Lcr Lcrce cetcs tcs

Otjj vj Ot vjdod dodcs cs Lcrce Lcrcefj fjojs ojs ?. Tkòr dcfjsócs c rcskhvcr prkbhcòs7 u` ik ikre recf cfcd cdkr kr eæ eæk k ic iczz u` uò o ce cetr trcl clo o j`pkrtoetc1 u` fhjcetc cstrotêljfk cstï fk` prkbhcòs dc fojxo c eæk pôdc polor uò ioturo dc vohkr chcvodk. 2. ^rkfc rkfcsso ssorr jeikrò jeikròìóc ìócs7 s7 hcr, hcr, jetc jetcrrprcto prc torr c tk` tkòr or pks pkstcr tcrjkr jkr pks pksjfj jfjkeo keo`ce `cetk tk skbrc rchotörjks jetcreks, foptor c jetcrprctor jeikr` jei kròìó oìócs cs pub pubhjf hjfodo odoss skb skbrc rc o c`p c`prcs rcso, o, fkef fk efkr krrç rçef efjo jo,, fh fhjc jcet etcs cs c k `c `crf rfod odk k dc otuoìæk, csfrcvcr rchotörjks djvcrsks ctf. 6. Rcprcscetor o c`prcso7 djsfursks c` cvcetks, rchoìócs p÷bhjfos fk` fhjcetcs, otjvjd otj vjdodc odcss `cr `crfod fodkhö khöljf ljfos, os, icj icjros ros,, sc` sc`jeï jeï-rjks, fketotks fk` outkrjdodcs poro dcicso dc jetcrcsscs krloejzofjkeojs, ossjeor fkrrcspkedçefjo, c`jssæk dc dkfu`cetks csfrjtks ku chctrôejfks ctf. 4. Od`jejst Od`jejstro rorr pc pcssko sskos7 s7 schcfjkeor iuefjkeïr iuef jkeïrjks, jks, outk outkrjzoì rjzoìócs ócs c/ku oprkv oprkvoìóc oìócss dc trcjeo`cetks, lcstæk dc fkeihjtks c tkòdo dc dcfjsócs skbrc dc`jssócs, od`jssócs cetrc kutrks. 3. Fujdor do pröprjo forrcjro7 cstudor, odqujrj odq ujrjrr ekv ekvos os mob mobjhjd jhjdodc odcss c jei jeikrò kròìóc ìócs, s, cstobchcfcr c òetcr rchoìócs fk` pcsskos j`pkrtoetcs do c`prcso, òetcr-sc otuohjzodk fk` os jekvoìócs ctf. Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 6

?>3

o - Cxcfutjvks7 Djrctkrcs, supcrjetcedcetcs c prcsjdcetcs sæk pohovros quc jedjfo` kfupoetcs dks forlks òjs j`pkrtoetcs do mj mjcr cror orqu qujo jo,, o oh ohto to od od`j `jej ejst stro roìæ ìæk. k. C` krloejzoìócs òjs fk`phcxos, ê fkù` o cxjstçefjo dc lrupks quc cstæk ofjò dcstcs cxcfutjv cxcf utjvks. ks. Væk Fkes Fkeschmks chmks dc Od`je Od`jejstro jstroìæk ìæk ku örlæks fkhcljodks, lcroh`cetc ikròdks pkr ofjkejstos ògkrjtïrjks ku `c`brks dk quo uod drk skf kfjo johh do c` c`pr prcs csoo ku söf öfjk jks. s. Dcfjsócs òjs cstrotêljfos fk`k dcijejìæk dc kbgctjvks c `ctos o `êdjk c hkelk prozk sæk torcios do ohto od`jejstroìæk. b - Lcrcetcs Jetcr`cdjïrjks7 fkkrdceor lrupks dc trobohmk eks dcporto`cetks, djvjsócs ku ïrcos fkrrchotos ê torcio dcstc lrupk. lru pk. Fob Fobc c oks lcr lcrcet cetcs cs jet jetcr` cr`cdj cdjïrjk ïrjkss troesikròr os dcfjsócs do ohto f÷puho c` kbgctjvks òjs cspcfàijfks. Dcijejr c `kbjhjzor rcfu rc furs rsks ks po poro ro qu qucc cs cssc scss kb kbgc gctjtjvk vkss sc scgo go` ` otjeljdks pkr sctkr. f - Vupcrvjskrcs7 pkdc` pkdc` sc scrr vjs vjstk tkss fk` ek`cs djvcrsks7 hàdcrcs dc prkduìæk, ceforrclodks ku `cs`k supcrvjskrcs. Væk fkhobkrodkrcs quc tç` o rcspkesobjhjdodc do fke fkeduì duìæk æk dos to torcio rcioss kpc kpcrofj rofjkeo keojs js do c`prcso, scgo` chos pcrtjecetcs o lrupks kpcrofjkeojs od`jejstrotjvks ku do prkduìæk. Lrupks outklcrjdks7 uò cspêfjc dc "fêhuho dc prkduìæk" outôekò quc djspceso u` supcrvjskr, pkr cxc`phk, pkdc dor krjlc` o u` lrupk "outklcrjdk". Fkefcetro`-sc os torcios dc od`jejstroìæk c` u` lcrcetc c ks iuefjkeï iuef jkeïrjks rjks cxcf cxcfuto uto` ` os torc torcios ios kpcro kpcrofjkfjkeojss fk eoj fk` ` fcr fcrto to out outkek kek`jo `jo,, rcp rcpkrt krtoed oedk-s k-scc djrcto`cetc ok lcrcetc sc` o ecfcssjdodc Jestjtutk Sejvcrsoh Brosjhcjrk

Krloeklroò

dc òjs u` eàvch mjcrïrqujfk, ecstc fosk, k supcrvjskr. Ecstc `kdchk os cqujpcs outklcrjdos tç` rcspkesobjhjdodc c outkrjdodc poro tkòr c j`phc`cetor o òjkrjo dos dcfjsócs quc fobcrjo` o fmcics c/ku supcrvjskrcs dk `kdchk oprcscetodk oetcrjkr`cetc.

Ê o rcp rcprcs rcscet cetoìæ oìækk lrï lrïijf ijfoo dks eàv eàvcjs cjs mjcr mj crïr ïrqu qujf jfks ks c dc dcppor ortto` o`ce cettoj ojss dc u` c`prccedj`cetk. Tc` o ikrò dc u` lrïijfk, uò cspêfjc dc "iktklroijo" dc fodo portc do c`prcso. Dc`kestro o mjcrorqujo c os jetcr-rchoìócs cxjstcetcs cetrc cssos portcs c otê k hj`jtc dos otrjbujìócs dc fodo u`. Ks krloeklroòs sæk djeâ`jfks, ku scgo, o fodo `kdjijfoìæk eo cstruturo dcporto`cet to` cetoh oh do c`prcso, cho dcvc dcvc scr rcicjto. rcicjto. O o`ph o` phjtjtud udc c dc oì oìæk æk dk dkss lc lcrc rcet etcs cs pk pkdc dc sc scr r bojxo, `êdjo ku ohto, dcpcedcedk do cstruturo do c`prcso. Ycgo7

Dcporto`cetohjzoìæk Fk`k gï ioho`ks c` ekssks cstudks7 "Krloejzoìæk ê u` lrupk dc jedjvàduks fk` uò `cto fkù`, rcuejdk pkr u` fkeguetk dc rc rcho hofj fjke keo` o`ce cetk tkss dc ou outk tkrj rjdo dodc dc c dc rcspkesobjhjdodc."

?. Cstrutu Cstruturo ro Bojxo O cst cstrut ruturo uro krl krloej oejzof zofjke jkeoh oh ê bos bosto toetc etc djeâ`jfo, scedk quc suos ùdoeìos sæk ks `cjks òjs cijfozcs dc `chmkror k dcsc`pcemk em k dk sj sjst stc` cò. o. _u _uoe oedk dk sc ph phoe oecg cgo o u` uò o cstrut cst ruturo uro krl krloej oejzof zofjke jkeoh oh dcv dcvc-s c-sc c hcv hcvor or c` fketo ks sclujetcs kbgctjvks7

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. jdcetjijfor os torcios iàsjfos c `cetojs o scrc` dcsc`pcemodos. . krloejzor iueìócs c rcspkesobjhjdodcs otrovês dk olrupo`cetk dc torcios c` iueìócs quc qu c pk pkss sso` o` sc scrr bc bc` ` dc dcsc sc`p `pce cemo modo doss c ot otrjb rjbuj ujr r suo rcspkesobjhjdodc o pcsskos ku lrupks. . prkpkrfjkeor jeikròìócs c rcfursks oks c`prclodks c`prclodks dc tkdks tkdks ks eàvcjs eàvcjs poro quc trobohmc` dc òecjro tæk cijfoz quoetk pkssàvch, jefhujedk rctkrek ovohjotjvk skbrc scus dcsc`pcemks. Os `cdjdos dc dcsc`pcemk dcvc` scr fk`potàvcjs fk` ks kbgctjvks c `ctos c`prcsorjojs. . `ktjvoìæk poro k `chmkr dcsc`pcemk pkssàvch.

Dcporto`cetohjzor Ê o kpcroìæk dc djvjdjr o krloejzoìæk pkr dcporto`cetks c sctkrcs dc ofkrdk fk` o djvjsæk dk trobohmk c djrcìæk eu` `cs`k eàvc eà vchh dc ou outk tkrjd rjdod odc. c. Dc Dcvc vc-sc -sc dc dcst stjeo jeorr ks rcfursks dc ofkrdk fk` os rcojs ecfcssjdodcs dc fodo torcio. Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 6

?4> ISEFJKEÏRJKV

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6. Cstrutu Cstruturo ro Ohto Yïrjks eàvcjs skbrcpkstks (fodcjo csfohor), ku scgo, ou`ceto-sc o cijfjçefjo do su supc pcrrvjsæk vjs æk dj` dj`je jeuje ujedk dk-sc -sc o o`p o`phjt hjtud udcc (`c (`cek ekss subkrdjeodks). Eo otuohjdodc, mï u` qucstjkeo`cetk ?>9


quoetk oks fustks quc cstc tjpk dc cstruturo troz tr oz po poro ro o kr krlo loej ejzo zoìæ ìæk. k. Ek fo fosk sk ob oboj ojxk xk,, dc o`phjtudc lcrcefjoh bojxo, oprcsceto`ks 6 eàvcjs fk` ?6 cxcfutjvks.

Ek `kdchk iuefjkeoh , fodo dcporto`cetk fkrrc fk rrcsp spke kedc dc o u` uòo iu iueì eìæk æk pr prjef jefjp jpoh oh.. Do Doed edkk scquçefjo o cstc prjefàpjk, tkdks ks sctkrcs c scìó sc ìócs cs of ofk` k`po poem emo` o` k fr frjtê jtêrjk rjk iu iuef efjke jkeoh oh c` su suos os

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kpcroìócs fugo outkrjdodc ê òjs o`pho ek scetjtjdk dk mk mkrjrjzk zket etoh oh.. Ch Choo pc pcr` r`jtjtc, c, ot otro rovê vêss do dj djvj vjsæ sækk do od`jejstroìæk, djrcìæk c dcòjs fkòedks pkr iueì iu eìócs ócs qu quc c k pk pkdc dcrr dc dc dctc tcr`j r`jeo eodk dk su supc pcrjk rjkr r jetc je tcrij rijro ro c` qu quohq ohquc ucrr ku kutrk trk dc dcpo port rto` o`ce cetk tk ku sc sctk tkrr.

o- Krloejzoìæk Iuefjkeoh @kdk òj @kdk òjss sj` sj`phc phcss dc dcp dcport orto`c o`cet etoohjzoìæk. Boscjo-sc ek frjtêrjk iuefjkeoh quc pkdc cstor prcscetc toetk c` krloejzoìócs dc lr lroe oedc dc fk fk`k `k dc pc pcqu quce cek k pk pkrt rtc. c. Ec Ecst stc c `kdchk, o cstruturo cvkhuj poro kutros ikròs òjs fk`phcxos fk`k vcrc`ks odjoetc. . Iueìócs krloejzofjkeojs7 sæk fke guetks dc torcios jetcrdcpcedcetcs, tkdos fketrj fke trjbuj bujedk edk po poro ro o rco rcohjz hjzoìæ oìæk k do `js `jssæk sæk,, prkpösjtk ku torcio tktoh dc uò krloejzoìæk. ^kdc`ks oijròr quc ohluòs iueìócs sæk òjs csscefjojs7 prkduìæk, vcedos c ijeoeìos1 kutros scrvc` dc opkjk, os quojs ikrecfc` sust sustcet cetoìæk oìæk od`je od`jejstro jstrotjvo tjvo îs iueì iueìócs ócs csscefjojs.

Dcfjsæk dc u` cxcfutjvk S` dj djrc rctk tkrr dc rc rcfu furs rsks ks mu muò òek eks s dc fkù` fk` u` ofk ofkrdk rdk fk` kut kutrks rks cxc cxcfut futjvk jvks, s, dcf dcfjdc jdc `kdjijfor ohluò cstruturo dks bceciàfjks kicrcfjdk fj dks s ok oks s iu iuef efjk jkeï eïrj rjks ks.. Cs Csto to dc dcfj fjsæ sæk k ot otje jelj ljrï rï tk tkdk dk k â`b â`bjtk jtk c`p c`prcs rcsorj orjoh oh fug fugk k fk` fkòed oedk k c djr djrcìæ cìæk k sæk hj`jtodks î fk`pctçefjo do iueìæk pcrtjecetc î pcssko jevcstjdo dc outkrjdodc.

^RCVJDCETC DJRCTKR JEDSVTRJOH

LCRCETC CELCEMORJO C ^RKDSÌÆK

] ISEFV.

LCRCETC @OESTCEÌÆK C STJHJDODCV

] ISEFV.

DJRCTKR @ORACTJEL

LCRCETC YCEDOV C OVV. TÊFEJFO

] ISEFV.


DJRCTKR IJEOEÌOV

LCRCETC ^RK@KÌÆK C ^CV_SJVO

LCRCETC FKETOBJH. C OD@. TRJBSTÏRJO

LCRCETC OD@. IJEOEF. C OEÏHJVC OEÏHJV C

] ISEFV.

] ISEFV.

] ISEFV.

?><

DJRCTKR HKLÀVTJFO

DJRCTKR HKLÀVTJFO

LCRCETC FK@^ROV C OD@. @OTCRJOJV

LCRCETC OR@OWÊEV OR@OWÊEV C DJVTRJBSJÌÆK

LCRCETC ^CVVKOH C VCLSROEÌO

] ISEFV.

] ISEFV.

] ISEFV.

LCRCETC BCECIÀFJKV C VCRY.LCROJV

] ISEFV.


Oph O phjj foì foìócs ócs dk @kd @kdch chk k Iue Iuefj fjk k eoh

Ophjfoìó Oph jfoìócs cs dk d k @kdchk pkr ^rkdu ^rkdutk tk

scr iuedodo). . C`prcsos dc pcqucek pkrtc. . @oeuioturo sj`phcs (u` ÷ejfk prkdutk) ku prcstodkro dc u` ÷ejfk scrvjìk.

duìæk)1 fk`crfjojs (hkgos dc dcporto`c dcporto`cetk)1 etk)1 scrvjìks (cspcfjohjstos pchk ikrecfj`cetk). . Ê jedjfodk quoedk o cstrotêljo dï çeio çe iosc sc o fr frke kekl klro roò òs, s, fu fust stks ks c ku kutr tros os fkesjdcroìócs c`prcsorjojs.

. C`prcsos jedustrjojs (hjemos dc prk-

. Krloejzoìæk quc sc jejfjo (ofobo dc

Lroedc Lroe dcss c` c`pr prcs csos os pk pkdc dc` ` to` o`bê bê` ` odktor k `kdchk iuefjkeoh poro ks sclujetcs fosks7 . ^cquceo djvcrsjijfoìæk tcfekhöljfo ku dc prkdutks. . Ycedo Ycedo c djs djstrj trjbuj bujìæk ìæk dks prk prkdut dutks ks pchks `cs`ks tjpks dc foeojs. . Cxcfuìæk dc kpcroìócs euò `csò ïrco lcklrïijfo. . O`bjcet O`bjcetcc cxtc cxtcrek rek cstï cstïvch vch (fke (fkesu`k, su`k, ikrecf ikr ecfj`c j`cetk etk c fke fkefkr fkrrçe rçefjo fjo rcho rchotjv tjvo`c o`cetc etc fkestoetcs).

f - Krloejzoìæk pkr Tcrrjtörjk ku Lcklrïijfo

Eàvch eofjkeoh c jetcreofjkeoh Jòljec uò c`prcso quc kpcrc scus eclöfjks poro cstor c` tkdk tcrrjtörjk eofjkeoh c c` vïrjks fketjecetcs. O cstruturo fketc`pho uejdodcs rcspkesïvcjs pkr uò ïrco lckl lc klrï rïij ijfo fo (k (ku u tc tcrrj rrjtö törjk rjk)) fk fk` ` su suo o pr pröp öprjo rjo cstrut cst ruturo uro iue iuefjk fjkeoh eoh.. Vc cxj cxjstc stc` ` jed jedjfo jfodkr dkrcs cs dc quc k sufcssk dcpcedc portjfuhor`cetc dc u` ogustc îs fkedjìócs hkfojs, csto ê o `chmkr ikròtoìæk.

b- Krloejzoìæ Krloejzoìæk k pkr ^rkdutk Sò hjemo dc prkduìæk djvcrsjijfodo, ku ojedo, uò prcstodkro dc scrvjìks djicrcefjodo, lcroh`cetc prcfjso od`jejstror, jedjvjduoh`cetc, fodo u` dc scus prkdutks ku scrvjìks. Ecstc fosk, tcrï uò cstruturo c` quc fodo uejdodc tc` rcspkesobjhjdodc skbrc u` prkdutk, prkgctk ku prklroò fk` suo pröprjo cstruturo iuefjkeoh. O fkkpcroìæk cetrc ks cspcfjohjstos ê ùjtk bko, k quc iofjhjto o ecfcssjdodc fkestoetc dc jekvoìæk dc prkdutks.

Outkek`jo pröprjo o fodo tcrrjtörjk ê ekròhh eo kr ò krlo loej ejzo zoìæ ìækk lc lckl klrï rïijijfo fo qu quoe oedk dk ks fhjcetcs cstæk djspcrsks ku ohluò ecfcssjdodc, fk`k o kbtceìæk dc jesu`ks, gustjijfo` o djvjsæk tcrrjtkrjoh. Eo òjkrjo dos ùhtjeofjkeojs, fodo poàs rcprcsceto uò djvjsæk (vcgo k quodrk eo pröxjò pïljeo).

BRJE_SCDKV FOTOYCETK ^RCVJDCETC DJR. BR. @ODCJRO

LCRCETC OD@JEJVTR./ IJEOEFCJRK

] ISEFV.

LCRCETC ^RKDSÌÆK FK@CRF. FK@C RF. C @ORACTJEL

] ISEFV.

DJR. BR. ^HÏVTJFK

DJR. GKLKV CHCTRÔE.





] ISEFV.

] ISEFV.

] ISEFV.

] ISEFV.


?>=

DJR. BR. CFKHÖLJFK

DJR.GKLKV ^CDOLÖLJFKV




] ISEFV.

] ISEFV.

] ISEFV.


] ISEFV.


BRJE_SCDKV FOT FOTOYCETK OYCETK ^RCVJDCETC

VCRYJÌKV FCETROJV

DJR. ECL. CSRKÔ

DJR. ECL. O@. HO HOTJEO TJEO

DJR. ECL. O@. EKRTC

DJR. ECL. ÏVJO

^& D

@ORACTJEL

@ORACTJEL

@ORACTJEL

@ORACTJEL

IJEOEÌOV

^RKDSÌÆK

^RKDSÌÆK

^RKDSÌÆK

^RKDSÌÆK

@ORACTJEL

IJEOEÌOV

IJEOEÌOV

IJEOEÌOV

IJEOEÌOV

GSRÀDJFK

RCF. MS@OEKV

RCF. MS@OEKV

RCF. MS@OEKV

RCF. MS@OEKV

d- Krlo Krloejzo ejzoìæk ìæk pkr Fhjc Fhjcetc etc

Ophjhjfoìócs Op foìócs dk @kdchk pk pkrr Tcrrj crrjtö törj rjk k Krloejzoìæk dos ïrcos dc vcedos ê o prcst prc stoìæ oìækk dc scr scrvjì vjìks, ks, prje prjefjp fjpoh` oh`cet cetc c quoedk o c`prcso fkefcetro suos otjvjdodcs prkdutjvos c od`jejstrotjvos eu` hulor ÷ejfk (òtrjz), òs tc` kpcroìócs fk`crfjojs c dc scrvjìks c` ïrcos djspcrsos.

Sejdodcss dc Eclöfjks Sejdodc Eclöfjks - Fkefcjtk Sò Sejdodc dc Eclöfjks ê o dcek`jeoìæk utjhjzodo, eks djos otuojs, poro k dcporto`cetk ku djvjsæk dc uò c`prcso rcspkesïvch pcho ïrco lcklrïijfo ku prkdutk, fugk lcrcetc/cxcfutjvk subkrdjeo-sc djrcto`ce to `cetc tc ok od` od`jej jejstr strodk odkrr prj prjefj efjpo poh.h. Cst Cstos os "uejd "u ejdodc odcs" s" otu otuo` o` fk` fk`kk ikr ikrtcs tcs chc chc`ce `cetks tks dcsfce dcs fcetro trohjz hjzodk odkrcs rcs po poro ro quc os c`p c`prcs rcsos os pksso` otuor c` djvcrsks tcrrjtörjks, otcedcr `crfodks djicrcefjodks c trobohmor fk` hjemos dc prkdutks ku scrvjìks djvcrsjijfodks. Lcroh`cetc Lcroh` cetc o krloe krloejzoìæ jzoìæk k cstr cstruturo uturodo do c` uejdodcs dc eclöfjks tc` u` lrupk dc scrvjìks scrv jìks fcet fcetrohjzo rohjzodks dks fmo` fmoòdks odks fkrpk fkrpkrotjrotjvks (ku ïrcos fkrpkrotjvos). Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 6

Oprkprjodo poro otcedj`cetk dc fhjcetcs djicrcefjodks, ks quojs pkssuc` ecfcssjdodcs djstjetos, ku ojedo, ek otcedj`cetk dc fhjcetcs jluojs, òs fk` ecfcssjdodcs djicrcefjodos. K kbgctjvk oquj ê osscluror o sotjsioìæk ioì æk dks fhj fhjcet cetcs cs otr otrovê ovêss do dcp dcport orto`c o`ceetohjzoìæk dc uejdodcs djvjdjdos dc `kdk o otcedcr fhjcetcs fk` ioturo`cetk sjlejijfotjvk. Cxc`phks Cxc `phks tàpjfks

. Olçefjos dc prkpoloedo. . Boefks (vorcgk, ijeoefjo`cetks7 jed÷strjos, frêdjtk ruroh, frêdjtk ok fkesu`jdkr ctf.). . Hkgos dc dcpo dcporto` rto`cetk cetkss (fk`b (fk`bjeo`, jeo`, sjùhtoeco`cetc, prkdutk c fhjcetc). . Iïbrjfos dc ohj`cetks, vcàfuhks, vcstuïrjks tuï rjks quc otc otcedc edc` ` to toetk etk fke fkesu` su`jdk jdkrcs rcs ijeojs quoetk jetcr`cdjïrjks (otofodjst (otofodjstos, os, fkefcssjkeïrjos ctf). Ycgo eo pïljeo sclujetc u` quodrk cxc`phjijfoedk cstc töpjfk.

Ophjhj foì Op foìócs ócs dk @kd @kdchk chk pk pkrr Fhj Fhjcet cetc c _uohqucr eàvch mjcrïrqujfk pkdc odktor cstc `kdchk sc`prc quc mkuvcr djicrceìos ?>:


òrfoe òrf oetc tcss ce cetr trcc o fh fhjc jcet etch cho o do c` c`pr prcs cso o poro po ro io iozcr zcr u` ot otced cedj`c j`cetk etk csp cspcfj cfjohj ohjzod zodk k (vkhu`c (vkh u`c dc fk`p fk`pros, ros, jetc jetcesjd esjdodc odc/irc /ircquçe quçe-fjo dk ot otce cedj` dj`cet cetkk cxj cxjljd ljdkk pc pchk hk fhj fhjcet cetc, c, foroftcràstjfos cspcfjojs dks prkdutks ctf).

dctcr`jeodk mkrïrjk. Cx. mkspjtojs, scluroeìo p÷bhjfo, c`prcsos quc kpcro` sc` jetcrrupìæk ctf. - Djsfjphjeos7 csfkhos/iofuhdodcs, hobkrotörjks, jestjtutks dc pcsqujso.

^RCVJDCETC

DJRCTKR OTCEDJ@ OTC EDJ@CET CETK K ^CVVKO IÀVJFO

DJRCTKR OD@JEJVTROT OD@JEJVT ROTJYK JYK

LCRCETC IJEOEÌOV/ FKETOB./ R. MS@OEKV

] ISEFV.

LCRCETC ^RKDSÌÆK/ CELCEMORJO

] ISEFV.

LCRCETC FK@CRFJOH/ @ORACTJEL

] ISEFV.

DJRCTKR OTCEDJ@ OTC EDJ@CET CETK K ^CVVKO GSRÀDJFO





] ISEFV.

] ISEFV.

] ISEFV.

] ISEFV.

c- Cstruturos Fk`pksto Fk`pkstoss


] ISEFV

- _uoetjdodc7 pcsskos olrupodos c` iueìæk dk vkhu`c dc trobohmk. Cx.7 c`prcsoss fk so fk` ` lr lroe oedc dcss vk vkhu hu`c `css dc pr prkd kduì uìæk æk kedc k tktoh ê djvjdjdk c` hjemos dc prkduìæk, fodo uò rcspkesïvch pkr uò portc do prkduìæ prkduìæk. k. - Iosc Ioscs7 s7 dcrjv dcrjvoìæk oìæk dc dcp dcporto orto`cet `cetohjohjzoìæk pkr prkdutk c` quc fodo iosc dk prkfcssk prkdutjvk pkdcrï scr ophjfodo o u` sctkr (prcesos, `ketolc`, pjeturo c ofobo`cetk). - ^rkgctks7 otjvjdodcs tc`pkrïrjos ku ijejtos quc eæk tcemo` podræk dc rcluhorjdodc (cvcetks, prkgctks, `ketolces c fkhkfoìæ fo ìæk k c` kp kpcr croì oìæk æk dc lr lroe oedc dcss cq cquj ujpo po-`cetks `ce tks icj icjtks tks skb cef cefk`c k`cedo edo ctf ctf). ). Sò krloejzoìæk pkr prkgctk ê u` dcporto`cetk tc`pkrïrjk quc ohkgo k lcrcetc c o cqujpc dc u` prkgctk dcetrk do krloejzoìæk iuefjke fj keoh. oh. Tcr cr`je `jeod odk k k pr prkg kgct ctk, k, o c` c`pr prcs csoo pcrdc pcr dc suo roz rozæk, æk, sce scedk dk dcs dcs`kb `kbjhj jhjzod zodo. o. Cxjstc` trçs tjpks prjefjpojs dc krloejzoìæk pkr prkgctks7 ks iuefjkeojs, ks purks (outô (ou tôek` ek`ks/ ks/csp cspcfj cfjojs ojs)) c os cst cstrut ruturo uross òtrjfjojs.

Os krl krloe oejz jzoì oìóc ócss us uso` o` c fk fk`b `bje jeo` o`,, fk` hjbcrdodc, tkdks ks tjpks dc cstruturos oprcscetodos, tcetoedk ogustor os djicrcetcs portcs do krloejzoìæk o fkedjìócs djicrcetcs. C`bkro o cstruturo do Lcecroh @ktkrs scgo pkr prkdutk, ks dcporto`cetks dcetrk dc fodo djvjsæk cstæk djvjdjdks fk` bosc eo suo iueìæk. Dk `cs`k `kdk, uò fk`poemjo dc ovjoìæk pkdc cstor djvjdjdo lcklroijfo`cetc c` trçs rcljócs prjefjpojs. C` fodo uò, ek cetoetk, movcrjo vïrjks dcporto dcporto`cetks `cetks iuefjkeojs eo js fk fk`k `k kp kpcr croì oìóc ócss dc vk vkk, k, sc scrv rvjì jìks ks dc tcrro, scrvjìks dc rcscrvos ctf. J`pkrtoetc7 Ok ceiotjzor ks frjtêrjks dc dcpo dcporto` rto`cet cetohjzo ohjzoìæk ìæk pkdc pkdc`ks `ks kbcd kbcdccfcr o ecfcssjdodcs cspcfjojs fk`k pcràkdk, djsfjphjeo, quoetjdodc, iosc c prkgctks.

- ^cr ^cràkd àkdk7 k7 lru lrupks pks dji djicrc crcetc etcss dc pcs pcs-skos quc trobohmo` c` dctcr`jeodks mkrïrjks (ku tureks) c` quc k fmcic dk turek ê rcspke rcs pkesï sïvch vch pc pchos hos to torci rcios os rco rcohjz hjzodo odoss c` Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 6

DJRCTKR OTCEDJ@ OTC EDJ@CET CETK K LKYCREK

??>


Ouhh o 6 Ou

? - Dcetrc os vïrjos otjvjdodcs lcrcefjojs, `cefjkec uò dos cstudodos7

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ 2 - Fkefcjtuc Dcporto` Dcporto`cetohjzoìæk. cetohjzoìæk.

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[ 6 - ôro quc scrvc u` Krloeklroò;

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[ 4 - Ek quc sc rcicrc îs iueìócs krloejzofjkeojs, prkduìæk, vcedos c ijeoeìos scrjo`7

o-( b-( f-( d-( c -(

) iueì iueìóc ócss dc dc opk opkjk jk ) iueìó iueìócs cs css csscef cefjoj jojss ) iueìó iueìócs cs dc dc sust sustcet cetoìæ oìæk k ) iueìó iueìócs cs scf scfued uedïrj ïrjos os ) iue iueìóc ìócss prj` prj`ïrj ïrjos os

3 - Osskfjc ks tjpks dc krloejzoìæk î suo dcijejìæk.

(

( o ) krloejzoìæk iuefjkeoh

) od` od`jej jejstr stroìæ oìækk jed jedjvj jvjduo duohh dks prk prkdut dutks ks

( ) uej uejdod dodcs cs djv djvjdj jdjdos dos po poro ro otc otcedj edj`ce `cetk tk cxfhusjvk fk`b `bje jeo` o` tk tkdk dkss ks tjtjpk pkss dc cs cstr trut utur uroo ( f ) krloejzoìæk pkr tcrrjtörjk ku lcklrïijfo ( ) fk krloejzofjkeoh ( ) `k `kdk dk ò òjs js sj sj`p `phc hcss dc dc dcpo port rto` o`ce ceto to-( d ) krloejzoìæk pkr fhjcetc hjzoìæk ( ) for foroft oftcrj crjzod zodoo pkr ïrc ïrcos os lck lcklrï lrïijf ijfos os ( c ) cstruturos fk`pkstos ( b ) krloejzoìæk pkr prkdutk

9 - Ossjeohc fk` Y (Ycrdodcjrk) ku I (Iohsk)7

( ) Iu Iueì eìóc ócss kr krlo loej ejzo zofj fjke keoj ojss sæ sæk k fk fkeg egue uetk tkss dc to torc rcio ioss je jetc tcrd rdcp cpce cedc dcet etcs cs,, tk tkdo doss fketrjbujedk poro o rcohjzoìæk do `jssæk, prkpösjtk ku torcio tktoh dc uò krloejzoìæk. ( ) Eo krloe krloejzoìæ jzoìæk k iuefjk iuefjkeoh, eoh, o outkrjd outkrjdodc odc ê òjs òjs o`pho o`pho ek scetjd scetjdkk vcrtjf vcrtjfoh. oh. ( ) Sò hjemo hjemo dc prkduì prkduìæk æk djvcrs djvcrsjij jijfod fodo, o, ku ojedo ojedo,, uò prcst prcstodk odkro ro dc scrvj scrvjìks ìks djicdjicrcefjodks, euefo prcfjso od`jejstror jedjvjduoh`cetc fodo u` dc scus prkdutks ku scrvjìks. ( ) O Krloe Krloejzoìæ jzoìækk pkr Fhjce Fhjcetc tc ê oprkp oprkprjodo rjodo poro otce otcedj`ce dj`cetk tk o fhjce fhjcetcs tcs djicr djicrcefjo cefjodks, dks, ks quojs pkssuc` ecfcssjdodcs djstjetos, ku ojedo, ek otcedj`cetk dc fhjcetcs jluojs, òs fk` ecfcssjdodcs djicrcefjodos. Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 6

???


KRLOEJWOÌÆK DC C@^RCVOV Fk`phctc k krloeklroò Fk`phctc krloeklroò,, poro o ijluro @c @cto toh÷rljf h÷rljf o A, quc pkssuj u` ^rc ^rcsjdcetc, sjdcetc, 6 Djrctkrcs, c ks sclujetcs lcrcetcs7 ? - ^rkduìæk 2 - @oeutceìæk 6 - Fk`pros c Od`jejstroìæk dc @otcrjojs 4 - Ycedos 3 - ^rk`kìócs c ^csqujsos 9 - Ossjstçefjo Têfejfo < - Fketobjhjdodc = - Ijeoefcjrk : - ^csskoh

^RCVJDCETC

DJRCTKR JEDSVTRJOH


DJRCTKR @ORACTJEL

??2

DJRCTKR IJEOEÌOV


O SHO 4 OSHO ISEÌÓCV OD@JEJVTRO O D@JEJVTROTJY TJYO OV

O fk fkef efkr kr rçe rçefj fjo o @jemo fkrpkroìæk trobohmo ek dcscevkhvj`cetk dc u` prkdutk ekvk c, dc rcpcetc `cu prj prjefj efjpo pohh fke fkefkr fkrrce rcetc tc to` to`bê` bê` prk prkfur furo o dcscev dcs cevkhv khvcr cr k `cs `cs`k `k prk prkdut dutk. k. Cst Cstrot rotêlj êljos os jluojs sc`prc lcro` jefcrtczo.

O Od Od`je `jejs jstro troìæ ìæk, k, po poro ro sc scrr cx cxcrf crfjd jdo, o, cxjlc uò fk`bjeoìæk dc oìócs poro kbtceìæk dks kbg kbgctj ctjvks vks,, sce scedk dk dcs dcsc`p c`pcem cemodo odoss fcrtos iueìócs ecstc prkfcssk.

K iuturk eæk ê sc`prc jefcrtk ku dcsfkemcfjdk. Vc cxjstc u` `àej`k fketrkhc skbrc cvcetks, pkdc-sc oetcvcr fk` rozkïvch prcfjsæk k quc ofketcfcrï echc. Otks c dcfjsócs posso po ssodos dos,, sc ikr ikrc` c` tk tkòd òdks ks fk` pho phoecg ecgoo`cetk c dcvjdk fujdodk, sæk chc`cetks quc `kstroræk scus cicjtks fk` fcrto oetcfcdçefjo.

Od`jej jejstr stroìæ oìæk k Hcke F. @clljeske , outkr dc Od` Fkefcjtks c Ophjfoìócs (Cd. Morbro, ?ª cdjìæk) `cefjkeo7 eæk j`pkrtoedk k tjpk dc jed÷strjo, k eàvch ku o iueì eàvch iueìæk æk krl krloej oejzof zofjke jkeoh oh cevk cevkhvj hvjdks dks,, pchk `ceks fjefk iueìócs prcfjso` scr dcsc`pcem pc emod odos os pk pkrr qu quc` c` qu qucr cr qu quc c sc scgo go k od od`j `j-ejstrodkr7 ejstrodk r7 phoecgo` phoecgo`cetk, cetk, krloejzo krloejzoìæk, ìæk, prccefmj prccefmj-`cetk dc volos, djrcìæk c fketrkhc dos otjvjdodcs krloejzofjkeojs.

Dcijejìæk K prkfcssk dc phoecgo`cetk ê o icrro`ceto quc os pcsskos c krloejzoìócs uso` poro od`jejstror suos rchoìócs fk` k iuturk. Ê uò ophjfoìæk cspcfàijfo dk prkfcssk dcfjsörjk. Os dcfjsócs quc prkfuro`, dc ohluò ikrò, jeihucefjor k iuturk, ku quc scræk fkhkfodos c` prïtjfo ek iuturk, sæk dc phoecgo`cetk. Fk` bosc ecssc fkefcjtk bïsjfk, k prkfcssk dc phoecgo`cetk pkdc scr dcijejdk dc vïrjos òecjros7

K prkfcssk dc od`jejstror fkesjstc c` tkòr dcfjsócs quc cevkhvc` quotrk iueìócs bïsjfos7 ?. ^hoecgor7 trobohmor fk` prklroòs, prkgctks c phoeks poro dcscevkhvj`cetk dos kpcroìócs do krloejzoìæk. 2. Krloejzor7 cstruturor o krloejzoìæk, frjoedk frjoe dk rcfur rcfursks sks muòe muòeks, ks, têfe têfejfks, jfks, òtcrjojs, ijeoefcjrks ctf. dcfjsócs, ócs, fkòe fkòedor dor,, 6. Djrjljr7 tkòr dcfjs supcrvjsjkeor, otrjbujr rcspkesobjhjdodcs1 4. Fketrkhor7 cxcrfcr o `kejtkroìæk dos torcios dc fkeikr`jdodc fk` os krdces dodos.

. ^hoecgor ê dcijejr kbgctjvks ku rcsuhtodks o scrc` ohfoeìodks. . Ê dcijejr `cjks poro pkssjbjhjtor o rcohjzoìæk dc rcsuhtodks. . Ê jetcricrjr eo rcohjdodc poro possor dc uò sjtuoìæk fkemcfjdo î kutro sjtuoìæk dcsc god o, dce tr k dc u` je tcr voh vohk k dci je jejd jd k dc tc` tc`pk pk . tkò or, ek prc prcsc scetc etc,, dc dcfjs fjsóc ócss quc . Ê tk` oictc` k iuturk poro rcduzjr suo jefcrtczo.

^rkfcssk dc ^hoecgo`cetk ^hoecgo`cetk

ôro quohqucr od`jejstroìæk, k iuturk sc tkre tk reo o je jefc fcrt rtkk qu quoe oedk dk os je jeik ikr` ròì oìóc ócss sæ sæk k jesuijfjcetcs skbrc ks djvcrsks fk`pkrto`cetks quc prcfjso` scr `kejtkrodks1 fkefkrrçefjo, fkes fkesu`jdk u`jdkrcs, rcs, ikrec ikrecfcdkr fcdkrcs, cs, iket iketcs cs dc K prkfcssk dc tkòr dcfjsócs dc phoecijeoef ije oefjo` jo`cet cetks ks c dc` dcòjs ojs scl scl`ce `cetks tks quc go`cetk tc` prcsceìo òrfoetc eos otjvjdootuo` skbrc k o`bjcetc c`prcsorjoh. dcs dks od`jejstrodkrcs dos krloejzoìócs. O _uoedk o fkefkrrçefjo otuo poro kbtce- frj frjoì oìæk æk dc quo quohqu hqucr cr krl krloe oejzo jzoìæ ìækk fk fk`cì `cìoo ìæk dks `cs`ks kbgctjvks dc dctcr`jeodo fk` dcfjsócs jetcrdcpcedcetcs dc phoecgoc`prcso, o jefcrtczo ijfo òjkr ojedo. `cetk jetcrek c cxtcrek. Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 4

??6


. k quc sc dcvc iozcr. . quoedk iozcr. . quc` dcvc iozcr. . dc quc òecjro (fk`k).

Dcfjsócs dc phoecgo`cetk cxtcrek sæk ks kbgctjvks do krloejzoìæk, pkjs cstæk rchofjkeodos î otuoìæk do c`prcso ek `crfodk. oecgo`c go`cetk etk jetcrek sæk Dcfjsócs dc ph oec ks `cjks (ku rcfursks) quc o c`prcso utjhjzorï poro otjeljr ks kbgctjvks.

Iuedo`cetks dk ^rkfcssk dc ^hoecgo`cetk Iotkr Rcstrjtjvk - quoetk òjs ikrc` rcfkemcfjdks ks iotkrcs rcstrjtjvks ku frjtêrjks poro sc otjeljr uò `cto, òjkr fhorczo c cxotjdæk movcrï poro kptor pkr uò ohtcreotjvo òjs iovkrïvch. Fk`prk k`prk`jssk `jssk - prozk prozk po poro ro fke fkefrc frctjtjzoìæk dks fk`prk`jssks/torcios (chobkroìæk dc frkeklroò). Ihcxjbjhjdodc - odoptoìæk o sjtuoìócs j`prcvjstos.

Fjrfuestâefjos Fjrfuestâefj os dctcr` dctcr`jeoetcs jeoetcs do csfkhm csfkhmo o dks kbgctjvks pkdc` ùdor jecspcrodo`cetc. Fk`k dcvc`ks eks fk`pkrtor; O ihcxjbjhjdodc cetro ecsto sjtuoìæk fk`k fkedjìæk jedjspcesïvch poro ohtcroìæk dks kbgctjvks ku dks `cjks oetcrjkr`cetc dcfjdjdks pcho c`prcso.

Dcstoo ik Dcst ikr` rò, o, k su sufc fcss ssk k dc u` bk bk` ` phoecg pho ecgo`c o`cetk etk dcp dcpced cedcrï crï,, dce dcetrc trc ùj ùjto toss fkjsos, do odoptoìæk îs fkedjìócs pcfuhjorcs dk o`bjcetc krloejzofjkeoh. Ok ch chob obkr kror or ph phoe oeks ks c fk fkhk hkfï fï-h -hks ks c` prïtjfo, mï o ecfcssjdodc dc fk`prk`ctj`cetk dc tkdo o krloejzoìæk fk` o utjhjzoìæk dc "tkdo o cecrljo" djspkeàvch poro quc o cijfïfjo dc suos `cdjdos scgo fkefrcto. _uoetk òjs fk`phcxk k o`bjcetc òjkr o ecfcss ecf cssjdo jdodc dc dc pho phoecg ecgo`c o`cetk etk po poro ro tk` tkòr or dcfj dc fjsó sócs cs dc ik ikr` ròo ro rofj fjke keoh oh (c (csf sfkh khmc mcrr o ikrò òjs odcquodo dc otjeljr ks kbgctjvks). Ê o iueìæk do od`jejstroìæk quc dctcr`jeo, oetcfjpodo`cetc, quojs ks kbgctjvks oh`cgodks. ôrtjedk do ijxoìæk dks kbgctjvks, dctcr`jeo`-sc os prjkrjdodcs7

J`pkrtâefjo dk ^hoecgo`cetk Eo krloejzoìæk prkotjvo, k prkfcssk dc phoecgo`cetk pcr`jtc chcvor k lrou dc fketrkh tr khc c sk skbr brc c k iu iutu turk rk toe oetk tk je jetc tcre rekk qu quoe oetk tk cx cxtc tcre rek. k. O oetcfjpoìæk dos ùdoeìos troz, c` ùjtks fosks, loroetjo do skbrcvjvçefjo c cijfïfjo. Dcpcedcedk do obroelçefjo ku dk j`poftk quc qu c tç tç` ` sk skbr brc c o kr krlo loej ejzo zoìæ ìæk, k, tc tc`k `kss tr trçs çs eàvcjs dc phoecgo`cetk7 ? - ^hoecgo`cetk Cstrotêljfk

2 - ^hoecgo`cetk Tïtjfk/Iuefjkeoh 6 - ^hoecgo`cetk Kpcrofjkeoh ?- ^hoecgo`cetk Cstrotêljfk Rcohjzodk pcho ohto od`jejstroìæk, fk` òjkr ohfoefc, cevkhvc kbgctjvks krloejzofjk-

. Jetcricrçefjo ek fursk dks cvcetks ? ^rc ^rcdctc dctcr`jeoìæk r`jeoìæk dc cvcetks cvcetks . Jesotjsioìæk fk` sjtuoìæk prcscetc . Dcfjsócs quc fkestrkc` k iuturk . Dcfjsócs possodos prkgcto`-sc eks cvcetks dk iuturk 2 Cvcetks Cvcetks iuturks fkemcfjdks fkemcfjdks . Vjtuoìæk prcscetc cvkhuj dc ikrò prcvjsàvch . Rcluhorjdodc ku sozkeohjdodc fkeduzc` o iotks prcvjsàvcjs 6 Fkkrdc Fkkrdceoìæ eoìæk k


. Cefo Cefodco` dco`cetk cetk dc `cjk `cjkss c ijes . Höljfo cetrc cvcetks jetcrdcpcedcetcs ??4


eojs, pkhàtjfos c cstruturojs poro k phoecgo`cetk kpcrofjkeoh. Dcijec kbgctjvks poro tkdo o krloejzoìæk. Cstobc Cst obchcf hcfc` c` prk prkdut dutks ks c scr scrvjì vjìks ks quc væk scr kicrtodks ok `crfodk c, pkr fkescquçefjo, o fhjcetcho quc sc prctcedc otcedcr. C` cstruturos fk`phcxos, pkdc`ks vjsuohjzor k dc dcpo port rto` o`ce cetk tk dc dc dcsc scev evkh khvj vj`c `cet etk k dc ekvks prkdutks, pcsqujso c dcscevkhvj`cetk, cevkhvjdks fk` k phoecgo`cetk cstrotêljfk.

Cssos ikrìos tç` krjlces jetcreos c cxtcreos. Ycgo`ks7 IKRÌOV JETCREOV . Rcfursks7 - djspkejb djspkejbjhjdodc jhjdodc - csfosscz . Od`jejstrodkrcs - `ktjvoìócs djvcrsos . ^rkbhcòs c Kpkrtuejdodcs - krdc` jetcreo

KBGCTJYKV

IKRÌOV C]TCREOV

. Fkefkrrçefjo . Ikrecfcdkrcs . Lkvcrek . Fhjcetcs . ^rkbhcòs c Kpkrtuejdodcs

2- ^hoecgo`cetk Tïtjfk / Iuefjkeoh ^hoeks od`jejstrotjvks, dcporto`cetojs ku tïtjfks sæk chobkrodks poro pkssjbjhjtor o rcoh rc ohjz jzoì oìæk æk dk dkss ph phoe oeks ks cs cstr trot otêl êljf jfks ks.. Obroelc` Obroe lc` ïrco ïrcoss dc otjv otjvjdodc jdodcss cspc cspcfjohjz fjohjzoodos (òractjel, kpcroìócs, rcfursks muòeks, ijeoeìos ctf). Ks lcrcetcs dcssos ïrcos sæk rcspkesïvcjs pchks phoeks tïtjfks, quc to`bê` pkdc` scr ouxjhjodks pkr uejdodcs cspcfjohjzodos.

- krdc` cxtcreo

O`coìos c kpkrtuejdodcs iozc` portc do rktjeo dos krloejzoìócs. Toetk ikrìos dc dcetrk do c`prcso c, prjefjpoh`cetc, sjtuoìócs cxtcreos, iozc` fk` quc o od`jejstroìæk otuc, îs vczcs, dc ikrò prkotjvo, c` kutrks fosks dc ikrò "rcotjvo", c` iofc dc o`coìo o`c oìoss ku sjt sjtuoì uoìócs ócs dc kpk kpkrtu rtuejd ejdodc odc dc frcsfj`cetk do c`prcso.

6- ^hoecgo`cetk Kpcrofjkeoh

Djoetc dc u` ekvk fceïrjk quc pkdcrï cstor fk` uò fkedjìæk jskhodo, ku ojedo tcr krjlc` eo fk`bjeoì fk`b jeoìæk æk dc sjtu sjtuoìóc oìócss djvc djvcrsos, rsos, kbgc kbgctjvk tjvkss sæk cstobc cst obchcfj hcfjdks dks fk` fk`kk csfk csfkhmo hmo dc jevc jevcstj` stj`cetk cetks, s, chobkroìæk c prkduìæk dc ekvks prkdutks/scrvjìks c uò jeijejdodc dc oìócs c prkgctks cspcfàijfks.

Ks phoeks kpcrofjkeojs cspcfjijfo` otjvjdodcs c rcfursks quc sæk ecfcssïrjks poro o rcohjzoìæk dc quohqucr cspêfjc dc kbgctjvks.

Kbgctjvks dk ^hoecgo`cetk _uohqucr tjpk dc phoecgo`cetk tc`, c` suo cssçefjo, o dcijejìæk dc u` kbgctjvk c os rcspcftjvos ikròs dc fk`k kbtç-hk.

Sò c` Sò c`pr prcs cso o qu quc c ot otê ê dc dctc tcr` r`je jeod odk k `k`cetk cstovo "troequjho" c` scu scl`cetk dc rcpcetc sc vç o`coìodo fk` o cetrodo dc u` fkefkrrcetc "ikrtàssj`k", quc vcjk dk cxtcrjkr. Chc ê u` pcrjlksk fk`pctjdkr. Dc pkssc dc rcfursks djspkeàvcjs poro jevcstj`cetks, o c`prcso tc` fk`k kbgctjvk jevcstjr ek dcscevkhvj`cetk dc ekvks prkdutks c ikrtc fkùejfoìæk `crfodkhöljfo poro ceircetor o o`coìo.

Kbgctjvks sæk ks rcsuhtodks ijeojs poro ks quojs uò krloejzoìæk sc dcshkfo `kbjhjzoedk tkdks ks rcfursks ecfcssïrjks c djspkeàvcjs7 muòeks, tcfekhöljfks, ijeoefcjrks c òtcrjojs, dcetrc kutrks.

Tkdos os otjvjdodcs òjs kpcrofjkeojs quc ofketcfc` c` u` c`prccedj`cetk sæk krjcetodos poro kbgctjvks scfuedïrjks, tcrfjïrjks rj ks c ku kutr trks ks.. Væ Vækk ch chcs cs dc dcrj rjvo vodk dkss dc u` kbgctj kbg ctjvk vk prj prjefj efjpo pohh fug fugoo po portc rtc òj òjss rch rchcvo cvoetc etc dc u` ph phoe oekk ê cx cxot oto` o`ce cetc tc sc scu u pr prkp kpös ösjtjtk. k. Fk`prccedcr os ikrìos quc prkduzc` kbgctjvkss ê iu vk iued edo` o`ce ceto tohh po poro ro qu quc` c` od od`j `jej ejst stro ro.. Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 4

Kbgctjvks Lcrojs dc uò Krloejzoìæk O prcfjsæk eo dcijejìæk dc u` kbgctjvk, scu ohfoefc ek tc`pk c kutrks frjtêrjks sæk ??3


. Rcircsfor k ùedk - c` fkrpk, `cetc

j`pkrtoetcs poro quc sc jdcetjijquc sc sæk òjs cstrotêljfks ku opceos jetceìócs lceêrjfos. Vc cxjstjr u` bojxk lrou dc dcijejìæk dk kbgctjvk, cstc ofobo scedk uò cspêfjc dc "dcfho "dc fhoroì roìæk æk dc prk prkpös pösjtk jtks‐ s‐ ku ‘`j ‘`jssæ ssæk" k" do c`prcso. Cstcs kbgctjvks trozc` k pketk dc portjdo poro o dcijejìæk dks cspcfàijfks ku kpcrofjkeojs. Ycgo`ks dctohmcs skbrc k quc sjlejijfo `jssæk dc uò c`prcso7

c cspàrjtk. . Jespjror `k`cetks dc ktj`js`k - otrovês dc ekssos òrfos c oìócs. . Frjor vohkr c iozcr o djicrceìo - kedc cstjvcr`ks, c` tudk k quc ijzcr`ks.

^hoecgo`cetk Cstrotêljfk Cstrotêljo ê o schcìæk dks `cjks, dc quohqucr eoturczo, c`prclodks poro rcohjzor kbgctjvks. Cho cstï osskfjodo, prjefjpoh`cetc, î ecfcssjdodc dc otjeljr kbgctjvks c` sjtuoìócs fk`phcxos, lcroh`cetc, quoedk cxjstc` o`coìos do fkefkrrçefjo ku dc kutrk iotkr jefketrkhïvch cxtcrek î c`prcso. Busfo-sc, ossj`, vcefcr o fkefkrrçefjo, cstrotê rotêljo ljo ku fk` fk`k k Orj Orjst stötc ötchcs hcs oij oijrò ròvo7 vo7 o cst

@jssæk O `jssæk dcvcrï scr dcfhorodo o tkdk p÷bhjfk jetcrek poro quc mogo sjecrljo dcetrk do krloejzoìæk. Dcpkjs o cxtcrjkrjzoìæk eæk dcvc scr opceos eo prkpksto, òs, prjefjpoh oh`c `cet etc, c, ek ekss ot otks ks.. Ch Choo or ortjtjfu fuho ho k qu quc c o c`prcso ê c k quc prkfuro ohfoeìor. O dcfhoroìæk dc `jssæk dc uò c`prcso ikrecfc o oeue oe uefj fjoì oìæk æk do doss `c `cto toss lc lcro rojs js po poro ro tc tcò òss prjefjpojs do suo cstrotêljo ossj` fk`k rcprcsceto o dcfhoroìæk òjs o`pho dcho. ^kr scr fke fkesjd sjdcro crodo do uò dcfhoroìæk dc jdcetjdodc c dc djrcìæk dc hkelk prozk do c` c`pr prcs cso, o, ê j` j`pk pkrt rtoe oetc tc qu quc c o `j `jss ssæk æk prkpkr prk pkrfjk fjkec ec krj krjcet cetoìæ oìæk, k, eæk rcs rcstrj trjelj eljedk edk o kpkrtuejdodc c o ihcxjbjhjdodc.

dcvc trozcr o vjtörjo...

Dcetrc vïrj Dcetrc vïrjos os fkef fkefcjtu cjtuoìóc oìócs, s, o poh pohovro ovro cstrotêljo ijluro fk`k o ortc dc ophjfor fk` cijfïfjo ks rcfursks d c quc sc djspóc, ku dc cxphkro cx phkrorr os fkedjì fkedjìóc ócss io iovkrï vkrïvc vcjs js dc quc pkrvceturo sc dcsirutc vjsoedk ok ohfoefc dc dctcr`jeodks kbgctjvks.

Fkefcjtk ^hoecgo`cetk cstrotêljfk ê k prkfcssk dc chobkror uò cstrotêljo (phoek) fk` bosc eo oeïhjsc dk o`bjcetc c eks sjstcòs jetcreks do krl krloej oejzo zoìæk ìæk.. Sò od` od`jej jejst stroì roìæk æk cstrotêljfo phoecgo, j`phoeto c fketrkho o cxcfuìæk do cstrotêljo. Duos ikrìos prjefjpojs frjo` sjtuoìócs dc7 ?. Kpkrt Kpkrtuej uejdod dodcs cs c Dcs Dcsoij oijks7 ks7 rch rchoofjkeodk fjk eodkss î fke fkefkrr fkrrçef çefjo, jo, fke fkesu` su`jdkr jdkrcs, cs, tcfekhkljo, ikrecfcdkrcs c kutrks chc`cetks1 2. ^rkbhcòs c Kpkrtuejdodcs7 rchofjkeodk eo dkss ok okss sjs sjstc tcòs òs je jetc tcrek rekss do doss c` c`prc prcso sos7 s7 fopofjt fop ofjtoìæ oìæk k c fk`p fk`pctç ctçefjo efjoss dks fkho fkhobkro bkro-dkrcs, tcfekhk tcfekhkljo ljo c`prclo c`prclodo, do, cquj cqujpo`c po`cetks etks c prk prkfc fcss ssks, ks, djs djspk pkejb ejbjhj jhjdo dodc dc dc fo fopj pjto tohh c kutrks fk`pkecetcs. K pho phoecg ecgo`c o`cetk etk cst cstrot rotêlj êljfk fk j`p j`phjf hjfoo eo dcijejìæk dc kbgctjvks quc sc`prc sc djrcfjkeo` ok o`bjcetc, fkesjdcroedk-sc dcsoijks c

_uo uohh ê o fo foro roftc ftcrà ràstjfo stjfo prjef prjefjpo jpohh do dcfhoroìæk dc `jssæk; Jefhujr o dcfhoroìæk dk eclöfjk c` quc o c`prcso cstï jescrjdo, eks jet jetcrc crcss sscs cs dc quc quc` ` kpc kpcro ro (of (ofjke jkejst jstos, os, c`prclodks, fhjcetcs ctf.) c ks frjtêrjks pchks quojs scu dcsc`pcemk dcvc scr guhlodk. C o prjefjpoh ijeohjdodc; Ê o fkùejfoìæk. Eo `cdjdo c` quc uò dos prjefjpojs ijeohjdodcs do cstrotêljo ê o frjoìæk dc fkescesk dcetrk do krloejzoìæk, quoetk î krjcetoìæk lcroh quc cho voj kbcdcfcr c ok quc cstï cst ï prk prkfur furoed oedkk ohf ohfoeì oeìor or,, o dcf dcfhor horoìæ oìæk k dc `jssæk pkdc scr vjsto fk`k uò bosc poro k cetce etcedj`c dj`cetk etk fkù`. Ycg Ycgo o o `j `jss ssæk æk do Fkfo-Fkho Brosjh7 Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos - Ouho 4

??9


kpkrtuejd kpkrtu ejdodc odcss jet jetcre creos os c cxt cxtcre creos. os. K hke hkelk lk prozk ê k tc`pk ok quoh cstï otrchodk ok phoecgo`cetk cstrotêljfk, pkjs os dcfjsócs skbrc prkdut prk dutks ks c scr scrvjì vjìks, ks, quc scr scræk æk kic kicrto rtodks dks o `crfodks c fhjcetcs, pkdc` jetcricrjr eo kpcrofjkeohjzoìæk do c`prcso c` prozks prkhkelodks, lcroh`cetc ofjò dc fjefk oeks. Do `c `cs` sòo ik ikr` rò, o, do dodo do o j` j`pk pkrt rtâe âefj fjo o dcstc tjpk dc phoecgo`cetk, o rcspkesobjhjdodc pcho suo chobkroìæk ê dks prjefjpojs cxcfutjvks do krloejzoìæk, ks quojs pkdc`, sc mkuvcr ecfcssjdodc, fketor fk` o osscsskrjo dc cspcfj csp cfjohj ohjst stos. os. Cqu Cqujpc jpcss c dcp dcport orto`c o`cetk etkss dc ekvks ekv ks ecl eclöfj öfjks ks pkd pkdc` c` scr `ke `keto todks dks po poro ro ouxàhjk oks cxcfutjvks c, `cs`k krloejzoìócs

quc pkssuc` o fuhturo do od`jejstroìæk portjfjpotj fjp otjvo, vo, pkd pkdc`, c`, luo luordo rdodos dos os rcs rcspcf pcftjv tjvos os prkpkr prk pkrìóc ìócs, s, cev cevkhv khvcr cr ohl ohlues ues fkh fkhobk obkrod rodkrc krcss c` ohluò portc dk phoecgo`cetk. Os prjefjpojs ctopos dc u` phoecgo`cetk cstrotêljfk sæk7 ?. Oeïhjsc do Vjtuoìæk Cstrotêljfo. 2. Oeïhjsc Oeïhjsc O`bjcetoh O`bjcetoh - cxtcr cxtcreo eo (oeï (oeïhjsc hjsc dos o`coìos c kpkrtuejdodcs dk o`bjcetc). 6. Oeïhjsc O`bjcetoh - jetcreo jetcreo (oeïhjsc dks dks pketks ikrtcs c irofks dks sjstcòs jetcreks do krloejzoìæk). 4. Dcijejì Dcijejìæk æk dk phoe phoekk cstro cstrotêlj têljfk fk fk`prccedcedk ks kbgctjvks c o cstrotêljo.

Ouho Ou ho 4

? - _uojs sæk os prjefjpojs iueìócs bïsjfos dk prkfcssk od`jejstrotjvk;

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ 2 - Dc fkeikr`jdodc fk` ekssks cstudks, dcijeo phoecgo`cetk.

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[ 6 - Fk`phctc7

K phoecgo`cetk fkestjtuj o [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ ctopo dk prkfcssk od`jejstrotjvk. Ê o iueìæk do od`jejstroìæk quc dctcr`jeo [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ quojs ks kbgctjvks oh`cgodks. 4 - Ossjeohc o ohtcreotjvo quc oprcsceto ks iuedo`cetks dk ^rkfcssk dc ^hoecgo`cetk7

( ( ( (

) o - iotkr iotkr puejtjvk, puejtjvk, fk`prk fk`prk`jssk `jssk c ihcxjbjhjd ihcxjbjhjdodc. odc. ) b - iotkr iotkr rcstrjtjvk rcstrjtjvk,, fk`prk`js fk`prk`jssk sk c jeihcxjb jeihcxjbjhjdod jhjdodc. c. ) f - iotkr iotkr rcstrjtjvk rcstrjtjvk,, fk`prk`js fk`prk`jssk sk c ihcxjbjhj ihcxjbjhjdodc. dodc. ) d - iotkr iotkr rcotjvk rcotjvk,, fk`prk`j fk`prk`jssk ssk c ihcx ihcxjbjhjd jbjhjdodc. odc.

3 - _uojs sæk ks eàvcjs fhïssjfks dc ^hoecgo`cetk;

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[


??<


9 - O dcfhoroìæk dc `jssæk dc uò c`prcso ikrecfc o oeuefjoìæk dos `ctos lcrojs, poro tcòs prjefjpojs do suo cstrotêljo, ossj` fk`k rcprcsceto o dcfhoroìæk òjs o`pho dcho. O oijròìæk cstï7

(

) fcrto

(

) crrodo

< - K quc ê Cstrotêljo;

R7 [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[

Rcspkstos

OSHO OSH O? ? - Fkefcjtuc krloejzoìæk. R7 Krloejzoìæk ê u` lrupk dc jedjvàduks rcuejdks pkr u` fkeguetk dc rchofjkeoR7 Krloejzoìæk `cetks dc outkrjdodc c dc rcspkesobjhjdodc rcspkesobjhjdodc ks q uojs tç` uò `cto fkù`. 2 - Fk`phctc7 R7 Vctkrc Vctkrcs, s, dc dcpo porto rto`c `cetks, etks, lc lcrç rçefjo efjoss c djrc djrctkrjo tkrjos, s, prkdu prkduìæ ìæk, k, ijeo ijeoeìo eìos, s, `crfodkhöljfo, `crfo dkhöljfo, rcfursks muòeks, jeikr `ïtjfo. 6 - Cxphjquc fk`k surlc o mjcrorqujo eos krloejzoìócs R7 Cho ê frjodo pchk fkeguet k dc rcho R7 Cho rchoìócs ìócs dc rcspkesobjhjdodc rcspkesobjhjdodc c outkrjd outkrjd odc quc sc o`phjo` pkr tkdo o cstruturo c`prc c`prcsorjoh. sorjoh. 4 - Osskfjc7 o- c`prcsos b- pcr pcrpct pctuoì uoìæk æk f- fr frcs csfj fj`c `cet etkk d- hufrk c- cetjdodcs

( c ) otcedc` uò ecfcssjdodc do fkùejdodc sc` vjsor hufrks ( o ) cxphkro` quohqucr tjpk dc otjvjdodc poro kbtcr hufrk ( d ) troz djvjdcedks poro ks söfjks c dcòjs jevcstjdkrcs. ( f ) ikrtohcfj`cetk c o`phjoìæk sæk `ctos o scrc` otjeljdos ( b ) pcròeçefjo ek `crfodk otrovcssoedk lcroìócs

3 - Fkefcjtuc, tcfejfo`cetc, k quc ê c`prcso; Rcspkstos pkssàvcjs7 ?- C`prcso ê o uejdodc prkdutkro otrovês do quoh sæk rcuejdks c fk`bjeodks ks Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos

??=


iotkrcs dc prkduìæk, tcedk c` vjsto k dcscevkhvj`cetk dc u` dctcr`jeodk ro`k dc otjvjdodc cfkeô`jfo. 2 - Eclöfjk Eclöfjk ku kr loejz loejzoìæ oìæk k dc eclöfjks pkr pcssko ku lrupk dc pcsskos pcsskos osskfjodos poro cxphkroìæk dc uò otjvjdodc fk`crfjoh, jedustrjoh ku dc prcstoìæk dc scrvjìks. 9 - Fk`phctc os hofueos7 o - Fkesjdcro-sc C@^RCVÏRJK quc` cxcrfc prkijssjkeoh`cetc otjvjdodc cfkeô`jfo krloejzodo poro o prkduìæk ku fjrfuhoìæk dc bces ku dc scrvjìks. b - Mï fkescesk dc quc cxjstc` trçs otjvjdodcs c`prcsorjojs fhïssjfos7 FK@ÊRFJK, JED×VTRJO c VCRYJÌKV . <- Yïrjk Yïrjkss cvc cvcetk etkss ku jet jetcri cricrç crçefj efjos os pkd pkdc` c` otr otrop opohm ohmor or ks kbg kbgctj ctjvks vks dos c`p c`prcs rcsos. os. @cefjkec, pchk `ceks, dkjs prkbhcòs. R7 Fk`pctjìæk òjs ofjrrodo R7 Fk`pctjìæk ofjrrodo,, ecfcssjdodc ecfcssjdodc dc jekvoìæk j`cdjoto, j`cdjoto, busfo dc tcfekhkljo, ùdoeìo ek quodrk dc söfjks ctf. = - ^rccefmo os hofueos7

ôro ot ôro otje jelj ljrr kb kbgc gctjtjvk vkss c` c`pr prcs csor orjo jojs js,, k `k `kej ejtk tkro ro`c `cet etk k fk fkes esto toet etcc dk qu qucc of ofke ketc tcfc fc dcetrk do c`prcso (@JFRKO@BJCETC) c to`bê` ikro do c`prcso (@OFRKO@BJCETC) ê iuedo`cetoh. : - Cxphjquc k quc ê ^cssko Guràdjfo. R7 ^cssko Guràdjfo ê o cetjdodc obstroto fk` cxjstçefjo c rcspkesobjhjdodc guràdjfos R7 ^cssko fk`k, pkr cxc`phk, uò osskfjoìæk, c`prcso, fk`poemjo, hcloh`cetc outkrjzodos. ?> - Fkefcjtuc Fketrotk Vkfjoh. R7 Dkfu`cetk quc cstobchcfc, gurjdjfo`cetc, rcspkesobjhjdodcs c djrcjtks cetrc duos ku ` ojs pcsskos quc sc uec` poro poro fkestj tujìæk dc u` c`prc c`prccedj`cetk. cedj`cetk. ?? - ^rcce ^rccefm fmoo os ho hofu fueo eoss jd jdce cetjtjijijfo foed edk k o dj djeâ eâ`j `jfo fo do ob obcr crtu turo ro c ic icfm fmo` o`ce cetk tk dc krloejzoìócs7

"Tkdks ks djos, ekvos c`prcsos sæk JEOSLSRODOV, kutros toetos sæk ICFMODOV, ISEDJDOV , c JEFKR^KR JEFKR^KRODO ODOV V gustjijfoedk o djeâ`jfo dos otjvjdodcs fkrpkrotjvos dk ùedk `kdcrek. _uojs sæk os pks pkssjb sjbjhjd jhjdodc odcss dc fho fhossj ssjijf ijfoìæ oìæk k dc c`p c`prcs rcsos os opr oprcsc cscet etodo odoss c` ?2 - _uojs ekssks cstudks; R7 Ot R7 Otjvjdodc jvjdodc cfkeô`jfo, trjbutoìæk trjbutoìæk c prkpr jcdo jcdodc. dc.

Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos

??:


?6 - _uoetk î otjvjdodc cfkeô`jfo, quojs ks sctkrcs c` quc sc cequodro` os c`prcsos; R7 ^rj`ïrjk, R7 ^rj`ïrjk, scfuedïrjk c t crfjï crfjïrjk. rjk. ?4 - _uc tjpk dc otjvjdodc dcscevkhvc uò c`prcso dk sctkr prj`ïrjk; R7 Otj R7 Otj vjdodcs hjlodos î eoturczo7 eoturczo7 cxtroìæk, cxtroìæk, fuhtj vk ku frjoìæk.

OSHO OSH O2 ? - Fkefcjtuc Od`jejstroìæk.

Rcspkstos pkssàvcjs7 ? - Od`jejstror ê djrjljr uò krloejzoìæk utjhjzoedk têfejfos dc lcstæk poro quc ohfoefc scus kbgctjvks dc ikrò cijfjcetc, cijfoz c fk` rcspkesobjhjdodc skfjoh c o`bjcetoh. 2 - Od`jejstroìæk ê o otjvjdodc muòeo quc djrcfjkeo rcfursks dc u` c`prccedj`cetk, fkkrdceoedk-ks, dcfjdjedk, ovohjoedk c fketrkhoedk poro quc sc kbtcemo scus kbgctjvks prkpkstks. 2 - Fk`phctc os hofueos7

K lcrcefjo`cetk dc eclöfjks ofketcfc c` o`bjcetcs c` quc os pcsskos ossu`c` RCV^KEVOBJHJDODCV c to`bê` sc cequodro` c` sjtuoìócs dc OSTKRJDODC, ku scgo, sæk sub`ctjdks, ku cxcrfc` pkdcr. 6 - Ok oeohjsor`ks mobjhjdodcs dos pcsskos eos torcios dk djo-o-djo, pkdc`ks scporï-hos c` quojs fotclkrjos; R7 Têfejfo, R7 Têfejfo, Muòeo c Fkefcjtuoh. 4 - Dcetrc ks vïrjks iotkrcs oprcscetodks, quc gustjijfo` o od`jejstroìæk dc eclöfjks, `cefjkec, ok `ceks, duos `ktjvoìócs. ^kssjbjhjdodcs dc rcspksto sæk7 @uhtjphjfor potrj`ôejk. Rcduzjr c chj`jeor dcspcsos dcsecfcssïrjos. K fopjtoh fopjtoh do c`prcso dcvc dcvc scr rcovjdk pchks söfjks. Jevcstjr ek frcsfj`cetk jetcrek. Ecfcssjdo Ec fcssjdodc dc dc fr jor c f ketrkh or krìo`cetks. @kejtkror prkdutks ku scrvjìks. Ihcxjbjhjdodc eks cpjsödjks c` quc k phoecgo`cetk eæk ikj cijfjcetc c fkòedor o oljhjdodc eo supcroìæk supcroìæk dks prkbhcòs. Oprk Op rkvcj vcjtor tor kp kpkr krtu tuej ej dod dodcs cs je jecsp cspcrod crodos. os. Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos

?2>


3 - Ossjeohc o ohtcreotjvo quc oprcsceto iotkrcs dctcr`jeoetcs dk çxjtk do lcstæk od`jejstrotjvo7

( ) o- vjsæk, vjsæk, jesjstç jesjstçefjo efjo o quohqu quohqucr cr prcìk, prcìk, jefcetj jefcetjvk, vk, rcfursk rcfurskss c phoek phoek dc oìæk oìæk ( ) b- rcvjs rcvjsæk, æk, fk`pc fk`pctçef tçefjo, jo, `ktjv `ktjvoìæk oìæk,, rcfursks rcfursks c phoek phoek dc oìæk ( x ) f- vjsæk, fk`pctçefjo, jefcetjvk, rcfursks c phoek dc oìæk ( ) d- vjsæk vjsæk,, fk`pct fk`pctçefjo çefjo,, jefcetjv jefcetjvk, k, djsfurs djsfursks ks c phoek dc oìæk oìæk 9 - ^rccefmo os hofueos7

Toy oyhk hkrr, k "^ "ôj oj do Od Od`j `jej ejst stro roìæ ìæk k Fj Fjce cetà tàijijfo fo", ", ik ikfo fovo vo sc sc`p `prc rc o CIJFJÇEFJO c CIJFÏFJO kpcrofjkeoh eo lcstæk dc eclöfjks jedustrjojs. < - Toyhkr to`bê` ofcetuku ks fkeihjtks fk` ks sjedjfotks pcho kfkrrçefjo dc dc`jssócs c jesotjsioìócs lcrodks pchk ekvk fceïrjk dc rchoìócs cetrc c`prcso c c`prclodks.

( x ) fcrtk

(

) crrodk

= - Dc ofkrdk fk` ekssks cstudks, k quc Toyhkr qujs djzcr fk` "prjefàpjks fjcetàijfks c` substjtujìæk ok c`pjrjs`k"; Rcspkstos pkssàvcjs7 ? - ^rïtjfo od`jejstrotjvo fjcetàijfo, boscodo c` prjefàpjks c eæk ek prkfcssk dc tcetotjvo skb rjsfk. 2 - Tkdos os torcios prcfjso` dc u` cstudk prchj`jeor poro quc scgo dctcr`jeodo uò `ctkdkhkljo pröprjo vjsoedk sc`prc ok scu `ïxj`k dcscevkhvj`cetk. : - Toyhkr `cefjkeo quc dcvc` cxjstjr rclros bïsjfos poro o djvjsæk dc torcios c` djicrcetcs ctopos dos djvcrsos otjvjdodcs. Chc rcicrc-sc o7

( ) o - djvjs djvjsæk æk dc cqu cqujpc jpcss dk dk `cs` `cs`k k sctk sctkr r ( x ) b - djvjsæk dk trobohmk ( ) f- tr trcj cjeo eo`c `cet etk k pu purk rk ( ) d - fk fkkr krdc dceo eoìæ ìæk k ?> - Eo djvjsæk dc outkrjdodc c rcspkesobjhjdodc, fk`k ijfo` os torcios; R7 Os torcios dc phoecgo`cetk c djrcìæk dcvc` scr scporodos doquchos rcicrcetcs R7 Os î cxc cxcfuìæk fuìæk dk trobo trobohmk. hmk. ?? - Ioykh sc dcstofku pkr ceiotjzor7

( ) o - oeï oeïhjs hjscc opceo opceoss dc tc` tc`pks pks c `êtk `êtkdks dks ( ) b - oeï oeïhjs hjscc dc soh sohïrj ïrjks ks c prk prkduì duìæk æk opce opceos os ( ) f - cst cstudk udk dks àed àedjfc jfcss dc prk prkdut dutjvj jvjdod dodc c ( x ) d - tckrjo lhkboh do oìæk od`jejstrotjvo, cstruturo c iuefjkeo`cetk dks sctkrcs. Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos

?2?


?2 - _uojs sæk os iueìócs bïsjfos do lcstæk dc eclöfjks, scluedk Ioykh; R7 Tê Têfejfo, fejfo, fk`crfjoh, i jeoefc jeoefcjro, jro, fketïbjh, scluro scluroeìo eìo c od`jejstrotjvo. ?6 - "O subkrdj subkrdjeoì eoìæk æk dk jet jetcrc crcssc ssc jedjvjdu jedjvjduoh oh ok fkh fkhctj ctjvk" vk".. Cst Cstcc ê u` dks quo quotkr tkrzc zc prjefàpjks dc Ioykh. Cxphjquc-k. R7 Rchcvâefjo R7 Rchcvâefjo dks jetcrcsscs lcrojs do krloejzoìæk oks jetcrcsscs jedjvjduojs. ?4 - Fk`phctc o irosc7

Ioykh djvuhlku o höljfo dc quc k Od`jejstrodkr trobohmo fk` ^HO ECGO@CET ECGO@CETK K, KRLOEJWOÌÆK , FKETRKHCV, FKKRDCE FKKRDCEOÌÆ OÌÆK K c FK@OEDK. ?3 - Cxphjquc o oijròìæk dc Ioykh7 "O fopofjdodc têfejfo dk`jeo o bosc do csfoho mjcrïrqujfo cequoetk o fopofjdodc od`jejstrotjvo dk`jeo k tkpk c, î `cdjdo quc ohluê` sc chcvo eo csfoho mjcrïrqujfo, o j`pkrtâefjo rchotjvo do fopofjdodc od`jejstrotjvo ou`ceto cequoetk o do fopofjdodc têfejfo dj`jeuj"7

Rcspkstoss pkssàvcjs7 Rcspksto Dcstofo o rchoìæk do fopofjdodc têfejfo fk` o fopofjdodc od`jejstrotjvo dos pcsskos, ku scgo, quoetk òjs k fkhobkrodkr skbc eo mjcrorqujo, `ceks trobohmk kpcrofjkeoh d csc cscevkhvcrï evkhvcrï c òjs trobo trobohmks hmks jetchcftuo jetchcftuojs js scræ scræk k dc suo r cspkeso cspkesobjhjdodc. bjhjdodc. Dcpcedcedk Dc pcedcedk dk eàvch dc pkdcr, os mobjhjd odcs têfejfos posso` o scr fodo vcz òjs od`jejstrotjvos.

OSHO OSH O6 ? - Dcetrc os vïrjos otjvjdodcs lcrcefjojs, `cefjkec uò dos cstudodos7

Rcspkstoss pkssàvcjs7 Rcspksto ? - Tkòr dcfjsócs c rcskhvcr prkbhcòs 2 - ^rkfcssor jei kròìócs 6 - Rcprcscetor Rcprcscetor o c`prcso 4 - Od`jejstr or pcsskos 3 - Fujdor Fujdor do pr öprjo forrcjro

Dcporto`cetohjzoìæk. etohjzoìæk. 2 - Fkefcjtuc Dcporto`c R7 Kpcroìæk R7 Kpcro ìæk dc djv jdjr o krloejzoìæk krloejzoìæk pkr dcp dcporto orto`cetks `cetks c sctkrcs dc ofkrdk fk` o djvjsæk dk trobo trobohmk hmk c djrcìæk eu` ` cs`k eàvch eàvch dc outkrjd odc odc.. Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos

?22


6 - ôro quc scrvc u` Krloeklroò; R7 ôro ôro rcp rcprcsc rcsceto etorr lro lroijfo`c ijfo`cetc etc ks eàv eàvcjs cjs mjc mjcrïrqujfk rïrqujfkss c dcp dcpo orto rto`c `ceto etojs js dc u` c`prc c`prccedj`c cedj`cetk. etk. 4 - Ek quc sc rcicrc îs iueìócs krloejzofjkeojs, prkduìæk, vcedos c ijeoeìos scrjo`7

o - ( ) iue iueìó ìócs cs dc op opkj kjk k b - ( x ) iueìócs csscefjojs f - ( ) iue iueìóc ìócss dc sus sustce tceto toìæk ìæk d - ( ) iue iueìó ìócs cs sc scfu fued edïr ïrjo joss c - ( ) iu iueì eìóc ócss pr prj` j`ïr ïrjo joss 3 - Osskfjc ks tjpks dc krloejzoìæk î suo dcijejìæk.

( o ) krloejzoìæk iuefjkeoh

( b ) od`jejstroìæk jedjvjduoh dks prkdutks

( b ) krloejzoìæk pkr prkdutk

( d ) uejdodcs djvjdjdos poro otcedj`cetk

( f ) krloe krloejzoìæ jzoìækk pkr tcrrjtörjk tcrrjtörjk ku ku lcklrïijfo lcklrïijfo ( c ) fk`bjeo` tkdks ks tjpks dc cstruturo ( d ) krloejzoìæk pkr fhjcetc

( o ) `kdk òjs sj`phcs dc dcporto`cetk

( c ) cstruturos fk`pkstos

( f ) foroftcrjzodo pkr ïrcos lcklrïijfos

9 - Ossjeohc fk` Y (Ycrdodcjrk) ku I (Iohsk)7

( Y ) Iue Iueìóc ìócss krl krloej oejzof zofjke jkeojs ojs sæk fke fkegue guetks tks dc to torci rcios os jet jetcrd crdcpc cpcedc edcetc etcs, s, tk tkdos dos fketrjbujedk poro o rcohjzoìæk do `jssæk, prkpösjtk ku torcio tktoh dc uò krloejzoìæk. ( I ) Eo krloejzoìæk iuefjkeoh, o outkrjdodc ê òjs o`pho ek scetjdk vcrtjfoh. ( I ) Sò hjemo dc prkdu prkduìæk ìæk djvcrsjijfod djvcrsjijfodo, o, ku ojedo ojedo,, uò prcstodkro prcstodkro dc scrvjìks djicrcefjodks euefo prcfjso od`jejstror jedjvjduoh`cetc fodo u` dc scus prkdutks ku scrvjìks. ( Y ) O Krloejzoìæk pkr Fhjcetc ê oprkprjodo poro poro otcedj`cetk otcedj`cetk dc dc fhjcetcs djicrcefjodks, ks quojs pkssuc` ecfcssjdodcs djstjetos, ku ojedo, ek otcedj`cetk dc fhjcetcs jluojs, òs fk` ecfcssjdodcs djicrcefjodos. Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos

?26


OSHO OSH O4 ? - _uojs sæk os prjefjpojs iueìócs bïsjfos dk prkfcssk od`jejstrotjvk; R7 ^hoecgor, R7 ^hoecgor, Krloejzor, Djrjljr c Fketrkhor. 2 - Dc fkeikr`jdodc fk` ekssks cstudks, dcijeo phoecgo`cetk.

Rcspkstoss pkssàvcjs7 Rcspksto ? - Dcijejr Dcijejr kbgctjvks ku r csuhto csuhtodks dks o scrc` scrc` ohfoeìodks. 2 - Dcijejr Dcijejr `cjks poro pkssjbj hjtor o r co cohjzo hjzoìæk ìæk dc r csuhto csuhtodks. dks. 6 - Jetcricrjr eo rcohjdodc rcohjdodc poro possor possor dc uò sjt uoìæ uoìæk k fkemcfjdo î kut ro sjt uoìæ uoìæk k dcscgodo dcsc godo dcetrk dcetrk dc u` j etcrvohk dcijejdk d c tc`pk. 4 - Tkòr, ek prcscetc, dcfjsócs quc oictc` k iuturk poro rcduzjr suo jefcrtczo. 6 - Fk`phctc7

K phoecgo`cetk fkestjtuj o ^RJ@CJRO ctopo dk prkfcssk od`jejstrotjvk. Ê o iue ìæk do od od`j `jej ejst stro roìæ ìækk qu quc c dc dctc tcr` r`je jeo, o, OETCFJÔDO@CETC , qu quoj ojss ks kb kbgc gctj tjvk vkss oh`cgodks. 4 - Ossjeohc o ohtcreotjvo quc oprcsceto ks iuedo`cetks dk ^rkfcssk dc ^hoecgo`cetk7

( ) o - iotkr iotkr pue puejtj jtjvk, vk, fk` fk`prk prk`js `jssk sk c ihcx ihcxjbj jbjhjd hjdodc odc.. ( ) b - io iotkr tkr rcs rcstrj trjtjv tjvk, k, fk`p fk`prk` rk`jss jssk k c jeihc jeihcxjb xjbjhjd jhjdodc odc.. ( x ) f - iotk iotkrr rcstrjtjvk, rcstrjtjvk, fk`prk`js fk`prk`jssk sk c ihcxjbjhjdod ihcxjbjhjdodc. c. ( ) d - iotk iotkrr rcotj rcotjvk, vk, fk` fk`prk prk`js `jssk sk c ihcx ihcxjbj jbjhjd hjdodc odc.. 3 - _uojs sæk ks eàvcjs fhïssjfks dc ^hoecgo`cetk; R7 Cstrotêljfk, R7 Cstrotêljfk, Tïtjfk / Iuefjkeoh c Kpcrofjkeoh.

9 - O dcfhoroìæk dc `jssæk dc uò c`prcso ikrecfc o oeuefjoìæk oeuefjoìæk dos `ctos lcrojs poro tcòs prjefjpojs do suo cstrotêljo, ossj` fk`k rcprcsceto o dcfhoroìæk òjs o`pho dcho. O oijròìæk cstï7 ( x ) fcrto ( ) crrodo < - K quc ê Cstrotêljo; R7 Vchcìæk R7 Vchc ìæk dks `cjks, dc quohqucr quohq ucr eoturcz eotur czo, o, c`pr c`prclo clodks dks poro rcohjzor rcohjzor kbg ctjvks ctjvks.. K fkefcjtk fkefc jtk dc cstro strotê têljo ljo cstï osskfjo sskfjodk, dk, prjefjp prjefjpo oh`c h`cetc etc,, î ec ecfc fcssjdo ssjdodc dc dc otjeljr kbgctjvks c` sjtuoìócs fk`phcxos lcroh`cetc quoedk cxjstc` o`coìos do fkefkrrçefjo ku dc kutrk iotkr jefketrkhïvch cxtcrek î c`prcso. Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos

?24


KRLOEJWOÌÆK DC C@^RCVOV

Rcspksto Fk`phctc k kr loeklro loeklroò, ò, poro poro o i jluro @ctoh÷rljf @ctoh÷rljf o A, quc pkssuj u` ^rc ^rcsjdcetc, sjdcetc, 6 Djrctkrcs, c ks sclujetcs lcrcetcs7 ? - ^rkduìæk 2 - @oeutceìæk 6 - Fk`pros c Od`jejstroìæk dc @otcrjojs 4 - Ycedos 3 - ^rk`kìócs c ^csqujsos 9 - Ossjstçefjo Têfejfo < - Fketobjhjdodc = - Ijeoefcjrk : - ^csskoh

^RCVJDCETC

DJRCTKR JEDSVTRJOH

LCRCETC ^RKDSÌÆK

LCRCETC LCRCETC FK@^ROV C @OESTCEÌÆK OD@. @OTCRJOJV

DJRCTKR IJEOEÌOV

DJRCTKR @ORACTJEL

LCRCETC YCEDOVC OVVJVTÇEFJO TÊFEJFO

LCRCETC ^RK@KÌOK C ^CV_SJVO

LCRCETC FKETÏBJH

LCRCETC IJEOEFCJRK COEÏHJVC

LCRCETC ^CVVKOH

KBV7 Fk`pros c Od`jejstroìæk @otcrjojs pkdc` cvcetuoh`cetc ijfor o forlk do KBV7 Fk`pros Djrctkrjo dc Ijeoeìos. Krloejzoìæk dc C`prcsos

?23


Bjbhjklroijo prïtjfk dc Od`jejstroìæk ijeoefcjro. Rjk dc Goecjrk7 Fo`pus, OVVCI, Rkbcrtk. Lujo prïtjfk ?::<. @oeuoh euoh dc ph oek dc eclöfjks . Væk ôuhk7 Othos, 2>>9. BCREORDJ, Hujz Oetkejk7 @o C`prcsos7 uò Obkrdolc` Obkrdolc` FMJOYCEOTTK, Jdohbcrtk. Od`je jstroìæk dc C`prcsos7 Fketjlcefjoh . Væk ôuhk7 @oarke Bkkas, ?::4.

FMJOYCEOTTK, Jdohbcrtk. Od`jejstroìæk - Tckrjo, ^rkfcssk c ^rïtjfo . Væk ôuhk7 @oarke Bkkas, 2>>>. FMJOYCEOTTK, Jdohbcrtk. Jejfjoìæk î Od`jejstroìæk Lcroh . Væk ôuhk7 Othos, 2>>>. FMJOYCEOTTK, Jdohbcrtk. Tckrjo Lcroh do Od`jejstroìæk . Rjk dc Goecjrk7 Fo`pus, 2>>?. DOYCE^KRT, Tmkòs1 M & Scmoro, Jrjecu. Rccelcemorjo dc ^rkfcssks . Rjk dc Goecjrk7 Cd.Fo`pus,? Cd.Fo`pus,?::4. ::4. IOZKH, Mcery. Od`jejstroìæk jedustrjoh c lcroh . Væk ôuhk7 Othos, ?::4. Lcstæk stæk dc pcsskos7 pcsskos7 u` ceikquc eks pröpr jks pr kijssjk eojs . Væk LJH, Oetk Oetkejk ejk Forhks. Forhks. Lc ôuhk7 Othos, 2>>?.

LRCJECR, Horry C. Morvord Busjecss Rcvjcw, òj-gue, ?:9<. oìæk k Fketc Fketc`pkrâeco `pkrâeco. Væk ôuhk7 @oarke Bkkas, ?::2. MO@^TKE, Dovjd. Od` jejstr oìæ ^krtulucso . Rjk dc Goecjrk Cd. Kbgctjvo, MKSOJVV, Oetkejk. Djfjkeïrjk dc H àeluo ^krtulucso 2>>?.

HSJW, Vjefhojr Vjefhojr.. Krloejzoìæk Têfejfo c Fk`crfjoh - Jetrkduìæk î Od`jejstroìæk . Væk ôuhk7 Vorojvo, ?:::. @OHTMSV, Rkbcrt Tmkòs. ^ràefjpjks dc Cfkek`jo ^khàtjfo. Væk ôuhk 7 Ekvo Fuhturoh, ?:=9. @OR], Aorh M. K fopjtoh . Væk ôuhk7 Êdjpk, 2>>=. @O]J@JOEK, Oetkejk F. O. Jetrkduìæk î Od`jej stroìæk. Væk ôuhk7 Iuturo, ?::<.

RKVVCTJ, Gksê ^. Jetrkduìæk î Cfkek`jo . Væk ôuhk7 Othos, 2>>6. VOEDKYOH, VOEDKY OH, @orfk O.1 TRKVTCR, Rkbcrtk H. Cfkek`jo bïsjfo. Væk ôuhk7 Otho Othos, s, ?::=. VOEDRKEJ, ôuhk. Troduzjedk k Cfkek`çs . Rjk dc Goecjrk7 Bcst Vchhcr, 2>>3. VFMK^CEMOSCR, Ortmur Ortmur.. K ùedk fk`k vketodc c rcprcscetoìæk . Væk ôuhk7 Ekvo Fuhturoh, ?::=. V@JTM, Odo`. O rjquczo dos eoìócs . Væk ôuhk7 Mcùs, 2>>=. Tckrjoss Od`je jstrotjvos î Od`jej stroìæk SMH@OEE, Løetcr \. Od`je jstroìæk - dos Tckrjo Ophjhjfod Op fodo o c Fke Fkett c`p c`pkr krâeco âeco . Væk ôuhk7 ITD, ?::<.

Vjtcs ^csqujsodks www.`djf.lkv.br/pubhjfo/sdp/dkf/fortjhmo@^@c.pdi www.scbrocsp.fk`.br www.bkvcspo.fk`.br www.gufcsp.sp.lkv.br www.pkrtohdocfkek`jo.fk`.br www.ecthcljs.fk`.br

Gestão Comercial - Módulo 1 - Volume 1

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