MONASTIC SUPREMACY
Ang Pagdodomina ng mga Prayle sa Pilipinas
PI 100 THV1 Group 3 September 22, 2013
Monastic Supremacy • Patronato Real • “Service to the God and King” • Clerical Ascendancy
THE FIVE RELIGIOUS ORDERS
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Augustinians (1565) Fray Andres de Urdaneta and four other Augustinians landed in the province of Cebu on April 27, 1565 from Mexico with Miguel
Timeline of Five Religious Orders
Lopez de Legazpi.
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Franciscans (1577) The Ordo Fratum Minorum (OFM), the First Order of Franciscans, Friars Minor. They arrived in Manila on July 2, 1578.
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Jesuits (1581) They arrived in 1581, expelled in 1768 as a result of the suppression of the Jesuits in Europe in 1767, and returned to
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Manila in 1859.
Dominicans (1587) The first fifteen missionaries of the Dominican Order, also known as the Order of Preachers (OP), arrived from Spain by
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way of Mexico on July 21, 1587.
Recollects (1606)
They boarded a ship in Cadiz, Spain in July 1605 and arrived in the province of Cebu in May 1606. By 1608, they had a priory in the walled city of Intramuros.
Spiritual Geography Visayas, Ilocos, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Manila
Laguna, Tayabas (Quezon), Camarines
Manila, Cebu, Leyte, Samar, Bohol, Mindanao Cagayan and Pangasinan, some areas in Manila Remaining scattered places in the Visayas and Mindanao
Contributions of the Missionaries
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Builders of Roads, Bridges, Forts, Irrigation Dams Founders of Hospitals and Orphanages Propagation of Catholicism
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Introduced New Industries
First Teachers of the Natives and Pioneers in the Establishment of the Printing Press
Augustinians
Augustinians • April 27, 1565: Andrés de Urdaneta, Diego de Herrera, Martin de Rada, Andrés de Aguirre, and Pedro de Gamboa: first Augustinian priests to arrive (Cebu) with Miguel Lopez de Legazpi from Mexico • 1565: first house established in Cebu • 1571: first house established in Manila
AUGUSTINIANS Mga ipinatayo: • San Agustin Church • Agustinian Seminary and College sa Vigan • Orphanage at industrial school sa Tambhon
Franciscans
Franciscans • July 2, 1578: Ordo Fratrum Minorum (OFM) Franciscans arrive on Philippine soil. • Orden na sinusunod ang pamumuhay ni St. Francis of Assisi, kilala din bilang Order of the Minor • 1580: San Juan de Dios Hospital ; San Lazaro Hospital • 1586: Naga Hospital of San Diego • November 15, 1586: Province of St. Gregory the Great • 1592: Hospital of Holy Waters (Los Baños)
FRANCISCANS Hospital San Juan de Dios, Manila
FRANCISCANS San Lorenzo Hospital, Manila
Jesuits
Jesuits • Orden na itinayo ni St. Ignatius of Loyola, kilala din bilang Society of Jesus. • 1581: Arrival from Mexico, headed by Antonio Sedeño • 1585: Accepted first Novice (Juan Garcia Pacheco) • 1591: Mission stations established in Balayan, Batangas, in Taytay, and in Antipolo, Rizal. • 1593: first Jesuit mission stations were established in the Visayas in Tibauan, Panay
Jesuits • June 1595: Fr. General Claudio Acquaviva made the Philippine Mission into a Vice Province dependent on the Province of Mexico • September 1595: College of Manila was opened • August 25, 1601: The residential College of San Jose, attached to the College of Manila opened • 1605: made the Philippine Vice Province into an independent Province • 1768: Jesuits were banned from the Philippines.
JESUITS Escuela Municipal de Manila, Intramuros
JESUITS Manila Observatory, Padre Faura
Dominicans
Dominicans • Orden na kilala rin bilang The Order of Preachers/Order of St. Dominic • July 21, 1587: first 15 missionaries of the Dominican Order arrive from Spain via Mexico. • Domingo Salazar - ang unang Obispo ng Maynila, ang kaunaunahang Dominicanong pari na dumating sa Pilipinas • 1593: first two books published Doctrina Christiana, one in Chinese, the other in Spanish and Tagalog) • 1594: Dominicans evangelized the fertile Cagayan Valley • 1611: University of Santo Tomas established • 1619: extended missionary work in the Babuyanes • 1783: Permanently set-foot in Batanes
DOMINICANS Sto. Domingo Church, Intramuros
DOMINICANS University of Sto. Tomas, Manila
DOMINICANS Binondo Church, Manila
DOMINICANS Tumauini Church, Isabela
DOMINICANS University of San Carlos, Cebu
DOMINICANS Colegio de San Juan de Letran,Manila
DOMINICANS Doctrina Christiana • Noong 1593, naimprenta ang unang libro sa Pilipinas, ang Doctrina Christiana sa pamamagitan ni Padre Blancas de San Jose sa tulong ng Tsinong si Juan de Vera. • Unang itinayo sa Binondo pero inilipat sa Unibersidad ng Sto. Tomas na ngayon ay tinawag na UST Press.
DOMINICANS Villa Verde Trail Padre Juan Villaverde - naging arkitekto sa pamosong Villa Verde trail sa Nueva Vizcaya.
Augustinian Recollects
Augustinian Recollects • Kabilang sa Augustinian Order ngunit sumusunod sa mas striktong mga alituntunin. Ang kanilang patron ay si St. Nicholas of Tolentino. • May 1606: Arrived in Cebu • 1607: took charge of Bataan, Zambales and western Pangasinan which were previously abandonded by the Augustinians and the Dominicans • 1608: Priory based in Intramuros • 1622: Pope Gregory XV declares the Recollects a congregration and the Philippines formed one of four separate provinces • 1635: exchanged their small mission in Negros with the islands of Romblon • 1679: Archbishop of Manila gave them Mindoro • 1687: took charge of Masbate
RECOLLECTS San Sebastian Church, Quiapo
Nagpakilala ng mga Bagong Industriya
Manufacture Cattle Industry Cultivation of
Silk raising
Mats
Indigo and
and tile
FR. PEDRO DE SAN AGUSTIN
FR. MATIAS OCTAVIO
Coffee Cultivation
Corn
manufacturing
FR. ANTONIO SEDENO
of Hats and
FR. MARIANO GRANDIA
FR. AGUSTIN JIMENEZ
DISCRIMINATION AMONG SPANISH AND FILIPINO PRIESTS
Agenda • The Opening of the Suez Canal • The Secularization Controversy
The Opening of the Suez Canal Suez Canal - connected the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea -inaugurated in 1869 -built by a French engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps -vessels journeying between Barcelona and Manila no longer had to pass by the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa -traveling time from three months to 32 days.
The Opening of the Suez Canal Suez Canal -trading in the Philippines became increasingly profitable -foreign merchants and businessmen came to the colony, bringing with them a lot of progressive ideas. -Filipinos gained more knowledge and information about the world at large -Filipinos gained the desire for freedom and improvement in their lives
The Secularization Controversy Two kinds of priests served the Catholic Church in the Philippines: • Regular priests - belonged to religious orders and has the main task to spread Christianity (Ex. Franciscans, Recollects) • Secular priests - did not belong to any religious order. They were trained specifically to run the parishes and were under the supervision of the bishops.
The Secularization Controversy • Conflict began when the bishops argued that it’s their duty to check on the administration of parishes run by regular priests. • Regular priests refused these visits, saying that they were not under the bishop’s jurisdiction. They threatened to abandon their parishes if the bishops persisted.
The Secularization Controversy Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa Sancho de Rufina (1728-1787) • accepted the resignations of the regular priests in 1774. • assigned secular priests to take their place • Since there were not enough seculars to fill all the vacancies, he hastened the ordination of Filipino seculars.
The Secularization Controversy • November 9, 1774 - a royal decree was issued which provided for the secularization of all parishes or the transfer of parochial administration from the regular friars to the secular priests. • Regulars resented the move because they considered the Filipinos unfit for the priesthood due to reasons such as the Filipinos’ brown skin, lack of education, and inadequate experience.
The Secularization Controversy • The Spaniards were clearly favouring their own regular priest over Filipino priests.
• Pedro Sebastian Pelaez (1812-1863) - ecclesiastical governor of the Church, sided with the Filipinos.
-died in an earthquake that destroyed the Manila Cathedral in 1863. -after his death, was succeeded by other priests fighting for the secularization movement. (Ex. Gomburza)
CRUSADES AGAINST MONASTIC SUPREMACY
Mga kumalaban sa pagdodomina mga prayle: • Mga Gobernador • Hari • Mga Indio • Mga Obispo • Gomburza • Propagandista
Governors complain to Spanish Monarchs… • Gov. Dasmarinas (1592) – slavery of indios • Gov. Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera (1636) – friars monopolized the business They complained that the friars were infinitely more powerful than the Crown’s representatives.
… But not without a price. • Gov. Diego de Salcedo – imprisoned and died while being shipped back to Mexico in 1669. • Gov. Juan de Vargas - After his term, Archbishop Pardo forced him to stand each day for 4 months in Manila’s streets wearing sackcloth and a rope around his neck - Also died while being shipped back to Mexico
• Gov. Fernando Manuel de Bustamante - found out that the friars were stealing money from the obras pias - Imprisoned the Archbishop - Friars stabbed him to death
The Crown tries to investigate the Friars • 1578 – Spanish Crown ordered the governal general & the president of the Royal Audiencia to examine land titles - nothing happened • 1697 – the Crown ordered a visitador (oidores) from Mexico to determine validity of land titles - friars refused to show titles, claiming exemption - nothing happened
Who has the real power? “If the King sends troops here, the Indians will return to the mountains and forests. But if I shut the church doors, I shall have them all at my feet in twenty-four hours.”
GOMBURZA
Mariano Gomez • 1799-1872 (age 72) • Tornatra (mixed Chinese & Spanish descent) • Theology (UST) • Head priest of Bacoor, Cavite (well-loved) • Printed the newspaper La Verdad – describing the deplorable conditions in the country • Accused of taking part in the Cavite mutiny (1872) "Let us go where the leaves never move without the will of God."
Jacinto Zamora • Born in Pandacan, 1835-1872 (Age 36) • Insulares • Marikina, Pasig, Batangas, Manila Cathedral • Continued the secularization movement of Pelaez • Had a habit of playing cards (panguigui) • "Grand reunion...our friends are well provided with powder and ammunition.“ – means that they have much money to gamble with • Misinterpreted by Spaniards and used as evidence
Jose Burgos • 1837-1872 (age 35) • Born in Vigan to a Spanish officer & Mestiza mother • Two doctorate degrees (Letran & UST) • Liberal views, secularization, “defender of the native clergy”-> caught the attention of Spanish authorities • 1869 – Felipe Buencamino • Close friend of Paciano Rizal "What crime have I committed to deserve such a death? Is there no justice in the world?"
• Execution: February 17, 1872 – Bagumbayan - Gomez -> Zamora -> Burgos
• Ordered by Gov. Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo • Francisco Zaldua - Testified against Burgos - Expected a pardon - also executed that day (1st)
• This event influenced a whole generation of revolutionists (Rizal, Mabini, Bonifacio, Aguinaldo, etc.) • El Filibusterismo dedication
Without 1872, there would have been no Plaridel, Jaena or Sanciongco; nor would the brave and generous Filipino colonies in Europe have existed. Without 1872, Rizal would now have been a Jesuit and instead of writing "Noli Me Tangere," would have written the opposite. Observing those injustices and cruelties fired my young imagination and I pledge to dedicate myself and to avenge some day those victims. With this idea, I have studied and this can be discerned in all my works and writings. God will give me the opportunity someday to keep my vow.
- Jose Rizal
• itinatag ng Propaganda Movement sa Espanya noong Disyembre 13, 1888 • layuning iparating sa Espanya ang mga pangangailangan ng Pilipinas bilang kolonya nito • Graciano Lopez Jaena: unang editor, pinalitan ni Marcelo H. Del Pilar noong Oktubre 1889
Graciano Lopez Jaena • isinilang noong ika-18 ng Disyembre 1856 sa Jaro, Iloilo • anak nina Placido Lopez at Maria Jacoba Jaena
• pinadala ng ina sa Seminario De San Vicente Ferrer upang magpari ngunit mas gusto niyang maging physician kaya sinubukan niyang mag-aral sa University of Santo Tomas ngunit hindi sya natanggap • magaling na mananalumpati kaysa manunulat • para sa kanya, ang Pilipino at Kastila ay iisa, at ang pinakamatayog niyang pangarap ay maging bahagi ni Espanya ang Pilipinas • “Diego Laura”
FRAY BOTOD (1874) • Padre Botod – taguri dahil sa kanyang malaking tiyan • isang maikling nobela at character sketch tungkol sa isang Kastilang prayle at paggamit nila sa relihiyon para sa pagmamalabis nito sa mga Pilipino • ipinakita ang mga bisyo ng mga prayle at ang pagsingil nang mahal sa pagpapalibing at pagpapatubo nang malaki sa mga utang • umikot ang ang kwento sa diskusyon ng isang Pilipino at liberal na kaibigan nitong Kastila • nilarawan niya ang prayle bilang abusado, malupit, tamad, sakim, at mahalay • hindi man nalimbag ay nabasa ng taumbayan ng kopya nito hanggang makarating sa mga prayle dahilan upang ipahanap ang may akda
Marcelo.H. Del Pilar • isinilang sa Kupang, Bulakan, Bulakan noong ika-30 ng Agosto 1850 • pangsiyam na anak nina Julian H. Del Pilar at Blasa Gatmaitan • nag-aral sa Colegio de San Jose at University of Santo Tomas kung saan nagtapos ng abogasya • ‘Di tulad ni Rizal, si Del Pilar ay gumamit ng wikang Tagalog sa paglaban sa mga pang-aabuso ng mga Kastila sa Pilipino • “sinasabing ang panitik ni Del Pilar ay walang-takot, walang-pagod, walangpangingilag, tapat, tahas, at dimapagkakamalian” • “Piping Dilat”, “Plaridel”, “Pupdoh”, at “Dolores Manapat”
DIARIONG TAGALOG (1882) • isang pahayagang pampulitika at unang diyaryong Tagalog • tinustusan ang pagpapalimbag ni Franciso Calvo • dito niya sinulat ang kanyang mga artikulo tungkol sa mga pangaabuso ng mga prayleng Kastila at mga repormang hiling ng mga Pilipino • ikinagalit ito ng mga Espanyol at inutusang ipaaresto siya ngunit nakaalis na siya papuntang Espanya bago ito mangyari • nagtagal lamang ito ng limang buwan
DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Prayer Book and Teasing Game)
• pinakamabangis na akda ni Del Pilar • Isang akdang nakakatawa dahil ipinapakita kung paano sobrang kaiba o kabaliktaran ang mga ginagawa ng mga prayle noon sa kanilang mga sinasabi sa mga Pilipino • dahilan ng pagkakatawag na ‘filibustero’ kay Del Pilar • sinulat niya ang mga dasal gayundin ang mga tanong at sagot sa katesismo at pinalitan nya ang ilang mga salita upang tuligsain ang mga prayle • May mga nagsasabing ito’y kawalanggalang sa relihiyon, ngunit mapapansing hindi Diyos ang tinutuligsa ni Del Pilar kundi ang mga prayle
DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Prayer Book and Teasing Game)
Amain Namin (Parody ng “Our Father“) • Amain naming sumasaconvento ka, sumpain ang ngalan mo, malayo sa amin ang kasakiman mo, quitlin ang liig mo dito sa lupa para nang sa langit. Saulan mo cami ngayon nang aming kaning iyong inaraoarao at patauanin mo kami sa iyong pagungal para nang pag papataua mo kung kami nacucualtahan; at huag mo kaming ipahintulot sa iyong manunukso at iadya mo kami sa masama mong dila.
DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Prayer Book and Teasing Game) Aba Guinoong Barya (Parody ng “Hail Mary“) • Aba guinoong Baria nakapupuno ka nang alcancia ang Fraile’I sumasainyo bukod ka niyang pinagpala’t pina higuit sa lahat, pinagpala naman ang kaban mong mapasok. Santa Baria Ina nang Deretsos, ipanalangin mo kaming huag anitan ngayon at cami ipapatay. Siya naua.
Ang Mga Utos ng Fraile (Parody ng “The Ten Commandments“) • Ang nauna: Sambahin mo ang Fraile na lalo sa lahat. • Ang ikalaua: Huag kang mag papahamak manuba nang ngalang deretsos.
• Ang ikatlo: Mangilin ka sa Fraile lingo man at fiesta. • Ang ikapat: Isangla mo ang catauan mo sa pagpapalibing sa ama’t ina • Ang ikalima: Huag kang mamamatay kung uala pang salaping pang libing
• Ang ikanim: Huag kang makiapid sa kanyang asaua. • Ang ikapito: Huag kang makinakaw. • Ang ikaualo: Huag mo silang pagbibintangan, kahit ka masinungalingan.
• Ang ikasiyam: Huag mong ipagkait ang iyong asaua. • Ang ikapulo: Huag mong itangui ang iyong ari. Itong sampong utos nang Fraile’I dalaua ang kinaoouian. Ang isa: Sambahin mo ang Fraile lalo sa lahat. Ang ikalaua: Ihayin mo naman sa kaniya ang puri mo’t kayamanan. • Siya naua.
CAINGAT CAYO - BEWARE • sinulat ni Fr. Jose Rodriguez • "Ang polyetong ito'y ipinangalat nang walang bayad halos noong taong 1888 bilang paghamak kay Dr. Rizal at sa mga akda nito. Ang may katha ay isang paring kastila sa pangkat ng mga agustino” CAIINGAT CAYO – BE SLIPPERY AS AN EEL • Noong ika-3 ng Agosto ng taon ding yaon, ang polyetong ito ay tinugon ni Marcelo H. del Pilar sa isang polyeto na may lagdang "Dolores Manapat".
ANG CADAQUILAAN NANG DIOS (God’s Goodness) • isang sanaysay na pagtuligsa laban din sa mga prayle, ngunit nagpapahayag ng pilosopiya at pag-ibig sa kalikasan ni Del Pilar
LA SOBERANIA MONACAL EN FILIPINAS (Monastic Supremacy In The Philippines) • isang polyeto na tumutuligsa sa mga prayleng Espanyol tungkol sa mga maling pagtuturo nila na nagresulta sa paghihirap ng mga Pilipino • ginamit ang ngalang-sagisag na “Plaridel” • Tatlong aspeto: • politika • ekonomiya • relihiyon
STATE OF THE CHURCH: THE PAST AND TODAY
Composition • Philippines today consists of many religions: • Roman Catholic - 86% • Other Christian religions - 6% • Protestant - 2% • Muslim - 4% • Non-Western, indigenous beliefs and practices - 2%
Traditions •
Roman Catholic traditions are still done in the country like fiestas, re-enactments, celebration of special days, etc.
Filipino Priests •
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Before, they do not allow otherwise 'trained' Filipino priests to ascend into the higher positions of the Catholic Church hierarchy. Today, Filipinos can freely study and become priests.
Land/money Acquisition • • • • •
“Down payment for a place in heaven” Buying of land Foreclosure of mortgages Land-grabbing Friars to Encomenderos
Political influence •
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Before, friars have a strong hold on the Philippine government. They have the power to endorse certain officials, or have them replaced. Today, politicians ask to be endorsed by the Church officials, the Church also demands in political decisions, and leaders of our country ask guidance from priests, bishops, and the like.
Morals •
During the Spanish era, the Spaniards rigorously destroyed all local religious practices, including indigenous holy places, idols, statues and representations of indigenous spirits, gods and goddesses.
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They also imposed new moralities such as discouraging slave holding, polygamy, gambling and alcohol consumption.
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Today, these moralities are still taught in the church.
Marriage •
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Before, it was considered customary and desirable for the heads of two friendly families to cement their 'alliance' by arranging an appropriate marriage for their children--in many cases while their children were still very young. Today, this is not customary anymore. These are rare cases in society today.
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
“Separation of Church & Government”
• malakas na impluwensya ng simbahan sa mga mananampalataya o taumbayan • kapalit ng di pagsunod sa mga utos ng pari
Fight vs RH bill is Catholic Church’s biggest challenge
Partial divorce bill worries church leaders
Philippine bishop says divorce law is 'the devil at work'
Ang Kaparian: Sex, Politika at Pera South America has become a safe haven for the Catholic Church’s alleged child molesters. The Vatican has no comment. Sexual Misconduct among Priests in the Philippines: Key Cases PANG-AABUSO
KORUPSYON • karangyaan sa gitna ng paghihirap ng lipunan • pagiging “tax-free” ng mga lupang pagmamay-ari ng simbahan/kaparian
