RIZAL COURSE – PRELIMS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF RIZAL’S LIFE, LI FE, WORKS AND WRITINGS WRITI NGS I. RIZAL LAW AND THE TEACHING OF RIZAL COURSE * REPUBLICT ACT 142 - known as the RIZAL LAW. LAW. - Mandates the teaching of the life, works, and writings of Rizal in all schools in the country. * SEN. !OSE P. LAUREL - sponsored the Rizal Law - “Since “Since Rizal was the founder of Filiino nationality and the architect of Filiino nation, there is a need to know and i!"i"e the great ideals and rinciles for which he died.#
CONSTANTINO &1"#"' &1 "#"' # RENATO CONSTANTINO - claimed that it was the $mericans who were rensponsible for endorsing him as the %hilippine national hero.
# TEODORO AGONCILLO &1"(#' - &rote that Rizal was acceptable as a national hero to the $merican because he was the symbol of assimilation, which was their policy then in the %hilippines.
FACTORS TO WHICH RIZAL BECAME THE NTL HERO Rizal was already dead at the time the $mericans began their aggression in the %hilippines. %hilippines. 'o embarassing anti-$merican (uotations could ever be attributed to Rizal. Rizal!s dramatic matyrdom had already made him the symbol of spanish oppression. •
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* RIZAL LAW ENACTED IN 1"# $ It is e$ident that the teaching of the life, works, and writings of our national hero seeks to acco!lish the following o"%ecti$es& o"%ecti$es& To To rededicate rededicate th lives of youth youth to the ideals of freedom and nationalism , for which our heroes lived and died. •
sdh(sh(skhfdeihrwhtlkwethwehtlwehtwhe
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To To pay tribute to our national hero for devoting his life and works in shaping the ilipino character sdh(sh(skhfdeihrwhtlkwethwehtlwehtwhe
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To To gain an inspiring inspiring source source of patrioism patrioism thru the study of Rizal!s life, works, and writings.
GOALS SET BY THE BOARD ON NATIONAL NATIONAL EDUCATION% EDUCATION% To To recognize recognize the relevance relevance of Rizal!s ideals, thoughts, teachings, and life values to present conditions in the community To To apply Rizal!s ideas in the the solution of of day-to-day situations and problems in contemporary life. To To foster the development development of moral moral character, personal discipline, citizenship and vocational e"ciency among the ilipino youth. •
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II. RIZAL, A TRUE FILIPINO * Rizal was not a man of war but a man
of peace.
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# The katipuneros considered him the honorary LEADER OF KATIPUNAN .
* DECEMBER 2), 1("( $ )eneral *milio $guinaldo issued a decree on +ecember , /0/ ordering that +ecember 1, the anniversary anniversary of Rizal!s e2ecution at 3agumbayan, be commemorated as )a day of !ourning for Rizal and other $icti!s of the *hiliine Re$olution.# # IRTUE OF ACT NO. +4 $ +ecember 1 as a day of observance. # ACT NO. 24+ $ ilipino people helped build the monument through public subscriptions. $ The monument at at Luneta park park was erected in 0 # ACT NO. 1+ $ Rizal %rovince, formerly part of the province 4anila, was named after in his honor.
“Rizal was the rst Filipino. (Guerrero, 1998). Rizal who rst calles the hilippines his Fatherlan!." * FISHER &1"#2' $ even called Rizal as the *I+--R -*+-/ +F LI0-RAL 1-M+2RA23 I ASIA. $ -First #sian $ationalist %ea!er &
Rizal"
$ Rizal decided to leave the %hilippines to escape persecution. $ 5e went to *urope. $ :rged the ilipino colony in 7pain to prove that ilipinos can compete with *uropeans in intellect and talent. $ Rizal took part in the %R9%$)$'+$ 49;*4*'T, based in *urope.
7. F+R6 *R'+ (189/&189-) - L$7T turning point in the life of Rizal. - Rizal was *<=L*+ =' +$%=T$'. - 5e dettached connection with politics and devoted more of his time in practical service and usefulness to the community.
III. MA!OR PERIODS IN THE LIFE OF RIZAL
1. F'R *R'+ (18-1&18/)
$ This was the period when young Rizal leared how to read, write and listened to stories that triggered i!aginati$e and critical thinking on his art. $ ollowing $alues and $irtues were de$eloed in hi!& industriousness instead of idleness4 creati$eness instead of unroducti$eness4 rationality instead of "lind accetance4 and dignity instead of ser$ility.
/. *0+$ *R'+ (18/&188/) $ This was the FIRS/ turning oint in the life of Rizal. $ 5e was then 55 3-ARS +L1 and was enrolled at A/--+ M6I2I*AL, despite the ob6ection of his mother. $ %eriod when Fathers 7o!ez, 0urgos and Za!ora were un%ustly e8ecuted "y the Sanish go$ern!ent. $ The matrydom of these tree priests led Rizal to "e awakened to the a"uses of the regi!e and at the sa!e ti!e led hi! to de$ote hi!self in the future to a$enge the $icti!es of in%ustices and cruelties of the Sanish colonizers.
+ther sinicant !e2elopments3 4 Strengthening of his religious foundation4 4 2ulti$ation of the dri$e toward e8cellence4 4 2oncetion of the *hiliines as his
fatherland4 4 -n$isioning the *hiliines recei$ing light thru education. 4 *ercetion of the inti!ate alliance "etween religion and education.
5. 6'R *R'+ (188/&189/) $ 7*89'+ ma6or turning point in the life of Rizal.
CHAPTER 2 THE 1"TH CENTURY WORLD OF !OSE RIZAL I. GROWTH AND DEELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM # NATIONALISM $ is a sense of L9>$LT> or %7>859L9)=8$L $TT$854*'T that members of a nation share, based on a 89449' L$'):$)*, 5=7T9R> , 8:LT:R*, and +*7=R* 9R ='+*%*'+*'8*. $ it is L9;* 9 89:'TR> e2pressed in devotion to and advocacy of national interest and independence. TWO MA!OR REOLUTIONS%GROWTH OF REOLUTION . AM-RI2A Re$olution of 599: '. FR-2; R-<+L6/I+ of 59=> # THE IDEOLOGY OF FRENCH REOLUTION Li"erty Fraternity -?uality • • •
* KING ICTOR EMMANUEL $ =taly became a united kingdom under his governance. # GUISEPPE GARIBALDI $ drove out the $ustrians occupying the northern part of the country and weakened the in?uence of the %ope.
# OTTO AN BISMARCK $ united the various kingdoms and dukedoms of the )erman nation and became one empire under EMPEROR WILLIAM I.
POSITIE EFFECTS OF NATIONALISM 5. ationalis! has e$ol$ed fro! a real or i!agined cultural unity, !anifesting itself in a co!!on language, history and territory. '. ationalists ha$e usually sought to turn this cultural unity into olitical reality so that the territory of each eole coincides with its state "oundaries. @. ationalist "elie$ed that e$ery nation has the right to e8ist in freedo! and de$elo its character and sirit. %oalt bean onl after the un:ust
e;ecution of the Gom
POSITIE EFFECTS% /he rise of the FA2/+R3 S3S/-M Mass roduction of essential and nonD essential goods I!ro$e!ent of eoleEs standard of li$ing 0eginnings of secialization or di$ision of la"or In$ention of la"orDsa$ing de$ices /he "eginnings of industrial caitalis! Fostering of li"eralis! and nationalis! -ncourage!ent of eoleEs !o"ility • •
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NEGATIE EFFECTS Widening of the ga "etween rich and oor 6nending econo!ic warfare "etween la"or and caital *ollution and other en$iron!ental ro"le!s 0eginning of child and wo!en la"or IntensiCcation odf i!erialistic ri$alry "etween and a!ong industrialized countries •
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II. RISE AND GRADUAL SPREAD OF LIBERALISM AND DEMOCRACY * THE PRICIPLE IDEAS OF LIBERALISM LI0-R/3 -B6ALI/3 Were Crst realized sucessfully in the A!erican Re$olution and then achie$ed in art in French Re$olution. • •
%'<*R#%'> $ demanded representative government as opposed to autocratic monarchy, ea(ulity before the law as oppposesd to legally separate classes.
4 *>+0R#0? $ The right of a people to choose the kind of government under which the would live. III. THE INDUSTRIAL REOLUTION * INDUSTRIAL REOLUTION $ 9ne of the most crucial developments in the 0th century $ Refers to the TR$'79R4$T=9' 9 4$':$8T:R=') 3R9:)5T $39:T 3> T5* =';*'T=9' $'+ :7* 9 4$85='*7.
TO SOLE THE EILS CREATED BY INDUSTRIALISM * LIBERALS% $ %aissez&faire polic3 go$ern!entEs nonDinterference in the conduct of trade and "usiness. * SOCIALISTS% $ Who ad$ocated the idea that
o2ernment has to control 2ital in!ustries an! resources. $ romotin *@#%'? +F ++R$'? an! *+%*A B*%F#R* '$ +0'*?. *COMMUNISTS $ 7uggested that all factors of production be owned and controlled by the government. $ *@#%'? '$ +0'*? can be
achie2e! if +0'#% 0%#* #R* *R+?* an! !ictatorship of the proletariat is establishe!.
* CATHOLIC CHURCH $ 8alls 5:4$'* treatment of workers $ R*7%*8T for worker!s R=)5T $ 798=$L @:7T=8* for the %99R
$ 6umane an! fa2orable worCin
con!itions for the poletariat.
I. THE ADANCEMENT OF SCIENCE * 1"/ CENTURY $ Time for the e2pansion of scientiAc knowledge. SIGNIFICANT CONSE0UENCES OF THE TRIUMPH OF SCIENCE
5. -$eryday e8erience and innumerable
scientists impresse! the importance of science on the min! of or!inar citizens. '. As cience became more prominent in popular thinCin, the hilosohical i!lications of science sread to "road sections of the oulation @. /he !ethods of Science acDuire!
unri2ale! prestie after 18E.
CENTERS OF LEARNING IN THE 1"/ CENTURY 7er!any France -ngland • • •
* IMPERIALISM $ 8on(uest of territories for political, econimic, or socio-cultural motives. * OPTIMISM FAITH $ 4an!s ability to progress. $ 3elief in the capacity of people and society to achieve progress and perfection.
$ *ncomien!a stem they were forced "y the Sanish colonizers to accet Sanish 2ulture and religion. ADMINISTRATIE ORGANIZATION * /he *hiliines was go$erned directly "y the Sanish 2rown, thru the >inistr of 0olonies in the 5>th 2entury
'%%R#+ $ “the *nlihtene! ones" >#$'%# & the seat of the 2-/RAL go$ern!ent G+I*R$+R G*$*R#% & aointed "y the Sanish !onarch D ;-A1 of the Sanish colonial go$ern!ent in the country D “Roal atron"
I'0* R+?#% #R+$ & he could no!inate riests for ecclesiastical ad!inistration of the arishes. D “0omman!er in 0hief of 0olonial
#rm"
#%#%'# & ro$inces #%0#%* >#?+R & ;-A1 of each Alcadia D e8ercised e8ecuti$e and %udicail functions
'$%+ * 0+>>*R0'+ & !onoolize trade *<%+ & /owns
CHAPTER + SPAIN AND THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 1"/ CENTURY SPAIN IN THE 1"/ CENTURY $ erdinand ;== +ied. $ =sabella and 8harles BchildrenC $ 0arlist Bars Isa"ella defeated 2harles allowing her to defy traditon to "eco!e th sole fe!ale !aonarcg of Sain. $ 0ano2ite stem H Rotati2ism the li"eralsand conser$ati$es in Sain took turns in ad!enistering the aairs of the country. THE PHILIPPINES DURING RIZAL’S TIME
G+<*R$#+R0'%%+ & /own Mayor <#RR'+ H <#R#$G#? & s!allest unit od go$ern!ent 0#<*=# * <#R#$G#? & 0arangay 2atain D Main function was the !aintainance od eace and order and the collection of ta8es and tri"utes in "arangay.
#?$#>'*$+ & 2ity 7o$ern!ent D 7o$erned "y a 0#<'%+ G2ity 2ouncilH D co!osed of a #%0#%* *$ +R'$#R'+ G2ity MayorH4 R*G'+R* G2ouncilorsH4
#G#0'% >#?+R G2hief 2onsta"leH4 *0R'<#$+ GsecretaryH
+0'#% ?R#>'3
FR#'%+0R#0'# & When friars "eca!e !ore owerful and in(uential that e$en ci$il authorities feared the!.
G#R'# 0'I'% & +rganized in 5=:9 D 2+R*S of A/I<- *+LI2- under leadershi of Sanish +cers for th eurose of dealing with outlaws and renegades.
F'%'<*R+ & ene!ies of the 7+<-RM-/ *R*6* & ene!ies of the 2A/;+LI2 2;6R2; #'*$0'# R*#% & Sure!e 2ourt D / erritorial #u!ciencias 2ourts of First Instance Justice of the *eace 2ourts D Ser$ed as a foru! for settling i!ortant issues on go$ernance and an auditing agency of Cnaces of Sanish colonial ad!inistration in the country. • •
0+R* & Law Making 0ody %# %*?* * '$'# & continued to "e the 0ASI2 LAW i!le!anted "y the Sanish 2rown due to +D-IS/-2- of a LAW MAKI7 0+13 in the colony.
R*'*$0'# & /he trial of an outgoing 7o$ernadorD 7eneral to account for his acts during his tenture of oce.
I''#+R & In$estigating +cer THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF FILIPINO SOCIETY
4 +%+ ? *RI'0'+ & F+R2-1 LA0+R to the 7o$ern!ent and the 2atholic 2hurch
%'>'*=# * #$GR* & urity of "lood panish >eztizos ricipalia 'n!ios eninsular H $ati2es 0hineseesmestizos
4 *$'$%#R* & Saniards "orn in Sain 4 '$%#R* & Saniards "orn in the *hiliines 4 #$'6 J 06'$** >*='=+K R'$0'#%'# &Ruling 2lass of ati$e -lites EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM * *ri!ary -ducation was not gi$en attention desite the esta"lish!ent of arochial schools in !any towns
$'I*R'? +F #$+ +># () & /he +L3 e8ising higher education institution in the *hiliines D Founded "y the 1+MII2AS in 5:55 D /he +L3 6ni$ersity which oeres courses in Medicine, *har!acy, /heology, *hilosohy, as well as 2anon and 2i$il Law.
0+%*G'+ * #$+ +># J #$ L#$ * %*R#$ & Saniards oened secondary schools for 0oys D Runs under the 1o!inicans
#*$*+ >$'0'#% & Secondary School for 0oys D Runs under the Jesuits
#$# '#<*%K %# 0+$0+R'#K #$# R+#K #$# 0#*%'$# & Secondary Schools for 7irls 4 *0#'+$#% *0R** +F 18-5 & Which re?uired the sta"lish!ent of one -le!entary School for 0oys and +ne -le!entary School for 7irls in -A2; /+W in the *hiliines.
CHAPTER 4 THE DAWN OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
I. UNIFICATION OF THE PHILIPPINES UNDER SPAIN * pain rule! the hilippines for more
than 5 ?*#R
R*00'+$ %#$ & i!le!ented "y Fr. Luan !e lasencia & Which re?uired the nati$es to li$e in the area near the church.
II. EARLY RESISTANCE TO SPANISH RULE * DIIDE ET IMPERA &D35 6 R785' $ *olicy of itting Filiinos against each other to *R-<-/ /;-M FR+M 0-I7 6I/-1 III. THE OPENING OF THE PHILIPPINES TO WOLD COMMERCE * !OHN LOCKE’S THEORY OF EOLUTION $ Which %ustiCed the right of the eole to o$erthrow an a"usi$e and corrut go$ern!ent ROUSSEAU’S SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY $ Jean Jac?ues RousseauEs /heory, go$ern!ent is an agree!ent "etween the ruler and the ruled for the welfare of latter.
I. THE RISE OF THE CLASE MEDIA * CLASE MEDIA $ /he rise of the $ew >i!!le 0lass $ 2an "e traced to the roserity of a relati$ely s!all class of !estizos and the *rincialia or the ruling elite who "eneCted fro! the oening country to foreign co!!erce and trade. . LIBERAL REGIME OF CARLOS MA. DELA TORRE * CARLOS MA. DELA TORRE $ /he >ost %iberal >in!e! panish Go2ernor General the *hiliines e$er had. LIBERTY SERENADE $ July 5', 5=:>
I. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION * INDIOS $ /he na!e used "y Saniards to refer to the Filiinos to indicate their inferiority as a race.
* SI TANDANG BASYONG MACUNAT $ A a!hlet autorized "y Fr. >iuel !e
II. SECULARIZATION CONTROERSY * SECULARIZATION OF PARISHES $ /he transfer of the !isinstries esta"lished "y the regular Sanish clergy to the Filiino seculars CAITE MUTINY $ *eaceful crusades for refor!s which was started "y the Filiino intellectuals in resonse to the a"uses of the Sanish Regi!e. D Lanuar /, 18/ & 6nder t. %a >a!ri!
CHAPTER RIZAL AND HIS CHILDHOOD YEARS AT CALAMBA * CALAMBA $ Agricultural /own D +wned "y the ominican Friars D Secialization in the ro!uction of
uars
4 L$* 19, 18-1 & 0irthdate of Rizal 4 F#6*R RF'$+ 0+%%#$* & ;e <#'=* Rizal * F#6*R *R+ 0##M# & G+F#6*R of Rizal Rizal was the th 0hil! in the famil of
11 06'%R*$ of +$ FR#$0'0+ >*R0#+ an! +M# *++R# #%+$+ 4 '<%'$G3 D Saturnina G5=H D *aciano G5=5H D arcisa G5='H D +li!ia G5=H D Lucia G5=9H D Maria G5=>H D Rizal G5=:5H D 2oncetion G5=:'H D Josefa G5=:H D /rinidad G5=:=H D Soledad G5=9H Rizal came from a mi;ture of races.
& ;is great grandafather fro! his father side was a 2hinese !erchant 3 omino %amco & ;e !arried a wealthy 2hinese !estiza & 'nes !ela Rosa F#6*R '* & Luan >erca!o & RizalEs 7randfather D 0irila #le:an!ro 3 RizalEs 7rand!other >+6*R '* & >anuel !e @uintos 3 RizalEs 7reat 7randfather D Reina rsua 3 RizalEs great 7rand Mother D
R'$0'#%'# 0%# 3 rulin elites of his town
4 +$ FR#$0'0+ >*R0#+ & /ook courses in Latin and *hilosohy at the 2olegio de San Jose in Manila.
4 +M# *++R# #%+$+ & 2o!leted her education in 2olegio de Santa Rosa
5 ?*#R +% & learned how to ray and read the 0i"le F#6*R %*+$0'+ %+*= & A riest in 2ala!"a who !ade 3oung Rizal realize the need to de$elo a sound hilisohy of life. D Scholarshi and Intellectual ;onesty
7 ?*#R +% & 2oncetion 1ied 6* +R? +F >+6 #$ F%#>* & Fa$orite story of Rizal D Ang alitata at ang aoy
# #N'$G N#<#<## (+ >? F*%%+B 06'%R*$) & Wrote his oe! when he was 8 ?*#R +% RizalAs ri2ate utors MA-S/R+ 2-L-S/I+ MA-S/R+ L62AS *A16A L-+ M+R+3 D Latin
CHAPTER # FORMAL SCHOOLING AT A ILLAGE SCHOOL
* Rizal was sent to a Iillae chool b
his father in <'M#$ 4 >#*R+ L'$'#$+ 0R= & ;e was inDcharge in the
#*R+ L#$06+ & /eacher in *ainting Lessons
*0*><*R 1, 18 & Returned in 2ala!"a after Saturnina wrote hi! a letter.
4 #%'> & /he na!e of the S/-AMS;I* he was in on the way "ack to 2ala!"a.
“chool has to be a plaroun! of min! an! not a torture chamber." CHAPTER FORMAL SEARCH FOR KNOWLEDGE AT ATENEO MUNICIPAL * Rizal entere! #teneo when he was
barel 11 ?*#R +%, F+R >+$6 after the e;ecution of the Gom
“ Lose ' $+ * 6* R$#>* >*R0#+, instea! 6* * R'=#%." * BATSILYER EN ARTES $ D B7i2C year program that entitled to a 7tudent. L59:;;< A:59=% . 8hristian +octrine . Languages B7panish, Latin, )reek E renchC 1. 5istory and )eography F. 4athematics and 7ciences G. 8lassic +isciplines B%oetry, Rhetoric E %hilisophyC 2 COMPETING EMPIRES
1. Roman *mpire
D 0oarding Students
/. 0arthainians
D onD"oarding students
4 Rizal was entitle! as the *>*R+R of the class which means 6* ' 6* & A syste! of indoctrination under tight and constant disciline, with e$ery incenti$e of co!ensation N reward #*$*+A +$* #'>
“#! >a:orem ei Gloriam" 3 “For the Greater Glor of Go!."
& -8ression of his de$otion to 2atholicis! 4 %# #%'#$=# '$'># *$R* R*%'G'+$ %# <*$# *0#0'+$ (he 'ntimate #lliance
Rizal Studied in Ateneo fro! 18/&18
4 6e ra!uate! with the hihest aca!emic honors3 +#R06 /5, 18) 4 +#%'? +F +R %#? J #+%*6' +F R#?*R & Religous confraternities which Rizal got in$ol$ed.
4 #0#*>'0 +F #$'6 %'*R#R* 4 #0#*>'0 +F $#R#% 0'*$0* & Acade!ic Societies which Rizal %oined. 4 F#6*R FR#$0'0+ #%# * #$06*= D 1e$eloed RizalEs skills in *+-/R3 WRI/I7
4#G'$ #*= & *rofessor in *ainting 4R+>#%+ * L* & *rofessor in Sculture 4 6e car2e! the imae! of Iirin >ar an! the acre! 6eart of Lesus 4 '+ >#$*% & *hysical Fitness *rofessor 4 >' R'>*R# '$'R#0'+$ (> First 'nspiration) & 1edicated to his M+/;-R on occasion of the latterEs natal day.
CHAPTER ( RIZAL AT THE DOMINICAN UNIERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES &UST' * 1# YEARS OLD $ -nrolled the course hilosoph an!
%etters(188&1888)
4 F#6*R R#>+$ #<%+ &Rector of Ateneo D Ad$ised Rizal to ursue the course in M-1I2I-
4 $+I*><*R /E, 1881 & assed the -/ in 6S/ R*#+$ B6? R'=#% *RF+R>* ++R%? '$ • • •
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Rizal 1I1 +/ en%oy schooling here. Medicine, +/ RizalEs real $ocation 1issatisfaction with the 1o!inican Syste! of -ducation /he -2I/I7 1IS/RA2/I+S +F 3+6/;
4 F#6*R >'%%+$ & *rofessor in *hysics G-l FiliH 4 %#0'+ *$'*$* & Student G-l FiliH 4 *G$#N#'G<#N & infatuation who! he $isited often in her "oarding house
4 $ R*0*R+ * >' *<%+ ('n
4 %*+$+R I#%*$=*%#
& *oe! was his way of *A3I7 ;+MA7- /+
4 %*+$+R R'I*R# & RizalEs FIRS/ 2+6SI
>emor of > own) &Written in 18-
;IS 0IR/;*LA2-, 2ALAM
4 %'0*+ #R''0+ %'*R#R'+ * >#$'%#
& An organization of AR/ L+<-RS in the 2ity, conducted regular co!etition in literary writing.
4 # %# LI*$ F'%''$# (o the Filipino ?outh) & First e8ression of ationalis! was
4 L*>$#6 & /he strea!er which Cnally ferried Rizal to Sain
4 $#%* & /he lace which Rizal was i!ressed for its
!anifested & Were ad%udged as the 0-S/ -/R3 in the said co!etion G5=9> contestH & 5= 3-ARS +L1
*A+RAMI2 0-A6/3 N Li$ely eole
4 *% 0+$*L+ * %+ '+* ( he 0ouncil of the Go!s) & *LA3 G;+M-R A1
4<#R0*%+$# & Rizal was i!ressed due to the re$alence
said co!etion. G5== contestH
4 >' #R'# & ;e reered *hiliines as ;is Motherland 4 L$+ #% #'G D +ne act lay written "y Rizal which redicted years of re$olution and ci$il tu!ult in the country D Feast 1ay of I!!acualate 2oncetion D Staged at A/--+
4 # F'%''$# & RizalEs Sonnet, which urged Filiino artist to glorify the *hiliines thru their works of art.
4 0+>#M*R'>+ & Secret Society of Filiino Students in 6S/ 4 0+>#$'+$ +F L*6 & ew Me!"ers D a!ed used "y the !en"ers of the Secret Society of Filiino Student in 6S/
4 G+I. G*$. #R'>+ * R'I*R# & 2hief -8ecuti$e of the country at the /i!e Rizal Cled a co!laint against the "ruitality he e8erienced.
CHAPTER " RIZAL IN PENINSULAR SPAIN * >#? 1, 188/ & When Rizal left 2ala!"a D Secured RizalEs assort as Lose >erca!o
4 #%I#+R# & Stea!shi
4 >#R*'%%* & Rizal was i!ressed "y the courtesy of the custo!s olice.
of freedo! and Li"eralis! in the city.
4 %#=# * 0##%M# & /he lace where Rizal was gi$en a welco!e arty "y the Filiino co!!unity in 0arcelona *% #>+R #R'+ (%o2e for the 0ountr)
188/ & RizalEs Crst nationalistic essay written in a foreign land.
4 '*RR# *OR#$L*R# & /he ter! used "y Rizal to refer to Sain in his Crst nationalistic -ssay %#+$G %##$ & RizalEs en na!e when he wote -l A!or *atrio
5 F#0+R +F $R+0'I*$* 5. /he +osition of his Mother '. /he 1iculty of recognition in a foreign country @. 1esire to Cnish his studies
6* R'>I*R#* +F 6* R+#G#$# >+I*>*$ & Lose Rizal & >arcelo 6. el ilar & Graciano %opez Laena 4 L#$ ##?* & /he !o$ing Sirit of the 2irculo ;isanoD Filiino >' '* I*R+ (he asCe! >e for
2erses) & Juan Atayde re?uested for these >#+$R?
4$'I*R'# 0*$R#% * >#R'
& An Institution of higher learning in Sain
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where Rizal co!leted the LI2-/IA/- I *;IL+S+*;3 A1 L-//-RS
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4 %'0*$'#* '$ >*'0'$* & A degree co!leted "y Rizal in Madrid which entitled hi! to *RA2/I2- M-1I2I-
4#0#*>'# * #$ F*R$#$+ & /he school where Rizal took Lessons in *ainting and sculture in Madrid
4 6* +%#R'> & Juan LunaEs !asteriece which earned hi! the 7RA1 *RIZ- in MA1RI1 -Z*+SI/I+ I 5==O
4
BERLIN 2o!letion and u"lication of oli Me /angere *resentation of a Scholarly aer entitled aalo >etrical #rt 1r. ;ans
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BARCELONA RizalEs $isit to >a;imo Iiola on his way to *aris •
WILHEMLSFELD /hree !onth
Resi!ence of astor lmer •
First corresondence to Ferdinand 0lu!entritt
HEIDELBERG Learning of techni?ues of diagnosis of eye ail!ent A Las Flores de ;eidel"erg •
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LEIPZIG
-!loy!ent as a roofreader in a u"lishing co!any /ranslation of SchillerEs Willia! /ell into /agalogLanguage
DRENSEN Meeting with 1r. Adolh Meyer Modeling Acti$ities in LunaEs art *aintings • •
PARIS Rizal Worked as an Assistant at the eye clinic of r. %ouis !e BrecCer •
for 7 >onths
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P of oli Me /angere
OPTHALMOLOGY $ A Celd of Medicine Rizal secialized in due to the failing eyesight of his !other.
<%++ 0+>#0 & LunaEs historical can$ass where Rizal osed as SIKA/6A
#R'>*'0# & A "ook written "y ;ernandez in 5=:= which Rizal sent to 0lu!entritt.
R#I*% '$ 6* 6'%''$* & A "ook writter "y R. F*++R L#G+R which redicted the collase of Sanish Rule in the *hiliines
R. %+' * BR*0N*R & RizalEs rofessor in +hthal!ology at the 6ni$ersity of ;eildel"erg
F#'R? #%* & Literary work of 06R''#$ 6#$ #$*R*$ Rizal translated into tagalog for his ehews and ieces
#G#%'06* I*RN$ & A ScientiCc *aer resented "y Rizal "efore the -thnograhic Society of 0erlin
R+F. FR**R'0N R#=*% & A well known 7er!an ;istorian, Rizal "eca!e ac?uainted with at the 6ni$ersity of ;eidel"erg.
# %# F%+R* * 6*'*%<*RG & RizalEs oe! of re!e!"rance of his Fa!ily and country which he wrote while at the 6ni$ersity town of 7er!any
F*R'$#$ <%>*$R' & /he Austrian rofessor who "eca!e RizalEs "estfriend and Ad$iser.
