SISTEM INJEKSI BAHAN BAKAR KONTROL ELEKTRONIK PADA MOTOR BENSIN MOCH. SOLIKIN No. Kode :
S2
Teori / Praktik :2./3Jam
A. Kompetensi Yang Diharapkan 1.
Menjelaskan perbedaan perbedaan sistem injeksi bahan bakar motor bensin bensin dengan sistem karburator dan macam sistem injeksi bahan bakar pada motor bensin
2. Menjelaskan komponen dan fungsi sistem yang ada pada motor bensin dengan sistem injeksi bahan bakar kontrol elektronik 3. Melakukan diangnosa, diangnosa, pemeriksaan dan penyetelan motor bensin dengan sistem injeksi bahan bakar kontrol elektronik
B. Indikator 1.
Dapat menjelaskan perbedaan sistem injeksi bahan bakar motor bensin dengan sistem karburator
2.
Dapat menjelaskan perbedaan perbedaan EFI tipe L dengan EFI tipe D pada sistem injeksi bahan bakar pada motor bensin
3. Dapat menjelaskan komponen dan fungsi sistem bahan bakar pada motor bensin dengan sistem injeksi bahan bakar kontrol elektronik 4.
Dapat menjelaskan komponen dan fungsi
sistem induksi pada motor
bensin dengan sistem injeksi bahan bakar kontrol elektronik 5. Dapat menjelaskan komponen dan fungsi sistem kontrol elektronik pada motor bensin dengan sistem injeksi bahan bakar bakar kontrol elektronik 6. Menyebutkan kemungkinan penyebab gangguan yang yang terjadi pada motor bensin dengan sistem injeksi bahan bakar kontrol elektronik 7. Dapat menjelaskan prosedur diangnosa pada motor bensin dengan sistem injeksi bahan bakar kontrol elektronik 8.
Dapat melakukan pemeriksaan dan penyetelan motor bensin
dengan
sistem injeksi bahan bakar kontrol elektronik
1
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C. Materi Isu tentang bahan bakar dan polusi udara akibat kendaraan bermotor merupakan alasan utama saat ini kendaraan bermotor bensin dengan sistem karburator sudah jarang diproduksi. Produsen kendaraan beralih dari sistem bahan bakar karburator ke sistem injeksi. Aplikasi teknologi injeksi bahan bakar pada motor bensin merupakan salah satu upaya menciptakan kendaraan yang rendah emisi, ekonomis dalam pemakaian bahan bakar dan meningkatkan performa mesin. Guna memahami bagaimana sistem injeksi bahan bakar motor bensin pada materi ini akan kita diskusikan beberapa hal diantaranya: Apakah perbedaan sistem injeksi bahan bakar motor bensin dengan sistem karburator?. Bagaimana macam dan klasifikasi
sistem injeksi injeksi bahan bakar
pada motor bensin?. Apasaja komponen motor bensin dengan sistem injeksi bahan bakar kontrol elektronik? Bagaimana prinsip kerja komponen motor bensin dengan sistem injeksi bahan bakar kontrol elektronik?. Bagaimana melakukan diangnosa, pemeriksaan dan penyetelan motor bensin
dengan
sistem injeksi bahan bahan bakar kontrol elektronik?
1. Perbedaan Sistem Karburator Dengan Injeksi Injeksi Bahan Bakar Kontrol Elektronik a. Prinsip Pengabutan dan Komposisi Campuran Karburator Pengabutan bensin pada
Injeksi Bahan Bakar Pengabutan bensin pada injector
venturi Pengabutan tergantung aliran
Pengabutan tergantung tekanan
udara pada venturi Komposisi campuran
bensin dan ukuran lubang injektor Komposisi campuran dikontrol
tergantung perbandingan
computer (Electronic (Electronic Control Unit/
lubang spuyer, skerup penyetel
ECU ) berdasarkan jumlah udara
dan tinggi bensin di pelampung
yang masuk dan kondisi kerja mesin yang dipantau oleh berbagai sensor yang dipasang.
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Putaran rendah
Putaran tinggi
Gambar 1. Perbedaan sistem pengabutan karburator dan Injeksi Bahan Bakar
b. Sistem Cuk pada Karburator dan Injektor Saat Dingin pada Injeksi Bahan Bakar
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Karburator
Injeksi Bahan Bakar
Menutup lubang saluran masuk
Menambah injektor saat dingin untuk
agar kevacuman pada venturi
menambah
meningkat
bensin
sehingga campuran lebih kaya, terdapat
banyak,
pula model yang pada saat dingin
campuran kaya, mesin mudah
mengaktifkan Idle Speed Control (ISC).
dihidupkan
ECU
yang
sehingga
keluar
lebih
penyemprotan
menambah
berdasarkan
jumlah
signal
starter
bensin
injeksi dan
temperatur mesin.
c. Saat Percepatan Injeksi Bahan Bakar
Karburator Saat
dipercepat
percepatan
pompa
Saat
dipercepat
jumlah
udara
yang
menyemprotkan
masuk semakin banyak. Jumlah udara
bahan bakar untuk mengatasi
dideteksi oleh air flow meter atau MAP
keterlambatan aliran
bahan
sensor, mendapat masukkan tersebut
baker. Saat dipercepat aliran
ECU menambah jumlah injeksi bahan
bahan
bakar.
sehingga kurus
bakarnya terjadi
lemah campuran
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2. Kelebihan Sistem Injeksi Bahan Bakar Dibandingkan Sistem Karburator Kelebihan Sistem Injeksi Bahan Bakar dibandingkan dengan sistem karburator antara lain: 1) Pengabutan bahan bakar lebih baik baik yang yang menjamin homogenitas campuran lebih baik. 2) Komposisi campuran sesuai dengan putaran dan beban beban mesin 3) Pembakaran lebih sempurna sehingga a) Bahan bakar lebih hemat b) Tenaga mesin lebih besar c)
Emisi gas buang lebih rendah
3. Macam Sistem Injeksi Bahan Bakar Sistem injeksi bahan bakar merupakan sistim yang proses pengabutan bahan bakar dengan metode di injeksikan. Sistem injeksi bahan bakar dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi: 1). Berdasarkan lokasi injektor a).TBI (Throttle (Throttle Body Injection) Injection ) Pada tipe ini injektor berada di throttle body atau venturi dengan jumlah injektor satu buah, sehingga sistem injeksi tipe ini juga disebut sistem mono injection. injection. Sistem injeksi tipe ini merupakan konsep awal aplikasi sistem injeksi pada motor bensin. b). MPI (Multi (Multi Point Injection) Injection ) Pada tipe ini injektor dipasang pada manifold mengarah ke katup masuk, jumlah injektor sejumlah silinder. Pada saat ini hampir semua sistem injeksi menggunakan konsep MPI. c). GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) Injection ) Pada tipe ini injektor dipasang di kepala silinder, injektor menyemprot ke ruang bakar, banyak injektor sejumlah silinder. Sistem ini merupakan pengembangan Mitsubishi motor yang diterapkan pada mobil Mitsubishi Carisma.
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2. Berdasarkan Sistem Kontrolnya a. Kontrol Mekanik Sistem injeksi bahan bakar motor bensin tipe K Jetronic merupakan merupakan sistem injeksi kontrol mekanik. Pada sistem ini injektor menyemprotkan bensin secara
terus-menerus
dalam
setiap
saluran
masuk
silinder
motor.
Pengontrolan jumlah injeksi bahan bakar ke setiap saluran masuk ditakar oleh plunyer pengontrol ((control control plunger ) yang terletak di distributor bahan bakar dan pengontrolan udara dilakukan oleh air flow sensor .
Gambar 5. Sistem Injeksi K-Jetronic
b.Kontrol Elektronik (E lectronic lectronic F uel Injection /EFI) Aplikasi teknologi kontrol elektronik memungkinkan pengontrolan injeksi bahan bakar lebih akurat sehingga Sistem injeksi motor bensin dengan
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1). L Jetronic Kode L berasal dari bahasa Jerman “ Luft” Luft” yang berarti udara. Pada EFI L Jetronic , kontrol injeksi dilakukan secara elektronik oleh Electronic Control Unit (ECU) berdasarkan jumlah udara yang masuk. Sensor untuk mengukur jumlah udara yang masuk ke dalam silinder menggunakan Air AFM ) Flow Meter (
2). D Jetronic Kode D berasal dari bahasa Jerman “Drunk “ Drunk”” yang berarti tekanan. Pada EFI D Jetronic , kontrol injeksi dilakukan secara elektronik oleh Electronic Control Unit (ECU) (ECU) berdasarkan jumlah udara yang masuk. Sensor untuk mengukur jumlah udara yang masuk ke dalam silinder menggunakan Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor (MAP Sensor).
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1. Tangki BB
8. Throttle
14.Water temp. Sensor
2. Pompa BB
9. Throttle Position sensor
15. Idle Speed Control
3. Saringan BB
10.
16.Crank sensor
4. Pipa deliveri
11. Penyetel CO
Skerup penyetel idle
17.Kontak
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4. Sistem Injeksi Bahan Bakar Kontrol Elektronik Sistem injeksi bahan bakar kontrol elektronik atau Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) dapat dikelompokan menjadi 3 kelompok sistem dasar, yaitu: a. Sistem bahan bakar (Fuel System): System): Sistem bahan bakar berfungsi untuk mensuplay bahan bakar tekanan tinggi pada pipa akumulator pada tekanan konstan sehingga siap diinjeksikan. b. Sistem induksi induksi ( Air Air Induction System): System): Sistem induksi berfungsi untuk mengontrol jumlah udara yang masuk kedalam silinder. c. Sistem kontrol elektronik (Electronic ( Electronic Control System) System): Sistem kontrol elektronik berfungsi untuk mengontrol jumlah bahan bakar yang di injeksikan ke dalam silinder berdasarkkan dari masukan sensor yang ada.
a. Sistem bahan bakar (Fuel S ys tem tem): Sistem bahan bakar berfungsi untuk mensuplay bahan bakar tekanan tinggi pada pipa akumulator pada tekanan konstan sehingga siap diinjeksikan. Komponen sistem bahan bakar antara lain: Tangki bahan bakar ( fuel tank ), ), pompa bahan bakar (fuel ( fuel pump), pump), pipa bahan bakar (fuel ( fuel pipe), pipe), saringan bahan bakar (fuel (fuel filter ), ), damper pulsa ( pulsation damper ), ),
pipa deliveri (delivery
pipa), pipa), regulator tekanan ( pressure regulator ), ), pipa pengembali (return pipe). Tata letak komponen dapat dilihat pada gambar di bawah.
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Prinsip kerja sistem bahan bakar adalah sebagai berikut: saat mesin distarter atau mesin hidup maka pompa bahan bakar ( fuel pump) pump) bekerja menghisap bahan bakar dari tangki (fuel ( fuel tank ) dan menekan ke pipa deliveri (delivery pipe) pipe) dengan terlebih dahulu disaring oleh saringan bahan bakar (fuel filter ). ). Bila tekanan bahan bakar melebihi batas yang ditentukan maka regulator akan membuka dan bahan bakar akan mengalir ke tangki melalui saluran pengembali (return (return pipe). pipe). Injektor dihubungkan ke pipa deliveri sehingga saat jarum injektor membuka maka injektor akan mengabutkan bakan bakar ke arah katup hisap dan masuk ke dalam silinder. Untuk lebih jelasnya aliran bahan bakar dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut:
Gambar 10. Aliran bahan bakar pada sistem EFI
Komponen Sistem Bahan Bakar EFI a). Tangki Bahan Bakar
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Jenis pompa bahan bakar EFI ada 2 macam yaitu:
xternal Tank Tank Ty pe (In Li ne Type Type) (a). E xternal Pompa jenis ini diletakkan di luar tangki bahan bakar. Konstruksi pompa terdiri dari 4 bagian yaitu: 1). Motor listrik 2). Pompa menggunakan roller roller 3). Pengaman yaitu check valve dan valve dan relief valve 4). Saringan 5). Sillencer untuk meredam suara bising dari pompa saat bekerja. Pada saat ini pompa jenis ini sudah jarang digunakan.
Gambar 11. External Pump Type
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Kontak “ON” ON” namum mesin mati maka pompa bahan bakar tidak bekerja, hal ini sebagai upaya pengamanan dan upaya untuk mengurangi kosumsi energi listrik. Pompa dapat bekerja pada saat mesin distarter atau mesin telah hidup. Upaya menghidupkan pompa saat mesin mati dapat dilakukan dengan me- jumper jumper terminal FP dan +B ( gambar dibawah) pada kotak diagnosis. Fasilitas ini diberikan agar pompa bahan bakar dapat dihidup saat mesin mati sehingga tekanan kerja cepat terpenuhi setelah mengganti komponen sistem bahan bakar atau saat melakukan pengetestan tekanan bahan bakar maka pompa. Rangkaian kelistrikan pompa bahan bakar untuk EFI-L dan EFI D adalah sebagai berikut:
EFI-L
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lter ) c). Saringan Bahan Bakar (Fuel Fi lter Saringan bahan bakar berfungsi untuk menyaring kotoran pada bensin agar tidak menyumbat injektor. Saringan bahan bakar dipasang setelah pompa bahan bakar. Pengantian saringan
setiap relatif relatif lama lama yaitu
40.000
bahan
km.
Saat pemasangan
saringan
bakar
harus
memperhatikan tanda pemasangan yang terdapat pada bodi saringan bahan bakar.
Tanda pemasangan pada bodi filter
Konstruksi filter
Gambar 14. Fuel filter
d). Pipa deliveri (Delivery pipe)
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e). Regulator Tekanan (Pressure Regulator ) Regulator tekanan berfungsi untuk mengatur tekanan bahan bakar pada pipa deliveri agar tekanan tetap stabil. Besar tekanan bahan bakar diatur sebesar 2,3-2,6 kg/cm 2. Bila tekanan melebihi batas yang ditentukan ditentukan maka katup (valve (valve)) regulator tekanan akan membuka dan bahan bakar dialirkan ke tangki kembali.
Gambar 16. Regulator tekanan
Injeksi bahan bakar adalah ke manifold, sehingga perbedaan tekanan yang harus dijaga stabil adalah perbedaan tekanan antara bahan bakar pada pipa deliveri dengan tekanan manifold, oleh karena itu pada regulator terdapat
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Gambar 17. Konstruksi injektor
b. Sistem Induksi Udara ( Air Induction System ) Sistem induksi udara berfungsi untuk mengalirkan udara ke dalam silinder yang diperlukan untuk proses pembakaran. Komponen sistem induksi udara terdiri dari: saringan udara, air flow meter (untuk (untuk EFI-L), throttle body , air valve, air intake chamber (intake manifold). manifold) .
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Aliran udara yang masuk ke dalam silinder adalah sebagai berikut:
Gambar 19. Aliran udara pada sistem induksi
Komponen Sistem Induksi a). Saringan Udara
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Saat pedal gas ditekan maka throttle valve membuka valve membuka lebih lebar, sehingga jumlah udara yang masuk lebih banyak, aliran udara menggerakkan sensor air flow meter bergerak membuka lebih besar, gerakan tersebut merubah nilai tahanan pada air flow meter . Perubahan tahanan tersebut dideteksi oleh ECU, untuk dikonversi menjadi jumlah udara yang masuk ke dalam silinder.
c). Throttle B ody Throttle body merupakan merupakan bagian yang mengatur jumlah udara yang masuk ke dalam silinder. Throttle body terdiri terdiri dari:
Katup throttle (Throttl Thr ottle e val v alve ve) : digerakkan oleh pedal gas untuk mengatur jumlah udara yang masuk ke silinder.
Throttle Throttle pos ition s ensor : mensensor posisi katup throttle
Sekerup penyetel kecepatan idle: idle: menyetel putaran idle mesin
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panas thermo valve memuai sehingga gate valve menutup, valve menutup, udara yang masuk ke silider berkurang, jumlah injeksi berkurang, dan putaran mesin turun.
(2). Tipe Bimetal Saat mesin hidup dalam kondisi dingin maka bimetal valve membuka saluran lebih besar sehingga udara yang masuk ke silinder lebih banyak dan putaran mesin lebih tinggi. semakin
panas
berangsur-angsur
Saat mesin
bimetal
valv e
menututup
sehingga putaran mesin turun.
Gambar 23. Air valve bimetel
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c.
Sistem Kontrol Elektronik Sistem kontrol elektronik merupakan bagian sistem EFI yang berfungsi mengontrol jumlah injeksi bahan bakar dan saat pengapian sesuai dengan kondisi kerja mesin. Pemanfaatan elektronik sebagai pengontrol sistem injeksi memungkinkan dihasilkan akurasi campuran bahan bakar dan saat pengapian yang paling optimal, sehingga kosumsi bahan bakar ekonomis, emisi gas buang rendah dan performa mesin optimal. Bagan sistem pada sistem kontrol injeksi dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut:
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Model B Semakin besar bukaan measuring plate, plate, semakin rendah tegangan pada
terminal Vs pada air flow meter . Semakin rendah tegangan pada terminal signal VS, mengindikasikan semakin banyak jumlah udara yang masuk. Rangkaian kelistrikan dan hubungan bukaan dengan tegangan Vs adalah sebagai berikut:
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pada intake manifold.
Throttle e Pos ition S ensor c). Throttl Throttle position sensor (TPS) dipasang pada throttle body , berfungsi untuk mendeteksi posisi bukaan katup gas. Terdapat 2 model TPS, yaitu:
Model C ontact ontact Poi nt TPS model ini mempunyai 3 terminal, yaitu IDL, TL dan PSW. Teminal IDL
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Lampiran: Trouble Shooting Trouble Shooting merupakan merupakan kumpulan beberapa penyebab ganggunan yang sering terjadi. Terdapat beberapa gangguan pada mesin dengan sistem injeksi bahan bakar kontrol elektronik yaitu antara lain: a. b.
Mesin mati (Engine stalling ) Mesin susa hidup (Poor starting )
c.
Putaran idle jelek (Poor idling )
d.
Pengendaraan kurang baik (Poor drivability )
Mesin mati ( E ng ine s tall talling ing ) No
Gejala
1
Mati setelah starter
Sistem bahan bakar
Mesin mati bila pedal ditekan
Electronic Control System
2
3
Mesin mati saat pedal dilepas
4
Mesin mati tetapi dapat distarter lagi
Sistem
Air induction system Electronic control system Power suplay system Electronic control system
Kemungkinan Penyebab Komponen Jenis Pompa bensin Tidak bekerja Circuit opening relay Tidak ON Pressure regulator Rusak Fuel filter, Fuel line Tersumbat Aktuator ISC Tidak bekerja Air flow meter/ MAP Tegangan dan sensor tahanan tidak tepat Water Temperatur sensor Throttle position sensor Throttle body Tidak tepat
Air flow meter/ MAP sensor Aktuator ISC Ignition switch EFI main relay Air flow meter/ MAP sensor Distributor signal
Tidak fungsi
Kotor, kendor Kotor,kendor Tidak fungsi Hubungan kurang baik
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tarting ) Mesin Sulit Starter (Poor S tarting No
1
Gejala
Saat starter tidak ada tanda pembakaran
Kemungkinan Penyebab Sistem Komponen Power Ignition switch suplay EFI main relay Injector Sistem bahan bakar Pompa bahan bakar Circuit opening relay Pressure regulator Fuel Filter, Fuel line Sistem Busi, coil, Igniter pengapian Distributor signal Injector Sistem bahan bakar
2
Pembakaran tidak sempurna mesin sulit hidup saat starter
Sistem pengapian Electronic control system
3
Sulit hidup
Pompa bahan bakar Circuit opening relay Pressure regulator Fuel Filter, Fuel line Busi, coil, Igniter Distributor signal Signal starter Aktuaktor ISC
Jenis Kontak kotor Kotor/ rusak Bocor, tidak fungsi Tidak bekerja Tidak ON Bocor Tersumbat Lemah, mati Lemah, rusak Tersumbat/ bocor Lemah Kotor, kendor Lemah Tersumbat Lemah Lemah Tidak ada Macet, tidak fungsi Tidak fungsi
Air flow meter/ MAP sensor Sistem PVC Rusak induksi Air house Bocor Sistem Piston, ring piston, Aus kompresi silinder, katup bocor Injector Bocor, tersumbat Sistem Pompa bahan Lemah bahan bakar bakar Circuit opening Kotor relay Pressure regulator Tekanan rendah Fuel Filter, Fuel line Kotor,tersumbat Sistem Busi, coil, Igniter Lemah pengapian Distributor signal Lemah Signal starter Tidak ada Electronic Aktuaktor ISC Macet posisi control menutup system Air flow meter/ MAP Kendor, tidak
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idling ) Putaran idle jelek ( Poor idling No
1
2
3
4
5
Kemungkinan Penyebab Sistem Komponen Jenis Air Air valve Membuka berlebihan induction atau macet Tidak system dapat Electronic Water temperature Rangkaian terbuka atu fast control sensor hubung singkat idle system Rangkaian ISC Rangkaian terbuka atau aktuktor ISC tidak bekerja Air Air valve Membuka berlebihan induction Thottle body Aus sehingga tidak system dapat menutup rapat Idling Penyetelan idle Penyetelan idle terlalu terlalu tinggi tinggi Electronic Rangkaian ISC Rangkaian terbuka control atau aktuktor ISC tidak system bekerja dengan posisi terbuka AC signal On terus Air Air valve Macet posisi menutup induction Penyetelan idle Penyetelan idle terlalu system rendah Idling Electronic Rangkaian ISC Rangkaian terbuka terlalu control atau aktuktor ISC tidak rendah system bekerja dengan posisi menutup Air flow meter. MAP Tegangan atau sensor tahanan tidak tepat Sistem Pompa bahan bakar Pompa lemah bahan Injektor Lubang tersumbat bakar Injector Terbalik atau bocor Sistem Pompa bahan bakar Tidak berfungsi bahan dengan baik Pressure regulator Idling bakar tidak Air Air valve kotor stabil induction Throttle body Poros throttle valve system aus Electronic Air flow meter/ MAP Kontak kotor, tidak control sensor bekerja system Oxygen sensor Tidak bekerja Mesin Idle Aktuator ISC Tidak bekerja mati speed saat control AC ON Gejala
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vability ) Pengendaraan kurang baik (Poor dri vability No
Gejala
1
Tersendat saat dipercepat
Sistem
Sistem bahan bakar Electronic control system
2 Mufler meledak ledak
Sistem pengapian Sistem bahan bakar Electronic control system Sistem pengapian
3
Kemungkinan Penyebab Komponen Jenis Injector Volume injeksi kurang Pompa bahan bakar Volume kurang Pressure regulator Tekanan rendah Fuel Filter, Fuel line Tersumbat Air flow meter/ MAP Tegangan atau sensor tahahan tidak tepat, Intake air temperature sambungan terbuka atau hubung pendek sensor Water temperature sensor Throttle position sensor Busi, coil, Igniter Lemah Distributor signal Injector Bocor, volume berlebihan Water temperature Tegangan atau sensor tahahan tidak tepa Busi, coil, Igniter, Lemah Injector
Sistem bahan bakar Tenaga mesin lemah
Electronic control system
Pompa bahan bakar Pressure regulator Fuel Filter, Fuel line Air flow meter/ MAP sensor Intake air temperature sensor Water temperature sensor Throttle position sensor Injector
Sistem bahan bakar Pressure regulator 4
Asap hitam
Air flow meter/ MAP sensor Electronic control system
Intake air temperature sensor Water temperature
Volume injeksi kurang Volume kurang Tekanan rendah Tersumbat Tegangan atau tahahan tidak tepat, sambungan terbuka atau hubung pendek
Output signal VTA atau PSW tidak ada Injector bocor atau volume injeksi berlebihan Macet, tenakan bb berlebihan Tegangan atau tahahan tidak tepat, sambungan terbuka atau hubung pendek Tegangan atau tahahan tidak tepat
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