\@IMHIH Z@CHA]HIHHI Z@KL@CHOH\HI (\ZZ) ]htuhi Z`idbdbahi Khth Z`chohrhi A`chs /]`k`st`r Thfui Z`chohrhi Kht`rb Zgaga Hcgahsb ^hatu
? ]KA I`n`rb 8 T`lbin Tbinnb ? Lbsibs Gi Cbi` ? VB ? <:8> /<:86 ? K`i`rhpahi Z`kluhthi Lcgn ? 5 OZ ( < Z`rt`kuhi)
H. Agkp`t`isb Bitb? AB 8? K`infhyhtb dhi k`inhkhcahi hohrhi hohrhi hnhkh yhin dbhiutiyh dbhiut iyh AB
=.80 K`i`rhpahi p`kluhthi Lcgn 4.80 K`kluht Lcgn
Bidbahtgr Z`imhphbhi Agkp`t`isb (BZA) =.80.8 K`kluht haui db lcgnn`r =.80.< K`in`cgch lcgn =.80.= K`kluht pgstbinhi db lcgn =.80.4 K`kluht tf`k` phdh lcgn
M. Tuouhi Z`kl`chohrhi Z`rt`kuhi Z`rthkh
]`t`chf k`inbautb s`rhinahbhi a`nbhthi p`kl`chohrhi p`s`rth dbdba dhpht? 8. <. =. 4.
K`kluht haui db lcgnn`r d`inhi t`pht1 K`in`cgch lcgn d`inhi l`ihr1 K`kluht pgstbinhi db lcgn d`inhi t`pht1 K`kluht tf`k` phdh lcgn d`inhi l`ihr1
Egaus ibchb-ibchb sbahp 8. <. =. 4.
\`cbnbus Dbsbpcbi A`roh a`rhs Khidbrb
0. Ar`htbe 5. Thinnuin Ohwhl >. A`dbsbpcbihi
D. Kht`rb Z`kl`chohrhi
8. Kht`rb Z`kl`chohrhi \`nuc`r h. Ehath ➬ ➬ ➬ ➬
K`in`thfub mhrh k`kluht k`kluht haui db lcgnn`r K`in`thfub mhrh k`in`cgch lcgn K`ihkpbcahi K`ihkpbcahi fhsbc pgstbinhi db lcgn K`kp`rlhbab K`kp`rlhbab tf`k` phdh lcgn
l. Agis`p ➬ Lcgn k`ruphahi sbinahthi dhrb "w`l cgn" yhin k`ruphahi suhtu l`itua hpcbahsb
w`l yhin l`ruph hi`ah khmhk tucbshi-tucbshi (yhin dbkuht s`lhnhb pgstbin hthu hrtba`c-hrtba`c lcgn) phdh s`luhf fhchkhi w`l ukuk (t`kpcht` lcgn).
m. Zrbisbp ➬
K`i`ituahi tgpba uthkh lcgn.
➬ K`i`ituahi pchtegrk lcgnnbin yhin t`pht
d. Zrgs`dur ➬ Luhtchf `-khbc t`rchlbf dhfucu s`l`cuk k`kluht lcgn. ]`lhbaiyh k`innuihahi
haui nggnc` uitua k`idhethr db lcgnn`r.
<. Kht`rb Z`kl`chohrhi \`k`dbhc h. (Hklbc dhrb Kht`rb \`nuc`r) ➬ Nuru k`kprhatbaahi a`klhcb kht`rb phdh agkp`t`isb dhshr yhin l`cuk tuiths,
a`kudbhi p`s`rth dbdba dbkbith k`kp`chohrb kht`rb t`rs`lut dhi k`ihiyhahi fhcfhc yhin l`cuk dbphfhkbiyh. ]`t`chf btu, Nuru k`inuob uitua k`ibchb a`klhcb p`inuhshhi agkp`t`isb agkp`t`isb dhshr t`rs`lut t`rs`lut lcgnn`r Z`kluhthi lcgn db lcgnn`r
=. Kht`rb Z`kl`chohrhi Z`inhyhhi h. (Hklbc dhrb Kht`rb \`nuc`r) ➬
Z`s`rth dbdba yhin sudhf k`kluht lcgn k`kp`rlhbab k`kp`rlhbab thkpbchi dhi k`infuluinahiiyh k`infuluinahiiyh d`inhi nggnc`. Nuru k`imhtht dhi k`kl`rbahi thklhfhi ibchb lhnb p`s`rth dbdba yhin l`rfhsbc dhchk p`inhyhhi. K`imhrb biegrkhsb k`rulhf tf`k` k`innuihahi t`kpcht` pbfha a`tbnh s`suhb d`inhi t`kh dhrb lcgn.
@. K`tgd` Z`kl`chohrhi 8. Kgd`c <. Z`id`ahthi =. K`tgd`
? Zrgdumt Lhs`d Trhbibin d`inhi Tutgr ]`lhyh ? ]mb`itbebm C`hribin ? M`rhkhf, dbsausb dhi p`iunhshi
E. K`dbh/hcht, Lhfhi dhi 8. K`dbh/hcht? h. K`dbh CMD prgo`mtgr, l. Agkput`r, m. ]p`ha`r hatbe d. Lhfhi Thyhin <. Lhfhi? h. Zhphi tucbs l. ]pbdgc =. ]ukl`r L`chohr h. Mhfygig, T`nuf. Zhiduhi C`inahp Jk`in`cgchlcgnau.lcgnspgt.mgk l. Kgduc/lhfhi hohr,
K`in`cgchf
Lcgn
db
Lcgnspgt
?
m. bit`ri`t, d. ]ukl`r chbi yhin r`c`vhi N. Chinahf-chinahf Z`kl`chohrhi Z`rt`kuhi B A`nbhthi/]bithas Z`idhfucuhi
D`sarbpsb Grb`ithsb ❕ K`chauahi p`kluahhi d`inhi shchk p`kluah dhi l`rdgh uitua k`kuchb p`kl`chohrhi p`kl`chohrhi ❕
K`k`rbash a`fhdbrhi p`s`rth dbdba s`lhnhb sbahp dbsbpcbi ❕ K`iybhpahi ebsba dhi psbabs p`s`rth dbdba dhchk k`inhwhcb a`nbhthi p`kl`chohrhi. Hp`rs`psb ❕ K`inhbtahi kht`rb/t`kh/a`nbhthi kht`rb/t`kh/a`nbhthi p`kl`chohrhi p`kl`chohrhi yhin hahi dbchauahi d`inhi p`inhchkhi p`inhchkhi p`s`rth dbdba d`inhi kht`rb/t`kh/a`nbhthi kht`rb/t`kh/a`nbhthi s`l`cukiyh, s`l`cukiyh, ❕ K`inbinhtahi a`klhcb kht`rb prhsyhrht d`inhi l`rthiyh. ❕ K`inhouahi p`rthiyhhi yhin hdh a`t`rahbthiiyh d`inhi p`chohrhi yhin hahi dbchauahi. Kgtbvhsb ❕ K`kl`rbahi nhklhrhi t`ithin khiehht k`kp`chohrb p`chohrhi yhin hahi dbp`chohrb. ❕ Hphlbch kht`rb/t`kh/prgo`a bib a`rohahi d`inhi lhba dhi suinnuf-suinnuf bib dbauhshb d`inhi lhba, khah p`s`rth dbdba dbfhrhpahi dhpht? db lcgnn`r ✥ K`kluht haui db ✥ K`kluht Lcgn ✥ K`in`cgch Lcgn ✥ K`inulhf tf`k` lcgn ❕ K`iyhkphbahi tuouhi p`kl`chohrhi phdh p`rt`kuhi yhin yhin l`rchinsuin ❕ K`inhouahi p`rthiyhhi. Z`kl`rbhi Hmuhi ❕ K`kl`rbthfuahi K`kl`rbthfu ahi kht`rb p`chohrhi yhin hahi dblhfhs phdh p`rt`kuhi shht btu. ❕ K`kl`rbthfuahi t`ithin agkp`t`isb bitb, agkp`t`isb dhshr, bidbahtgr, dhi AAK phdh p`rt`kuhi yhin yhin l`rchinsuin ❕ Z`klhnbhi a`cgkpga l`chohr, s`tbhp a`cgkpga l`rbsb s`grhin tutgr dhi =-4 tut``. K`io`chsahi k`ahibsk` p`chashihhi p`inhchkhi p`inhchkhi l`chohr s`suhb d`inhi chinahfchinahf p`kl`chohrhi. p`kl`chohrhi.
Hcgahsb whatu 80 K`ibt
A`nbhthi Bitb?
K`inhkhtb
K`r`imhihahi Zrgdua
Mrbtbmhc Tfbinabin
Z`s`rth dbdba dbl`rb kgtbvhsb hthu rhinshinhi uitua k`kushtahi p`rfhtbhi phdh tgpba ✥ Z`kluhthi haui db lcgnn`r ✥ Z`kluhthi lcgn d`inhi mhrh ? ❕ K`cbfht (thiph hthu d`inhi hcht) K`ihyhinahi vbd`g ✥ Abshf suas`s s`grhin s`grhin lcgnn`r/ ✥ Mhrh p`kuhthi lcgn ❕ K`inhkhtb Chinahf-chinahf/prgs`dur Chinahf-chinahf/prgs`dur ? ✥ Z`kluhthi haui db lcgnn`r ✥ Z`kluhthi lcgn ❕ K`klhmh (dbchauahi ( dbchauahi db rukhf s`l`cuk a`nbhthi ), (C b t`r hsb ) p`kl`chohrhi l`rchinsuin l`rchinsuin ), kht`rb dhrb luau pha`t hthu luau-luau p`iuiohin chbi, dhrb bit`ri`t/kht`rb yhin l`rfuluinhi d`inhi ✥ Zhiduhc c`inahp k`kluht k`kluht lcgn ❕ K`id`inhr p`kl`rbhi kht`rb gc`f nuru yhin l`rahbthi d`inhi ✥ Z`kluhthi haui db lcgnn`r ✥ Z`kluhthi lcgn ❕ K`iybkha , p`io`chshi p`inhithr p`inhithr a`nbhthi/kht`rb s`mhrh nhrbs l`shr/ncglhc t`ithin t`ithin kht`rb p`chohrhi p`chohrhi k`in`ihb k`in`ihb ? ✥ Z`kluhthi haui db lcgnn`r ✥ Z`kluhthi lcgn uitua k`chtbf a`suinnufhi, a`t`cbtbhi, k`imhrb biegrkhsb. K`inukpucahi K`chashihahi Mrbtbmhc Tfbinabin, mgcchlgrhtbgi tfbinabin Zrgs`s Zrgduasb biegrkhsb Zhdh sbitha bib p`s`rth dbdba dbhoha k`chauahi thfhphi prgduasb l`rdhshrahi r`imhih prgdua p`kluhthi lcgn. Nuru l`s`rth tutgr s`lhyh s`lhyh k`kgibtgr prgs`s prgduasb.
K`in`vhcuhsb prgdua
Zhdh chinahf bib p`s`rth dbdba dbhoha uitua k`k`rbash fhsbc prgdua k`chcub k`klhidbinahi d`inhi tuituthi phdh p`r`imhihhi t`aibs.
K`in`klhinahi Z`s`rth dbdba dbhoha k`kp`rsbhpahi rhimhinhi p`khshrhi p`khshrhi lhba dhchk o`ohrbin (dhrbin) khupuicuhr r`imhih o`ohrbin (curbin) l`rl`itua lrgsur/phkec`t lrgsur/phkec`t dhi p`khshrhi k`kpr`s`ithsbahiiyh.
Z`iutup
Z`s`rth dbdba ? ◇ K`kluht rhinaukhi/sbkpuchi p`chohrhi. t`ithin pgbit-pgbit p`itbin yhin kuimuc dhchk a`nbhthi p`kl`chohrhi yhin lhru dbchauahi. ◇ K`chauahi r`ec`asb t`rfhdhp a`nbhthi yhin sudhf dbchashihahi. dbchashihahi. Nuru ? ◇
◇
◇
◇ ◇
◇
K`k`rbash p`a`rohhi sbswh yhin s`c`shb chinsuin dbp`rbash. dbp`rbash. Z`s`rth dbdba yhin s`c`shb k`in`rohahi prgo`a d`inhi l`ihr dbl`rb phrhe s`rth dbl`rb igkgr urut p`rbinaht, uitua p`ibchbhi prgo`a. prgo`a. K`kl`rbahi p`infhrnhhi a`phdh a`cgkpga yhin k`kbcbab abi`roh dhi a`rohshkh yhin lhba K`r`imhihahi a`nbhthi tbidha chiout dhchk l`itua tunhs a`cgkpga/ p`rs`grhinhi p`rs`grhinhi (obah dbp`rcuahi). K`inhn`idhahi p`a`rohhi rukhf. K`iyhkphbahi r`imhih p`kl`chohrhi phdh p`rt`kuhi l`rbautiyh l`rbautiyh K`iyhkphbahi r`imhih p`kl`chohrhi l`rbautiyh
Nuru k`kbith s`tbhp p`s`rth dbdba uitua k`klhmh luau yhin l`rahbthi d`inhi kht`rb s`chioutiyh Z`rt`kuhi BB A`nbhthi/]bithas Z`idhfucuhi
D`sarbpsb Grb`ithsb ❕
K`chauahi p`kluahhi d`inhi shchk p`kluah dhi l`rdgh uitua k`kuchb p`kl`chohrhi p`kl`chohrhi ❕ K`k`rbash a`fhdbrhi p`s`rth dbdba s`lhnhb sbahp dbsbpcbi ❕ K`iybhpahi ebsba dhi psbabs p`s`rth dbdba dhchk k`inhwhcb a`nbhthi p`kl`chohrhi. Hp`rs`psb ❕ K`inhbtahi kht`rb/t`kh/a`nbhthi kht`rb/t`kh/a`nbhthi p`kl`chohrhi p`kl`chohrhi yhin hahi dbchauahi d`inhi p`inhchkhi p`inhchkhi p`s`rth dbdba d`inhi kht`rb/t`kh/a`nbhthi kht`rb/t`kh/a`nbhthi s`l`cukiyh, s`l`cukiyh, ❕ K`inbinhtahi a`klhcb kht`rb prhsyhrht d`inhi l`rthiyh. ❕ K`inhouahi p`rthiyhhi yhin hdh a`t`rahbthiiyh d`inhi p`chohrhi yhin hahi dbchauahi.
Hcgahsb whatu 80 K`ibt
Kgtbvhsb ❕ K`kl`rbahi nhklhrhi t`ithin khiehht k`kp`chohrb p`chohrhi yhin hahi dbp`chohrb. ❕
A`nbhthi Bitb?
K`r`imhihahi Zrgdua
Hphlbch kht`rb/t`kh/prgo`a bib a`rohahi d`inhi lhba dhi suinnuf-suinnuf bib dbauhshb d`inhi lhba, khah p`s`rth dbdba dbfhrhpahi dhpht? ✥ K`in`cgch Lcgn ✥ K`inulhf tf`k` lcgn ❕ K`iyhkphbahi tuouhi p`kl`chohrhi phdh p`rt`kuhi yhin yhin l`rchinsuin ❕ K`inhouahi p`rthiyhhi. Z`kl`rbhi Hmuhi ❕ K`kl`rbthfuahi K`kl`rbthfu ahi kht`rb p`chohrhi yhin hahi dblhfhs phdh p`rt`kuhi shht btu. ❕ K`kl`rbthfuahi t`ithin agkp`t`isb bitb, agkp`t`isb dhshr, bidbahtgr, dhi AAK phdh p`rt`kuhi yhin yhin l`rchinsuin ❕ Z`klhnbhi a`cgkpga l`chohr, s`tbhp a`cgkpga l`rbsb s`grhin tutgr dhi =-4 tut``. K`io`chsahi k`ahibsk` p`chashihhi p`inhchkhi p`inhchkhi l`chohr s`suhb d`inhi chinahfchinahf p`kl`chohrhi. p`kl`chohrhi. K`inhkhtb Mrbtbmhc Tfbinabin Z`s`rth dbdba dbl`rb kgtbvhsb hthu rhinshinhi uitua k`kushtahi p`rfhtbhi phdh tgpba ✥ Z`kluhthi haui db lcgnn`r ✥ Z`kluhthi lcgn d`inhi mhrh ? ❕ K`cbfht (thiph hthu d`inhi hcht) K`ihyhinahi vbd`g ✥ Abshf suas`s s`grhin s`grhin lcgnn`r/ ✥ Mhrh p`kuhthi lcgn ❕ K`inhkhtb Chinahf-chinahf/prgs`dur Chinahf-chinahf/prgs`dur ? ✥ Z`kluhthi haui db lcgnn`r ✥ Z`kluhthi lcgn ❕ K`klhmh (dbchauahi ( dbchauahi db rukhf s`l`cuk a`nbhthi p`kl`chohrhi l`rchinsuin l`rchinsuin ), ), (C b t`r hsb ) kht`rb dhrb luau pha`t hthu luau-luau p`iuiohin chbi, dhrb bit`ri`t/kht`rb yhin l`rfuluinhi d`inhi ✥ Zhiduhc c`inahp k`kluht k`kluht lcgn ❕ K`id`inhr p`kl`rbhi kht`rb gc`f nuru yhin l`rahbthi d`inhi ✥ Z`kluhthi haui db lcgnn`r ✥ Z`kluhthi lcgn
❕
K`iybkha , p`io`chshi p`inhithr p`inhithr a`nbhthi/kht`rb s`mhrh nhrbs l`shr/ncglhc t`ithin t`ithin kht`rb p`chohrhi p`chohrhi k`in`ihb k`in`ihb ?
Z`kluhthi haui db lcgnn`r ✥ Z`kluhthi lcgn uitua k`chtbf a`suinnufhi, a`t`cbtbhi, k`imhrb biegrkhsb. K`inukpucahi Mrbtbmhc Tfbinabin, mgcchlgrhtbgi tfbinabin biegrkhsb ✥
K`chashihahi Zrgs`s Zrgduasb
Zhdh sbitha bib p`s`rth dbdba dbhoha k`chauahi thfhphi prgduasb l`rdhshrahi r`imhih prgdua p`kluhthi lcgn. Nuru l`s`rth tutgr s`lhyh s`lhyh k`kgibtgr prgs`s prgduasb.
K`in`vhcuhsb prgdua
Zhdh chinahf bib p`s`rth dbdba dbhoha uitua k`k`rbash fhsbc prgdua k`chcub k`klhidbinahi d`inhi tuituthi phdh p`r`imhihhi t`aibs.
K`in`klhinahi Z`s`rth dbdba dbhoha k`kp`rsbhpahi rhimhinhi p`khshrhi p`khshrhi lhba dhchk o`ohrbin (dhrbin) khupuicuhr r`imhih o`ohrbin (curbin) l`rl`itua lrgsur/phkec`t lrgsur/phkec`t dhi p`khshrhi k`kpr`s`ithsbahiiyh.
Z`iutup
Z`s`rth dbdba ? ◇ K`kluht rhinaukhi/sbkpuchi p`chohrhi. t`ithin pgbit-pgbit p`itbin yhin kuimuc dhchk a`nbhthi p`kl`chohrhi yhin lhru dbchauahi. ◇ K`chauahi r`ec`asb t`rfhdhp a`nbhthi yhin sudhf dbchashihahi. dbchashihahi. Nuru ? ◇
◇
◇
◇ ◇
◇
K`k`rbash p`a`rohhi sbswh yhin s`c`shb chinsuin dbp`rbash. dbp`rbash. Z`s`rth dbdba yhin s`c`shb k`in`rohahi prgo`a d`inhi l`ihr dbl`rb phrhe s`rth dbl`rb igkgr urut p`rbinaht, uitua p`ibchbhi prgo`a. prgo`a. K`kl`rbahi p`infhrnhhi a`phdh a`cgkpga yhin k`kbcbab abi`roh dhi a`rohshkh yhin lhba K`r`imhihahi a`nbhthi tbidha chiout dhchk l`itua tunhs a`cgkpga/ p`rs`grhinhi p`rs`grhinhi (obah dbp`rcuahi). K`inhn`idhahi p`a`rohhi rukhf. K`iyhkphbahi r`imhih p`kl`chohrhi phdh p`rt`kuhi l`rbautiyh l`rbautiyh K`iyhkphbahi r`imhih p`kl`chohrhi l`rbautiyh
Nuru k`kbith s`tbhp p`s`rth dbdba uitua k`klhmh luau yhin l`rahbthi d`inhi kht`rb s`chioutiyh
F. Z`ibchbhi, Z`kl`chohrhi \`k`dbhc dhi Z`inhyhhi Z `inhyhhi 8. T`aiba Z`ibchbhi h. Z`ibchbhi Agkp`t`isb Z`in`thfuhi 8) T`s T`rtucbs <) T`s Cbshi l. Z`ibchbhi Agkp`t`isb A`t`rhkpbchi 8) Zrgy`a, p`inhkhthi, whwhimhrh‒
K`kp`chohrb luau luau t`as dhi sukl`r chbi t`ithin kht`rb pgaga ✥ K`iybkha thyhinhi/d`kg thyhinhi/d`kg t`ithin t`ithin kht`rb pgaga pgaga ✥ K`iy`c`shbahi K`iy`c`shbahi tunhs yhin l`rahbthi d`inhi d`inhi p`inhkhthi dhi `aspcgrhsb <) Zgrtgegcbg / uioua a`roh ✥ Chpgrhi t`rtucbs bidbvbdu/ bidbvbdu/ a`cgkpga =) Zrgdua, <. Bistruk`i Z`ibchbhi h. Z`rt`kuhi Z`rthkh (T`rchkpbr) l. Z`rt`kuhi A`duh (T`rchkpbr) =. Z`kl`chohrhi \`k`dbhc dhi Z`inhyhhi h. \`k`dbhc ❕ \`kbdbhc dhpht dbl`rbahi a`phdh p`s`rth dbdba yhin l`cuk k`imhphb AAK khupui a`phdh p`s`rth dbdba yhin sudhf k`chkpub AAK. \`kbdbhc t`rdbrb hths duh lhnbhi ? r`k`dbhc ahr`ih l`cuk k`imhphb AAK dhi r`k`dbhc ahr`ih l`cuk k`imhphb Agkp`t`isb Dhshr ❕ Nuru k`kl`rb s`khinht a`phdh p`s`rth dbdba yhin l`cuk k`imhphb AAK (Arbt`rbh A`tuithshi Kbibkhc). Nuru hahi k`kl`rbahi tunhs lhnb p`s`rth dbdba yhin l`cuk k`imhphb AAK (Arbt`rbhi A`tuithshi Kbibkhc), kbshciyh s`lhnhb l`rbaut. ✥
l. Z`inhyhhi ❕ Z`inhyhhi dbl`rbahi uitua k`ihklhf whwhshi p`s`rth dbdba k`in`ihb kht`rb p`kl`chohrhi p`kl`chohrhi yhin dhpht dbl`rbahi a`phdh p`s`rth dbdba yhin t`chf tuiths k`imhphb AAK hthu k`imhphb Agkp`t`isb Dhshr. ❕ ❕
Z`inhyhhi dhpht dbthnbfahi hthu tbdha dbthnbfahi, s`suhb a`s`phahthi d`inhi p`s`rth dbdba. Dbr`imhihahi l`rdhshrahi BZA hthu kht`rb p`kl`chohrhi yhin k`klutufahi p`in`klhinhi p`in`klhinhi c`lbf cuhs kbshciyh kbshciyh
T`lbin Tbinnb,
D`s`kl`r <:8>
K`in`thfub A`phch ]KA I`n`rb 8 T`lbin Tbinnb
Nuru Khth Z`chohrhi
Drs. ZH\CBIDPINHI, KK IBZ. 8260:>:0 8260:= 8260:= 8 ::>
EHOH\ @E@IDB DHPCHR IBZ. 82608<<: <::2:4 <::2:4 8 ::4
Chkpbrhi ? C`klhr A`roh A`cgkpga ( p`rt`kuhi 8 ) ]ghc A`t`rhkpbchi ? Dbsausbahi d`inhi t`khi s`a`cgkpga s`a`cgkpga t`ithin p`kluhthi lcgn yhin k`ihrba k`ihrba
Ig 8
Agkpgi`i/]ul Agkpgi`i Z`ibchbhi
Bidbahtgr
]agr
Z`rsbhphi A`roh
h. Z`innuihhi hcht dhi lhfhi
l. A`t`rs`dbhhi hcht dhi lhfhi
<
Zrgs`s dhi Fhsbc A`roh h. A`khkpuhi k`kluht haui lcgn
. A`khkpuhi k`in`cgch lcgn
m.
A`khkpuhi k`kluht pgstbin
d. A`khkpuhi k`innuihahi tf`k`
Ig =
28 ” 8:: 8::
Z`innuihhi hcht dhi lhfhi aurhin s`suhb prgs`dur
6: ” 2: 2:
Z`innuihhi hcht dhi lhfhi tbdha s`suhb prgs`dur
>: ” >2 >2
A`t`rs`dbhhi hcht dhi lhfhi c`inahp
28 ” 8:: 8::
A`t`rs`dbhhi hcht dhi lhfhi m uaup c`inahp
6: ” 2: 2:
A`t`rs`dbhhi hcht dhi lhfhi aurhin c`inahp
>: ” >2 >2
Hdhiyh haui lcgn db lcgnn`r d`inhi khidbrb
28 - 8::
Hdhiyh haui lcgn db lcgnn`r d`inhi lhituhi t`khi
6: - 2:
Hdhiyh haui lcgn db lcgnn`r d`inhi nuru
>: - >2
A`khkpuhi k`in`cgch lcgn d`inhi khidbrb
28 - 8::
A`khkpuhi k`in`cgch lcgn d`inhi lhituhi t`khi
6: - 2:
A`khkpuhi k`in`cgch lcgn d`inhi nuru
>: - >2
A`khkpuhi k`kluht pgstbinhi s`suhb d`inhi chl`c A`khkpuhi k`kluht pgstbinhi s`suhb chl`c d`inhi lhituhi A`khkpuhi k`kluht pgstbinhi l`cuk s`suhb d`inhi chl`c Lcgn k`innuihahi tf`k` k`ihrba dhi s`suhb d`inhi t`kh lcgn Lcgn k`innuihahi tf`k` k`ihrba dhi l`cuk s`suhb d`inhi t`kh lcgn Lcgn l`cuk k`innuihahi tf`k` k`ihrba dhi l`cuk s`suhb d`inhi t`kh lcgn
28 - 8::
Agkpgi`i/]ul Agkpgi`i Z`ibchbhi ]bahp a`roh h. A`t`rhkpbchi dhchk k`kluht lcgn
. A`dbsbpcbihi dhchk k`kluht lcgn
m.
Thinnuin ohwhl k`kluht lcgn
d. Agis`itrhsb dhchk k`kluht lcgn
4
Z`innuihhi hcht dhi lhfhi s`suhb prgs`dur
^hatu Z`iy`c`shbhi p`a`rohhi
Bidbahtgr
6: - 2: >: - >2 28 - 8:: 6: - 2: >: - >2
]agr
K`kluht lcgn d`inhi t`rhkpbc
28 -8::
K`kluht lcgn d`inhi muaup t`rhkpbc
6: - 2:
K`kluht lcgn d`inhi aurhin t`rhkpbc
>: - >2
K`kluht lcgn d`inhi dbsbpcbi
28 - 8::
K`kluht lcgn d`inhi muaup dbsbpcbi
6: - 2:
K`kluht lcgn d`inhi aurhin dbsbpcbi
>: - >2
L`rthinnuin ohwhl
28 - 8::
Muaup l`rthinnuin ohwhl
6: - 2:
Aurhin l`rthinnuin ohwhl
>: - >2
K`kluht lcgn d`inhi agis`itrhsb
28 - 8::
K`kluht lcgn d`inhi muaup agis`itrhsb
6: - 2:
K`kluht lcgn d`inhi aurhin agis`itrhsb
>: - >2
]`c`shb s`l`cuk whatu l`rhafbr
28 - 8::
]`c`shb t`pht whatu
6: - 2:
]`c`shb s`t`chf whatu l`rhafbr
>: - >2
Ig =
Agkpgi`i/]ul Agkpgi`i Z`ibchbhi
Bidbahtgr
]bahp a`roh h. A`t`rhkpbchi dhchk k`kluht lcgn
. A`dbsbpcbihi dhchk k`kluht lcgn
m.
Thinnuin ohwhl k`kluht lcgn
d. Agis`itrhsb dhchk k`kluht lcgn
4
^hatu Z`iy`c`shbhi p`a`rohhi
]agr
K`kluht lcgn d`inhi t`rhkpbc
28 -8::
K`kluht lcgn d`inhi muaup t`rhkpbc
6: - 2:
K`kluht lcgn d`inhi aurhin t`rhkpbc
>: - >2
K`kluht lcgn d`inhi dbsbpcbi
28 - 8::
K`kluht lcgn d`inhi muaup dbsbpcbi
6: - 2:
K`kluht lcgn d`inhi aurhin dbsbpcbi
>: - >2
L`rthinnuin ohwhl
28 - 8::
Muaup l`rthinnuin ohwhl
6: - 2:
Aurhin l`rthinnuin ohwhl
>: - >2
K`kluht lcgn d`inhi agis`itrhsb
28 - 8::
K`kluht lcgn d`inhi muaup agis`itrhsb
6: - 2:
K`kluht lcgn d`inhi aurhin agis`itrhsb
>: - >2
]`c`shb s`l`cuk whatu l`rhafbr
28 - 8::
]`c`shb t`pht whatu
6: - 2:
]`c`shb s`t`chf whatu l`rhafbr
>: - >2
Z`ingchfhi Ibchb A`t`rhkpbchi ? Ibchb Zrhatba(IZ)
8
Zrgs`s dhi Fhsbc A`roh <
8:%
5:%
Z`rsbhphi
]bahp A`roh
^hatu
∘ IA
=
0
5
<:%
8:%
]agr Z`rgc`fhi ]agr Khasbkhc Lglgt IA
A`t`rhinhi? ]agr Z`rgc`fhi k`ruphahi p`ioukchfhi sagr p`r agkpgi`i p`ibchbhi ]agr Khasbkhc k`ruphahi sagr khasbkhc p`r agkpgi`i p`ibchbhi Lglgt dbbsb d`inhi p`rs`iths` s`tbhp agkpgi`i. L`shriyh p`rs`iths` dhrb s`tbhp agkpgi`i dbt`thpahi s`mhrh prgpgsbgihc s`suhb ahrhat`rbstba agkp`t`isb a`hfcbhi. Tgthc lglgt uitua agkpgi`i p`ibchbhi hdhchf 8:: IA ; Ibchb Agkpgi`i k`ruphahi p`rahcbhi dhrb sagr p`rgc`fhi d`inhi lglgt dblhnb sagr khasbkhc
;
∘
Þ
Z`ingchfhi Ibchb A`t`rhkpbchi ? Ibchb Zrhatba(IZ)
8
Zrgs`s dhi Fhsbc A`roh <
8:%
5:%
Z`rsbhphi
]bahp A`roh
^hatu
∘ IA
=
0
5
<:%
8:%
]agr Z`rgc`fhi ]agr Khasbkhc Lglgt IA
A`t`rhinhi? ]agr Z`rgc`fhi k`ruphahi p`ioukchfhi sagr p`r agkpgi`i p`ibchbhi ]agr Khasbkhc k`ruphahi sagr khasbkhc p`r agkpgi`i p`ibchbhi Lglgt dbbsb d`inhi p`rs`iths` s`tbhp agkpgi`i. L`shriyh p`rs`iths` dhrb s`tbhp agkpgi`i dbt`thpahi s`mhrh prgpgsbgihc s`suhb ahrhat`rbstba agkp`t`isb a`hfcbhi. Tgthc lglgt uitua agkpgi`i p`ibchbhi hdhchf 8:: IA ; Ibchb Agkpgi`i k`ruphahi p`rahcbhi dhrb sagr p`rgc`fhi d`inhi lglgt dblhnb sagr khasbkhc
;
∘
Þ
IZ ; Ibchb Zrhatba k`ruphahi k`ruphahi p`ioukchfhi dhrb IA
