OBSERVACION DE HONGOS AMBIENTALES
INFORME N° 10 UEC : Microbiología y Parasitología TITULO DE LA PRACTICA : : OBSERVACIÓN DE HONGOS AMBIENTALES
DOCENTE: INTEGRANTES: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fecha de envió o entrega
: : : : : : : : :
Mblgo. WESTER CAMPOS, Jaime. Apellidos y nombres AZAÑERO SEDANO, Katterine.
BRICEÑO ESPINOZA, Jackeline. FLORES ESTEBAN, Milagros. PASCUAL ZURITA, Ricardo. PAUCAR YANGALI, Percy. QUISPE MONTALVO, Juan Carlos. REYES POMA, Jackelyn.
: domingo, 13 de julio de 2014
MICROBIOLOGIA MICROBIOLOGIA Y PARASITOLOGIA
CÓDIGO A80323F A86562F D11187H D03519H D06411B E06598G C00445C
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OBSERVACION DE HONGOS AMBIENTALES OBSERVACIÓN DE HONGOS AMBIENTALES
I.
OBJETIVOS:
II.
Observar e identificar hongos unicelulares y pluricelulares ambientales. Reconocer la morfología y estructura típicas de los hongos.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Las especies fúngicas están ampliamente distribuidas en la naturaleza, razón por la cual son denominados cosmopolitas y con capacidad para adaptarse a cualquier tipo de habitad. Dentro de los principales grupos de hongos sobresalen aquellos que contaminan los vegetales y materia orgánica orgánica en descomposición (saprofíticos) y también aquellos que son capaces de realizar procesos fermentativos útiles para la humanidad.
III.
MARCO TEORICO: 1. GENERALIDADES DE LOS HONGOS:
1.1.
CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LOS HONGOS DE IMPORTANCIA MÉDICA
Reino Fungí
Organismos eucariotas
Se nutren por absorciónheterótrofos Aerobios. Aerobios. Desarrollo a 28ºC; 37ºC Pared celular compuesta por quitina. Unicelulares (levaduras) o pluricelulares pluricelulares (filamentos, (filamentos, micelio, hifas)
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OBSERVACION DE HONGOS AMBIENTALES El tamaño de los hongos varía considerablemente, algunas son unicelulares (por ejemplo, los quitridios y las levaduras) pero la mayoría tienen cuerpos vegetativos compuestos por filamentos microscópicos ramificados llamados hifas. El conjunto de hifas recibe el nombre de micelio. Las hifas son tubos largos y finos, por lo que tienen gran superficie externa. Esto constituye una gran ventaja para los hongos, ya que obtienen su alimento alimento absorbiendo material orgánica desde el exterior a través delas paredes celulares. El micelio que se forma a partir de una espora invade nuevas áreas mediante el crecimiento de las hifas que se ramifican y avanzan en todas direcciones. Los hongos que atacan seres vivos de forma tan virulenta que matan a hospedante se denomina necrótrofos. Estos hongos segregan toxinas que rompen las membranas plasmáticas del hospedante provocándole la muerte. La ruptura de las células libera rápidamente nutrientes al medio, que son absorbidos por el hongo. Estos hongos funcionan como parasito (facultativo) en los primeros momentos del ataque, y como saprotrofos una vez que el hospedante ha muerto. Son hongos patógenos de la planta y animales.
1.2.
CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LOS HONGOS DE IMPORTANCIA MÉDICA.
IV.
Saprofitas : obtienen sus nutrientes de materia orgánica en descomposición Parásitos: Se alimentan de otro ser vivo provocándole daño.
MATERIALES:
Microscopio. Laminas porta y cubreobjetos. Goteros. Pipetas Pasteur. Azul de metileno Materia de asepsia y desinfección.
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OBSERVACION DE HONGOS AMBIENTALES
V.
PROCEDIMIENTO:
OBSERBACION MACROSCOPICA DE LAS FRUTAS Y VEGETALES CONTAMINADAS POR HONGOS.
Muestra de zanahoria Se observa el crecimiento de los hongos en forma algodonosa (conjunto de micelios)
MUESTRA LIMÓN Se observa el crecimiento de un tipo de hongo en forma de polvillo junto algunos micelios fácilmente apreciables.
CHICHA DE JORA Solo se observa unos grumos en la superficie del elemento.
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OBSERVACION DE HONGOS AMBIENTALES RESULTADO DE LA OBSERVACION OBSERVACION OBTENIDA. Los hongos se manifiestan de diferentes formas y su lugar favorito para su desarrollo son los medios parcialmente ácido ácido y húmedos. Las coloraciones coloraciones que presentan los micelios micelios varían según el grado de madures y el tipo de hongo.
OBSERVACION MICROSCOPICA EN FRESCO, PREVIA COLECCIÓN DE PEQUEÑAS PORCIONES DE LOS MICELIOS
Para facilitar la observación en el microscopio de los micelios obtenidos de la muestra se hará con el azul de metileno a 40x
Con la asa bacteriológico coger una pequeña porción de muestra (primordialmente las más prominentes)
Muestra más azul de metileno consiste consiste en –
distribuir los micelios en el azul de metileno
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OBSERVACION DE HONGOS AMBIENTALES
Con el cubre objeto tratar de distribuir parcialmente la muestra
Observación de los micelios y esporas
Al momento de mover el micrométrico. Se observa los
esporangios esporangios y en su contorno las esporas del mismo.
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OBSERVACION DE HONGOS AMBIENTALES Se observa que los hongos macroscópicos compuestos por micelios, esporangios (esporas) se muestran de una manera muy reconocible reconocible ante el microscopio. Al azul de metileno después de cubrir con la lámina respectiva; si muestra un exceso se tiene que que absorber el mismo con un papel papel indicado.
OBSERVACION MICROSCOPICA EN FRESCO, PREVIA COLECCIÓN DE PEQUEÑAS PORCIONES DE LEVADURAS DEL SEDIMENTO SEDIMENTO DE LACHICHA DE JORA. JORA.
En la observación microscópica se aprecia círculos agrupados. Son un tipo de levaduras presentes en la chicha de jora Llamados:
Saccharomyces cerviseae
RESULTADOS: No se logró un buena visualización de la levadura producto a la mala toma demuestra pero, si se; modula bien el microscopio se logra ver en él unas pequeñas agrupaciones agrupaciones de hongos microscópicos (levadoras).
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OBSERVACION DE HONGOS AMBIENTALES
INFORME N° 11 UEC : Microbiología y Parasitología TITULO DE LA PRACTICA :
: AISLAMIENTO E IDENTIFICACIÓN DE HONGOS AMBIENTALES
DOCENTE: : Mblgo. WESTER CAMPOS, Jaime.
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OBSERVACION DE HONGOS AMBIENTALES AISLAMIENTO E IDENTIFICACIÓ IDENTIFICACIÓN N DE HONGOS HONGOS AMBIENTALES
I.
OBJETIVOS:
Aislar hongos ambientales ambientales mediante el uso de medios selectivos. Identificar las especies fúngicas aisladas a través de observaciones macroscópicas y microscópicas.
II.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Si bien es cierto que muchos de los hongos conocidos son inóculos o benéficos para el hombre, algunos de ellos se convierten en agentes causales de enfermedades tanto para el hombre como también para los animales. Por tanto, conviene conocer cuáles de estas especies lo son ya que de ellos dependerá también la selección de los tratamientos específicos para combatir dichas enfermedades.
III.
MARCO TEÓRICO: La observación de los hongos se realizará previo cultivo . La visualización en el microscopio del hongo indicara sus característic c aracterísticas. as.
1. MACROMICETOS: Setas, formados por talo, y sombrero.
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OBSERVACION DE HONGOS AMBIENTALES
2.2.
MOHOS Organismos multicelulares, con paredes, rígidas, paralelas, ramificados, tabicados, mayores de 1μm de diámetro.
Filamento = Hifa
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OBSERVACION DE HONGOS AMBIENTALES 3. REPRODUCCIÓN ASEXUADA. 3.1.
TALOSPOROS: • BLASTOSPOROSO BLASTOCONIDIOS (LEVADURAS)
• ARTROSPOROSO ARTROCONIDIOS ARTROCONIDIOS (FILAMENTOS)
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OBSERVACION DE HONGOS AMBIENTALES 3.2.
CONIDIOS: MACRO O MICROCONIDIOS.
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OBSERVACION DE HONGOS AMBIENTALES 3.4.
CLAMIDOCONIDIOS: CLAMIDOCONIDIOS: RESISTENCIA, RESISTENCIA, RESERVA (CLAMIDOSPOROS) (CLAMIDOSPOROS) Y REPRODUCCIÓN.
4. REPRODUCCIÓN SEXUADA (ESTADO TELEOMORFO) TELEOMORFO) Los hongos que presentan reproducción sexuada se los denomina “perfectos” y estos pueden dividirse en: • ZIGOMYCETOS. • ASCOMYCETOS.
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OBSERVACION DE HONGOS AMBIENTALES V.
PROCEDIMIENTO: Consta de pasos muy importantes.
VI.
PREPARACION DE LAS PLACAS CON AGAR SABOROUND.
Pesado del agar. La formulación de gramos por litro viene escrita en el parte posterior del envase de
dicho medio de preparación.
Llevar a temperatura la solución más el soluto para facilitar la disolución de dicha
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OBSERVACION DE HONGOS AMBIENTALES
Las levaduras están presentes en la chicha de jora (ayudan para su fermentación), se tomará la parte más visible de los grumos, posiblemente ahí se encuentra las levaduras
VIII.
SEMBRADO DE HOMGOS EN LAS PLACAS Y RESULTADO. RESULTADO.
Muestra - pan
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OBSERVACION DE HONGOS AMBIENTALES
IX.
OBSERVACION MACROSCOPICA
Se parecía colonias
El los resultados de siembra en el agar
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OBSERVACION DE HONGOS AMBIENTALES
Observación del del hongo con el lente respectivo
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OBSERVACION DE HONGOS AMBIENTALES
Presencia de filamentos (micelios)
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OBSERVACION DE HONGOS AMBIENTALES XI.
RESULTADOS: El aislamiento aislamiento de los hongos ambientales ambientales generalmente generalmente no no son patógenos y con facilidad se puede puede cultivar. Los hongos patógenos manifiestan sintomatología orgánica y para obtener una muestra se tiene que hacer un raspado del lugar afectado y hacer el mismo procedimiento anterior anterior mente mente descrito.
X.
CONCLUSIONES
Se conoció el fundamento, importancia y aplicaciones de las diferentes técnicas de observación de hongos ambientales y aislamiento e identificación de hongos ambientales . Se realizó correctamente los diferentes tipos de siembra.
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OBSERVACION DE HONGOS AMBIENTALES
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS