1.- INTRODUCIÓN GENERAL DEL TEMA................................................ TEMA.................................................. 3 1.2- ESTUDIO TEÓRICO DEL TEMA............................. TEMA........................................................... .............................. 3 LA ETAPA DE FI.............................................................................................. 3 EL ESPECTRO DE FI......................... FI..................................... ......................... ................................................. .................................... 3 CURVA DE RESPUESTA DE LA FI................................................................ 4 EL AMPLIFICADOR DE FI......................... FI...................................... ................................................... ...................................... 5 SINTONIZACIÓN SINTONIZACIÓN ESCALONADA................... ESCALONADA................................ ......................... ................................ .................... 6 SOBREACOPLAMIENTO........... SOBREACOPLAMIENTO........................ ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ................. .... 6 CIRCUITO ELIMINADORES Y ACEPTADO ACEPTADORES........................................ RES........................................ 6 FILTRO DE ONDAS ACÚSTICA SUPERFICIAL SA!F...........................1" SA!F........................... 1" CONTROL AUTOMAT AUTOMATICO DE GANANCIA.............................................. GANANCIA.............................................. 1" CAG DE NIVEL DE CRESTA...... CRESTA.................. ......................... .......................... ........................................ ........................... 12 CAG CONTROLADO POR PUERTA.... PUERTA................ ......................... ........................................... .............................. 13 1.3. 1.3.-- EST ESTUDIO DIO CONCRE NCRET TO DEL MOD ODUL ULO O UTILI TILIZA ZAD DO EN EL LABORAT LABORATORIO...................... ORIO................................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... ................................ ................... 15 #$ FILT FILTRO DE ONDA SUPERFICIAL....................... SUPERFICIAL.......................................................... ................................... 15 %$ AMPLIFICADOR AMPLIFICADOR DE FI Y DEMODULADOR DE DE VIDEO.................... VIDEO................... . 15 &$ CIRCUITO DE SALIDA DE VIDEO.................. VIDEO........................................................ ...................................... 16 '$ FI DE SONIDO Y DISCRIMINADOR DISCRIMINADOR DE FM.......................... FM......................................... ...............16 16 ($ CONMUTAC CONMUTACIÓN.......... IÓN....................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ...................................... .......................... 16
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1.- INTRODUCIÓN GENERAL DEL TEMA. L# )*+#,*'#' '( ,# (## '( )/(&0(+&*# *+(/('*# ( ,# '( %(+(/ # 0 #,*'# # '('0,#'# ,# (#,( '( #0'* 7'( 0+# / &#'# ,#' #/# (80*/ &#'# 0+# # 0 /((&* &*/&0*. L# )/(&0(+&*# *+(/('*# ( %*(+( ('*#+( ,# (,(&&*9+ '( ,# '*)(/(+&*# (+/( ,# )/(&0(+&*# /#'/# '(, &*,#'/. 1.2- ESTUDIO TEÓ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
Fig 1 (a) Espectro de frecuencia para una portadora modulada de 511’25 MHz, (b) espectro de frecuencia intermedia. intermedia.
3
S**,#/(+( '# ,# '( )/(&0(+&*# *+(/*/+ 0 *&*9+ &0#+' ( &+*(/#+ # 0 (<0*#,(+( (+ (, ((&/ '( FI & ( 0(/# (+ ,# )*80/# 1%. CURVA DE RESPUESTA DE LA FI. A#/( '( //&*+#/ ,# 0)*&*(+( #,*)*&#&*9+ # ,# FI #/# (@&*#/ #, '((&/ ,# (## '( FI ( /(<0*(/( #/# '#/ )/# # ,# /(0(# (+ )/(&0(+&*# '( ,# (5#, /(&*%*'# & ( 0(/# (+ ,# )*80/# 2. L# )*+#,*'#'( '( ,# &0/# '( /(0(# '( ).*. + R(&;#:#/ ,# FI '( *#8(+ '(, &#+#, #'#&(+( 0(/*/. L# FI '( *#8(+ #'#&(+( &#( ? M>: / '(%# '( ,# FI '( *#8(+ &+ 3=5 - ? 315 M>:. R(&;#:#/ ,# FI '( +*' '(, &#+#, #'#&(+( *+)(/*/. L# FI '( +*' #'#&(+( ( ? M>: / (+&*# '( ,# *+(//#'/# '( +*' # 335 ? 41 5 M>:. Fig 2 ur!a de respuesta de la frecuencia intermedia.
P//&*+#/ 0+# #(+0#&*9+ '( 26 'B # 335 M>:. E ( +(&(#/* #/# (*#/ &0#,<0*(/ *+(/)(/(+&*# �#'# / 0+ %#*' (+/( ,# FI '( +*' ( *#8(+. S( //&*+# 0+ (<0( (&#,9+ & ( 0(/# #/# #&'#/ ,# '(*#&*9+ '( FM '( ,# *+(//#'/# '( +*'. E, (&#,9+ '( FM (*# ,# '0,#&*9+ '( #,*0' '( ,# /#'/# '( +*' <0( '/7# '((&#/( / (, '('0,#'/ '( *#8(+ 7'( �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
E# '0,#&*9+ &/0:#'# ##/(&( & 0+ ((&/ '( 1.5 M>: H6."" 443$ (+ ,# #+#,,# <0( ( &+&( & '*#8/## (+ (*8#. EL AMPLIFICADOR DE FI. N/#,(+(. , #,*)*&#'/( '( FI (,(#+ /#+*/( '( #,# )/(&0(+&*# &+(&#' (+ &+)*80/#&*9+ '( (*/ &+ & ( 0(/# (+ ,# )*80/# 3 (+ '+'( (, *+'0&/ L3 ( *++*:# ('*#+( 0 /*# #0&##&*'#'.
Fig " #mplificador de frecuencia intermedia.
U+ #,*)*&#'/ '( (*/ &+ *(+( %## *('#+&*# '( (+/#'# <0( '(/*# ,# (#, '( (+/#'# '('( ,# (## /(*#J (( ()(& ( &+&( & ()(& #/*80#'/. P#/# *+**:#/ ( ( 0*,*:# 0+ #&,#*(+ / &+'(+#'/ &+ '(/*#&*+( 0+ #&,#*(+ / *+'0&/ &+ #. E+ ,# )*80/# 3 ,# &#'(+# '( &+'(+#'/( C3KC4 #&# & /(' '( #&,#*(+ / &+'(+#'/ &+ '(/*#&*+( #/# /('0&*/ (, ()(& #/*80#'/ (+ (, &*/&0* *++*:#' L2C2. S* R ( ,# /(*(+&*# '( (+/#'# '(, /#+*/ (++&( ,# '(/*#&*9+ ()(&*# /(*(+&*# '( #/*80#&*9+ R <0( ##/(&( (+/( (/*+#,( '(, &*/&0* *++*:#' (
L# &#'(+# C6KC ( / #&,#*(+ / &+'(+#'/ &+ '(/*#&*+( (+ ,# #,*'#. P#/# 0+ #&,#*(+ / *+'0&/ &+ # H)*80/# 4$ ,# /(,#&*9+ (+/( R R ( ,# *80*(+(
5
SINTONIZACIÓ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ig $ #coplamiento inductor con tomas.
E+ ,08#/ '( 0*,*:#/ &*/&0* *++*:#' *'+*& #/# &#'# #,*)*&#'/ '( FI ,# )/(&0(+&*# '( *++*:#&*9+ + (&#,+#'# *++*:#+' &#'# (## # 0+# )/(&0(+&*# '*)(/(+( E, ()(& '( ( #/# 0+# ,#*+# '( FI '( /( (## ( 0(/# (+ ,# )*80/#.6. L# &0/# '( /(0(# ( 0(/+(+ '#+' 0+# &0/# '( /(0(# &,(# <0( &%*+# #+ ,# #,# 8#+#+&*# & 0+ #+&; '( %#+'# #,*. M('*#+( (, (#&*#' '( ,# )/(&0(+&*# '( *++*:#&*9+ ,# 0*,*:#&*9+ '( '*)(/(+( )#&/( ( 0('( /'0&*/ #/*# /(0(#. SOBREACOPLAMIENTO Fig 5 %espuesta en frecuencia de un circuito sintonizado.
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
6
CIRCUITO ELIMINADORES Y ACEPTADORES. U+ (,**+#'/ ( 0+ &*/&0* *++*:#' #/#,(, (+ (, &0#, ,# *('#+&*# ( 0+ @* (+ ,# )/(&0(+&*# '( /(+#+&*#. U+ #&(#'/ / / ,#' ( 0+ &*/&0* *++*:#' (/*( &+ 0+# *('#+&*# 7+*# (+ ,# )/(&0(+&*# '( /(+#+&*#. E+ ,# Fig & 'intona escalonada.
)*80/# =# (, &*/&0* *++*:#' #/#,(, LIKC, *0#' (+/( ' (## '( #,*)*&#&*9+ /((+# 0+# #,# *('#+&*# (+ ,# )/(&0(+&*# '( /(+#+&*# / #+ /(&;#:# (# )/(&0(+&*#. P#/# )/(&0(+&*# <0( + (#+ ,# )/(&0(+&*# '( /(+#+&*# (, &*/&0* *++*:#' /((+# 0+# %## *('#+&*# (/**(+' <0( (# (#,( ),0#+ *+ <0( (#+ #)(&#'#. E, * ()(& ( 0('( /'0&*/ ('*#+( (, &*/&0* *++*:#' (+ (/*( &+(&#' & ( 0(/# (+ ,# )*80/# =%. E+ ,# /(+#+&*# (, &*/&0* *++*:#' /((+# 0+# *('#+&*# 0 %## &/&*/&0*#+' / #+ (# )/(&0(+&*# ;#&*# (, &;#*. E, /( '( )/(&0(+&*# (/#+(&(+ *+#,(/#'#. E &*/&0* ( &+&(+ 8(+(/#,(+( & /##. P#/# (/#/ ,# /(&**9+ '(, &*/&0* /## ( 0*,*:#+ &*/&0* *++*:#' (+ (/*(-#/#,(, (+ #/#,(,-(/*( & ( 0(/# (+ ,# )*80/# 1".
Fig 'obreacoplamiento (a) acoplamiento en serie. (b) acoplamiento por condensador en paralelo.
E+ ,# )*80/# 1"# LIC2 ( (,*8(+ #/# (+(/ 0+# /(#&#+&*# *+'0&*# (+ ,# )/(&0(+&*# '( /(&;#:. E# /(#&#+&*# *+'0&*# /(0(+# &+ C, #/# )/#/ 0+ #&(#'/ �/#+' ,# (#,( (+ (# )/(&0(+&*#. L# )/(&0(+&*# '( /(+#+&*# '(, &*/&0* *++*:#' (+ #/#,(, L, C2 ( #&(+# # 7 *# # <0( )/(&( 0+# 0 #,# *('#+&*# # ,# (#,( (+ (# )/(&0(+&*#. U+ ()(& **,#/ ( %*(+( &+ (, &*/&0* '( ,# )*80/# 1"% &+ L, C, )/#+' 0+ #&(#'/ L, C, C2 Fig * ur!a de respuesta producida por 'obreacoplamiento.
)/#+' 0+ (,**+#'/.
O/ &*/&0* (,**+#'/( 0*,*:#+' &%*+#&*+( '( 0(+( (+ T ( 0(/#+ (+ ,# )*80/# 11. A7. ( 0('( %(+(/ 0+ #, 8/#' '( #(+0#&*9+ 0+ &+ 0+# /(0(# 0 /(&*#. L# /(#,*(+#&*9+ +(8#*# 0('( (/ 0*,*:#'# (+ &*/&0* (,**+#'/( & 0(/# ,# )*80/# 12. E+ ,# )/(&0(+&*# '( /(+#+&*# LIC, /((+# 0+# 0 #,# *('#+&*# <0( *+/'0&( 0+# 8/#+ &#+*'#' '( /(#,*(+#&*9+ +(8#*# '#+' & /(0,#' 0+# 8#+#+&*# 0 %##. E+ '# ,# '( )/(&0(+&*# ,# 8#+#+&*# ( +/#,.
Fig + ircuitos eliminadores.
L# (,**+#&*9+ / *+'0&#+&*# 00# ( 0(/# (+ ,# )*80/# 13. L2C2 )/(&( 0+ &#*+ '( 0 %## *('#+&*# # ,# (#,( (+ ,# )/(&0(+&*# '( /(+#+&*# <0( , '(%*' # ,# *+'0&#+&*# 00# (+/( L, L2 #%/%( 0+# 8/#+ &#+*'#' '( ,# (+(/87# <0( #,( '(, &*/&0* *++*:#' '( &,(&/ LIC,. A7 0+# (#, 0 (<0(# ( '(#//,,# (+/( (/*+#,( '( L1C, (+ ,# )/(&0(+&*# '( /(+#+&*# '( L2C2. L# #,*'# +/#, ( %*(+( (+ ,# )/(&0(+&*# '( /(+#+&*# '( L,C,. Fig 1 ircuitos trampa de frecuencia serie-paralelo
L# )*80/# 15 0(/# 0+# (## &,(# '( FI <0( ( 0*,*:# (+ 0+ /(&(/ +&/. L# (#, '( #,*0' '0,#'# ( #,*(+#'# / ,# /(' &+)/#'/# (,(&*# #+( '( */ # ,# (## #,*)*&#'/# '( #+&; '( %#+'# <0( 0*,*:#+ , &*/&0* *+(8/#' MC1352. C4KR //&*+# ,# #'##&*9+ (+/( (, *++*:#'/ ,# (## '( FI. L# /(' R?KC15KC16KC1KL= )/# 0+ 0(+( (+ T '( (,**+#&*9+ *++*:#'# #/# ,# FI #'#&(+( '( +*' '( 415 M>:. E, &+'(+#'/ C1 ( *+&,0( #/# (/#/ ,# /(&**9+ '( ,# /## C1?KC1=KL1" ( ,# /## '( *#8(+ #'#&(+( &+ L1" ?
*++*:#'# # 315 M>: L,, ( 0+# %%*+# '( #&,#*(+ *+(/(##. E, 0(+( (,**+#'/ (+ T C2"KC21KL12 //&*+# ,# #(+0#&*9+ Fig 11 ircuitos eliminadores en puente . Fig 12 Eliminador por realimentaci/n negati!a.
+(&(#/*# '( 26 'B #/# ,# FI '( +*' &+ L12 *++*:#'# # 335M>:. E, &*/&0* *+(8/#' MC1352 ( 0+ #,*)*&#'/ '( #+&; '( %#+'# '( FI &+*(+( (+ #/*# (## '( #,*)*&#&*9+ <0( + /(<0*(/(+ *++*:#&*9+. E, &;* #%*+ &+*(+( 0+ #,*)*&#'/ '( 8#+#+&*# &+/,#'# <0( ( 0*,*:# #/# (, &+/, #0*& '( 8#+#+&*# H#*,,# 6$. L# #,*'# '(, &;* H#*,,# ?$ ( #,*(+#'# #, '((&/ ('*#+( 0+# 0+*'#' '( #&,#*(+ / &##&*'#' (+ (/*( L131KC33KL14 (, '*' D2 ( 0+ '*' /(&/#'/ <0( (,**+# ,# *#' **# '( ,# FI '0,#'#.
Fig 1" ircuito eliminador por inductancia mutua Fig 1$ ircuito eliminador 011 se sintoniza a la frecuencia a la frecuencia ue se a de eliminar
=
Fig 15 Etapa de F3 utilizada en un receptor monocromo.
Fig 1& 0a utilizaci/n de un filtro '#4 en una etapa de F3.
FILTRO DE ONDAS ACÚSTICA SUPERFICIAL, SAWF. L * '( /('( '( #&(#'/K(,**+#'/ ( #+ 0*0(+' &#'# (: / )*,/ '( +'# #&*&# 0(/)*&*#,. L )*,/ SA! + 0 )*#%,( + /(<0*(/(+ +*+80+# *++*:#&*9+ + )&*,(+( /((,#:#%,( &#/#*#(+( %#/#. L# )*80/# 16. 0(/# 0+# (&&*9+ '( 0+# (## '( FI (+ <0( CF, ( (, )*,/ '( +'# #&*&# 0(/)*&*#, <0( //&*+# '# ,# (,(&**'#' (,**+#&*9+ +(&(#/*# #/# ,# ).*. CONTROL AUTOMATICO DE GANANCIA E, /9* '(, CAG ( #/*#/ ,# 8#+#+&*# '( ,# (## '( FI (+ ,# #/7# '( , &# ,# '(, #,*)*&#'/ '( RF #/# &(+#/ , *%,( &#%* (+ ,# *+(+*'#' '( ,# (#, /(&*%*'# (+ ,# #+(+#. L# )*80/# 1 0(/# 0+ '*#8/## '( %,<0( '( 0+ *(# '( CAG. L# *+(+*'#' '( ,# (#, /(&*%*'# ( &+/,# (+ ,# (## '(, #,*)*&#'/ '( 7'( ( #,*(+# # ,# /(' '(, CAG #/# /'0&*/ 0+ (+&*#, '( &+/, '( &&. E# (+*9+ ( 0*,*:# (++&( #/# &#%*#/ ,# 8#+#+&*# '( ,# /*(/# (## '( FI. L# (+*9+ '( &+/, '(, CAG 0('( #%*+ (/ #,*&#'# #, *++*:#'/ (+ &0 &# ( (,(# 0+# 0+*'#' '( /(#/' #/# #(80/#/ <0( ,# 8#+#+&*# '(, #,*)*&#'/ '( RF ( /('0:&# 9, '(0 '( <0( ( ;## %(+*' 0+# /('0&&*9+ 0)*&*(+( (+ ,# 8#+#+&*# '( ,# (## '( FI. A7. &+ (#,( '%*,( (, #,*)*&#'/ '( RF )0+&*+#/ &+ @*# 8#+#+&*# &+ 0+# %0(+# /(,#&*9+ (#, /0*'. E, 0+ /(&* (+ <0( (, CAG '(, *++*:#'/ &*(+:# # /#%##/ ( '((/*+# ('*#+( 0+# /(' '**/# &+/,#'# / 0+ (+&*9(/ '( #0(. Fig 1 ontrol automtico de ganancia.
E, &+/, #0*& '( 8#+#+&*# *%*,*# /( )0+&*+( %*&# (+ 0+ /(&(/ '( TV. P/*(/ (/*( ,# &+0#&*9+ '('( 0+ &#+#, )0(/( # / '%*, 1"
*&((/# *+ (+(/ <0( #0#/ (, /(&(/. S(80+' (*# ,# %/(&#/8# '( ,# (## #,*)*&#'/# '( RFFI <0( '( /# )/# /'0&*/7#+ 8/#( '*/*+(. T(/&(/ (/*( /('0&*/ ,# ),0&0#&*+( �#'# / ,# /(),(@*+( '( ,# (#,( /#+)/+',# '('( %( 9*,( #,( & #*+(. Fig 1* 6rincipios del #7 directo.
># ' * '( CAG *+(/ '*/(&. E, CAG *+(/ 0*,*:# (, ;(&; '( <0( ,# 8#+#+&*# '( 0+ #,*)*&#'/ (+ (*/ &+ 0('( /('0&*/( #, /('0&*/ 0 &//*(+(. E, CAG '*/(& / / ,#' 0*,*:# (, ;(&; '( <0( ,# 8#+#+&*# '( 0+ #,*)*&#'/ #%*+ ( 0('( /('0&*/ /('0&*(+' ,# (+*9+ (+/( (, &,(&/ (, (*/ & /(0,#' '( 0+ *+&/((+ '( &//*(+( # /# '(, /#+*/. E, CAG '*/(& (+ <0( ,# 8#+#+&*# '(&/(&( &+ 0+ *+&/((+ (+ ,# &//*(+( '(, /#+*/ ( 0*,*:#' 0+*(/#,(+( (+ , /(&(/( '( TV # <0( *(+( 0+# &#/#&(/7*&# ,*+(#,( (+ &#/#&*9+ &+ (, CAG *+(/. A'( & ,# (#,( '%*,( ( #,*)*&#+ (+ 0+ /#+*/ '( %## &//*(+( *(+( 0+# (/ /(,#&*9+ (#, /0*'. U+ ((, '( CAG '*/(& ( 0(/# (+ ,# )*80/# 1? (+ '+'( R3 ( 0+# &#/8# '( && C, ( 0 &+'(+#'/ '( '(#&,. C0#+' ( *+&/((+# ,# &//*(+( '(, /#+*/ ( '(#//,,# 0+# (+*9+ '( && (+/( (/*+#,( '( R3 <0( /('0&( ,# (+*9+ '( &,(&/ &+ (,,# ,# 8#+#+&*# '(, #,*)*&#'/. E, &+'(+#'/ '( '(#&, #(80/# <0( ,# (#, &,(# ( '(#//,,( (+/( , (/*+#,( '(, &*/&0* *++*:#' L1KC2 +#'# (+/( (/*+#,( '( R3. L# &//*(+( # /# '(, /* /#+*/ ( '((/*+# ('*#+( (, (+&*#, '( &+/, '(, CAG. U+ *+&/((+ (+ ,# (+*9+ '( &+/, /'0&( 0+ *+&/((+ (+ ,# &//*(+( (+ &+(&0(+&*# 0+# /('0&&*9+ (+ ,# 8#+#+&*# *&((/#. Fig 1+ircuito de #7 directo.
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
'( ,# 8#+#+&*# '(, /#+*/ # <0( #/# <0( (@*#+ ,# &+'*&*+( '( && ( '(&*/ ,# (+*9+ &//*(+( '( &,(&/ *(+(+ <0( &#%*#/ /*(/. CAG DE NIVEL DE CRESTA. L /(&(/( '( /#'* (,(#+ , <0( ( &+&( & CAG '( +*(, ('*
Fig 2
(+ '+'( (, +*(, ('* '( ,# (#, /(&*%*'# ( 0*,*:# & ('*'# '( ,# *+(+*'#' '( ,# (#,. E + ( #*)#&/* #/# ,# /(&(&*9+ '( 7'( /<0( (, +*(, ('* '( ,# (#,( '( 7'( + //&*+# 0+# ('*'# /(&*# '( ,# *+(+*'#' '( ,# (#,. C 0('( (/( (+ ,# )*80/# 2" (, #,/ ('* '( 0+# (#, '( 7'( /(),(# (, %/*,, ( '(&*/ (, &+(+*' '( ,0*+#+&*# '( ,# (#,. P/ (# /#:9+ ( (,(# (, CAG '( +*(, '( &/(# H 0+# '(, *0, '( *+&/+*$ '+'( ( &+/,# ,# &/(# '( ,# (#, ( '(&*/ ,# 0+# '( , *0, '( *+&/+*. C '*&;# 0+# '( *0, '( *+&/+* *(/( *(+( (, * +*(, *+'((+'*(+((+( '(, %/*,, '( ,# *#8(+ (++&( &0#,<0*(/ #/*#&*9+ '( ,# #,*0' /(),(# ,# *+(+*'#' '( ,# (#, +#'# . Fig 21 #7 de ni!el de cresta.
E, CAG '( +*(, '( &/(# 0('( %(+(/( &+ ,# 0*,*:#&*9+ '( 0+ &*/&0* '( /(&/( &+ 0+ *,( '*' H /#+*/$ #/# (/**/ <0( 9, ,# 0+# '( , *0, '( *+&/+* #(+ # /# '( 0+ )*,/ '( # %# & ( 0(/# (+ ,# )*80/# 21. TR, ( (, #,*)*&#'/ '( ,0*+#+&*# <0( #&# & 0+ (80*'/ '( (*/ <0( #,*(+# (, #,*)*&#'/ '(, CAG TR2. L# &#'(+# '( ,#/*:#&*9+ RIKR2KR3 ( '*0(# #/# #(80/#/ <0( TR2 ( (+ &/( &+ 0 %#( # (+&*#, #, <0( (, '(, (*/. C TR2 &+'0&( &0#+' 0 (+*9+ '( %#( &#( / '(%# '(, (+&*#, '(, (*/ (++&( 9, ,# #/( +(8#*# '( ,# (#, '( (+/#'# ( '(&*/ ,# 0+# '( , *0, '( *+&/+* '( ,7+(# &# 12
'((/*+#/+ ,# ,#/*:#&*9+ '*/(&# '( TR2 , ;#/+ &+'0&*/. L *0, <0( ##/(&(+ (+ ,# #,*'# '( TR2 ( 0#*:#+ ('*#+( 0+ )*,/ '( # %# R KR?KC2KC,. L# &#/8# (+/( (/*+#,( '( C2 ( //&*+#, # ,# #8+*0' '( , *0, '( *+&/+* //&*+#+' ,# (+*9+ '( &+/, '(, CAG. E, '*' D, #(80/# <0( C2 + ( '(&#/8# # /# '( R5 '0/#+( (, (/*' '( *#8(+ (+/( 0+ *0, '( *+&/+* /. E, CAG '( +*(, '( &/(# *(+( (, *+&+(+*(+( '( <0( ( +(&(*# 0+# &+#+( '( *( ,#/8# #/# 0#*:#/ , *0, '( &# '( %## )/(&0(+&*# '( 5" >:. CAG CONTROLADO POR PUERTA. E, CAG '( +*(, '( &/(# *(+( /( '((+##. P/*(/# ,# &+#+( '( *( ,#/8# '(, )*,/ ;#&( #, *(# (+ (+*%,( # ,# ),0&0#&*+( '( *+(+*'#' '( (#,. S(80+'# ( 0(,( *+*, * ;# 0+# %/(&#/8# (+ &0#,<0*(/ (## #+( '(, #,*)*&#'/ '( 7'(. E 0&('( /<0( ,# %/(&#/8# /(&/#+ ,# #,*0' '( , *0, '( *+&/+* /'0&*(+' (+&*#,( '( CAG *+&//(&. T(/&(/ (, CAG '( +*(, '( &/(# ( ( #)(&#' / (, /0*' #,(#/*.
Fig 22 ircuito #7 controlado por puerta en un receptor monocromo.
E, ()(& '(, /0*' #,(#/* ( 0('( #+0,#/ ('*#+( ,# 0*,*:#&*9+ '( 0+# 0(/# <0( ( #%/# 9, '0/#+( ,# '0/#&*9+ '(, *0, '( *+&/+* (+ &+(&0(+&*# 0 +%/( ( CAG &+/,#' / 0(/#. 0+# &+#+( '( *( &/# #/# (/#/ ,# (+*%*,*'#' # ,# ),0&0#&*+( / &#%* /*' (+ ,# *+(+*'#' '( ,# (#,. U+ &*/&0* CAG &+/,#' / 0(/# <0( ( 0*,*:# #/# , /(&(/( +&/ ( /#' (+ ,# )*80/# 22 E, /#+*/ VT3 ( ,# 0(/# H&+/,#'/$ '(, CAG VT5 ( (, (@&*#'/ '( CAG. VT5 &+'0&( 9, &0#+' 0+ *0, '( ,7+(# '( (+'*(+( **# <0( *(+( '(, /#+)/#'/ '( #,*'# '( ,7+(# ,,(8# # 0 &,(&/. A, * *( (, *0, '( ,7+(# '( (+'*(+( +(8#*# /&('(+( '(, (@&*#'/ '( 7'( ,#/*:# '*/(&#(+( VT3 ;#&*+',( &+'0&*/ 13
(/**(+' <0( ##/(:&# 0+# #,*'# (+ (, &,(&/ '( VT5. D( (# )/# 9, ( &+/,# (, +*(, '(, *0, '( *+&/+* '( ,7+(#. L# /(' R16KC1?KR1" ( (, )*,/ '( #,*#'. L# &#/8# (+ C14 <0( //&*+# ,# &#'(+# (+ (/*( R3KR3= ( #/7# ('*#+( (, &#%* (+ (, +*(, '( , *0, '( *+&/+*. E# &#/8# '((/*+# ,# ,#/*:#&*9+ '( %#( '(, #,*)*&#'/ '( CAG VT2 <0( //&*+# ,# (+*9+ '( &+/, '(, CAG #/# ,# (## '( FI. S( //&*+# 0+ CAG /(#/'#' ('*#+( (, '*' D2 <0( ( &+(&# &0#+' ,# (## '( FI /(<0*(/( ,# @*# 8#+#+&*#. E, 0+ '( &/0&( ( #0# ('*#+( RV,.
14
1.3.- ESTUDIO CONCRETO DEL MODULO UTILIZADO EN EL LABORATORIO. L# (## &+(+*'# (+ (, '0, '( FI + ,# *80*(+( #$ F*,/ '( +'# 0(/)*&*#,. %$ I+(8/#' #,*)*&#'/ '( FI '('0,#'/ '( 7'( &$ C*/&0* '( #,*'# '( 7'( '$ FI '( +*' '*&/**+#'/ FM ($ C+0#&*9+. a) FILTRO DE ONDA SUPERFICIAL. S( /## '( 0+ /(+#'/ &(/*& '( #,# /(&**9+ (#%*,*'#'. E+/(8# ,# /#'/# '( *#8(+ # 6'% '( ,# )/(&0(+&*# &(+/#, '( ,# %#+'# '( FI ,# /#'/# '( +*' # 2"'%. E# &0( / 5 #*,,# ,# # */#+( + ,# *80*(+( - P#*,,# 1 (+/#'# '( FI. - P#*,,# 4 5 #,*'# '( 7'( '( FI. b) AMPLIFICADOR DE FI Y DEMODULADOR DE VIDEO L# (## #,*)*&#'/# &+# '( &0#/ # '( #,# 8#+#+&*# &+ CAG (&#,+#'. L# '((&&*9+ '( ,# (#, '( 7'( ( %*(+( / /'0& # ,# *+(/&*9+ '( ,# /#'/# # 3?Q= /(*#(+( (@/#7' '( ,# (#, FI ('*#+( 0+ &*/&0* *++*:#' (+ #/#,(, HC24 L4$ &+(&#' # ,# #*,,# 1" 11 '(, *+(8/#' TDA54""-2. L# (#, '((&#'# ( #,*)*&# ( ,,(# #, (@(/*/ / ('* '( ' (80*'/( '( (*/ &0# *('#+&*# '( #,*'# ( '( 15" ;*. L# #,*'# 7'( H*0, '( *+&/+* ;#&*# +(8#*$ ( ,# <0( ( #/(&;# & *+)/#&*9+ '( 7'( &0( (+ ' PAL. L# #,*'# / ,# #*,,# 4 ( 0*,*:# #/# ,# (@/#&&*9+ '( ,# *+(//#'/# # 5Q5 M>: '( +*'. L# (+*9+ CAG ( %*(+( (+ 0+ '((&/ '( &*+&*'(+&*# (+/( *0, '( *+&/+* , '( /(/&( '( ,7+(# /(*#(+( &+)/#' / (, :(+(/ D1 <0( + #,*&#' # ,# #*,,# 1 '(, *+(8/#' TDA54"". L# (+*9+ '( CAG '*)(/*' #/# (, *++*:#'/ ( %*(+( '( 0+ #,*)*&#'/ *+(/+ 0%/#, /(80,#%,( '('( (, (@(/*/ &+ (, (+&*9(/ R24. E( 0%/#, ( (+ ,# #*,,# 1" ( ;# )*#' (+ 1V '( ,# (#, '( #+(+#. L# &//(&&*9+ '( *++7# HCAF$ ( %*(+( '( ,# #*,,# 6 '(, *+(8/#'. C0#+' ,# *++7# ( (@#&# ,# (#, '( &//(&&*9+ ( &(/ ,# (+*9+ '*+*%,( (+ ,# ,7+(# '( CAF ( ,# '( /( H0+ 6V <0( ( '((/*+#'# / (, '**/ R25R2. L# '(*#&*+( '( *++7# (+ # (+ <0( ( /*8*+(+ (+ (, *++*:#'/ ( /#'0&*/+ (+ ,# ##/*&*9+ '( 0+# (#, '( &//(&&*9+ (+ (+*' &+/#/* <0( #&#/ # ,# (+*9+ CAF '( 0 0+ '( /( / #+ &//(8*/ ,# *++7#.
15
c) CIRCUITO DE SALIDA DE VIDEO. L# #,*'# '( 7'( &0( / ,# #*,,# 3 '(, *+(8/#' ( #,*&# # ,# %#( '( T1 +#' & (80*'/ '( (*/. E+/(8# ,# (#, '( 7'( #, &*/&0* '( &/# &+ 0+# #,*0' '( 1Q5 V '(/*# '( ,# &+(+( '( +*' (/&(' # ,# /## L2. d) FI DE SONIDO Y DISCRIMINADOR DE FM. E, *+(8/#' TBA12"T '*+( # ,# (+/#'# '( &; # #,*)*&#'/( &+ ,**#&*9+ #/# AM (80*'# '( 0+ '((&/ '( &*+&*'(+&*# ('*#+( '()##'/ #/*#%,( (+ )0+&*9+ '( ,# '(*#&*+( '( )/(&0(+&*#. E, '()##'/ (# &+*0*' / (, /(+#'/ &(/*& B3. L# #,*'# '( (#, '( BF /(80,#'# / (, ,0(+ ( /'0&( / ,# #*,,# ? '(, *+(8/#'. D*+( ( '( /# #,*'# BF H#*,,# 12$ # +*(, )* '( V <0( ( 0*,*:# #/# ,# #,*'# '(, (,(*/ # /# '(, (0/&+(&/. L# #*,,# 3 '(, TBA12"T &//(+'( # 0+# (+/#'# '( #0'* '( BF <0( 0('( /'0&*/( '('( 0+# )0(+( (@(/*/ # /# '(, (0/&+(&/. ) CONMUTACIÓN. E# &0( / (, &*/&0* *+(8/#' TEA2"14A ,# #*,,# # */#+( + ,# *80*(+( 1.- M##. 2.- S#,*'# '( 7'( H5 ;*$ 3.- E+/#'# *+(/+# '( 7'( 5.- *+(//0/ '( (+/#'# 6.- I+(//0/ '( #,*'# '( 7'( .- 12V. ?.- E+/#'# *+(/+# '( *'(.
16
1.4.- Dibujar la ur!a "# r#$%u#$&a "# 'I( a la $ali"a "#l 'OS. Si&ua)"* #) #lla l*$ !al*r#$ "# +r#u#)ia ,$ $i)i+ia&i!*$. Ra/*)ar "# +*r,a "#&alla"a la ,i$i0) "# a"a !al*r #%liar #) a"a a$* a u# $# "#b# $u )i!#l.
1..- Dibujar u) #$u#,a "# bl*u#$ "#l ,*"ul* "# 'I
1.5.- S*br# #l #$u#,a "#l ,*"ul* "ibujar la$ $#6al#$ "# #)&ra"a $ali"a irui&*$ a l*$ u# a&aa) )u,#r* "# %a&illa. R(#,*:#' (+ ,# #8*+# *80*(+(. 1.7.- Dibujar #l i)&#ra"* "# 'I( i)"ia)"* la ,i$i0) "# a"a %a&illa #%liar #l +u)i*)a,i#)&* ra/*)a)"* $u &i%* "# "#&#i0).
1
PATILLA 1 E# #*,,# ( ,# '(, *0, '( 8#*,, PATILLA 2 E# ( ,# #*,,# '( ,# &+#+( '( *( '(, CAG. PATILLA 3 E# ( ,# #*,,# '( ,# #,*'# **# '( 7'( ( ,# #,*'# '( *#8(+. PATILLA 4 E# ( ,# #*,,# '( ,# #,*'# +(8#*# '( 7'( ( ,# <0( #&# ,# (#, '( +*' #/# ,,(%#/,# #, '('0,#'/. PATILLA 5 E# ( ,# #*,,# '(, *+(//0/ '( ,#/*:#&*9+ '(, CAF. PATILLA 6 E# ( ,# #*,,# '( ,# #,*'# '(, CAF PATILLA E# ( ,# #*,,# '( &+/, '( +*(, '( %,#+&. PATILLA ? E# ( ,# #*,,# '(, CAF ( ,# '( *++7# )*+# <0( ( (,(&&*+# ('*#+( 0+ &*/&0* #+<0(. PATILLA = E# ( ,# #*,,# '(, CAF ( ,# '( *++7# )*+# <0( ( (,(&&*+# ('*#+( 0+ &*/&0* #+<0(. PATILLA 1" E# ( ,# #*,,# '(, CAF ( ,# '( *++7# )*+# <0( ( (,(&&*+# ('*#+( 0+ &*/&0* #+<0(. PATILLA 12 E# ( ,# #*,,# '( ##. PATILLA 13 E# ( ,# #*,,# '( #,*(+#&*9+. PATILLA 14 E# ( ,# #*,,# '( ,#( '( /()(/(+&*# (( ,#( ( /(80,# &+ ,# /(*(+&*# #/*#%,( R24. PATILLA 15 E# ( ,# #*,,# '( *++*:#'/ '( CAG PATILLA 16 E# ( ,# #*,,# '( ,# #,*'# '(, CAG '*)(/*'. PATILLA 1 E# ( ,# #*,,# '( ,# (+/#'# '( FI '( 7'(. PATILLA 1? E# ( ,# #*,,# '( ,# (+/#'# '( FI '( 7'(.
1?
L# '((&&*9+ ( '(, * / &*+&*'(+&*# (+/( *0, '( *+&/+* '( /(/&( '( ,7+(# /(*#(+( &+)/#' / (, :(+(/ D1 <0( + #,*&#' # ,# #*,,#1 '(, *+(8/#' TDA54"". 1.8.- E%liar la ,i$i0) "# la$ b*bi)a$ $iui#)&#$9 L2( L3( L4 L. L2 ( ,# %%*+# '( ,# /## '( 7'( <0( (# &0(# / 0+ &*/&0* #+<0(. L3 (# ( 0+# %%*+# '(#/#*#'/# '( ,# (+*9+ '( #,*(+#&*9+ ( #/# <0( + �( *+(/)(/(+&*#. L4 (# %%*+# ( 0+ &*/&0* *++*:#' <0( (@/#( ,# /#'/# '( 3?Q= M>: '( ,# (#, '( FI. L5 ( ,# %%*+# (,(&/# '( ,# *++7# )*+#. 1.:.- E%liar l*$ "i+#r#)&#$ &i%*$ "# CAG CA' u# $# #,%l#a) #) #l ,*"ul*. L# (+*9+ '( CAG ( %*(+( (+ 0+ '((&/ '( &*+&*'(+&*# (+/( *0, '( *+&/+* , '( /(/&( '( ,7+(# /(*#(+( &+)/#' / (, :(+(/ D1 <0( + #,*&#' # ,# #*,,# 1 '(, *+(8/#' TDA54"". L# (+*9+ '( CAG '*)(/*' #/# (, *++*:#'/ ( %*(+( '( 0+ #,*)*&#'/ *+(/+ &+ 0%/#, /(80,#%,( '('( (, (@(/*/ &+ (, (+&*9(/ R24. E( 0%/#, ( ;# )*#' (+ 1V '( (#, '( #+(+#. E, CAF ( %*(+( '( ,# #*,,# 6 '(, *+(8/#'. C0#+' ,# *++7# ( (@#&# ,# (#, '( &//(&&*9+ ( &(/ ,# (+*9+ '*+*%,( '( ,# ,7+(# '( CAF ( ,# '( /(. L# '(*#&*+( '( *++7# ( # (+ <0( ( /*8*+(+ (+ (, *++*:#'/ ( /#'0&*/+ (+ ,# ##/*&*9+ '( 0+# (#, '( &//(&&*9+ '( (+*' &+/#/* <0( #&#/# # ,# (+*9+ CAF '( 0 0+ '( /( / , #+ &//(8*/ ,# *++7#.
1=
2.- E;ERCICIO > ?4( 5( 7( 8( :( 1>( 12( 1( 15( 17 18@ PATILLA 4 6 ? = 1" 12 15 16 1 1?
CON SEAL SIN SEAL ?1 ?3 5? 63 4= 5 5? 6 5? 6 6? 6? " " 24 25 5 ?= 6 6 6 6
2.1.2.- M#"ir &#)$i*)#$ #) #,i$*r( ba$# *l#&*r "# T1 "# 'I ?)*&a &*"a$ la$ &#)$i*)#$ $# r#ali/ara) #) CC #)&r# la %a&illa i)"ia"a ,a$a@. T1 CON SEAL EMISOR 23 BASE 3 COLECTOR 1"4
SIN SEAL 2? 35 1"1
2.1.3.- M#"ir &#)$i*)#$ #) la$ $iui#)&#$ %a&illa$ "#l i)&#ra"*9 TEA2>14A "# *),u&ai0) ?2( 3( ( 5( 7( 8@ PATILLAS 2 3 5 6 ?
CON SEAL 25 4 " 25 1"6 21
2"
SIN SEAL 4 51 23 3 1"4 21
2.2.- ISUALIZACIÓN DE LOS OSCILOGRAMAS 'UNDAMENTALES DE 'I. C+'*&*+( (, (,(*/ '(%(/ (#/ *++*:#' (+ (, &#+#, 3 &+ (#, '( (&#,(/# '( 8/*( ( *#8(+ (/)(&#(+( *+&/+*:#'#. 2.2.1.- M#"ir *$il*ra,a$ #) l*$ $iui#)&#$ %u)&*$ "# #l i)&#ra"* TDA4>> ?1( 3 4@ R(#,*:#'# (+ ,# #8*+# *80*(+(. 2.2.2.- M#"ir l*$ *$il*ra,a$ "# ba$#( *l#&*r #,i$*r "# T1. R(#,*:#'# (+ ,# #8*+# *80*(+(. 2.2.3.- M#"ir l*$ *$il*ra,a$ "#l i)&#ra"* TEA2>14A. R(#,*:#'# (+ ,# #8*+# *80*(+(. 2.3.- ERI'ICACIÓN DE LA ENTRADA = SALIDA DE LA SEAL DE IDEO. ?CONMUTACIÓN DEL T A 14A.
E, +*(, '( #,*'# ( '( 2Q?V. 2.3.3.- E) la $i&uai0) "# la %ra&ia a)&#ri*r( a%liar u)a $#6al "# !"#* "# 1%%( Z7 *,i*$ *) barra$ "# *l*r( "ir#&a,#)&# #) #l #ur**)#&*r %ara #l TDA4>>. S*br# la %a)&alla "#l T a%ar##r la i,a#) a%lia"a. E) #$&a $i&uai0) #l T #$& *,* ,*)i&*r "# !"#*. R(#,*:#'# (+ ,# /#&*&#. 2.3.4.- E%liar u# #$ l* u# a *urri"*( ra/*)a)"* #l +u)i*)a,i#)&* "#l irui&* ,#"ia)&# u) %#u#6* "iara,a "# bl*u#$. C0#+' (( / (, (0/&+(&/ 0+# (#, '( 7'( (, (,(*/ ( &+0# (+ ' +*/ ( *0#,*:# ,# (#, #,*&#'# (,**+#+' ,# (#, /&('(+( '( ,# *++7# FI.
21
2.4.- ESTUDIO DEL CIRCUITO DEL CAG. 2.4.1.- E$&u"i* "#l CAG "ir#&*9 !*l&,#&r* a %i) 3 "#l TDA4>>. ariar #l )i!#l "# R' #) a)&#)a *b&#)#r la$ !ariai*)#$ "# CC $*br# "i* %i)( &ra/a)"* la ur!a *rr#$%*)"i#)&# $*br# #l %a%#l ,ili,#&ra"*. R(#,*:#' (+ ,# #8*+# *80*(+(. '% " 1 22 42 62 ?2
V 2 2 2 2? 3 34
2.4.2.- E$&u"i* "#l CAG "i+#ri"*9 !*l&,#&r* a %i) "#l $i)&*)i/a"*r U712. Ob&#)#r la ur!a "# CAG "i+#ri"* "# +*r,a $i,ilar a la "#l a%ar&a"* a)&#ri*r. R(#,*:#' (+ ,# #8*+# *80*(+(. '% " 6 12 22 42 62 ?2
V 64 6? ? ?? ?? ??
22
