Bentor, Sheena Estrella S.
BS in Management IV
January 23, 2013
P.I. 100 1st long Exam
Part 1 1. Illustrate (draw a diagram) and discuss about the ancient Philippine political institutions.
Datu
The unit of social organization with broader political, economic, and religious features than the family was the barangay, headed by the native chieftain called datu or rajah. Early Filipino settlements varied in population sizes. Some were inhabited by thousands of people while others were small, composed of some few scattered family members.
In the Ancient political institution we have the datus, babaylans, and the panday/bagani. The datu is the head or the chieftain of the community. It is the executive and legislative body (making and execution of laws.) The community would serve the datu in times of war, travel, farming, harvesting and fishing. Laws of the barangay may be written or unwritten. Also, there is the council of leaders. In making the laws, the datu recommends a law while the council of elders reviews and agrees while the umalahokan announces to the barangay the agreed law. The datu are the political leaders of the barangay. Next, we have the Babaylans. They are female priest and is said that they can communicate with the gods. The babaylans are the religious leader that is equivalent to the modern day priests. People always ask for wisdom from the babaylans. Lastly, the Panday/Bagani are the warriors and of military body.
Babaylans
Panday/Bagani
2. Illustrate (draw a diagram) and discuss about political institutions in the Philippines under Spanish rule.
Spanish Crown
Governor General
In 1565-1821, Captaincy-General was administered by the Spanish King through the viceroyalty of Nueva Espana and the Real y Supremo Consejo de las Indias are the administrator overseeing the colonies of the Spanish empire. This is all what we call the Spanish Crown.
Bureaucracy in the colonial Philippines may be divided into different levels of administration: Central or national level, provincial, city, municipal and barrio. The central or national level is governed by the gobernadorAlcalde Mayor general. He is the commander-in-chief of the army and the navy, the President of the Supreme Court and the Vice-real patron who has the power over ecclesiastical appointments in the church and the right to supervise Ayuntamiento mission work. The Alcalde Mayor/ Provincial Governor governed the pacified provinces and districts while the Corregidors governs corregimiento/unpacipied military zones. They exercise executive and Gobernadorcillo judicial powers and have the special privilege of engaging in the trade through the indulto de comercio (privilege the alcaldes enjoyed between 1751-1844 before being abolished.) The ayuntamiento or the city Cabeza de Barangay government was formed in 1889. In 1894, there were 8 ayuntamientos: Manila, Iloilo, Cebu, Jaro, Batangas, Albay, Nueva Caceres, and Vigan. Ayuntamientos are composed of, for example Manila Cabildo, two alcaldes ordinaries, a number of regidores, an alguacil mayor and escribano.
In the municipal level, it is headed by the gobernadorcillo or “little governor.” This is the highest position that a Filipino could achieve during that time. If you are any Filipino or Chinese mestizo, 25 yrs. old, literate in oral or written Spanish and is a former cabeza de barangay for 4 years, you could be a gobernadorcillo. He is then assisted by 3 supernumeraries or inspectors in supervising matters such as boundaries of cultivated fields, branding livestock, police and constables. Also, assisting are 4 tenientes segundos. Lastly, we have the barrio governed by the cabeza de barangay which acts as the tax and contribution collector for the gobernadorcillo. When you are a cabeza de barangay you are exempted from taxation, and with your 25 years of service, you will be exempted from forced labor. To be able to hold this position, you should have literacy in Spanish, has good moral character and has property ownership. 3. Analyze and compare the changes of the ancient Philippine political institutions and the Hispanized Philippine political system and government. Long before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, the natives had a civilization of their own, a civilization that partly came from the Malay settlers and partly to the response to the new environment. Since a datu rule a barangay and the word barangay originated from the word balangay (boat),Fr. Juan de Plasencia speculated that the datu arose from the captain of a boat migrating to the Philippines with his family, relatives and servants. During the pre-colonial period, trading was one of the reasons why there are immigrants here in the Philippines that later on became the datu/raja. The datus/raja were those wealthy and of high status immigrants from the neighboring places like Indonesia and Borneo. The factors that influenced the creation of such pre-colonial political institutions are trading that brought the rajas/datus in the Philippines and some other chieftains, religion which is visible during that time, and the war wherein you will see the warrior class. In pre-colonial times, people strongly believed in diwatas, anito and some other entity. This is the reason why there are babaylan (lady priest), because they are believed to have the ability to talk to the higher beings and can grant your wishes with the use of rituals. Moreover, at this point in time, war is already present between the barangays, caused by the death of someone belonging to one barangay without just reasons, having the warriors as one of its political institution. On the other hand, during the Spanish rule, there was another set of institution that was imposed. The datus that were once the chieftains of the barangay and enjoying high priveleges were undressed of this royalty and roles. The datu’s once hereditary position became subject to Spanish appointment. Now, the basis for these political institutions is according to the colonizers, considering the Spanish to be the ones to rule the natives or the indios. Indio’s were limited to gobernadorcillo as the highest position that they can attain. The institutions were the result of dividing the regions by the Spaniards into areas based on their bureaucratic structures. In such institutions, education or being well conversed with Spanish, the goals of the royal crown and its functions, is of much importance. This serves as the basis in attaining your post within these institutions. With these differences and changes in the political institutions, the natives and the datus/raja learn to adapt and grab the opportunities that are present in order to survive and still live with some of the privileges that they have before.
the nobles
the freemen the dependents
4. Illustrate (draw a diagram) and discuss about the ancient Filipino social stratification. The ancient Filipino social stratification was divided into three classes: the nobles, the freemen, and the dependents. The nobles, consisting of the chiefs or the datus and their families, they are the ruling class which had started to accumulate land that it owned privately or administered in the name of the clan or community. They wielded tremendous influence in the barangay and enjoyed certain rights that were not usually enjoyed by the other members of the society. Next, we have the intermediate class of freemen called the maharlika. This social class was composed of free men and dependents who had earned their freedom, but they are bound to follow the chief to war. Also, they pay no taxes. Moreover,
occupying the lowest stratum were the dependents or oripuns and known as alipin among the Tagalogs. There were two kinds of alipin, the aliping namamahay and the aliping sagigilid. The aliping namamahay had his own family and house and only serve his mater during planting and harvest season, helped in the construction of his house and served visitors. The sagigilid, on the other hand, owns no property, lives with the master and could not marry without the latters consent. 5. Illustrate (draw a diagram) and discuss about Hispanized Filipino social straticifation. The Peninsulares which included the Spanish friars are the highest class in the Hispanized Filipino social stratification. They are the pure blooded Spaniards born in Spain (the Iberian peninsula). These Peninsulares are considered the wealthiest and most politically powerful among the social classes. Moreover, Insulares they have the highest positions in the government and are referred to as Kastilas. Next in the stratum are the Insulares. They are of Spanish ancestry but born in the Philippines. The clase media or middle class consisted of four Mestizos subclasses: the Spanish mestizos (mestizos de Espanol); the principales; ilustrados; and the Chinese mestizos (mestizos de Sangley). The mestizos or half breed, which initially referred only to those of Spanish-native descent, had Ilustrados an indio parent and a Spanish or Chinese parent. Mestizos, in general, constituted no more than 2% of the population. In addition to, a principales is someone that is a previous datu/raja during the pre-hispanic period, the rich Principales plantation owners, and the local officials or ex-officials such as the gobernadorcillo. During the colonization, the Spaniards bought the loyalty of the datus and collaborated with the elite. The Ilustrados (Spanish for “erudite,” Indios “learned” or “enlightened ones”), constituted the wealthy Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century. It is said that they were the middle class educated in Spanish and exposed to Spanish liberal and European nationalist ideals. Lowest in the social classes were indios. They are all native Filipino, born in the Philippines with both indio parents.
Peninsulares
6. Analyze and compare the changes between the ancient Philippine social stratification and the Hispanized Filipino social stratification. The ancient Philippine social stratification as I have observed, is that it is based on whether they have descended from the ruling class or the datus, the intermediary class wherein they have not acquired debts that will subject them to slavery and/or slaves or the dependents that were freed from their indebtedness. This social stratification follows a simple structure, and belonging to a lower class is the result of indebtedness, caught during the baranganic wars and if you were born with parents from the lower stratum. On the other hand, during the Spanish rule, the social stratification was based on the nationality or the place of your origin (place of birth) and genetic make-up. If you are a pure blooded Spanish and were born in Spain, you belong to the highest class in the social stratification. Belonging to the ruling class during the pre-colonial period gives you a higher rank than the ordinary masses but lower than those with Spanish blood or mestizos.
Test II. 1. What is political socialization theory? Discuss how it can be utilized in the study of the life and works or Jose Rizal.
According to the discussion of Prof. Pernia, political socialization is “the process by which individuals in a given society become acquainted with the political system and which to a significant degree determines their perceptions of politics and their reactions to political phenomena”(Lawson). Also, according to Fred Greenstein, we use past events as foundations in our understanding with the present and a springboard for the future. So in the study of the life and works of Jose Rizal we can use the three levels of analysis: personal level that refers to the events in one’s personal life, nation-state or domestic level indicating the immediate environment, and global or world system levels that influenced his works greatly. To further understand the life and works of Rizal, we can take a look at the agents of socialization. First, we have the institutions. It consists of the educational system, mass media and military (conscription). We can dig into what type of educational system or institutions were so directly linked that contributed to Rizal’s knowledge and intellect. Second, peer groups are those people who share a level of social standing and age (school or work). Who were the individuals influential to Rizal? Third, we have the primary groups. These are the groups where people have close and informal relationships and share same values. Who and what constitutes Rizal’s family and immediate friends? As a child, who was the most influential to him and served as his first teacher? We all know, probably, that Rizal’s mother was the most influential person to him during his childhood and she was his first teacher. Lastly, we have the secondary groups. These are groups where people have formal and impersonal relationships (church, parties, unions). Upon growing, we may ask, who were Rizal’s immediate association outside his family? Who were those friends and circles lose and influential to him and in what sense? When Rizal was growing up and was sent to study abroad, he joined some unions wherein he gained connections that helped him in his endeavors for his country. Thus, with these guidelines, we will be able to see and evaluate the story behind the big picture of the life and works of Jose Rizal. It will help us in understanding the situations or the era where Rizal belongs. 2. What is your stand regarding the debate between Jose Rizal’s reformation movement and Andres Bonifacio’s nationalist revolutionary struggle? Who do you think should be the Philippine National Hero? What do you think constitutes being a hero? I stand for the reformation movement of Jose Rizal. Why? Because claiming for the Philippine independence is not an easy step and bloodshed will not guarantee the well-being of our motherland and its inhabitants. Reform is needed because the people governing the country including the friars are abusing the powers that were given to them that resulted to the sufferings of the natives. If we can have reform, we can be properly represented in the Spanish Congress so that they will know the exact and factual situations that are happening in the Philippines. Another is that the natives will be given the opportunity to learn the Spanish language and to remove the friars that are very abusive of their powers. In my point of view, during those times, the Philippine is not yet ready for complete independence because no one is still capable of handling and giving a structure to the complex archipelagic situation of the Philippines. I also believe in 1Rizal’s political view that a conquered country like the Philippines should not be taken advantage of but rather should be developed, civilized, educated and trained in the science of self governance. I think Rizal should be the Philippine National Hero because even though he did not approved of the revolution and bloodshed, he inspired a lot of people and triggered their desire for independence and reform. He was the one who made them see the realities of the Philippines. For me, what constitutes a hero is that, a hero is someone who died fighting for his own principle, independent thinker and is nationalistic.
3. Enumerate the economic and socio-cultural institutions in the Philippines under Spanish rule and discuss its effect on the development of Jose Rizal’s ideas and writings. The economic and socio-cultural institutions in the Philippines under the Spanish rule are Taxation without representation, Polo y Servicio, Encomienda: Royal and Private, Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade, Royal
Economic Society of Friends of the Country (1780-1895), Royal Philippine Company (1785-1814), and Infrastructure, Telecommunications and Public Utilities Development. Because of the injustices happening in these economic and socio-cultural institutions, it sparked the drive for reformation of Rizal. He was able to illustrate in his works the things that he wants to express, the events happening in the Philippines that the Spanish Crown and the world doesn’t know. He was able to illustrate how the friars abuse their powers, the violations of human rights of the people and the tyrannical governance of the Spanish administrators. 4. Enumerate the socio-political and economic events in Europe that help to shape Jose Rizal’s ideas and works.
Renaissance – the rebirth of the classical ideas of the Greek. Cultural movements where political phenomenon should be interpreted through religious doctrines Great Age of Exploration or Discovery – the period of Portuguese and Spanish pioneer oceanic explorations First European colonization wave – the creation of colonies in India and other Asian countries. The French Revolution The Age of New Monarchs Formation of states and the rise of modern states Wars of Religion: Catholic Church and Protestant Reformation Spread of Mercantilism
5. Discuss the six patterns of local responses or resistance waged by the Filipinos against Spanish regime. The Native Revolts. The Filipinos began to fight Spaniards the moment they settles permanently in 1565 and continued this resistance to the end of their rule in 1898. The revolts were categorized into three: personal and religious motives, resistance to Spanish-imposed economic and religious institutions, and land problems. The revolts were personally led by former datus and maharlikas, as well as babaylans and katalonas, who had lost their prestige and power in their communities with the coming of the Spaniards, and were supplanted by leaders chosen by the Spaniards and by the Spanish friars. Also, the Spanish institutions of taxation, forced labor, galleon trade, indulto de commercio, and monopolies were persistent irritants that caused a lot of revolt to happen. And these revolts all failed because of the absence of a national leader, lukewarm spirit of nationalism among Filipinos due to its archipelagic nature, and inadequate training and preparation for warfare. The religious movement was an uprising due to the continuous Hispanization of the Filipinos through religion was in line with Spain’s policy of “Gospel, Gold, and Glory.” There were various attempts to Christianize the community however, there are still some who keep their old beliefs instead of embracing the new religion. Some of the uprisings were: Miguel Lanab and Alababan (1625-1627) compelled the Isnegs to turn back from Christian faith and escape to the mountains; Tapar who proclaimed himself as “God Almighty.”; Francisco Rivera (1718) who instructed his adherents to give back the rosaries, scapularies and other religious objects to the Dominican missionaries; and Ermano Apolinario de la Cruz of the Cofradia de San Jose. The secularization movement. Secularization is a process by which the society is slowly transforming from that having close identification with the religious institution to a more separated relationship. It was also considered as the dawn of Philippine Nationalism, particularly after the execution of the GomBurZa. During this time, there were two kinds of priest: the regulars and the seculars. The regular priests belonged to religious orders. Their main task was to spread Christianity (e.g. Franciscans, Dominicans, Recollects and Agustinians.) On the other hand, the secular priests did not belong to any religious order. They were specifically trained to run the parishes and were under the supervision of the bishops. A royal decree was issued on November 9, 1774, which provided for the secularization of all parishes or the transfer of parochial administration from regular friars to the secular priests. The GomBurZa headed the
secularization movement which alleviated the plight of Filipino priests by insisting on the prior right of the native secular clergy to assignment in parishes over that of the friars newly arrived from Spain. Sad to say, a mock trial at Fort Santiago on February 15, 1872, they were sentenced to death by means of the garrote, a Spanish strangulation by an iron collar tightened by a screw. About 200 Filipino military personnel of Fort Felipe in Cavite staged a mutiny on January 20, 1872 that led to the execution of the GomBurZa. The mutineers were led by Sergeant Fernando La Madrid. The mutiny was caused by the removal of personal benefits of the workers such as tax and forced labor exemptions upon the order of the new Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo. With the mutiny, Izquierdo used it to target the GomBurZa and other notable Filipinos known for their liberal thinking. During those times, the Central Government in Madrid was already strongly considering a decree that disallowed the friars to concern themselves with these kinds of matters. Afraid of losing power, they presented the Cavite mutiny to the Central Government as a conspirary, allowing them to condemn, exile and execute many. The Propaganda Movements (reformation) was waged by the ilustrados like Jose Rizal. It is also the height of La Solidaridad. They used the media as a form of expressing their ideas against the Spaniards. The motive of this movement is “reformation” but in the following forms: Philippines being represented in the Spanish Congress, Philippine to become a province of Spain. Reforms are what they wanted, not separation, reforms to remove the friars and to learn the Spanish language so that all natives can understand. In addition to, the KKK & Nationalist revolution was the last of the six patterns. The aid of Andres Bonifacio was to “kill the Spaniards so the natives will live.” One solution was to wage an armed revolution on a national level. During this time, the Filipinos were united,
Sources: 1
http://www.slideshare.net/RizdelRio/rizal-as-a-political-philosopher
http://www.philippinealmanac.com/history/the-social-classes-in-the-history-of-the-philippines-1498.html http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40&dq=precolonial+period+in+the+philippine+history&source=bl&ots=gv4jTMX5XD&sig=4Dn9gDokwMat8wRLzOq0EVSTjY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gJfUN2sO62fiAfSy4G4Cw&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=precolonial%20period%20in%20the%20philippine%20history&f=false http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/456399/Philippines/23714/The-Spanish-period http://www.slideshare.net/Noctis747/social-classes-12942253 http://www.thepinoywarrior.com/2012/01/spanish-filipino-caste-system.html Agoncillo, Teodoro (1970) History of the Filipino People Philippine History’ 2004 Edition by M.C. Halili
P.S. Sir walay “enye” ako laptop… :D dili mugana ang alt+164.. :D
