@CJ[CDFD]F Mfplqqcnnc [fqpcdln
Anc|vf nc|vf ]fjì}e`c ]f jì}e`c Mfplqqcnnc [fqpcdln E
[QCBQLJL MF FP[F@ELNE_L@EÐDFD @CJVDE@L@EÐD JÐMVNC HCQJL]EXC E @E@NC
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
@cj{cdfd}f Mfplqqcnnc [fqpcdln Anc|vf ]fjì}e`c Mfplqqcnnc [fqpcdln E
Ofhf mfn [qcuf`}c Fdqe|vf @ìq{fdl Xfnìp|vfz @ccqmedlmcq L`lmåje`c Fnjfq Jen}cd Jldlulu ]lhvq Melbqljl`eðd u `cqqf``eðd mf fp}enc Jlqêl Fnfdl C}fqc [efmql Jen}cd Jldlulu]lhvq Qfml``eðd mf `cd}fdemcp $ Pfpecdfp ;<9 ;19 ;0 Jlqêl Fnfdl C}fqc [efmql $ Pfpecdfp ;=9 ;6 Jenfume Hncqfp Hfqdìdmfz F|ve{c mf fp{f`elnep}lp Jlqêl Fnfdl C}fqc [efmql Jenfume Hncqfp Hfqdìdmfz
[QCBQLJL MF FP[F@ELNE_L@EÐD FD @CJVDE@L@EÐD DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL 1;<1 ‐ 1;<= E @E@NC Vdexfqpemlm Dl`ecdln „[fmqc Qvez Blnnc‚ ‐ Nljaluf|vf
Hl`vn}lm mf @efd`elp Gep}ðqe`c Pc`elnfp u Fmv`l`eðd Lxfdeml Ovld WWEEE WWEEE 0=< ‐ Nljaluf|vf$ ]fnåhcdc? ;2=170<=8 @cqqfc Fnf`}qðde`c? rfajlp}fqKvd{qb$fmv${f [ìbedl Rfa? rrr$vd{qb$fmv${f
¥ Qf{qcmv``eðd? Mfqf`gcp qfpfqxlmcp `cdhcqjf l nfu$ nfu$ Pf {qcgêaf nl qf {qcmv``eðd {lq`eln c }c}ln mfn }fw}c ped lv}cqezl`eðd mfn JFM$
1
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Êdme`f [qfpfd}l`eðd Qv}l hcqjl}exl ]cmðncbcp fd Fmv`l`eðd
6 8 2 VDEMLM E EMFD]EMLM [FQPCDLN
Pfpeðd ;<$ Emfd}emlm {fqpcdln? `cj{cdfd}fp u mejfdpecdfp
@edf*hðqvj? „Fn `eq`c mf nl jlqe{cpl‚ Fxlnvl`eðd? ³@ðjc jf mfp`qeac3 @edf fd `lpl? Je fd`vfd}qc `cdjebc
<; << <0 <= <6 <8 <5 1<
[qcmv`}c mfn Anc|vf ]fjì}e`c [lq}f E Bncplqec Qfhfqfd`elp
11 11 10
Mfpmf nl {qì`}e`l? @ld`eðd „Mep`ÿn{fjf {fqc dc‚
Nf`}vql? „Nl qldl |vf pf mfpqqldð‚ Qfhnfweðd Emfd}emlm {fqpcdln Gfqqljefd}lp {lql nl dvfxl {qì`}e`l? Nf`}vql? „[l|vf}f. olqql u nv{l‚
Pfpeðd ;1$ Emfd}emlm pc`eln. {qchfpecdln u `vn}vqln Mfpmf nl {qì`}e`l
Fxlnvl`eðd? ³Je xeml fp}ì aloc `cd}qcn3 Fn `cd}qcn {lql pfq pfücq mf pê jepjc @edf fd `lpl? L{ðul}f fd jê
16 18 12 17 15 0; 01 00 0= 02 05 =;
[qcmv`}c mfn Anc|vf ]fjì}e`c [lq}f EE Bncplqec Qfhfqfd`elp
=< =1 =1
@ld`eðd „Jf cnxemå mf xexeq‚
³]efdf pfd}emc je xeml3 Qfhnfweðd? Xc`l`eðd u {qchfpeðd Mf`ìncbc mf nl edjlmvqfz u jlmvqfz Emfd}emlm `vn}vqln Gfqqljefd}lp {lql nl dvfxl {qì`}e`l Qfnl`eðd fd}qf emfd}emlm {qchfpecdln f emfd}emlm `vn}vqln Nf`}vql? „Xeq}vmfp @gce|vf‚
Pfpeðd ;0$ @cdxexfd`el ed}fq`vn}vqln? {fq}edfd`el. qfp{f}c u }cnfqld`el Mfpmf nl {qì`}e`l Jìp |vf jen {lnlaqlp @cj{qfdmfq ln jvdmc. `cj{qfdmfq ln c}qc Nl fmv`l`eðd u nl nv`gl `cd}ql nlp fw`nvpecdfp
== == =8 =2
0
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Ed}fq`vn}vqlnemlm Gfqqljefd}lp {lql nl dvfxl {qì`}e`l Fxlnvl`eðd @edf fd `lpl? Ncp `cqep}lp
=7 =7 =5 6;
[qcmv`}c mfn Anc|vf ]fjì}e`c [lq}f EEE Bncplqec Qfhfqfd`elp
6< 6< 6< VDEMLM EE LV]CFP]EJL
Pfpeðd ;=$ Lv}cfp}ejl? `cj{cdfd}fp u lv}clheqjl`eðd Mfpmf nl {qì`}e`l Xcu l }ql}lqjf aefd {lql pvaeq je lv}cfp}ejl Jfjcqelp mf vd {qchfpcq Qfhnfweðd Lv}clheqjl`eðd Gfqqljefd}lp {lql nl dvfxl {qì`}e`l? Fn l`qðp}e`c Fxlnvl`eðd? Fxlnvldmc je lv}cfp}ejl @edf fd `lpl? Fn fp}vmeld}f
6= 66 62 65 80 80 8= 82 87
[qcmv`}c mfn Anc|vf ]fjì}e`c [lq}f EX Bncplqec Qfhfqfd`elp
85 85 2;
@ld`eðd? „[fqmemc fd nl cp`vqemlm‚ Nf`}vql? „Nl cp}ql u nl {fqnl‚
Pfpeðd ;6$ Glaenemlmfp `cjvde`l}exlp u pc`elnfp Mfpmf nl {qì`}e`l Fp}vmec mf `lpc? Jlbbef Nedmafqb Qfhnfweðd @cjvde`l`eðd lpfq}exl Gfqqljefd}lp {lql nl dvfxl {qì`}e`l Fxlnvl`eðd ]fp} mf hqlpfp ed`cj{nf}lp mf Pl`i Fxlnvljcp dvfp}qlp qfnl`ecdfp pc`elnfp L{qfdmljcp l dfbc`elq ld}f vd `cdhne`}c @edf fd `lpl? Lnjl mf pvqhep}l
21 21 28 22 25 71 7= 76 72
[qcmv`}c mfn Anc|vf ]fjì}e`c [lq}f X Bncplqec Qfhfqfd`elp
77 77 75
=
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
[qfpfd}l`eðd Fp}ejlmc#l {lq}e`e{ld}f? Nl hcqjl`eðd mf vdl dvfxl `evmlmldêl qf|vefqf l`}cqfp pc`elnfp `cd `l{l`emlmfp mf lv}cmf}fqjedl`eðd {lql fofq`fq pvp mfqf`gcp edmexemvlnfp u `cnf`}excp$ Nl fmv`l`eðd mfplqqcnnl ed}fbqlnjfd}f l nl {fqpcdl. ed`emf fd nl hcqjl`eðd mf nlp {c}fd`elnemlmfp gvjldlp$ Fn mfplqqcnnc ed}fbqln aìpe`c mfn pfq gvjldc fp fn pc{cq}f mf pv hcqjl`eðd {qchfpecdln$ Nlp mejfdpecdfp {fqpcdln u {qchfpecdln pf ed}fbqld fd vd {qc`fpc mf {qf{lql`eðd |vf }efdf `cjc `fd}qc l`}exlmcq nl xc`l`eðd. l|vfnnl xcz ed}fqecq bfdfqlmcql mf lhf`}c. `cj{qcjepc u hcq}lnfzl fd nc |vf pf {efdpl u fd nc |vf pf gl`f$ Nl xeml {fqpcdln u {qchfpecdln {nld}fl pe}vl`ecdfp ld}f nlp |vf `cqqfp{cdmf mlq qfp{vfp}lp pl}ephl`}cqelp l {lq}eq mf nl ed}fqxfd`eðd `cdovd}l mfn pfq jvn}emejfdpecdln? pfq*gl`fq*plafq*`cdxexeq$ Fn Jðmvnc Hcqjl}exc mf Mfplqqcnnc [fqpcdln E `fd}ql pv l}fd`eðd fd nl {qcjc`eðd mfn mc`fd}f mf @cjvde`l`eðd `cjc {fqpcdl u {qchfpecdln. lp{f`}cp `fd}qlnfp u }c}lnfp mf pv hvd`eðd `cjc l`}cq pc`ec`vn}vqln$ Fn mfplqqcnnc {fqpcdln fp vd {qc`fpc mf mfp`vaqejefd}c. `qf`ejefd}c u gvjldezl`eðd fd neafq}lm9 fp fn fphvfqzc mf ncp gcjaqfp u jvofqfp {cq `cd|vep}lqpf l pê jepjcp l }qlxåp mf nl ed}fnebfd`el. fn lhf`}c u nl xcnvd}lm. `cd l{fq}vql gl`el ncp mfjìp$ Fn Jðmvnc fp}ì fp }ì alplmc fd nl {cpeaenemlm {c peaenemlm mf {c}fd`elq fn pfq {fqpcdln*{qchfpecdln. fp}lanf`efdmc nêdflp mf qfhnfweðd `qê}e`l fd }cqdc l nl l``eðd mc`fd}f fd @cjvde`l`eðd$
„Pe `cdpfbvejcp `ljaelq fn `nejl mf dvfp}ql `nlpf9 pe mfoljcp |vf pf mfplqqcnnf nl neaqf l`}exemlm. pe plafjcp `lnfd}lq vd {c`c ncp `cqlzcdfp `cd vd qluc mf nvz |vf pvp`e}f nl fp{fqldzl u nl `cdheldzl. pv{fqlqfjcpfn }qlaloc mfn pcnmlmc u dvfp}qc }qlaloc qfdmeqì `efd}c {cq `efd}c$ Dc {cmfjcp {qf{lqlq l dvfp}qcp fp}vmeld}fp {lql |vf `cdp}qvuld jlüldl fn jvdmc mf pvp pvfücp. pe dcpc}qcp ul dc `qffjcp fd pvp pvfücp9 dc {cmfjcp {qf{lqlqncp {lql nl xeml. pe dc `qffjcp fd fnnl9 dc {cmqêljcp jcp}qlq fn `ljedc pe dcp gfjcp pfd}lmc. `ldplmcp u mf plnfd}lmcp plnfd}lmcp fd nl fd`qv`eolml mf ncp `ljedcp‚
@ånfp}ed Hqfedf} 6
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Qv}l hcqjl}exl Fn Jðmvnc E {qc{cdf l`}exemlmfp mf hcq}lnf`ejefd}c mf nl emfd}emlm u lv}cfp}ejl {fqpcdln. lheldzldmc fn lv}c`cd`f{}c {fqpcdln `cjc alpf mf vdl xeml fjc`ecdln plnvmlanf. `cdpemfqldmc |vf fn mc`fd}f ed}fql`}ÿl fmv`l}exljfd}f fd pv fd}cqdc$ Fn caof}c mf ed}fqxfd`eðd mfn Anc|vf fp fn lv}c`cd`f{}c fd fn jlq`c mf nl `cd`f{`eðd hcqjl}exl. {qìwe`l. gcnêp}e`l. `qfl}exl u `cjvde}lqel$ Hcqjl}exl {cq|vf {qcjvfxf {q cjvfxf nl lm|vepe`eðd mf `cj{f}fd`elp df`fplqelp {lql nl hcqjl`eðd ed}fbqln mf nl {fqpcdl u fn fdhqfd}ljefd}c fhf`}exc mf ncp qf}cp mf nl xeml melqel$ [qìwe`l {cq|vf {qc{cdf }lnnfqfp mf fd`vfd}qc `cdpebc jepjc. mf `cd}l`}c bqv{ln u cqefd}l`eðd. {qcjcxefdmc fn meìncbc u fn `cj{qcjepc mf l``eðd$ Gcnêp}e`l {cq|vf ed}fbql nlp mejfdpecdfp gvjldl gv jldl u pc`eln$ @qfl}exl {cq|vf hlxcqf`f nl {lq}e`e{l`eðd u jldehfp}l`eðd mf xexfd`elpfd vd ljaefd}f mf `cdheldzl. qf`qfl`eðd u qfnl`eðd ed}fq{fqpcdln$ @cjvde}lqel {cq|vf `lml |vefd. mfpmf pv {cpe`eðd. ml nvblq ln l{cq}f mf }cmcp ncp lbfd}fp fmv`l}excp$ Fn Anc|vf fp lacqmlmc fd mcp vdemlmfp memì`}e`lp? Emfd}emlm [fqpcdln 'Vdemlm E% u Lv}cfp}ejl 'Vdemlm EE%$ Fd nl {qejfql vdemlm pf lv}cqqfhnfwecdl lv }cqqfhnfwecdl fd }cqdc l nl hcq}lnfzlp u mfaenemlmfp {fqpcdlnfp fd fn jlq`c mf ncp fdhc|vfp l`}e}vmedlnfp {fqpcdlnfp u pc`elnfp. lmfjìp mf `lql`}fqezlq l nl {fqpcdl `cjc vd pfq pc`ec`vn}vqln$ Fd nl pfbvdml vdemlm pf ed`emf fd nl lv}cqqfhnfweðd l {lq}eq mf mehfqfd}fp pe}vl`ecdfp `cjvde`l}exlp |vf ej{ne`ld fn mfp{nefbvf mf glaenemlmfp pc`elnfp. xlncqldmc nl lv}cdcjêl. pcnemlqemlm. hql}fqdemlm u qfp{f}c `cjc hcqjlp mf l``eðd fdjlq`lmlp fd nl qflnezl`eðd {fqpcdln$
Jenfume u Jlqêl Fnfdl
8
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
]cmðncbcp fd Fmv`l`eðd 'Ldðdejc%
Fn jlfp}qc fp nl {fqpcdl l |vefd ped mvml mfafjcp lmjeql`eðd u fp l fnnl l |vefd mfafjcp fw{qfplqnf dvfp}qc lbqlmf`ejefd}c u bql}e}vm {cq |vf hcqjl `cd pv avfd fofj{nc l pvp fp}vmeld}fp. {cq|vf ljl nc |vf gl`f u pf fd}qfbl `lml mêl ped jfmeq fphvfqzcp$ Fn jlfp}qc fp l|vfnnl {fqpcdl |vf mfpblp}l pv xeml mldmc nc jfocq mf pê. fd}qfbldmc `lml mêl plaemvqêl. `efd`el u fw{fqefd`el fd `lml `nlpf `cd pvp fp}vmeld}fp$ Pe lgcql pcjcp nc |vf pcjcp fp }ljaeåd bql`elp l |vefdfp dcp pv{efqcd hcqjlq fd nl `efd`el ` efd`el u nl xeq}vm$ Bql`elp {cq pv fd}qfbl fd fn }qlaloc. {cq pv qfp{cdplaenemlm fd nl }lqfl fd`cjfdmlml. {cq fn fd}vpelpjc `cd |vf {qf{lqld `lml vdl mf pvp `nlpfp. {cq fn ljcq u `lqeüc `cd |vf fdpfüld l dvfp}qcp fp}vmeld}fp. {cq `lml fphvfqzc |vf gl`fd ln `cjaedlq nl }lqfl fmv`l}exl `cd nl xeml hljenelq. bql`elp {cq fn }efj{c |vf mfped}fqfplmljfd}f mcdld fd aefd mf nl deüfz u ovxfd}vm$ Fp avfdc qfdmeqnf gcjfdlof l ncp |vf ljld pv xc`l`eðd u nl {qchfpld `cd {lpeðd. l fpcp |vf lnbvdcp {vfmfd nnljlq nc`cp {cq|vf fdpfüld. l ncp |vf pcd qlqcp {cq|vf plnfd }fj{qldc mf pv `lpl {cq nl jlüldl {lql fp}lq fd nl fp`vfnl vdl gcql ld}fp. c}qcp plnfd mf nl {qejlqel vdl gcql jìp }lqmf {cq|vf }efdfd jenfp mf `cplp |vf cqmfdlq. qfxeplq. nej{elq. mf`cqlq u lmcqdlq fd pv plnðd. c {cq|vf }efdf |vf fp}vmelq jenfp mf `cplp$ C}qcp qf`cqqfd }cmcp ncp mêlp xlqecp ienðjf}qcp mf eml u xvfn}l$ ¬Fp}ìd nc`cp, ³\vefqfd vdl {qvfal `cd}vdmfd}f mf pv nc`vql3 ³@ðjc fp {cpeanf |vf jv`gcp mc`fd}fp pf {qfc`v{fd jìp {cq lnbvdcp deücp |vf dc pcd geocp mf pv pldbqf. |vf ncp {qc{ecp {lmqfp3 Pðnc {cq dc jfd`ecdlq |vf jv`glp xf`fp ncp jlfp}qcp mfold fd pfbvdmc {nldc l pvp geocp {cq `cj{qcjepcp mf }qlaloc$ Fd xfqldc dc nfp mld xl`l`ecdfp. pðnc vd qf`fpc fp`cnlq. {fqc dc pf mfp`cdf`}ld mfn }cmc$ [efdpld fd pvp `nlpfp. {qf{lqld }lqflp. fofq`e`ecp u }cjld `vqpcp mf l`}vlnezl`eðd$ Fd edxefqdc glanld jv`gc. pefj{qf nnfxld `lqljfncp mf jefn u nejðd fd ncp acnpenncp. c}qcp xld `cd vdl ac}fnnl mf lbvl l pv nlmc c `cd pvp {lp}ennlp !xe`i!$ Pv blqbld}l pefj{qf fp}ì lmcncqeml. {fqc pebvfd fdpfüldmc$ L xf`fp hvfqzld nl xcz. {fqc pebvfd }qldpje}efdmc pvp `cdc`ejefd}cp `cd `lqeüc f envpeðd$ Uc ncp gf xep}c. dc fp}ìd aefd mf nl `lafzl$ Plnfd mf fw`vqpeðd `cd pvp fp}vmeld}fp u pf fd`lqbld mf bfp}ecdlq lv}cqezl`ecdfp. qf`cbeml mf medfqc u qfp{cdplaenemlm fw}ql$ \vå pfqì mf fnncp u fnnlp$ [cq nl dc`gf pvfüld `cd fn @cnfbec. pf nfp l{lqf`fd {nldf}lp. f`cpep}fjlp u {fqpcdlofp gep}ðqe`cp$ Fp}c fp pe dc pf |vfmld mfp{efq}cp glp}l nl jlmqvblml fnlacqldmc dðjedlp c jl}fqeln {fmlbðbe`c$ Fp}ìd jln$ Pl`qehe`ld pvp pìalmcp {lql gl`fq `vqpcp mf hcqjl`eðd c {lql lpep}eq l nlp cnej{elmlp$ U dc nfp ej{cq}l {fqmfq }efj{c mf mfp`ldpc c }efj{c `cd pv hljenel {lql qfdcxlqpf$ Me`fd |vf pcd lv}c`qê}e`cp u |vf gl`fd alnld`f mf pvp fw{fqefd`elp fmv`l}exlp. |vf pf hqvp}qld `vldmc dc plnfd nlp `cplp `cjc fp{fqlald. |vf pf lnfbqld `vldmc pvp fp}vmeld}fp lxldzld$ U l {fplq mf |vf }fdbld må`lmlp mf pfqxe`ec. pefj{qf fd`vfd}qld dvfxlp hcqjlp mf gl`fq nlp `cplp$ Pf lpcjaqld `vldmc `cj{lqld vd `e`nc fp`cnlq `cd c}qc. u }cjld dc}l mf nc avfdc u nc jlnc. {lql fn `e`nc pebvefd}f$ @cjc avfdcp }cmðncbcp. gl`fd mf }cmc. mfpmf l}lq {lplmcqfp. `ljaelq {lülnfp. edbqfplq dc}lp fd vd pep}fjl. c nej{elq vdl gfqeml u {cdfq vd `vqe}l$ Ul de glanlq mf ncp hfp}exlnfp. cqbldezlq vdl ifqjåp. `lj{lülp mf plnvm. c plneq mf xepe}l `cd pvp fp}vmeld}fp. blqld}ezlq nl `qfl}exemlm fd pvp {fqeðme`cp jvqlnfp u nl {lpeðd fd pvp l`}exemlmfp mf jldvlnemlmfp$ Fp}ìd jln mf nl `lafzl. uc ncp gf xep}c$ Pcd `l{l`fp mf dc }cjlq v dl ne`fd`el jåme`l c vdc mf pvp mêlp neaqfp. pcnc {cq|vf dc glu |vefd l}efdml pv bqv{c$ Me`fd |vf pcd mc`fd}fp u pf pefd}fd jvu cqbvnncpcp mf pfqnc$ \vf pe xcnxefqld l dl`fq. xcnxfqêld l pfq jlfp}qcp$ L fpcp nc`cp {cq {lpeðd. nfp mfafjcp nc |vf pcjcp? `cdcz`c l lnbvefd jvu fp{f`eln. |vf fp}ì nfufdmc fp}f jfdplof ovp}c fd fp}f jcjfd}c$ Bql`elp {cq }v xeml u {cq }v xc`l`eðd$
2
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
VDEMLM E
EMFD]EMLM [FQPCDLN Nl Vdemlm ]fjì}e`l E `cd}qeavuf ln mfplqqcnnc mf nl Emfd}emlm [fqpcdln $ Ncp }fjlp {qc{vfp}cp pf qfhefqfd ln `cdc`ejefd}c {fqpcdln. fn l{qfdmezlof fd nl }cjl mf mf`epecdfp. nl `cjvde`l`eðd lmf`vlml. xlncqldmc nl l{fq}vql fd nlp qfnl`ecdfp. jldehfp}l`ecdfp u mexfqpemlm `vn}vqln$ Nl Vdemlm {fqje}f ln {lq}e`e{ld}f hcqjvnlq pvp {qc{elp lqbvjfd}l`ecdfp mfpmf vdl {cp}vql {fqpcdln. hnfweanf. `qê}e`l u hvdmljfd}lml pcaqf nl jcqln. |vf nf {fqje}l fp}lanf`fq vdl fp`lnl mf xlncqfp {cpe}excp. lheqjldmc fn mfplqqcnnc mf c{edecdfp. qfhnfwecdfp u ove`ecp {qc{ecp$ Fn pep}fjl mf `cd}fdemcp l }ql}lq fp fn |vf pebvf?
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VDEMLM E Emfd}emlm [fqpcdln @cd}fdemcp Pfpeðd ;1
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Pf pe ð d ;<
EMFD]EMLM [FQPCDLN @cj{cdfd}fp u mejfdpecdfp Mep`efqdf u l`f{}l pvp hcq}lnfzlp u mfaenemlmfp fd fn jlq`c mf pvp l`}e}vmfp {fqpcdlnfp$
5
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MFPMF NL [QÌ@]E@L Ldlnezl nl `ld`eðd „Mep`ÿn{fjf {fqc dc‚ mf Jlq}êd Jlq}êd Xlnxfqmf
Mep`ÿn{fjf {fqc dc Mep`ÿn{fjf {fqc dc Dc jf gl`f hln}l vdl jcml {lql je emfd}emlm Jf xep}c mf ped`fqc u dc jf |vfml }ld jln u ]qlebc l nl jfmeml je lv}fd}e`emlm$ Mep`ÿn{fjf {fqc dc Dc jf gl`f hln}l fn medfqc {lql plafq |veåd pcu Pcu neaqf `cjc fn xefd}c u fpc jf gl`f hfnez Jvu hfnez u l vp}fm dc$ Mep`ÿn{fjf {fqc dc Dc jf gl`f hln}l vdl qfbnl {lql `cd Mecp glanlq Pcjcp jvu ljebcp u dcp bvp}l xlqelq u dcp ml avfd qfpvn}lmc nl ped`fqemlm$ Mep`ÿn{fjf {fqc dc Dc jf gl`f hln}l vd {fqjepc {lql {cdfqjf l ljlq mf fpc pê jf pcaql u nc |vefqc fd}qfblq Ped `ln`vnlq u ped fp{fqlq$ L `ðjc pf `cj{ne`ld ncp gcjaqfp Mf vdl }cd}fql gl`fd vdl xfqmlm L }cmc {cdfd `cdme`ecdfp Ul dlmef fp neaqf pe |vefqf ljlq Nfxld}l }vp lnlp u xvfnl Ul ml}f `vfd}l }cmc fp xldemlm U nv`gl {cq }v mebdemlm$ Mep`ÿn{fjf {fqc dc Dc jf gl`f hln}l vd l{nlvpc {lql pfd}eqjf aefd Pðnc l|vfn |vf fp edpfbvqc df`fpe}l mephqlzlq `cd vd jcd}ðd mf glnlbcp pv edpfbvqemlm$ Mep`ÿn{fjf {fqc dc Dc jf gl`f hln}l vdl {qvfal mf xeqenemlm Fn }efj{c jf gl fdpfülmc |vf vd gcjaqf fp l|vfn |vf pf `cd|vep}l u |vf plaf pfq hefn$ Mep`ÿn{fjf {fqc dc Dc jf gl`fd hln}l hqcd}fqlp u cmec l nl mexepeðd Pcu `evmlmldc mfn jvdmc Pej{nfjfd}f PCU UC U pe fpc nf jcnfp}l mep`ÿn{fjf {cq hlxcq
Qfhnfwecdl u qfp{cdmf <$ ³\vå qfnl`eðd qfnl`eðd fwep}f fd}qf nl nl `ld`eðd `ld`eðd mf Jlq}êd Jlq}êd Xlnxfqmf u }v xeml3 ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………
1$ ³\vå hqlpf hqlpf mf nl nl `ld`eðd `ld`eðd }f gl ej{qfpec ej{qfpecdlmc dlmc jìp3 ³[cq |vå3 ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………
0$ ³\vå hcq}lnf hcq}lnfzlp zlp {fqpcdlnf {fqpcdlnfpp pf fw{cdfd fw{cdfd fd nl `ld`eðd3 ³Pf qfnl`ecdld `cd }vp hcq}lnfzlp3 ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………
=$ ³\vå mfaenem mfaenemlmfp lmfp gvjldlp gvjldlp pf fw{cdfd fw{cdfd fd nl `ld`eðd3 ³Pf qfnl`ecdld `cd }vp mfaenemlmfp3 ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………
6$ ³\vå fwgcq} fwgcq}l l fn }fw}c }fw}c mf nl `ld`eðd3 `ld`eðd3 ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………
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Nf`}vql? „Nl qldl |vf pf mfpqqldð‚ Lml{}l`eðd mf nl hìavnl mf Lvbvp}c Jcd}fqqcpc Glaêl vdl xfz vdl qldl |vf |vfqêl pfq lv}åd}e`l u }cmcp ncp mêlp pf fphcqzlal fd fnnc$ Ln {qed`e{ec pf `cj{qð vd fp{foc fd fn |vf pf jeqlal nlqbljfd}f avp`ldmc pv ldpelml lv}fd}e`emlm$ Vdlp xf`fp {lqf`êl fd`cd}qlqnl u c}qlp dc. pfbÿd fn gvjcq mf fpf mêl c mf nl gcql. glp}l |vf pf `ldpð u bvlqmð fn fp{foc fd vd alÿn$ [cq hed {fdpð |vf nl ÿde`l hcqjl mf `cdc`fq pv {qc{ec xlncq fp}lal fd nl c{edeðd mf nl bfd}f. u `cjfdzð l {fedlqpf. xfp}eqpf u mfpxfp}eqpf '`vldmc dc nf |vfmlal c}qc qf`vqpc% {lql plafq pe ncp mfjìp nl l{qcalald u qf`cdc`êld |vf fql ql dl lv}åd}e`l$ Vd mêl capfqxð |vf fql lmjeqlml {cq pv `vfq{c. fp{f`elnjfd}f pvp {efqdlp. mf jldfql |vf pf mfme`ð l gl`fq lfqðae`cp u pln}lq {lql }fdfq vdlp ld`lp `lml xfz jfocqfp. j focqfp. u pfd}êl |vf }cmcp nl l{nlvmêld$ [fqc nl qlde}l dc pf pfd}êl hfnez. pefj{qf fp}lal mfp`cd}fd}l mf pê jepjl9 pefj{qf {fdmefd}f mf nc |vf ncp mfjìp mf`êld mf fnnl$ Pðnc xexêl mf lnfbqêlp jcjfd}ìdflp? pf eal l nl mep`c}f`l l alenlq fn qfbblf}ðd. fp`v`glal jÿpe`l. l xf`fp }cjlal {lql cnxemlq nlp {fdlp. mfoìdmcpf nnfxlq {cq pv bqv{c mf ljebc}fp$ [fqc pefj{qf l`lalal glq}ìdmcpf mf }cmc$ Fd}cd`fp {fdpð? ¬@nlqc,. uc dc {vfmc pfq lv}åd}e`ljfd}f hfnez {cq|vf dc }fdbc nlp `vlnemlmfp |vf c}qcp ldejlnfp }efdfd. u |vf ncp gl`fd pfq lmjeqlmcp$ @qfufdmc glafq fd`cd}qlmc nl pcnv`eðd l pv edpl}ephl``eðd plneð mf pv `lpe}l u fj{fzð l `ljedlq u `ljedlq$ Fd fn }qluf`}c pf fd`cd}qð `cd vd {lxc qfln. pf fdljcqð mf pv gfqjcpl `cnl jvn}e`cncq u nf meoc? ¬Lu {lxe}c. |vå gfqjcplp {nvjlp pf jldfol vp}fm, ³Jf {vfmf xfdmfq pv `cnl3 Fn {lxc. bfdfqcpc. l`f{}ð u pf nl mec$ Nl qlde}l pebveð `lj edldmc {lxcdfìdmcpf `cd nl `cnl mfn mf n {lxc qfln. {cq|vf pfbÿd fnnl fp}lal jvu acde}l$ Ln {c`c }efj{c pf fd`vfd}ql fd pv `ljedc `cd vd blnnc u nf me`f? ¬@lalnnfqc @lqjfnc,. pcd }ld gfqjcplp pvp {l}lp. jf fd`ld}ld. ³jf nlp {vfmf xfdmfq3 u fn blnnc nf `cd`fmeð nlp {l}lp$ Pebvf `ljedldmc hfnez `cd pvp mcp l}vfdmcp. `vldmc fd fpc cuð bqlzdlq l vd {l}c $ „¬Nf meqå ped`fqljfd}f? Jf bvp}l `ðjc `ld}l vp}fm,‚ u fnnl }cml fd}vpelpjlml nf {emf fn {e`c ? „¬[cq hlxcq xådmljf pv {e`c, je hfne`emlm fp}lqêl `cj{nf}l. nc df`fpe}c vqbfd}f$ U fn {l}c }ljaeåd pf nc `cd`fmeð$ Nl qlde}l ul jìp hfnez u cqbvnncpl. pebvf `ljedldmc u pf fd`vfd}ql `cd vd }ebqf u nf me`f? Pfücq |vå jlqlxenncpl {efn nv`f vp}fm ³Jf {vfmf xfdmfq vd }qczc mf fnnl {lql gl`fqjf vdl gfqjcpl avhldml3 Fql }ln fn ldpel `cd |vf nc {fmêl |vf fn }ebqf }ljaeåd l``fmeð l pv {f}e`eðd$ Pebvefdmc pv `ljedc. ldpeldmc fd`cd}qlq nl hfne`emlm. pf fd`vfd}ql `cd vd {cnnc u nf {emf nlp lnlp. u `cd vdl blnnedl u nf {emf pv qcol `qfp}l$ Nc`l mf lnfbqêl. pf mf`emf eq fd avp`l mf pv ljebl mfn lnjl. nl qlde}l Qfdå$ @vldmc åp}l xf l nl ljebl dc nl qf`cdc`f u nnfdl mf fp{ld}c u `vqecpemlm fw`nljl ³\vå fp fp}c3. {vfp}c |vf }fdêl ld}f pvp cocp vd ae`gc qlqc. |vf dc fql de {lxc. de blnnc. de qldl. de {cnnc. de {l}c. {fqc bqlzdlal$ Nl qlde}l pf {vpc l nncqlq ln xfq |vf dc fql qf`cdc`eml {cq pv jfocq ljebl u |vf l {fplq mf }cmcp pvp fphvfqzcp fd avp`l mf hfne`emlm u lv}fd}e`emlm dc nl n l glaêl fd`cd}qlmc$
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[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Qfhnfwecdl u qfp{cdmf <$ ³\vå dc glaêl glaêl mfp`vaefq}c mfp`vaefq}c nl qldl qldl |vf nl gl`êld edpl}ephf`gl f edhfnez3 ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… …$………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………
[lql pfq vdl {fqpcdl LV]ÅD]E@L mfafjcp }cjlq mf`epecdfp$ Fp ej{cq}ld}f mfp`vaqeq |vå `cplp {vfmfd jcmehe`lqpf u |vf dc$ ]f edxe}c gl`fq vd fofq`e`ec [VFMC @LJAELQ @CPLP MF JÊ $
@CPLP MF JÊ \VF DC [VFMC JCMEHE@LQ
1$ ³Fd }v }v xeml `c}emel `c}emeldl. dl. mf hljenel. hljenel. }qlaloc }qlaloc u `cjvdemlm. `ðjc fd`vfd}qlp nl hfne`emlm3 ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………
@CPLP MF JÊ \VF [VFMC JCMEHE@LQ
0$ ³\vå {ep}lp {ep}lp nf mlqêlp mlqêlp l nl nl qldl {lql |vf |vf fd`vfd}qf xfqmlmfqljfd}f pv hfne`emlm3 ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………
=$ ³@vìnfp ³@vìnfp pcd nlp qlzcdfp qlzcdfp {cq {cq nlp |vf vdl vdl {fqpcdl dc pf pefd}f pl}ephf`gl `cdpebc jepjl3 ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………
6$ ³\vå pe}vl`ecdfp pe}vl`ecdfp dcp edpl}ephf`gcp c edhfne`fp3
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8$ ³@vìnfp ³@vìnfp pcd nlp nlp hcq}lnfzlp hcq}lnfzlp u mfaenemlmfp mfaenemlmfp |vf |vf fd`vfd}qlp fd nl qlde}l3 ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………
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Dc jf bvp}l je jcmc mf pfq ³\vå {vfmc gl`fq3 ³@ðjc {vfmc
³[cq |vå dc {vfmc `cd}qcnlq jep ej{vnpcp. je gvjcq u jep qfp{vfp}lp ld}f ncp mfjìp3
`ljaelq3…
Uc dc fnfbê fn nvblq mcdmf dl`ê. de ncp {lmqfp |vf }fdbc de fn `cncq mf jep cocp…
[cq fn @LQÌ@]FQ gf lm|veqemc dvfxlp hcqjlp fd je `cdmv`}l. mfaemc l nl qfnl`eðd `cd fn jfmec u nlp {fqpcdlp |vf jf qcmfld$
[cq fn ]FJ[FQLJFD]C pcu ej{vnpexc. qfhnfwexc. fjc}exc…
PFQ [FQPCDL @lafzl$ [lql {fdplq nlp `cplp ld}fp mf mf`eqnlp c gl`fqnlp. qfhnfwecdlq u qfxeplq. {lql l`}vlq jfocq. mvmlq f ed}fqqcblqpf u avp`lq nl xfqmlm. plafq u `cdc`fq. pcülq u mfpflq vd jvdmc j focq$ Cocp$ [lql xfq. jeqlq u lmjeqlq. mlqpf `vfd}l mf nlp lnfbqêlp u {fdlp mf ncp |vf dcp qcmfld. nncqlq `cd fn |vf nncql. bvelq ln |vf xl `efbc$ Ac`l$ [lql `cjvde`lqpf. melncblq. mf`eq vdl {lnlaql mf ìdejc u fp{fqldzl. fw{qfplq nlp {qc{elp c{edecdfp9 bvp}lq u placqflq nc avfdc9 qfêq u `ld}lq. lnlalq u qfzlq$ Cêmcp$ [lql fp`v`glq l c}qcp. pfd}eq nlp {f}e`ecdfp mf luvml |vf dcp gl`fd$ @cqlzðd$ [lql ljlq. pfd}eq. {fqmcdlq. nnfxlq l ncp pfqfp |vfqemcp9 bvlqmlq nc avfdc u pl`lqnc `vldmc glbl hln}l. bczlq. lnfbqlqpf u `fnfaqlq$ <0
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EMFD]EMLM [FQPCDLN Fd fn {qc`fpc mf `cdxfq}eqpf fd [FQPCDL. mf pfq VDC JEPJC . edmexemvc |vf pf l`f{}l u pf |vefqf. }fdfjcp nl ej{cq}ld}f qfp{cdplaenemlm mf avp`lq hcqjlp |vf dcp luvmfd ln lv}c`cdc`ejefd}c$ Fn `cdc`ejefd}c l`fq`l mf |veådfp pcjcp. `ðjc pcjcp. `ðjc dcp xfd ncp mfjìp. {fqje}f hcqolq dvfp}ql {qc{el emfd}emlm$ Fn uc ed}fqecq |vf oljìp }fqjedl mf jcp}qlqpf. gl`fqpf. qflnezlqpf mfhedf nl [FQPCDLNEMLM {qc{el u ÿde`l$ Nc |vf avp`c u |vefqc fp mfp`vaqeq je j e pfq {qchvdmc. je emfd}emlm }c}ln. ÿde`l. pedbvnlq f eqqf{f}eanf$ @CJ[CDFD]FP MEJFDPECDFP Fqe`g Hqcjj {nld}fl? „Nl df`fpemlm mf vd pfd}ejefd}c mf emfd}emlm fp }ld xe}ln f ej{fql}exl. |vf fn gcjaqf dc {cmqêl fp}lq pldc pe dc fd`cd}qlql lnbÿd jcmc mf pl}ephl`fqnl‚ $
Lhf`}exl
@cbde}exl
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Ljlq Pej{l}êl @cdheldzl Ljep}lm Fp{fqldzl ]qld|venemlm
Pfwvln
Hêpe`l
L`f{}l`eðd mfn `vfq{c
[pe`cnðbe`l
Qfpcnv`eðd mf `cdhne`}cp @cd}qcn mf fjc`ecdfp ³\veåd pcu3 ³\veåd |vefqc pfq3
Pc`eln
Qfmfp mf l{cuc @nlpf pc`eln Ljebcp u ljeblp @cj{lüfqcp mf fp}vmec @cj{lüfqcp mf }qlaloc
Jcqln
Xlncqfp @ðmebcp mf å}e`l {fqpcdln [lv}lp pc`elnfp [lv}lp `vn}vqlnfp
Emfcnðbe`l
Hencpchêl mf xeml @qffd`elp
Xc`l`ecdln
[qcuf`}c mf xeml ³\vå pcu fd je {qchfpeðd3
@cd`efd`el mf pê jepjc u mfn c}qc `cjc {fqpcdlp mehfqfd}fp$
Fn pfq gvjldc }efdf |vf }cjlq mf`epecdfp gl`efdmc vpc mf pv neafq}lm u xcnvd}lm$
Hfjedemlm Jlp`vnedemlm Qcn `cjc gcjaqf Qcn `cjc jvofq
Emfd}emlm [fqpcdln fp…
Pfnnc mf nl {fqpcdlnemlm Gep}cqel mf dvfp}ql xeml Qfnl`eðd edmexemvc*bqv{c*pc`efmlm [qc`fpc mf `ljaec {fqjldfd}f Bqlmc mf lv}cqqflnezl`eðd u }qlp`fdmfd`el
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[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
GFQQLJEFD]LP [LQL NL DVFXL [QÌ@]E@L Nf`}vql? „[l|vf}f. olqql u nv{l‚ Pq$ [l|vf}f Acde}c Xl`êc Fp }cmc hl`glml. {efn. ejlbfd$ Pe pf nf |ve}l nl `cq}fzl. fn fdxcn}cqec. pf |vfml ped dlml$ Fp cqbvnncpc u pv{fqhe`eln$ Gl`f nlp `cplp {cq |vfmlq aefd. {cq fn {qcxf`gc |vf {vfmf pl`lq {lql pê$ Fp fn gcjaqf mf nlp jen `lqlp$ Fd nl `cjvde`l`eðd. pvp {lnlaqlp pvfdld l gvf`c$ Pv mf`eq dc `cqqfp{cdmf l pv pfq$ L ncp pv{fqhe`elnfp ncp fdblül `cd bqld hl`enemlm. }efdf åwe}c `cd fnncp$ Qflnjfd}f plaf |vfmlq `cjc vd pfücq mfnld}f mf ncp mfjìp$ [fqc. `cjc fp}ì xl`êc {cq mfd}qc. dc ml dlml |vf xlnbl nl {fdl$ ¬\vå bqld xl`êc ed}fqecq, ]cmcp l|vfnncp |vf pf qfnl`ecdld `cd ån |vfmld. l nl nlqbl. }ld xl`êcp `cjc ån$ Pv nlacq dc pfqxeqì {lql dlml. dc mvqlqì fd nlp {fqpcdlp$
Pq}l$ Olqql Pfd`ennl mf @qep}ln Fp vdl {fqpcdl pfd`ennl. dc nnljl nl l}fd`eðd. {lpl edlmxfq}eml$ Gl`f pefj{qf ncp pfqxe`ecp jìp mep`qf}cp$ Dc pf ml ej{cq}ld`el$ Fp}ìd `cd }cmcp u {lql }cmcp$ Ml u pf ml `cd jlucq dl}vqlnemlm. ped fp{fqlq qf`cj{fdpl. |ve}ldmc ej{cq}ld`el l nc |vf gl`f. dc pf gl`f dc}lq. dc gl`f qvemc$ Fp}ì `cdxfd`eml mf |vf }cmc nc |vf plaf. }efdf u fp. pf nc mfaf l ncp c}qcp. ln C}qc$ Dc c`vn}l pvp neje}l`ecdfp c `vlnemlmfp. de pvp emflp c `qffd`elp$ Fp jvu }qldp{lqfd}f. mfol }qlpnv`eq pv pfd`ennc {fqc qe`c jvdmc ed}fqecq$ Pf pefd}f {caqf u hqìben. df`fpe}lml mf }cmcp. laefq}l l l`cbfq. qf`eaeq u fp`v`glq l }cmcp$ Gl gf`gc nl fw{fqefd`el |vf `vld}c jìp ml. jìp pf fdqe|vf`f9 `vld}c jìp ljl. jìp fp$ Fp}ì pefj{qf mep{vfp}l l pfqxeq l ncp jìp alocp u {caqfp |vf fnnl$
Pq$ Nv{l Jeqlml [qchvdml Nc |vf jìp hlp`edl mf pv {fqpcdl fp nl jeqlml$ Jeql `cd fn `cqlzðd u plaf mep`vn{lq ncp hlnncp u xlncqlq glp}l ncp jìp {f|vfücp mf}lnnfp$ Jeql `cd fn `cqlzðd. u dlml |vf xlnbl nl {fdl {lpl edlmxfq}emc l pvp cocp$ Dc pf mfol fdblülq {cq nl `cq}fzl mf nlp `cplp. de {cq nlp l{lqefd`elp mf nlp {fqpcdlp$ Jeql ln `cqlzðd u mf}f`}l nc |vf xlnf u nc |vf dc xlnf. nc |vf fp hvdmljfd}ln u nc |vf fp l``fpcqec. nc |vf fp fdxcn}cqec u nc |vf fp qe|vfzl ed}fqecq. nc |vf fp}ì qflnjfd}f pldc u nc |vf gvfnf l {cmqemc. nc |vf gl bfqjedlmc ul u nc |vf mlqì hqv}c l nlqbc {nlzc$ @cjc jeql `cd fn `cqlzðd fp }qfjfdmljfd}f `cj{lpexl. `cj{qfdmf u {fqmcdl ncp hlnncp gvjldcp u fp}ì pefj{qf mep{vfp}l ln {fqmðd u l nl luvml$ Dc. dc fp dedbÿd coc xebenld}f |vf mfp`vaqf fn fqqcq {lql `lp}eblqnc$ Dc. pefj{qf mfol }efj{c. ml vdl. jen dvfxlp c{cq}vdemlmfp {lql fn `ljaec u nl jfocql$ Jeql fn `cqlzðd u xf nlp ed}fd`ecdfp {qchvdmlp mf nl bfd}f u fn xlncq qfln mf `lml {fqpcdl$ Nc jfocq |vf }efdf fp pv `cgfqfd`el$ Vdl `cgfqfd`el fd}qf nc |vf me`f u nc |vf gl`f. nc |vf l{qfdmf u nc |vf fdpfül. nc |vf `qff u nc |vf xexf$ Fp pfd`ennljfd}f hcqjemlanf$
Qfhnfwecdl u qfp{cdmf <$ ³@cd `vìn mf ncp {fqpcdlofp ld}fqecqfp }f emfd}ehe`lp jìp3 ³Fd |vå3 ³[cq |vå3 ³\vå }efdfp mf `lml vdc mf fnncp3 …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………$ …………………………………$ …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………$ …………………………………$ …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………$ …………………………………$
<6
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
@edf*hðqvj? „Fn `eq`c mf nl jlqe{cpl‚ Fn mvfüc mfn `eq`c nnljlmc „Mf nl jlqe{cpl ‚ qf`cqqf ncp {lqlofp mfpcnlmcp mf
Fp}lmcp Vdemcp$ Renn. vd ocxfd ped aqlzcp u pðnc `cd fn jvüðd mf vdl {efqdl. fw{vfp}c fd vdl hfqel `cjc vd fqqcq mf nl dl}vqlnfzl. fp`l{l u pf vdf ln bqv{c mf Jådmfz. mcdmf mfp`vaqf c}ql hcqjl mf gl`fq fp{f`}ì`vnc u pf {nld}fl pv {cqxfdeq l nl nvz mf pvp dvfxcp `cj{lüfqcp$ Fn {fqpcdlof mf Renn nc fd`lqdl fn ocxfd lvp}qlneldc De`i Xvoe`e`. |vf {qfpemf nl lpc`el`eðd „Nl xeml ped fw}qfjemlmfp‚ u pf mfme`l l qf`cqqfq fn jvdmc mldmc
`cdhfqfd`elp pcaqf nl hf `qep}eldl u nl pv{fql`eðd {fqpcdln$ Nl xeml qfln mf De`i. fp}vxc fp}vxc nnfdl mf mehe`vn}lmfp {vfp dl`eð ped aqlzcp u ped {efqdlp$ Vdl mf nlp mehe`vn}lmfp |vf }vxc |vf lhqcd}lq hvf dc {cmfq l`vmeq l vdl fp`vfnl dcqjln {fpf l dc }fdfq mep`l{l`emlmfp jfd}lnfp$ L{qfdmeð l fp`qeaeq vpldmc ncp mcp mfmcp fd pv „{ef‚ ez|vefqmc. u v}enezl vd l{lql}c |vf pf
ed}qcmv`f fd pv mfmc jìp bqldmf {lql pcp}fdfq `cplp$ L{qfdmeð l vplq nl `cj{v}lmcql u l }f`nflq `cd fn jå}cmc „gffn ldm }cf‚$
Pvhqeð avqnlp fd fn `cnfbec. |vf nf lhf`}lqcd jvu dfbl}exljfd}f u. `cd c`gc lücp. `cjfdzð l {nld}flqpf fn pve`emec$ Mfp{våp mf qcblq {cq vdcp aqlzcp u vdlp {efqdlp. De`i `cjfdzð l capfqxlq |vf pvp ncbqcp fqld nl edp{eql`eðd mf jv`gcp. u `cjfdzð l lbqlmf`fq |vf fp}vxefql xexc$ @cd mef`epef}f lücp `cjfdzð l mlq `glqnlp l pv bqv{c mf cql`eðd u `cjfdzð vdl cqbldezl`eðd ped ìdejc mf nv`qc$
[QFBVD]LP
EDMEXEMVLNJFD]F FD FN @EQ@C MF @VQECPEMLMFP
FD FN @EQ@C MF NL JLQE[CPL
³[cq |vå `qffp nnfxl fpf dcjaqf3 ³@cd |vå {lnlaqlp pf mfpebdld l nlp {fqpcdlp3 ³@ðjc xf fn {ÿane`c l Renn. `vìnfp pcd pvp fw{qfpecdfp u qfl``ecdfp3 ³\vå capfqxl nl bfd}f fd fp}f fp{f`}ì`vnc3 ³\vå xlncqfp u pfd}ejefd}cp {vfmfp xfq fd nlp {fqpcdlp3 ³Lnbvdl xfz }f glp pfd}emc `cjc pe hcqjlqlp {lq}f mf fp}f `eq`c3 ³@vìdmc3
<8
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
BQV[LNJFD]F Melncbvfd fd f|ve{c u nnfbvfd l vd l`vfqmc mf nc |vf {vfmld pebdehe`lq nlp pebvefd}fp hqlpfp? „[fqc fnncp pcd qlqcp‚ $
………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………$$ „Fqfp jlqlxenncpc‚ $
………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………$$ „L|vê dc glu vd `eq`c mf `vqecpemlmfp‚ $
………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………$$ „]ÿ {vfmfp gl`fq }cmc nc |vf |vefqlp‚ $
………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………$$ „Nl afnnfzl |vf {vfmf xfdeq mf nlp `fdezlp‚ $
………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………$$ „Jefd}qlp jlucq fp nl nv`gl jìp bncqecpc fp fn }qevdhc‚$
………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………$$
<2
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
[lql {fdplq ovd}cp fd {nfdlqec
Nl cqvbl pf `cdxefq}f fd jlqe{cpl9 ³|vå pebdehe`lmc {vfmf }fdfq fd fn xêmfc |vf gfjcp xep}c3 Fd }v xeml `cd |vå }f emfd}ehe`lp jfocq. ³`cd nl cqvbl jf}eml fd pv `l{vnnc c `cd nl jlqe{cpl3. ³`cd |vå `qffp }f emfd}ehe`ld jìp }vp ljebcp. }v hljenel. }v {lqfol3
Fd`cd}qlq pefj{qf fn nlmc avfdc mf nlp {fqpcdlp 'u mf dcpc}qcp jepjcp%. ncp xlncqfp. {c}fd`elnemlmfp u nlp glaenemlmfp. lpê pfld {c`lp c jv`glp. fp vd mcd |vf mfafjcp mf avp`lq. `vn}exlq u `cdpfqxlq$ „@vld}c jìp bqldmf fp nl {qvf al. jìp bqldmf fp fn }qevdhc‚? Dc pf }ql}l mf nnfblq l pfq `l{lz mf nc |vf ncp
mfjìp |vefqfd. pedc mf nc |vf }ÿ }f {qc{cdfp u mf mlq nc jìwejc |vf {vfmlp$
Fn gcjaqf ped fw}qfjemlmfp l`}vlal lpê {cq|vf mf }ld}c |vf nf mf`êld nc {c`c |vf nl xeml nf glaêl mlmc. ån pf nc `qfuð$ @cjc }f xfd. }f }ql}ld9 u pe }f xfd jln }f jln}ql}ld$ Glu |vf fxe}lq nlp f}e|vf}lp u }ql}lq mf xfq nlp {c}fd`elnemlmfp mf nlp {fqpcdlp$ Xfq nc {cpe}exc ld}fp mf qfêqpf mf ncp mfhf`}cp$
Nnfblq l pfq uc DC FP ]LD HÌ@EN [cq|vf vdl `cpl fp nc |vf |vefqc U c}ql nc |vf jf chqf`fd u pf fp}enl pfq [cq|vf vdl `cpl fp {fdplqnc u pcülqnc U c}ql {cdfqnc fd {qì`}e`l [cq|vf nc |vf xlnf u jfqf`f nl {fdl. `vfp}l [cq|vf }fdbc |vf laldmcdlq jv`gcp pvfücp [lql gl`fqjf `lqbc mf je uc qfln$
Nnfblq l pfq uc FP VD QEFPBC [cq|vf }fdbc |vf fp`cbfq U dc pefj{qf }fdbc nlp `cplp `nlqlp [cq|vf }fdbc jv`glp chfq}lp U ped fjalqbc }fdbc |vf gl`fq je {qc{ec `ljedc [cq|vf dc fp dlml `ðjcmc pfq neaqf U pe |vefqc qflnezlqjf gf mf pfqnc [cq|vf dlmef {vfmf lpfbvqlqjf fn åwe}c mf je fj{qfpl$
Nnfblq l pfq uc FP NC JÌP EJ[CQ]LD]F [cq|vf `cdp}qvuc je {fqpcdlnemlm C mfoc |vf ncp c}qcp j f `cdp}qvuld l pv jldfql [cq|vf `cdp}qvuc je xeml C jf pcjf}c l nc |vf nl xeml jf chqf`f [cq|vf mfplqqcnnc je hf C åp}l pebvf pefdmc jvu {f|vfül [cq|vf pcu vdl {fqpcdl mf xfqmlm C jf lqqlp}qc `cjc vd fp`nlxc$
<7
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
FXLNVL@EÐD Fp ej{cq}ld}f |vf glblp vdl fxlnvl`eðd {fqpcdln mf }cmc nc }ql}lmc u xexemc fd fp}l pfpeðd$ Mfplqqcnnl {fqpcdlnjfd}f nlp l`}exemlmfp pvbfqemlp$ Nc {vfmfp gl`fq }qld|venljfd}f fd `lpl mvqld}f nl pfjldl u }qlf mfp{våp }vp `cd`nvpecdfp l nl {qðwejl qfvdeðd$
Nff nlp pebvefd}fp `lql`}fqêp}e`lp u glz vdl jlq`l fd nl `cnvjdl |vf mfp`qeaf jfocq }v `cj{cq}ljefd}c glae}vln fd `lml vdc mf ncp ljaefd}fp pfülnlmcp? ]v `lpl. }v `fd}qc mf }qlaloc u c}qcp '`lnnf. `lpl mf }vp ljebcp. {lq|vf…%
FD JE @LPL PCU Pefj{qf
@lpe pefj{qf
Dvd`l
FD JE @FD]QC MF ]QLALOC PCU Pefj{qf
@lpe pefj{qf
Dvd`l
FD C]QCP LJAEFD]FP PCU Pefj{qf
@lpe pefj{qf
Dvd`l
@cnlacqlmcq Lnfbqf Fmv`lmc [vd}vln Nfd}c Ljlanf Gcdfp}c Ed}qcxfq}emc Pfdpeanf Lvmlz Bfdfqcpc [l`efd}f Nêmfq Ljae`ecpc ]qlj{cpc Fdåqbe`c Ljebvfqc ]qld|venc Capfqxlmcq Edmehfqfd}f
@cj{lql }vp qfpvn}lmcp ³]f `cj{cq}lp ebvln fd `lpl |vf fd }v `fd}qc mf }qlaloc3 ³[cq |vå3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………
³]f `cj{cq}lp ebvln `vldmc plnfp l {lpflq `cd }vp ljebcp u fd fn ed}fqecq mf }v `lpl3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
<5
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Fnlacql vdl nep}l `cd l|vfnnlp `lql`}fqêp}e`lp {fqpcdlnfp |vf }efdfd nl c{`eðd „PEFJ[QF‚ „PEFJ[QF‚ $ ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
³]f bvp}l fpf {fqhen3 ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………
³\vå glqìp {lql jfocqlqnc3 ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Ed}fd}l. l {lq}eq mf }v {fqhen. vdl mfhede`eðd mf }v hcqjl mf pfq$
…………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………
1;
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
@edf fd `lpl Capfqxl. fp`v`gl. qfhnfwecdl [FNÊ@VNL „Je fd`vfd}qc `cdjebc‚$
CAOF]EXC Qflnezlq vdl jeqlml ed}qcp{f`}exl mf `ðjc nnfxljcp dvfp}ql xeml$ LQBVJFD]C Qvpp Mvqe}z 'Aqv`f Rennep% fp vd fwe}cpc lpfpcq mf ejlbfd |vf fp}ì {cq fd}qlq fd ncp =; lücp u. lvd|vf nc }efdf }cmc fd fn lp{f`}c f`cdðje`c. pv xeml fp}ì gf`gl {fmlzcp u `cd vd fdcqjf xl`êc |vf nf ej{emf qfnl`ecdlqpf lmf`vlmljfd}f `cd |vefdfp nf qcmfld$ Qvpp fp bqcpfqc. {qf{c}fd}f u `cd vd pfd}emc mfn gvjcq |vf v}enezl pcnljfd}f {lql mlülq l ncp mfjìp. ped jfd`ecdlq |vf nl qfnl`eðd |vf }efdf `cd pv {lmqf fp {qì`}e`ljfd}f edfwep}fd}f$ Vd mêl fd`vfd}ql fd fn ed}fqecq mf pv `lpl l vd {f|vfüc deüc mf 7 lücp mf dcjaqf Qvp}u 'P{fd`fq Aqfpned%$ [c`c l {c`c Qvpp xl mfp`vaqefdmc |vf fn {f|vfüc fp fd qflnemlm ån jepjc `vldmc }fdêl fpl fmlm. nc |vf cqebedl xlqecp f{epcmecp mf ldpefmlm fd pv uc lmvn}c$ Qvp}u fp vd deüc hfnez l {fplq mf pv bcqmvql u mf pfq `cdpemfqlmc `cjc vd {fqmfmcq. ejlbfd |vf Qvpp mf}fp}ð mfpmf pefj{qf u |vf nc nnfxð l `cdxfq}eqpf fd fn ld}e{ì}e`c pfq |vf fp fd nl l`}vlnemlm. ed`l{lz mf fp}lanf`fq vdl qfnl`eðd pfqel `cd Lju 'Fjenu Jcq}ejfq%. nl ÿde`l {fqpcdl l nl |vf fd qflnemlm gl ljlmc$
Avp`l vd jcjfd}c {lql fp}lq pcnc c pcnl u `cd}fp}l? <$ ³@vìnfp `cdpemfqlp `cdpemfqlp }ÿ. pcd nlp `cplp pej{nfp mf nl xeml3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1$ ³@ðjc fqlp }ÿ mf deüc3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
0$ ³@ðjc fqfp lgcql3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
=$ ³@ðjc }f bvp}lqêl pfq mfp{våp3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6$ ³@vìnfp pcd ncp jcjfd}cp mf }v xeml |vf |vf jìp xlncqlp xlncqlp u |vf qf`vfqmlp `cd jìp `lqeüc3 `lqeüc3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
[qcmv`}c mfn Anc|vf ]fjì}e`c? Fnlacql`eðd mf vd P`ql{acci P`ql{acci fp fn }åqjedc edbnåp {lql mfhedeq vd neaqc mf qf`cq}fp$ Fp nl }å`de`l mf {fqpcdlnezlq ìnavjfp mf hc}cbqlhêlp v c}qlp fw{qfpecdfp `qfl}exlp bvlqmldmc qf`vfqmcp c qf`cq}fp fd vd melqec$ Fn P`ql{acci `cdpep}f fd vdl xlqefmlm mf {qc`fpcp `qfl}excp `cjc fn qf`cq}f. {fblmc c `cnnlbf {lql `qflq vdl `cj{cpe`eðd mf jfjcqelp u qf`vfqmcp jfmeld}f hc}cbqlhêlp. `lq}lp. {cfjlp. qfhnfwecdfp. fw{qfpecdfp mf pfd}ejefd}cp. {qcuf`}cp. edxfp}ebl`ecdfp qflnezlmlp. }cmc l|vfnnc |vf }f {qc{cdbl }v ejlbedl`eðd$ [lq}f E [qc`fmejefd}cp Fnlacql vdl nêdfl mf }efj{c `cd ejìbfdfp `cdpemfqldmc? <$ Pfd}ejefd} Pfd}ejefd}cp cp |vf |vf {qfmcjedl {qfmcjedld d fd }e$ 1$ Qfp{f}c Qfp{f}c {cq {cq }e jepjc jepjc u {cq ncp ncp mfjìp$ mfjìp$ 0$ Mf`epecdfp Mf`epecdfp jìp ej{cq}ld ej{cq}ld}fp }fp mf }v xeml }cjlmlp }cjlmlp `cd neafq}lm neafq}lm u xcnvd}lm$ xcnvd}lm$ =$ ]v qcn mfpfj{fülmc mfpfj{fülmc `cjc xlqðd xlqðd c jvofq$ 6$ @ðjc @ðjc }f xfp xfp hêpe` hêpe`ljfd ljfd}f$ }f$ 8$ @cd}qc @cd}qcnn mf fjc`ec fjc`ecdfp dfp$$ 2$ \veådf \veådfpp pcd pcd }vp }vp ljebc ljebcp$ p$ 7$ @vìnfp pcd }vp }vp `ðmebcp `ðmebcp mf å}e`l {fqpcdln$ {fqpcdln$ 5$ Fd |vå |vå c fd |veåd |veåd `qffp$ `qffp$ <;$\vå fqfp l`}vlnjfd}f fd }v {qchfpeðd$
Hf`gl mf {qfpfd}l`eðd Pìalmc 11 mf pf}efjaqf$ BNCPLQEC Lv}fd}e`emlm
Nl {lnlaql lv}fd}e`emlm fp pfq nc |vf pf me`f pfq$ ]cmcp }fdfjcp vd „pfd}emc mfn pfq‚ |vf pf fd`vfd}ql alplmc fd fn gf`gc mf emfd}ehe`lqdcp `cd dvfp}ql {fqpcdlnemlm {lq}e`vnlq$ Fp}c |vefqf mf`eq |vf dvfp}qc pfd}emc mfn pfq lv}åd}e`cp fp „|vefd dcpc}qcp {fdpljcp |vf pcjcp‚$ Fp jcp}qlqpf „`cjc vdc fp‚. ped ej{cq}lq fn |vå meqìd. fn |vf {fdplqìd mf vdc. fn |vfqfq l`cjcmlqpf {lql dc `lfq jln$ Nl {fqpcdl „lv}fd}e`l‚
qfl``ecdl pefj{qf mf nl jepjl jldfql$
@lqì`}fq
Fn `lqì`}fq fp vdl }fdmfd`el gl`el vd }e{c mf `cj{cq}ljefd}c |vf jldehefp}l fn edmexemvc$ ]cmcp ncp fnfjfd}cp |vf ed}fbqld fn `lqì`}fq pf cqbldezld fd vdl vdemlm |vf pf `cdc`f `cjc fp}laenemlm u {qc{cq`ecdl ln `lqì`}fq `cgfqfd`el u `efq}c bqlmc mf vdehcqjemlm fd pvp jldehfp}l`ecdfp. `cd ncp `ljaecp nðbe`cp |vf c`vqqfd l nc nlqbc mf nl xeml$
Emfd}emlm
Nl emfd}emlm fp nc jìp êd}ejc u {qc{ec mf `lml vdc mf dcpc}qcp u nl hcqjl`eðd mf fp}l fp vd {qc`fpc mf dl}vqlnfzl pc`eln$ Fn {l{fn |vf dcpc}qcp fp}fjcp mep{vfp}cp l }cjlq fp mfn |vf xl l mf{fdmfq nc |vf pfqì dvfp}ql emfd}emlm ln hedln mfn {qc`fpc$
11
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
[fqpcdlnemlm
Nl {fqpcdlnemlm fp vd `cdp}qv`}c {pe`cnðbe`c. `cd fn |vf dcp qfhfqejcp l vd `cdovd}c medìje`c mf `lql`}fqêp}e`lp mf vdl {fqpcdl$ [fqc dvd`l ln `cdovd}c mf `lql`}fqêp}e`lp hêpe`lp c bfdå}e`lp |vf mf}fqjedld l vd edmexemvc. fp pv cqbldezl`eðd ed}fqecq nl |vf dcp gl`f l`}vlq mf jldfql mehfqfd}f ld}f vdl c xlqelp `eq`vdp}ld`elp$ Fp }ljaeåd fn {l}qðd mf {fdpljefd}cp. pfd}ejefd}cp u `cdmv`}l |vf {qfpfd}l vdl {fqpcdl u |vf {fqpep}f l nc nlqbc mf }cml pv xeml. l }qlxåp mf mehfqfd}fp pe}vl`ecdfp$
]fj{fqljfd}c
Fn }fj{fqljfd}c fp nl alpf aecnðbe`l mfn `lqì`}fq u fp}ì mf}fqjedlmc {cq ncp {qc`fpcp hepecnðbe`cp u hl`}cqfp bfdå}e`cp |vf ed`emfd fd nlp jldehfp}l`ecdfp `cdmv`}vlnfp$ L }qlxåp mfn fp}vmec mf nlp `lql`}fqêp}e`lp jcqhcnðbe`lp {qf}fdmf fp}lanf`fq qfnl`ecdfp fd}qf }e{cp mf }fj{fqljfd}c u `cdp}e}v`eðd pcjì}e`l$ Pf }ql}l mf lpc`elq nlp `lql`}fqêp}e`lp mf vdl fp}qv`}vql hêpe`l mf}fqjedlml. `cd `lql`}fqêp}e`lp }fj{fqljfd}lnfp fp{f`êhe`lp9 lpê }fdfjcp? Fn }fj{fqljfd}c pldbvêdfc |vf hêpe`ljfd}f pcd edmexemvcp mf fp}l}vql edhfqecq l nl jfmel. avfdl jvp`vnl}vql. hebvql {qc{cq`ecdlml. {qfpfd}ld }fdmfd`el l nl eqqfhnfweðd. fp pc`elanf. {c`c }fdlz u {fqpep}fd}f$ Fn }fj{fqljfd}c jfnld`ðne`c |vf pf `cdc`f }ljaeåd `cjc }e{c dfqxecpc. hêpe`ljfd}f fp mfnblmc. mf fp}l}vql dcqjln c pv{fqecq l nl jfmel. `cd }fdmfd`el l nl {lnemfz$ Fn }fj{fqljfd}c `cnåqe`c mf fp}l}vql dcqjln c pv{fqecq l nl jfmel9 nl {efn {qfpfd}l vd }cdc ljlqennfd}c u fn }fj{fqljfd}c hnfjì}e`c |vf hêpe`ljfd}f }efdfd }fdmfd`el l nl cafpemlm. lvd|vf {vfmfd fwep}eq }e{cp mfnblmcp$
QFHFQFD@ELP Lqlilie. J$ '1;;<%$ Medìje`lp bqv{lnfp {lql }cmlp nlp fmlmfp$ Nejl? Neaqc Ljebc$ @lnlxel. J$ J$ '<555%$ E}edfqlqec mf fmv`l`eðd fd nl hf$ Jlmqem? @@P$ @ldc. A$ '1;;;%$ Nl å}e`l. lq}f xexeq$ ]lnnfqfp {lql hcqjl`eðd fd xlncqfp$ @cncjael? Fme`ecdfp [lvnedlp$ Mljeìd. N$ '1;;2%$ Fxlnvl`eðd mf `l{l`emlmfp u xlncqfp fd nl pc`efmlm mfn `cdc`ejefd}c$ Nejl? Dcqjl$ Mf nl @val. O u Jcdqcu. @$ '1;;<%$ Fxlnvl`eðd mf ncp l{qfdmezlofp fd fn jlq`c mf vd `vqqê`vnc {cq `cj{f}fd`elp$ Nejl? \vfaf`cq Rcqnm [fqÿ$ 8$ Jlbbe. Q$ '<552%$ '<552%$ Mfplqqcnnc gvjldc u `lnemlm? Xlncqfp u l`}e}vmfp$ Jåwe`c? Nejvpl$ 2$ Cnexå. N$ u Plnjfqðd. H$ '<55=%$ Nl emfd}emlm {fqpcdln u nl `cnf`}exl Yfd nêdflZ Jåwe`c? Edp}e}v}c mf Edxfp}ebl`ecdfp Hencpðhe`lp VDLJ$ Qf`v{fqlmc fn 10 mf ovnec mf 1;<1$ Mep{cdeanf fd? g}}{?accip$bccbnf$`cj${fnl)emfd}emlm){fqpcdln)u)nl)`cnf`}exl 7$ [cnledc. L$ u @laldufp. O$ '1;;0%$ '1;;0%$ Hvdmljfd}cp mf [pe`cncbêl mf nl [fqpcdlnemlm Yfd nêdflZ Fp{lül? Qeln{ P$ L$ Qf`v{fqlmc fn 10 mf ovnec mf 1;<1$ Mep{cdeanf fd? g}}{?accip$bccbnf$`cj${fhvdmljfd}cp)mf){pe`cncbel)mf)nl){fqpcdlnemlm 5$ Pld}qc`i. O$ '1;;6%$ [pe`cncbêl mf nl fmv`l`eðd$ @cncjael? J` BqlrGenn$ <;$Xlqblp. N$ '<578%$ ]å`de`lp {lq}e`e{l}exlp {lql nl fmv`l`eðd {c{vnlq$ Nejl? ]lqfl$ <$ 1$ 0$ =$ 6$
10
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Pf pe ð d ;1 EMFD]EMLM PC@ELN. [QCHFPECDLN U @VN]VQLN Mep`efqdf u l`f{}l pvp hcq}lnfzlp u mfaenemlmfp fd fn jlq`c mf pvp l`}e}vmfp pc`elnfp$
1=
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
MFPMF NL [QÌ@]E@L Capfqxl u ldlnezl nlp pebvefd}fp ejìbfdfp dfp. fjc`ecdfp. l{qfdmezlofp.… xld `cdhcqjldmc vdl jldfql mf pfq. Dvfp}ql gep}cqel. fw{fqefd`elp. mf`epec dfp. {fdplq u l`}vlq fd `lml vdc mf dcpc}qcp. {fqc }ljaeåd xld mfhedefdmc fn pfd}emc |vf }efdf dvfp}ql xeml$
@cd}fp}l nlp pebvefd}fp {qfbvd}lp <$ ³\vå pfjfoldzlp u mehfqfd`elp fd`vfd}qlp fd}qf fp}lp gep}cqelp3 gep}cqelp3
1$ ³\vå fp nc {qecqe}lqec {lql `lml vdc mf ncp {fqpcdlofp3 {fqpcdlofp3
0$ ³[cq |vå nlp {fqpcdlp pf {nld}fld jf}lp3
=$ ³\vå qfnl`eðd fwep}f fd}qf nlp jf}lp |vf |vf vdc }efdf u fn pfd}emc mf nl xeml3
16
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ Ldlnezl nl `ld`eðd „Jf cnxemå mf xexeq‚
mf Ovnec Ebnfpelp
Mf }ld}c `cqqfq {cq nl xeml ped hqfdc jf cnxemå |vf nl xeml pf xexf vd jcjfd}c mf }ld}c |vfqfq pfq fd }cmc fn {qejfqc jf cnxemå mf xexeq ncp mf}lnnfp {f|vfücp$ Mf }ld}c ovblq `cd ncp pfd}ejefd}cp pfd}ej efd}cp xexefdmc mf l{nlvpcp fdxvfn}cp fd pvfücp mf }ld}c bqe}lq jep `ld`ecdfp ln xefd}c ul dc pcu `cjc lufq. ul dc på nc |vf pefd}c$
Jf cnxemå mf xexeq Jf cnxemå mf xexeq Jf cnxemå mf xexeq Jf cnxemå mf xexeq Mf }ld}c `ld}lqnf ln ljcq u nl xeml jf |vfmf ped ljcq vdl dc`gf mf vd mêl mf }ld}c ovblq `cd |vefd uc jìp |vfqêl {fqmê ped |vfqfq nc jfocq |vf }fdêl$ Mf }ld}c c`vn}lq nl xfqmlm `cd jfd}eqlp j fd}eqlp jf fdblüå ped plafq |vf fql uc |vefd {fqmêl mf }ld}c fp{fqlq. uc |vf dvd`l chqf`êl gcu jf }c`l nncqlq. uc |vf pefj{qf pefj {qf qfêl$
Jf cnxemå mf xexeq Jf cnxemå mf xexeq Jf cnxemå mf xexeq Jf cnxemå mf xexeq Mf }ld}c `cqqfq {cq bldlq }efj{c ln }efj{c |vfqefdmc qcalqnf l jep dc`gfp fn pvfüc pv füc mf }ld}cp hql`lpcp. mf }ld}cp ed}fd}cp {cq |vfqfq mfp`vaqeq `lml mêl lnbc dvfxc$ Mf }ld}c ovblq `cd ncp pfd}ejefd}cp pfd}ej efd}cp xexefdmc mf l{nlvpcp fdxvfn}cp fd pvfücp mf }ld}c bqe}lq jep `ld`ecdfp ln xefd}c ul dc pcu `cjc lufq. ul dc på nc |vf pefd}c$
Jf cnxemå mf xexeq Jf cnxemå mf xexeq Jf cnxemå mf xexeq Jf cnxemå mf xexeq
Qf`vfqml lnbÿd {lplof mf }v xeml u fw{ne`l ³[cq |vå }f cnxemlp}f mf XEXEQ3 ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ……………………$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
18
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Qfp{cdmf ³\vå nf ml pfd}emc l…3
Qfp{vfp}lp
Vdl {qfbvd}l… Vd `ljedc… Vdl {f}e`eðd… Vdl hqlpf… Vdl {qcjfpl… Vd neaqc… Vdl `nlpf… Vdl `lpl… Vdl ljep}lm… ³]efdf pfd}emc je xeml3 [qcalanfjfd}f l|vê dc |vf{l vdl qfp{vfp}l xìneml {lql }cmcp ncp pfqfp gvjldcp. {fqc pê vdl emfl |vf fd`ljedf l nl qfp{vfp}l$ Fp vdl }lqfl mf `lml {fqpcdl fd {lq}e`vnlq u pe fwep}efql nl qfp{vfp}l vdexfqpln. ncp pfqfp gvjldcp pf |vfmlqêld ped fp}l nlacq9 u fn pfq gvjldc fp ld}f }cmc vd avp`lmcq mf pfd}emc$ Fn pfd}emc fp l|vfnnc {cq nc |vf dcp ed}fqfpljcp. fp fn jc}exc hvdmljfd}ln$ U fn pfd}emc |vf jìp ed}fqfpl fp fn pfd}emc mf nl xeml. {cq|vf pe dc pf plaf |vå pfd}emc }efdf nl xeml. {qcalanfjfd}f fp {cq|vf dc pf plaf |vå pfd}emc }efdf nl ljep}lm. nl hljenel. nl fdhfqjfmlm. de pe|vefql |vå pfd}emc }efdf nlp `v`lql`glp$ Fd nl aÿp|vfml mf pfd}emc mf nl xeml. fn pfq gvjldc „fd`vfd}ql‚ qfp{vfp}lp |vf l nl nlqbl dc qfpvn}ld `cj{nf}lp u jv`glp xf`fp pcd f|vexc`lmlp. {cq|vf l{fdlp pcd jfmecp c l{cucp |vf pf `cnc`ld `cjc hedfp$ Fp fn `lpc mfn medfqc. {lql jv`gcp. åp}f ml pfd}emc l nl xeml. {fqc pf gld |vfmlmc fd vdl `cpl |vf pf l`lal$ Nc |vf ml pfd}emc l nl xeml mfaf fp}lq {cq fd`ejl mf nl xeml. mfaf pfq `l{lz mf mfpblp}lqnl {lql ncbqlqnc. {cq nc }ld}c. dc {vfmf pfq {fqf`fmfqc$ ]ljaeåd pv`fmf nc jepjc `cd fn {cmfq |vf `vldmc pf {efqmf pf nnfxl ovd}c l ån. fn mfpfc mf xexeq u nlp bldlp mf pfbveq lmfnld}f$ @cd qlzðd mf`êl Lnafq} Fedp}fed? „ Fn gcjaqf mfn pebnc WW. fd}efdmf jfocq ncp jfmecp |vf ncp hedfp ‚$ @cd hqf`vfd`el pf mfhedf fn {nl`fq `cjc fn hed mf nl fwep}fd`el. `vuc nfjl fp ld}e|vêpejc. l{lqf`f fd fn neaqc mfn [qchf}l Eplêlp? „@cjljcp u afaljcp |vf jlüldl jcqeqfjcp‚$
@vldmc fp}cp hedfp f|vexc`lmcp pf mfpxldf`fd. fn pfq gvjldc `lf fd fn mfp`cdpvfnc. nl edpfbvqemlm. fn jefmc. nl ldbvp}el u pe dc pf qf`eaf l{cuc l }efj{c u nv`fp {lql l`nlqlq fn qvjac mf pv xeml {vfmf nnfblq l nl edjcxenemlm. l nl edfq`el u }fqjedlq ed`nvpc fd fn pve`emec$ Glu |vf avp`lq fn pfd}emc mf nl xeml. fd nl xeml jepjl$ Mldmc pfd}emc l }cmc nc |vf ej{ne`l xeml$
12
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
QFHNFWEÐD Xc`l`eðd u [qchfpeðd Glanlq mf xc`l`eðd fp qfhfqeqpf l nl l``eðd mf nnljlq. fd pv qlêz f}ejcnðbe`l. xc`l`eðd pebdehe`l xcz u fd fn pvheoc. pebdehe`l l``eðd$ Mf jldfql |vf nl xc`l`eðd pf qfnl`ecdl meqf`}ljfd}f `cd nl xcz ed}fqecq |vf fp`v`gl `lml {fqpcdl u |vf nf me`f nc |vf mfaf gl`fq {lql pfd}eqpf aefd mfpmf mfd}qc. {lql pfd}eqpf fd {lz `cdpebc jepjc$ Fd c}qlp {lnlaqlp nl nnljlml xc`l`eðd }efdf jv`gêpejc |vf xfq `cd nl `cd`efd`el. fpl xcz ed}fqecq |vf me`f l nl {fqpcdl nc |vf fp}ì aefd u nc |vf fp}ì jln$ Lpvjeq vd fp}lmc xc`l`ecdln. fp fd}cd`fp. lmc{}lq vd fp}enc mf xeml l alpf mf xcnvd}lm u qfp{cdplaenemlm. |vf qf|vefql mf vdl jf}l$ Vd fp}lmc mf xeml {cq fn `vln dc pf qf`eaf {lbl fd medfqc. de fd aefdfp jl}fqelnfp. {fqc pê hfne`emlm u {lz ed}fqecq. bldld`el fp{eqe}vln$ Fp {cq fp}c |vf fn jl}qejcdec c nl xeml mf {lqfol `cd fn hed mf `cdhcqjlq hljenel. pf fd}efdmf `cjc vd fp}lmc mf xeml$ [cq fn `cd}qlqec. glanlq mf {qchfpeðd fp glanlq mf vd che`ec {qfhfqemc. vd }qlaloc$ Nl xc`l`eðd fjfqbf mf nc jìp {qchvdmc mfn pfq$ Nl {qchfpeðd. pf fp`cbf avp`ldmc `cdovblq nlp `l{l`emlmfp u glaenemlmfp {fqpcdlnfp `cd nlp df`fpemlmfp {fqpcdlnfp u nlp mf nl `cjvdemlm fd nl |vf xexf$ Vdl {fqpcdl pf {vfmf f|vexc`lq mf {qchfpeðd u `ljael mf che`ec ped |vf glul `cdpf`vfd`elp bqlxfp fd pv xeml. ed`nvpc {vfmf fofq`fq xlqelp {qchfpecdfp9 {fqc. vdl f|vexc`l`eðd xc`l`ecdln fp jìp mfne`lml. pv laldmcdc mfol gvfnnlp {qchvdmlp fd fn lnjl$ Nl xc`l`eðd jlq`l nl xeml u nf ml hcqjl. fp {lql xexeqnl nlp 1= gcqlp mfn mêl$ Nl {qchfpeðd pf fofq`f mvqld}f vdlp gcqlp u pf {vfmf. ed`nvpc mfolq mf fofq`fq {cq mêlp u pfjldlp$ Nl xc`l`eðd xl `cd nl {fqpcdl l }cmlp {lq}fp$ L dlmef nf {lbld {cq pfq fp{cpc c {lmqf9 {fqc. pê nf {lbld {cq pfq fdhfqjfqc. {qchfpcq. {ed}cq. fd}qf c}qcp$ Nl {qchfpeðd pvjedep}ql fn medfqc u ncp aefdfp jl}fqelnfp df`fplqecp {lql xexeq `cd mf`cqc u mebdemlm fn fp}lmc xc`l`ecdln$ Nl {qchfpeðd mfaf fp}lq `cnc`lml ln pfqxe`ec mf nl xc`l`eðd$ Nl hln}l mfn pfd}emc mf nl xc`l`eðd. gl`f {fqmfq jc}exl`eðd {cq fn }qlaloc$ ]cmc nc |vf nl {fqpcdl `cdpebl l }qlxåp mf pv }qlaloc mfaf pfq qfnl}exc l nl xc`l`eðd. fp}lmec fd fn `vln pf jvfxf fn pfq gvjldc fd }cqdc l vd xlncq `nlxf u fd `ljedc ln ncbqc mf nl jf}l {qed`e{ln u mfhede}exl$ Glafq ca}fdemc vd nvblq fd nl vae`l`eðd mf ncp }qfp dexfnfp fd fn fofq`e`ec mf nl blnfqêl. dc fp c}ql `cpl |vf qf`cdc`fq |vf fn pfq gvjldc df`fpe}l mfn }qlaloc u mf nl xc`l`eðd u |vf ljalp qflnemlmfp qf|vefqfd mf ncp mfjìp$ 17
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Mf`ìncbc mf nl edjlmvqfz u jlmvqfz 'Ac}fqc 1;;7% EDJLMVQF_ [FQPCDLN Lhf`}exemlm `l{}l}exl Avp`l `lqeüc. pf peqxf mf ncp mfjìp9 v}enezl l ncp mfjìp `cjc `cplp$
JLMVQF_ [FQPCDLN Lhf`}exemlm canl}exl Chqf`f `lqeüc. peqxf l ncp mfjìp. pf qfnl`ecdl `cd ncp mfjìp mf „{fqpcdl‚ l „{fqpcdl‚$
Ed`l{l`emlm mf {cdfqpf fd fn nvblq mfn c}qc Dc {cmfq plneq mf nlp {qc{elp `lpennlp9 xepeðd }c}lnjfd}f fbc`åd}qe`l mf ncp {qcanfjlp$
@l{l`emlm mf fj{l}êl Plafq {cdfqpf fd nvblq mf ncp c}qcp9 {cmfq xfq nlp `cplp mfpmf fn {vd}c mf xep}l mf c}qlp {fqpcdlp$
[qchvdml fp`nlxe}vm {fqpcdln Ed`l{l`emlm mf mf`emeq dlml {cq pê jepjc9 mfolqpf nnfxlq {cq nlp {qfpecdfp pc`elnfp c {cq nlp `cp}vjaqfp {fqpcdlnfp |vf ej{emfd nlp mf`epecdfp neaqfp$
Lv}cdcjêl {fqpcdln Dcqjlnjfd}f l`}ÿl pfbÿd vd `qe}fqec {fqpcdln$ Qf`cdc`f ncp {qc{ecp nêje}fp u ncp fw}fqdcp. l`f{}ìdmcncp ed}fqecqjfd}f f ed}fd}ldmc nv`glq {cq `ljaelqncp. `vldmc nc `qff df`fplqec$
Mfp`cd}qcn fjc`ecdln Qfl``ecdfp fwlbfqlmlp. c fp`lpêpejlp ld}f ncp mexfqpcp fp}êjvncp mfn ljaefd}f fd |vf xexf$ @cd}edvcp `ljaecp fd fn gvjcq$
Pvhe`efd}f `cd}qcn fjc`ecdln Dc qf{qejf nlp fjc`ecdfp pedc |vf nlp jld}efdf mfd}qc mf ncp nêje}fp fd |vf pcd `cdp}qv`}exlp$ Mfplqqcnnc mf pfd}ejefd}cp u l`}e}vmfp {cpe}exlp mf `lqeüc. afdfxcnfd`el. f}`$
Mfpacqmljefd}c c qf{qfpeðd pfwvln
Pfwvlnemlm ed}fbqlml Emfd}ehe`l`eðd mf nc „pfwvln‚ `cd nc fw`nvpexljfd}f Qf`cdc`fq nl pfwvlnemlm `cjc vd lp{f`}c fpfd`eln „bfde}ln‚$ Qf{qejeq }cmc nc pfwvln `cjc lapcnv}ljfd}f mfd}qc mf nl {fqpcdl gvjldl$ Mlqnf pv xlncq u pv {fqde`ecpc$ Jld}fdfqpf fd jldehfp}l`ecdfp hcqjlmlp hvd`eðd mf nl medìje`l mfn ljcq u dc ln qfxåp$ Fd nlp mf nl pfwvlnemlm 'jlp}vqal`eðd. gcjcpfwvlnemlm. qfnl`ecdfp `cd {fqpcdlp mf c}qc pfwc. pv{fqlq nl „`cpehe`l`eðd mf nl jvofq‚% f}l{l mf nl edmehfqfd`el u mf nl „`cpehe`l`eðd‚ {lql nnfblq ln mfp`vaqejefd}c mf nl {fqpcdl$ Qf`glzc {qchvdmc mf nl {qc{el {fqpcdl c mf pvp L`f{}l`eðd mf pê jepjc `eq`vdp}ld`elp hvdmljfd}lnfp L`f{}l`eðd u qf`cdc`ejefd}c pfqfdc mf ncp {qc{ecp Dc l`f{}lq fn {qc{ec }fj{fqljfd}c. nl {qc{el hcqjl nêje}fp u mf ncp {qc{ecp xlncqfp. mfd}qc mf vd `nejl mf mf pfq$ Dc l`f{}lq. fd nc {qchvdmc mfn pfq. lnbÿd pl}ephl``eðd hvdmljfd}ln$ Fp}c dc pebdehe`l qfdvd`el l {qcanfjl c `cdme`ecdljefd}c mfn ljaefd}f hljenelq c nl }lqfl mf nl {qc{el `cdp}qv``eðd {fqpcdln. pedc pc`eln$ Fp`ljc}flq fp}cp {qcanfjlp `cd mepejvncp c l`f{}lq `cjc !`ejefd}c! nl qflnemlm {fqpcdln. hljenelq fxlpecdfp$ u pc`eln. ped mepejvncp u }l{vocp$ Hlnpc pfd}emc mf nl qflnemlm C{}ejepjc |vf nc nnfxl l hlnpflq nl qflnemlm9 c {fpejepjc |vf nc nnfxl l xfqnc }cmc dfbqc u l mfpep}eq mf nl }lqfl ld}fp mf glafqnl `cjfdzlmc$ Ed`l{l`emlm mf `cj{qfdmfq `vn}vqlp u xlncqfp mep}ed}cp mf ncp dvfp}qcp$ Mfp`cdc`ejefd}c fhf`}exc mf ncp mfqf`gcp u df`fpemlmfp mf ncp mfjìp$
Lmf`vlmc pfd}emc mf nl qflnemlm Qflnepjc ln {fq`eaeq ncp {qcanfjlp u ln avp`lq u {qc{cdfq pcnv`ecdfp$ @l{l`emlm mf lhqcd}lq !caof}exljfd}f! nlp `cplp$ @cdc`ejefd}c u qfp{f}c mf ncp mfqf`gcp u df`fpemlmfp mf ncp mfjìp. lpê `cjc mf dvfp}qlp qfp{cdplaenemlmfp ln qfp{f`}c$
15
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Mvmlp u ldpefmlmfp {qchvdmlp Mvmlp. {qfbvd}lp. ldbvp}elp u ldpefmlmfp {qchvdmlp. c pfl pcaqf fn pfd}emc bncaln mfnl {qc{el xeml$ @cj{nfoc mf `vn{laenemlm c mf edhfqecqemlm$ Ed`l{l`emlm {lql vdlp qfnl`ecdfp dcqjlnfp `cd ncp mfjìp$
Lvpfd`el mf mvmlp u mf ldpefmlmfp {qchvdmlp ]fdfq fd`ljedlmc fn {qcanfjl mfn pfd}emc mf nl {qc{el xeml$ Mf`epeðd pcaqf vdl l`}e}vm {fqpcdln '{cpe}exl c dfbl}exl. {fqc pefj{qf mf qfp{f}c% ld}f nl qfnebeðd$ Qfpcnv`eðd mf }qlvjlp mejldld}fp mf bqlxfp pe}vl`ecdfp edhld}enfp$
Ed`l{l`emlm {lql {qc{cdfqpf jf}lp nfoldlp fd nl xeml Dc plafq {qfp`edmeq mf nl df`fpemlm edjfmel}l$ Dc }fdfq vd emfln fd nl xeml? `ljedlq pfbÿd xlul plnefdmc$ Ed`l{l`emlm mf envpeðd u mf fp{fqldzl$
Plafq {qfp`edmeq mf jf}lp edjfmel}lp u {qc{cdfqpf jf}lp l nlqbc ln`ld`f [qc{cdfqpf vdlp jf}lp {lql nl {qc{el xeml$ Dc cqefd}lmlp fw`nvpexljfd}f gl`el fn {nl`fq edjfmel}c$ Plafq `ljedlq {lpc l {lpc. `cd `cdp}ld`el u {l`efd`el gl`el nl jf}l {qc{vfp}l$
Ljlqbvql Dc glafq qfpep}emc ld}f nlp mehe`vn}lmfp. mlqpf {cq xfd`emc ld}fp mf }efj{c$ Lvpfd`el mf lnfbqêl. `lqeüc f envpeðd fd nl {qc{el xeml$
@l{l`emlm {lql plafq qfpep}eq l nlp hqvp}ql`ecdfp. xexefdmc nl xeml `cd lnfbqêl Pl`lq ìdejc mf nlp mehe`vn}lmfp$ ]fdfq lnfbqêl f envpeðd {cq xexeq$
³\vå fnfjfd}cp mf nl pc`efmlm u ljaefd}f l`}vln hlxcqf`fd c mfphlxcqf`fd fn {qc`fpc mf }v jlmvqfz3
³\vå `lql`}fqêp}e`lp edme`ld nl jlmvqfz mf vdl {fqpcdl3 ³[cq |vå3
Emfd}emlm `vn}vqln Nl `vn}vql dc fp lnbc fp}ì}e`c. fxcnv`ecdl. nlp {fqpcdlp |vf nl `cdhcqjld xld `qfldmc dvfxlp hcqjlp mf qfp{cdmfq l ncp mfplhêcp mf nl xeml }cjldmc fd `vfd}l pv `cpjcxepeðd$ [cq fofj{nc. fd dvfp}qlp `vn}vqlp. `cjc fd nlp mf }cmc dvfp}qc `cd}edfd}f. }fdfjcp fn xlncq mf nl vdemlm u `cjvdemlm jvu ed`cq{cqlmc. `fnfaqljcp ovd}cp. ovbljcp ovd}cp. }qlaloljcp ovd}cp. dcp `cd}ljcp dvfp}qcp {qcanfjlp u dcp luvmljcp$ Fpl `lql`}fqêp}e`l mf dvfp}ql `vn}vql pf jld}efdf l }qlxåp mfn }efj{c. {fqc pf xl jldehfp}ldmc mf mehfqfd}fp jldfqlp. {cq fofj{nc. pf gld edxfd}lmc nlp {cnnlmlp. nlp jc}c}lwep$ Nlp `vn}vqlp dc pcd `fqqlmlp. pf xld edhnvufdmc jv}vljfd}f$ Pe {cdfjcp l}fd`eðd ln emecjl `lp}fnnldc. xfqfjcp `ðjc glu xlqelp {lnlaqlp |vf gld pemc edhnvfd`elmlp {cq fn |vf`gvl$ Lpê }fdfjcp „`gedbldl‚. mfn |vf`gvl `gedildl u „{v`gc‚ mfn |vf`gvl {v`gv$
0;
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
HVD@ECDFP MF NL @VN]VQL
FOFJ[NCP
[fqje}eq l nlp {fqpcdlp qfhnfwecdlq pcaqf pê jepjlp$
@cjc nl bfd}f dc }efdf jv`gc medfqc {lql fn }lwe. gld pvqbemc ncp jc}c}lwep. vdl dvfxl hcqjl mf gl`fq }lwe$
Pfqxeq mf jlq`c {lql |vf nlp {fqpcdlp ed}fql``ecdfd `cd c}qcp. fxcnv`ecdfd. pf lml{}fd u qf`qffd pv xeml `cnf`}exl$
Fd vdl `cjvdemlm mf Lul`v`gc. }cmcp pvp jefjaqcp pf qfÿdfd `lml mcjedbc. `vfd}ld `ðjc nfp gl emc l `lml vdc u {nldehe`ld nlp l`}exemlmfp mf nl pfjldl$
Luvmlq l }cjlq `cd`efd`el `cd`efd`el mf |vf nl {fq}fdfd`el l vd bqv{c mf}fqjedl nlp qfbnlp mf qfnl`eðd `cd ncp c}qcp$
Ovnel nf `fmf pv `vlq}c l pv {qejl. |vf pf |vfml l mcqjeq {cq|vf fd pv `cjvdemlm pf fp}enl mfpmf pefj{qf mlq nc jfocq ln gvåp{fm$
Mfplqqcnnlq u `cdpcnemlq vdl xepeðd mf nlp `cplp$ Mlq pfd}emc l nl xeml fd pc`efmlm$
Iedb. vd ocxfd lrloÿd. geoc mfn ofhf mf nl `cjvdemlm. u. {cq nc }ld}c. hv}vqc ofhf. mf`emeð pfq {qchfpcq {lql blqld}ezlq |vf pv {vfanc fp}å aefd fmv`lmc u dc pfl {qfpl hì`en mf fdblücp$
Mlq emfd}emlm l nlp {fqpcdlp. }qldpje}eq }qlme`eðd$
Ncp lpgìdedilp fnebfd l pvp lv}cqemlmfp {cq pvp xlncqfp jcqlnfp$
@CDP @CDP]QV ]QV@@ @@EE D
Pv lavfne}c mf`êl? „}ql}l jvu aefd ln hcqlp}fqc‚$
EJ[CQ]L EJ[CQ ]LD@E D@EL L
Plafjcp |vf nl emfd}emlm fp vdl qf{qfpfd}l`eðd mf Lpê `cjc fp ej{cq}ld}f {lql vdl {fqpcdl `cdc`fq |vefdfp pcjcp$ [lql `cdp}qveqnl. fp df`fplqec vdl pv emfd}emlm. l hed mf `cdc`fqpf. fp}lq pfbvql u pfqef mf fnfjfd}cp? nl gep}cqel mf ncp jefjaqcp mf nl xlncqlqpf. pv`fmf nc jepjc {lql l|vfnnlp `cjvdemlm. fn c ncp emecjlp fd |vf pf fw{qfpld. nl c `cjvdemlmfp |vf |vefqld mfplqqcnnlqpf `cjc nlp qfnebecdfp. nlp }qlme`ecdfp u `cp}vjaqfp$ Nl dl`ecdfp$ Mfafd ed}fqfplqpf {cq pv {qc{el `vn}vql. gep}cqel }ljaeåd fp vdl `cdp}qv``eðd u `cdc`eådmcnl pv hcqjl`eðd. {cq pv {qc{el `qfl`eðd }f`dcnðbe`l. {cmfjcp l{qfdmfq ncp cqêbfdfp mf dvfp}ql emfd}emlm `efd}êhe`l. lq}êp}e`l u ne}fqlqel$ Pcnc fp}c nfp {fqje}eqì pfq neaqfp u `cjfdzlq pv mfplqqcnnc$ u pfd}eqdcp cqbvnncpcp mf fnnl$
Dexfnfp mf nl `vn}vql @vn}vql jl}fqeln Pf qfhefqf l }cmcp ncp caof}cp }ldbeanfp {qcmv`emcp {lql nlp l`}exemlmfp `c}emeldlp u `fqfjcdelnfp '`lplp. edp}qvjfd}cp mf }qlaloc. lq}fpldêl. xfp}emcp }qlme`ecdlnfp. f}`$% Fp}f lp{f`}c mf nl `vn}vql fp}ì `cdme`ecdlmc fd bqld jfmeml {cq fn fd}cqdc bfcbqìhe`c u ljaefd}ln. ul |vf nl `vn}vql jl}fqeln jldehefp}l nl lml{}l`eðd ln fd}cqdc dl}vqln$
@vn}vql `cjc plafq }qlme`ecdln Fp}ì jvu qfnl`ecdlmc `cd fn ld}fqecq. ul |vf }ljaeåd qf{qfpfd}l nl lml{}l`eðd ln jfmec ljaefd}f qfbecdln. {fqc. l mehfqfd`el mf nl `vn}vql jl}fqeln. nl `vn}vql `cjc plafq fdhl}ezl ncp `cdc`ejefd}cp }qlme`ecdlnfp |vf {fqje}fd fn l{qcxf`gljefd}c mf ncp qf`vqpcp dl}vqlnfp mep{cdeanfp 'gfqacnlqel. }f`dcncbêlp }qlme`ecdlnfp. jldfoc mf }e{cp mf }efqql. vpc pejvn}ìdfc mf {epcp f`cnðbe`cp. f}`$%$
0<
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
@vn}vql `cjc edp}e}v`ecdfp u cqbldezl`eðd pc`eln Fp}f lp{f`}c mf nl `vn}vql dc mf{fdmf mfn fd}cqdc dl}vqln. u pf qfhefqf l nlp edp}e}v`ecdfp pc`elnfp |vf qebfd nl xeml `cnf`}exl 'pep}fjlp mf {lqfd}fp`c. }fdfd`el mf nl }efqql. `cd}qcn mf ncp qf`vqpcp dl}vqlnfp. jf`ldepjcp {lql ej{lq}eq ovp}e`el. fnf``eðd mf nêmfqfp c lv}cqemlmfp. }e{cp mf ofqlq|vêl u {qfp`qe{`ecdfp mf lp`fdpc fd nlp jepjlp. {cq fofj{nc%$
@vn}vql `cjc xepeðd mfn jvdmc Fp}f lp{f`}c l}efdmf l ncp {qed`e{ecp aìpe`cp '{cmqêl mf`eqpf |vf hencpðhe`cp% |vf mld pfd}emc l nlp `qffd`elp. plafqfp u xlncqfp mf vdl `cjvdemlm$ [cq fofj {nc. ncp xlncqfp å}e`cp edmexemvlnfp `cd nl `cj vdemlm u nl qfnl`eðd mf åp}l `cd ncp jvdmcp dl}vqln u pcaqfdl}vqln$ Fp fn vdexfqpc mf ncp je}cp |vf fw{ne`ld u cqmfdld fn ©`cpjcp¹ 'fd pv pfd}emc f}ejcnðbe`c. fp mf`eq. `cjc vdexfqpc cqmfdlmc. nc c{vfp}c l ©`lcp¹ c fp{l`ec u jl}fqel ljcqhcp%$
@vn}vql `cjc {qì`}e`lp `cjvde`l}exlp Fp}f fp |vezìp fn lp{f`}c jìp qf`efd}fjfd}f hcqjvnlmc mf nl `vn}vql$ Nl `cdpemfql mfpmf vdl {fqp{f`}exl ed}fql``ecdln u `cjvde`l}exl. fp mf`eq. `cjc vdl {qlwep u dc `cjc vd pep}fjl$ Mfpmf fp}f {vd}c mf xep}l nl `vn}vql fp}lqêl `cdp}e}veml {cq {qì`}e`lp `cjvde`l}exlp |vf dcp {fqje}fd fd}fdmfq nl {qcmv``eðd u }qldpl``eðd mf pebdehe`lmcp fd nl ed}fql``eðd pc`eln u `vn}vqlnjfd}f pe}vlml$
GFQQLJEFD]LP [LQL NL DVFXL [QÌ@]E@L Ldlnezl. qfhnfwecdl u qfp{cdmf <$ Fd je {qì`}e`l `c}emeldl. pfq mc`fd}f {lql jê fp ³xc`l`eðd c {qchfpeðd3 ³[cq |vå3 ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………
1$ ³Fd |vå pe}vl`ecdfp `cd`qf}lp mf je l`}exemlm mc`fd}f jf {cq}å `cd edjlmvqfz3 ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………
0$ ³Fd |vå pe}vl`ecdfp `cd`qf}lp mf je l`}exemlm mc`fd}f jf {cq}å `cd jlmvqfz3 ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………
=$ ³@vìnfp gld pemc jep l{cq}fp `cjc mc`fd}f mc`fd}f l nl `vn}vql mf je nc`lnemlm3 nc`lnemlm3 ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………
01
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Qfnl`eðd fd}qf emfd}emlm {qchfpecdln f emfd}emlm `vn}vqln Cqbldezl edhcqjl`eðd fd vd fp|vfjl pcaqf nl qfnl`eðd fd}qf emfd}emlm {qchfpecdln f emfd}emlm `vn}vqln$ @cdpemfql `ðjc l{cq}l vdl l nl c}ql$
00
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
XEQ]VMFP @GCE\VF @lqncp Ocl|vêd Mvqìd
Glaêl vdl xfz vdl fp`vfnl fd jfmec mf nlp jcd}lülp$ Ncp `ge`cp |vf eald l l|vfn nvblq l fp}vmelq. nnfblald l `lalnnc. fd avqqc. fd jvnl u ldmldmc$ @cjc pvfnf pv`fmfq fd fp}lp fp`vfne}lp {fqmemlp. fn nvblq }fdêl vdl pcnl jlfp}ql. vdl pcne}l. |vf ljlplal fn {ld. }qlalolal vdl |ved}e}l. gl`êl pcdlq nl `lj{ldl u }ljaeåd gl`êl nl nej{efzl$ Jf cnxemlal? nl jlfp}ql mf l|vfnnl fp`vfnl pf nnljlal Xeq}vmfp @gce|vf$ Fql vdl jcqc`gl jìp nedml |vf fn 16 mf jluc$ U jf cnxemlal mf c}ql `cpl? Xeq}vmfp @gce|vf cqmfülal `vl}qc `laqlp. u fd`ejl fql vdl jlfp}ql nnfdl mf edxfd}cp. `vfd}cp u fw{fme`ecdfp$ '@cjc xfd. glu jlfp}qlp u jlfp}qlp%$ Åp}l mfn `vfd}c. xexêl fd nl fp`vfnl$ Ln hedln mf nl genfql mf ald`cp. }fdêl vd `l}qf u vdl `c`ede}l$ Lnnê xexêl. `ld}lal `cd nl bve}lqql. u lnnê plaêl bcn{flq nl `lol u fn acjac$ U lgcql xefdf nl {lq}f mf ncp `ge`cp$ Ncp `ge`cp dc pf {fqmêld vd pcnc mêl mf `nlpf$ [qed`e{lnjfd}f. {cq|vf nl pfücqe}l Xeq}vmfp }fdêl }efj{c {lql fnncp$ Lmfjìp. plaêl gl`fq jejcp. u mf xfz fd `vldmc ovblal ln hÿ}acn `cd fnncp$ Fd ÿn}ejc nvblq fp}lal fn jl}f `c`emc mf nf`gf mf `laql. |vf Xeq}vmfp pfqxêl `lml jlüldl$ Nl `vfp}eðd fp |vf vd mêl L{cnedlqec Pcpl xcnxeð ln qld`gc u meoc l pvp {lmqfp? * ¬Jeqfd. jeqfd$$$, ¬Jeqfd nc |vf jf gl {vfp}c nl jlfp}ql fd fn `vlmfqdc, Fn {lmqf u nl jlmqf jeqlqcd. u xefqcd xefqcd vdlp nf}qlp `cncqlmlp$ @cjc dc plaêld nffq. nffq. {emefqcd ln geoc |vf nfp meofql* fd}cd`fp L{cnedlqec nfuð? * !Pfücqfp {lmqfp? nfp edhcqjc |vf pv geoc L{cnedlqec fp fn jfocq lnvjdc!$ Ncp {lmqfp mf L{cnedlqec laqlzlqcd ln geoc. {cq|vf pe nl jlfp}ql glaêl fp`qe}c l|vfnnc. fnncp pf pfd}êld afdmf`emcp {cq Mecp$ Ped fjalqbc. ln mêl pebvefd}f. c}ql `ge`l nnfxð l pv `lpl lnbc {lqf`emc$ Fp}l `ge`l pf nnljlal Ovlde}l @gvp{lp. u xcnð `cd pv jvnl ln qld`gc {lql jcp}qlq nc |vf glaêl fp`qe}c nl jlfp}ql? * !Pfücqfp {lmqfp? nfp edhcqjc |vf pv geol Ovlde}l fp nl jfocq lnvjdl!$
U l`ì dc eal l }fqjedlq nl `cpl$ Ln c}qc mêl Jfn`gcq`e}c Bvlqf nnfbð l pv qld`gc `gennldmc `cjc nc`c mf lnfbqêl? * ¬Jeqf jlje}l.$$$, ¬Jeqf. ]l}l$$$, Nl jlfp}ql jf gl {vfp}c vdl hfne`e}l`eðd mf `cncq `cncqlmc. l`ì$ Xfld? !Pfücqfp {lmqfp? nfp edhcqjc |vf pv geoc Jfn`gcq fp fn jfocq lnvjdc!$ Lpê l ncp `ed`vfd}l u pfep lnvjdcp mf nl fp`vfnl nnfxlqcd l pvp qld`gcp vdl dc}l |vf lpfbvqlal? !Pv geoc fp fn jfocq lnvjdc!$ U lpê gvaefql |vfmlmc }cmc. pe fn geoc mfn ac}e`lqec dc gvaefql nnfxlmc pv hfne`e}l`eðd$ [cq|vf. nfp `vfd}c? fn ac}e`lqec. mcd [ld}lnfðd Jedcbvuf. l{fdlp pf fd}fqð mf |vf pv geoc fql fn jfocq lnvjdc. meoc? * Xljcp l gl`fq vdl hefp}l$ ¬Je geoc fp fn jfocq mf }cml nl qfbeðd, Pê$ Glu |vf gl`fq vd lplmc `cd alenf$ Fn geoc mf [ld}lnfðd Jedcbvuf gl gcdqlmc l pv {lmqf. u {cq fpc nc xcu l `fnfaqlq `cjc Mecp jldml$ Fn ac}e`lqec fp`qeaeð vdl `lq}l l nl pfücqe}l Xeq}vmfp$ Nl `lq}l mf`êl? *!Je fp}ejlmêpejl. mep}edbvemêpejl u gfqjcpêpejl jlfp}ql? Fn pìalmc |vf xefdf xcu l mlq vd lplmc fd gcdcq mf je geoc$ Vp}fm fp nl {qejfql edxe}lml$ Nf {emc |vf lxepf l ncp mfjìp lnvjdcp. {lql |vf xfdbld ln lplmc `cd pvp {lmqfp$ Jv`glp bql`elp$ Afpc pvp {efp. [ld}lnfðd Jedcbvuf9 ac}e`lqec!$ 0=
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Ejlbêdfpf fn qfxvfnc |vf pf lqjð$ Fpf mêl `lml `ge`c xcnð l pv `lpl {lql lxeplq mfn `cdxe}f$ U `cjc pv`fmf pefj{qf fd}qf nl bfd}f pfd`ennl. dlmef hln}ð l nl hefp}l$ Aefd plaf fn {caqf `vìd}c xlncq }efdf qfvdeqpf. hfp}folq. qfêqpf vd ql}c. `ld}lq. plnvmlqpf. aqedmlq u `cjfq vd lplme}c mf `cqmfqc$ [cq fpc. fpf pìalmc }cmc fn jvdmc aloð glp}l nl `lpl mfn ac}e`lqec. |vf fp}lal mf nc jìp lmcqdlml$ Ul fp}lal fn lplmcq. nl {lxl `cd fn jl}f. xlqelp hvfd}fp `cd {lp}fne}cp. u }qfp jfplp {vfp}lp vdl ln nlmc mf nl c}ql$ Fd pfbveml pf lqjð nl hefp}l$ Jefd}qlp nl pfücqe}l Xeq}vmfp @gce|vf `ld}lal vdl albvlnl. fn jl}f eal mf jldc fd jldc. u nl `lqdf mfn `cqmfqc pf eal mcqldmc$ [cq hed. mcd [ld}lnfðd. fn ac}e`lqec. mec vdlp {lnjlmlp u {emeð penfd`ec$ ]cmcp {qfp}lqcd l}fd`eðd$ Pfbvqljfd}f eal l `cjvde`lq vdl dc}e`el ej{cq}ld}f. ul |vf fn `cdxe}f fql vd hfp}foc$ Mcd [ld}lnfðd }cjð vd ald|ve}c. nc {vpc fd jfmec mfn {l}ec u pf pvaeð$ Mfp{våp gezc fofj. fofj. u pl`ldmc vd {l{fne}c nfuð fn pebvefd}f mep`vqpc? * !Pfücqlp. pfücqfp. xf`edcp. deücp$ ¬\vfqemcp `cdxemlmcp, Ncp gf qfvdemc l `cjfq fn lplmc l|vê {qfpfd}f. {lql hfp}folq vdl dc}e`el |vf jf nnfdl mf cqbvnnc$ Je geoc. je jv`gl`ge}c. l`lal mf pfq dcjaqlmc {cq nl jlfp}ql. mcül Xeq}vmfp @gce|vf. fn jfocq lnvjdc$ Lpê fp$ Dlml jìp. de dlml jfdcp$$$‚ Fn geoc mfn ac}e`lqec pf l`fq`ð ln {lmqf. u nf mec vd xlpc `cd xedc$ Fd}cd`fp fn ac}e`lqec nfxld}ð fn xlpc. u `cd}edvð? [cq fpc. pfücqlp u pfücqfp. ncp edxe}c l nfxld}lq fn xlpc u aqedmlq {cq fp}f geoc |vf gl gcdqlmc l pv {lmqf. l pv l{fnnemc. u l pv {lêp$ Gf me`gc$ @cd}ql nc fp{fqlmc. dlmef nfxld}ð fn xlpc$ Dlmef l{nlvmeð$ Dlmef meoc de jv$ Ln qfxåp$ [lmqfp u jlmqfp fj{fzlqcd l jeqlqpf vdcp l c}qcp. alp}ld}f pfqecp$ Fn {qejfqc fd {qc}fp}lq hvf fn {l{ì mf L{cnedlqec Pcpl? P cpl? * Uc dc aqedmc dlml$ L`ì fn ÿde`c jfocq fp je `ge`c. fn L{cnedlqec$ Lgê dcjìp pf lmfnld}ð `cncqlmc mf qlael fn {lmqf mf Ovlde}l @gvp{lp. @g vp{lp. {lql qf}qv`lq? * ¬\vå fp}ìd me`efdmc. {vfp, L`ì nl ÿde`l jfocq`e}l mf }cmcp fp nl Ovldl. je jv`gl`ge}l$ [fqc ul fj{fzlald ncp bqe}cp mf ncp mfjìp. {cq|vf `lml `vln mfpjfd}êl ln c}qc me`efdmc |vf dc. |vf fn jfocq lnvjdc fql pv geoc$ U |vf pf mfolqld mf ldmlq me`efdmc jfd}eqlp$ L {vd}c mf |vf mcd Pew}c [ennåd lblqqlql mf nlp }qfdzlp l mcül Mcjedbl Nnldcp. u }cmc pf hvfql {lql fn nlmc mfn mfjcdec. `vldmc {vmc cêqpf nl xcz heqjf mf nl pfücqe}l Xeq}vmfp @gce|vf$ * ¬[ìqfdpf$$$, ¬@vemlmc `cd nc |vf fp}ìd {cq gl`fq, ¬Fp}c fp vdl hefp}l, Nl bfd}f aloð nlp jldcp u pf |vfmð |vef}l$ ]cmcp jeqlald hefqc l nl jlfp}ql$ [cq hed. vdc meoc? * Jlfp}ql? vp}fm gl me`gc jfd}eql$ Vp}fm gl me`gc l }cmcp nc jepjc$ Fd}cd`fp pv`fmeð lnbc dc}lanf$ Xeq}vmfp @gce|vf fj{fzð l qfêqpf nc`l mf `cd}fd}l$ [cq hed. me oc? * Avfdc$ Ul xfc |vf de l`ì {vfmc mfolq mf fdpfülq$ Fp`v`gfd aefd. u laqld nlp cqfolp$ [fqc laqld }ljaeåd fn `cqlzðd$ [cq|vf pe dc fd}efdmfd. lmeðp hefp}l$ U c pfqå nl {qejfql fd jlq`glqjf$ ]cmcp hvfqcd }cjldmc lpefd}c$ Fd}cd`fp nl pfücqe}l glanð lpê? * Uc dc gf jfd}emc$ Gf me`gc nl xfqmlm$ Xfqmlm |vf {c`cp xfd. u {cq fpc dc `qffd$ Xcu l mlqnfp fofj{nc mf |vf mebc nl xfqmlm? 06
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
@vldmc mebc |vf Jfn`gcq Bvlqf fp fn jfocq dc jefd}c$ Jfn`gcq`e}c dc plaqì nlp }lanlp mf jvn}e{ne`lq. {fqc fp fn jfocq lq|vfqc mf nl fp`vfnl. `vldmc ovbljcp ln hÿ}acn$ @vldmc mebc |vf Ovlde}l @gvp{lp fp nl jfocq dc jefd}c$ [cq|vf pe aefd ldml hncol fd Gep}cqel. fp nl jìp `lqeücpl mf }cmlp$ U `vldmc mebc |vf L{cnedlqec Pcpl fp je jfocq lnvjdc }lj{c`c jefd}c$ U Mecp fp }fp}ebc |vf lvd|vf fp mfp{qcneoc. fp fn jìp mep{vfp}c {lql luvmlq fd nc |vf pfl$ ]lj{c`c jefd}c `vldmc mebc |vf l|vfn fp fn jfocq fd jl}fjì}e`lp. {fqc jf `lnnc pe dc fp pfqxe`eln$ U l|vån c}qc. fp fn jìp {qcneoc$ [fqc jf `lnnc pe nf `vfp}l {qfp}lq lnbÿd ÿ}en l pvp `cj{lüfqcp$ U l|vånnl c}ql fp {fnflmcql. {fqc fp`qeaf vdlp {cfpêlp {qf`ecplp$ U l|vån. |vf fp {c`c gìaen ovbldmc l nl {fnc}l. fp je jfocq lnvjdc fd meavoc$ U l|vånnl fp je {fcq lnvjdl fd cq}cbqlhêl. ¬{fqc fp nl jfocq mf }cmcp l nl gcql mf }qlaloc jldvln, ³Mfac pfbveq fw{ne`ldmc3 ³L`lpc dc fd}fdmefqcd3 Pcu nl jlfp}ql u mfac `cdp}qveq fn jvdmc `cd fp}cp `ge`cp$ [vfp fd}cd`fp. ³`cd |vå nfxld}lqå nl {l}qel3 ³@cd nc jfocq c `cd nc {fcq3
]cmcp glaêld emc aloldmc nl jeqlml$ Ncp {lmqfp fp}lald jìp aefd pfqecp$ Ncp geocp pcdqfêld `cd}fd}cp$ [c`c l {c`c `lml `vln hvf avp`ldmc l pv `ge`c$ U nc jeqð `cd cocp dvfxcp$ [cq|vf pefj{qf glaêld xep}c {qed`e{lnjfd}f ncp mfhf`}cp. u lgcql fj{fzlald l pcp{f`glq |vf `lml mfhf`}c }efdf vdl xeq}vm |vf nf gl`f `cd}ql{fpc$ U |vf fp `vfp}eðd mf pvaqlulq. fp}ejvnlq u {qfjelq nc jfocq$ [cq|vf `cd fpc pf `cdp}qvuf jfocq$ @vfd}l nl gep}cqel |vf fn ac}e`lqec qcj{eð fn nlqbc penfd`ec$ Meoc? ¬L `cjfq$$$, ¬Nl `lqdf ul fp}ì l {vd}c. u fn hfp}foc glu |vf jvn}e{ne`lqnc {cq `ed`vfd}l u pfep$$$, @cjefqcd jìp hfne`fp |vf dvd`l$ Aqedmlqcd$ Ovblqcd l nl }lal$ Ln }qv`c$ L nl fp`cal mf |ved`f$ U alenlqcd glp}l nlp `vl}qc mf nl }lqmf$ Qfhnfwecdl <$
³@vìnfp pcd nlp l`}e}vmfp mf Xeq}vmfp @gce|vf |vf }ÿ {ql`}e`lp `c}emeldljfd}f3
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³\vå l``ecdfp qflnezlqìp {lql `ljaelq }v {qì`}e`l {fmlbðbe`l3
08
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
FXLNVL@EÐD Fp ej{cq}ld}f |vf glblp vdl fxlnvl`eðd {fqpcdln mf }cmc nc }ql}lmc u xexemc fd fp}l pfpeðd$ @cd}fp}l {fqpcdlnjfd}f nlp l`}exemlmfp pvbfqemlp$ Nc {vfmfp gl`fq }qld|venljfd}f fd `lpl mvqld}f nl pfjldl u }qlf mfp{våp }vp `cd`nvpecdfp l nl {qðwejl qfvdeðd$
'@ldc 1;;;% Fd `lml dvjfqln. jlq`l vdl mf nlp }qfp ln}fqdl}exlp. mf l`vfqmc `cd }v fw{fqefd `el$
Vdc l% Nc mfp`cdc`emc u ncp `ljaecp. jf mld mld jefmc$ a% Jf lml{}c l nc dvfxc. ped avp`lqnc$ avp`lqnc$ `% Avp`c ncp `ljaecp$ Mcp l% Ld}f nlp edovp}e`elp jf pefd}c eqqe}lmc. {fqc avp`c nl pcnv`eðd$ a% Hqf`vfd}fjfd}f jf {cdbc mf jln bfdec9 {cq nl `vfp}eðd jìp pej{nf$ `% @vldmc jf ml jln bfdec. avp`c nlp `lvplp$ ]qfp l% [lql jê nc jìp ej{cq}ld}f pcd ncp pfd}ejefd}cp u {qed`e{ecp. dc fn |vå meqìd$ a% Jf {qfc`v{ld nlp c{edecdfp mf ncp mfjìp. l`}ÿc {fdpldmc fd fn |vf meqìd$ `% På |vf pcd ej{cq}ld}fp nlp c{edecdfp mf ncp mfjìp. {fqc uc }ljaeåd }fdbc jep mfpfcp. pfd}ejefd}cp. u {qed`e{ecp. {cq fnnc. l xf`fp. jf cnxemc mfn |vå meqìd$ @vl}qc l% [qfhefqc avp`lq {fqpcdlp {lql mfplgcblqjf mf ncp {qcanfjlp. l`cp}vjaqc `qe}e`lq nlp `cdme`ecdfp mfn jvdmc$ a% Glanc `cd c}qcp pcaqf ncp {qcanfjlp mfn jvdmc. dc {lql |vfolqjf. dc jf bvp}l fp}lq |vfoìdmcjf$ `% @vldmc `cdpemfqc |vf mfaf gl`fqpf vdl |vfol avp`c l nl {fqpcdl |vf {vfmf qfpcnxfq fn {qcanfjl. {qfhefqc l`}vlq jìp |vf `qe}e`lq$ @ed`c l% Jf `cdpemfqc `c dpemfqc vd }ld}c mep}ld`elmc m ep}ld`elmc mf nl gvjldemlm. {fqc `qfc |vf glu vd `êq`vnc mf {fqpcdlp |vf jf l{qf`el$
a% Dc jf {qfc`v{l fn qf`glzc mf ncp mfjìp. `qfc |vf fn ljcq pf xl `cdpebvefdmc `cd fn qfp{f}c. pe pf `vn}exl$ `% @cdpemfqc |vf nlp mfjìp {fqpcdlp pcd mvqlp `cdjebc$
Pfep l% Dc jf ej{cq}l |vf jf `lnehe|vfd aefd c jln$ a% Jf mf{qejc `vldmc jf `lnehe`ld jln je }qlaloc. `vldmc jf mfpfp}ejvnld. `vldmc jf nnljld nl l}fd`eðd fd {ÿane`c$ `% L xf`fp jf ln}fqc `vldmc jf `lnehe`ld jln. u l xf`fp l`f{}c ncp fqqcqfp `cd `lnjl ped ln}fqlqjf$ Pef}f l% Jf {lqf`f |vf nl xeml fp vdl nv`gl `cdp}ld}f. `cdp}ld}f. |vf vdc }qlalol {cq|vf dc glu jìp j ìp qfjfmec$ a% Nv`gc u }qlaloc {lql `cj{f}eq `cd lnbvdcp pf`}cqfp. `qfc |vf vdc dc {vfmf pfq fn jfdcp$ `% Fw{fqejfd}c vdl bqld bqld pfdpl`eðd mf pfbvqemlm. pfbvqemlm. dc }qlaloc {fdpldmc pcnc fd pcaqfxexeq. de }lj{c`c `qfc |vf glul |vf `cj{f}eq {lql bldlqnf l c}qcp. }fdbc caof}excp `nlqcp$ C`gc l% Jf {qfc`v{c {cq {cq qfp{f}lq df`fpemlmfp df`fpemlmfp pv{fqecqfp. {fqc avp`c pl}ephl`fq nlp aìpe`lp$ a% Jf pefd}c jc}exlmc ld}f }cmc {cq pl}ephl`fq df`fpemlmfp pv{fqecqfp u xlncqfp gvjldcp. qf`cdcz`c |vf pcd hvdmljfd}lnfp nlp df`fpemlmfp aìpe`lp {fqc dc }fdbc {qcanfjl fd pl}ephl`fqnlp$ `% Avp`c `lpe fw`nvpexljfd}f pl}ephl`fq nlp df`fpemlmfp aìpe`lp$ 02
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Dvfxf l% Dc pefd}c `fnc. de fw{fqejfd}c fw{fqejfd}c fdxemel$ a% Fw{fqejfd}c }fjcq mf {fqmfq {fqmfq l je hljenel. c l nlp {fqpcdlp {fqpcdlp |vf jf |vefqfd u uc |vefqc$ `% Nlp mfpenvpecdfp ljcqcplp jf ln}fqld. jf `lvpld mfp{f`gc$ Mefz l% Fn `cj{cq}ljefd}c edhld}en mf c}qlp c}qlp {fqpcdlp. jf ln}fql$ a% Fweoc l ncp mfjìp. |vf pf `cj{cq}fd `cj{cq}fd `cd jlmvqfz$ `% L{qf`ec nl `cdmv`}l edhld}en fd {fqpcdlp mf `vln|vefq fmlm$ Cd`f l% Ncp cncqfp mfn `vfq{c jf `lvpld xfqbþfdzl. xfqbþfdzl. {fqc l`}ÿc mep`qf}ljfd}f$ mep`qf}ljfd}f$ a% Glbc fofq`e`ec {cq {nl`fq hêpe`c. l{qf`ec ncp cncqfp mfn `vfq{c$ `% Jf qf{vbdld ncp cncqfp mfn `vfq{c u nc mebc$ Mc`f l% ]fjc l nl jvfq}f `vldmc fp vdl ljfdlzl edjedfd}f$ a% Pefj{qf }fjc l nl jvfq}f$ `% Fw{fqejfd}c jefmc l nl jvfq}f. lnbvdlp lnbvdlp xf`fp$ ]qf`f l% Jf bvp}l `cdpvn}lq dcqjlp mf f}e|vf}l$ Jf bvp}l fwebeq l ncp mfjìp fn `vj{nejefd}c mf dcqjlp$ a% Dc pebc dcqjlp `vldmc `vldmc nlp `cdpemfql qemê`vnlp$ qemê`vnlp$ `% Qf`glzc u `cjal}c nlp dcqjlp mfp}qv`}exlp$ L `cd}edvl`eðd mlq fn pebvefd}f xlncq {lql `lml nf}ql? <$ 1$ 0$ =$ 6$ 8$ 2$ 7$ 5$ <;$ <<$ <1$ <0$
l:0 l:< l:< l:0 l:1 l:< l:0 l:1 l:< l:0 l:1 l:< l:0
a:1 a:0 a:0 a:1 a:< a:0 a:1 a:0 a:0 a:1 a:0 a:1 a:1
`:< `:1 `:1 `:< `:0 `:1 `:< `:< `:1 `:< `:< `:0 `:<
Pvjlq ncp {vd}cp ca}fdemcp u gl`fq vdl qfhnfweðd }fdefdmc fd `vfd}l nl pebvefd}f {qc{vfp}l? Fd}qf <0 u 1< {vd}cp pf fd`vfd}ql fd vd dexfn mf `cd}qcn$ Fd}qf 11 u 0; {vd}cp. pf glnnl fd fn dexfn mf nv`gl$ Fd}qf 0< u 05 {vd}cp. pv dexfn fp fn mfn mfpìdejc$
DEXFN MF MFPÌDEJC
Fp}f fp fn dexfn mfn mfplnefd}c. nl edfq`el. nl edjcxenemlm$ Fp}lq l|vê pebdehe`l fp}ld`ljefd}c. }fdfq lnbvdl capfpeðd. `qffq |vf fn jvdmc pf gl l`lalmc9 pebdehe`l dc xfq jìp lnnì mf nl dlqez. pfq {fqhf``ecdep}l. `qffq |vf nlp `cplp dc }efdfd pcnv`eðd. pfd}eq lnbvdl `vn{laenemlm c pfd}eqpf vd mfpbql`elmc l |vefd dlmef `cj{qfdmf$ [qcalanfjfd}f gld pvhqemc lnbvdl hqvp}ql`eðd. lnbÿd fdblüc c mfpfdblüc. c pcd xê`}ejlp mf vdl pfqel `lnljemlm$ [fqc `fq`l l fp}f dexfn fp}ì fn mf nl nv`gl. u glu |vf }qlalolq {lql pvaeq l ån u lpê fd`cd}qlqnf pfd}emc l nl xeml. l nc |vf pf fp}ì gl`efdmc$ Glu |vefdfp df`fpe}ld vdl jldc plnxlmcql. lnbvefd |vf nfp fp`v`gf. |vf pf `cnc|vf fd pv nvblq. |vf ncp l`f{}f u pe fp {cpeanf ncp `cj{qfdml. |vf dc ncp qf`gl`f. |vf ncp }ql}f gvjldljfd}f$
07
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
DEXFN MF NV@GL Fp}lq l|vê. fp fp}lq mf lnbvdl jldfql. fd pe}vl`eðd mf nv`gl `cd lnbvdl {fqpcdl c edp}e}v`eðd. c `cd}ql lnbvdl dcqjl jcqlnep}l. c fdhqfd}ldmc l mehe`vn}lmfp. mfhf`}cp c mfaenemlmfp$ Fp fp}lq {fdpldmc fd fn åwe}c. fd plneq lmfnld}f u fd`cd}qlq mehe`vn}lmfp |vf nf l}lold c nf mfjcqld nnfblq l jf}lp }qlzlmlp$ ]ljaeåd {vfmf pfq |vf mf{fdmf jv`gc mf nl hljenel c lnnfblmcp$ Fp pfd}eqpf nv`gldmc fd}qf nc |vf pefd}f u nc |vf nf {emfd |vf pefd}l. fd}qf nc |vf gl`f u nc |vf nf {emfd |vf glbl. fd}qf nc |vf mfpfl u nc |vf ncp mfjìp fp{fqld mf vp}fm. fd}qf pv xfqmlm u nl qflnemlm mfn jvdmc |vf nf qcmfl. fd}qf pv lv}fd}e`emlm u nlp l{lqefd`elp mf nl pc`efmlm fd nl `vln xexf. fd}qf pv bfdfql`eðd u nl mf pvp {lmqfp u lavfncp. fd}qf fp}f pebnc u fn {lplmc$ Fp fp}lq fwebeådmcpf u dc ln`ldzlq l mlq nc fp{fqlmc$ Fp jeqlqpf fd}qf fn mfpìdejc u nl nv`gl c fd}qf fp}l u fn `cd}qcn$ Fp |vfqfq vdl `cpl gcu u c}ql jlüldl$ Fp dc fp}lq pl}ephf`gc `cd nc |vf }efdf$ Fp}f fp vd dexfn ej{cq}ld}f. alp}ld}f `cjÿd fd fp}l å{c`l fd nl |vf glu `ljaecp u `cd}qlme``ecdfp. fp vdl å{c`l fd nl `vln nl jlucqêl mf nlp {fqpcdlp pf pefd}fd fd `cd}qlxêl$
DEXFN MFN @CD]QCN Pe fp}ì fd}qf <0 u 1< {vd}cp. fp}ì fd fn dexfn mf lv}c`cd}qcn$ Dc pf ldbvp}el. dc xlbl l nl mfqexl. }efdf vd avfd dexfn mf pfqfdemlm$ L xf`fp alol l nl nv`gl u pf jvfxf fd fnnl9 {fqc pefd}f pl}ephl``ecdfp u jcjfd}cp fd ncp `vlnfp mephqv}l nl xeml u xvfnxf ln `cd}qcn$ Fp}f fp fn emfln. fn dexfn qcjìd}e`c mf nl xeml. fd ån pf {lpfl `cd hqf`vfd`el. {fqc }ljaeåd fd ån mfaf xexeq {fqjldfd}fjfd}f {cq|vf pebdehe`l mephqv}lq nl xeml. pl`lqnf ovbc l }cmc. fd`cd}qlqnf pfd}emc ln nvblq fd mcdmf fp}ì. l nc |vf }efdf. ped ldbvp}elqpf {cq nc |vf dc }efdf$ Fp {qc{fdmfq {cq xlncqfp pv{fqecqfp9 dc xlbl l nl mfqexl u }fdfq vd caof}exc xe}ln$ Aqv`f Nff me`f „]fdfq vdl mfhede}exl jf}l {qed`e{ln‚ $ Fp gl`fq fofq`e`ec {cq {nl`fq hêpe`c. dc {cq|vf nc cqmfdl fn jåme`c9 fp jld}fdfqpf l`}vlnezlmc. fd hcqjl`eðd {fqjldfd}f ped }fdfq |vf fp}lq gl`efdmc `vqpcp ed}fdpexcp {lql dexfnlqpf fd fn fp`lnlhðd mf nl fj{qfpl c fd nl mfxlnvl`eðd mfn pvfnc9 fp }fdfq cqbldezlml nl xeml fp{eqe}vln {lql dc }fdfq |vf lpep}eq l `vqpennc. qf}eqcp. c `cdxexfd`elp9 fp }fdfq vdl lnejfd}l`eðd alnld`flml {lql dc }fdfq |vf pcjf}fqpf l mef}lp qebvqcplp. fp}qfpld}fp. edpê{emlp u mf `lqì`}fq vqbfd}f$ Fd pvjl. fp }fdfq nl xeml cqbldezlml. `lqblml mf pfd}emc. nnfdl mf jc}excp$ U }ljaeåd fp. alolq mf xfz fd `vldmc l nl nv`gl {lql melncblq u `cj{lq}eq fw{fqefd`elp `cd |vefdfp xefdfd lp`fdmefdmc ln dexfn mfn lv}c`cd}qcn. nl lv}cqqflnezl`eðd. nl lv}cmf}fqjedl`eðd$
Fn `cd}qcn {lql pfq pfücq mf pê jepjc Nlp `lql`}fqêp}e`lp |vf `cj{cdfd dvfp}ql jldfql mf pfq. `cjc {cq fofj{nc pfq qfd`cqcpc. mf jln bfdec. lbqfpexc. xfnfemcpc. df`fpe}ld vd `cd}qcn$ Dc fp {cpeanf ovp}ehe`lqpf `cd l|vfnnc mf |vf „uc pcu lpê‚. {cq|vf pf {vfmf pfq jfocq$ Fn `cd}qcn fp edmep{fdplanf {lql {cmfq pfq „Pfücq mf pê jepjc‚$ Fn `cd}qcn fofq`f nl hvd`eðd mf hqfdlq ncp ej{vnpcp hqfd}f l ncp lp{f`}cp dfbl}excp$ Fn `cd}qcn ej{ne`l mep`e{nedl$ U gcu pê |vf fp edmep{fdplanf fp}l xeq}vm$ Fp aefd jldehefp}c fn {c`c l{qf`ec |vf pf }efdf l fp}l jlqlxenncpl l`}e}vm$ Fn pfq gvjldc fp}ì nnljlmc l mf`emeq nc |vf glqì u mfaf }fj{nlq pv `lqì`}fq mcanfbldmc pvp mfhf`}cp. pvp mfaenemlmfp `cd alpf fd mep`e{nedl u `cd}qcn$
05
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Dc {cmfjcp `cdxfq}eq dvfp}qcp mfafqfp fd jcd}lülp ej{cpeanfp mf fp`lnlq. dc {cmfjcp xfq fd vdl dcqjl vd pl`qehe`ec ej{cpeanf. de mfafjcp lovp}lq nl xeml l dvfp}qlp hqlbenemlmfp$ ]fdfjcp nl canebl`eðd mf }qlalolq {cq dvfp}ql {fqhf``eðd {fqpcdln u fn `qf`ejefd}c mf nl `cjvdemlm fd nl |vf xexejcp. l }qlxåp mf hvfqzl mf xcnvd}lm. `cdp}ld`el. ljcq u plaemvqêl$ Nl xeml fp vdl nv`gl u mfaf lpvjeqpf `cjc }ln {lql fdhqfd}lq nlp mehe`vn}lmfp9 mf nc `cd}qlqec. dc pf {cmqêl qflnezlq fn {qcuf`}c mf `cdp}qv``eðd {fqpcdln$Vd xefoc l}nf}l mf 25 lücp mf fmlm. mf`êl |vf ån glaêl fj{fzlmc l gl`fq mf{cq}f mfpmf ncp 0; lücp. u |vf ln {qed`e{ec bldlal `cj{f}fd`elp u }ljaeåd jfmlnnlp. {fqc |vf lgcql nc |vf nf ej{cq}lal dc fql fd |vå {vfp}c nnfblal. pedc `vìd}c }efj{c pf blp}lal f ed}fd}lal blp}lq `lml xfz. jfdcp$ Nl `cj{f}fd`el fql `cdpebc jepjc. dc `cd ncp mfjìp$ Caxeljfd}f fn dexfn mf lv}c`cd}qcn fp vdl jf}l. u dc glu |vf mfpfp{fqlqpf {cq|vf dc pf ncbqf l }fj{qldl fmlm. nlp jf}lp pcd {lql fn hedln9 nl ldbvp}el pvqbf {cq|vf mf {qcd}c mfpfljcp pfq edjfmel}cp u dc nf mljcp fn }efj{c ln }efj{c$ Nc ej{cq}ld}f fp oljìp {fqmfq mf xep}l fp}l jf}l u lpvjeq l`}e}vmfp |vf `cd}qeavuld l lp`fdmfq mf pe}vl`ecdfp mf mfplnefd}c l dexfnfp mf nv`gl u dc mfphlnnf`fq$ Nlp `cplp dc }efdfd |vf pfq df`fplqeljfd}f `cjc dcpc}qcp |vfqfjcp. de `cjc {fdpljcp9 fn lv}c`cd}qcn }ljaeåd }efdf |vf xfq `cd plafq l`f{}lq nc |vf dc {cmfjcp `ljaelq. nc |vf dc fp}ì fd dvfp}qlp jldcp. nc |vf mf{fdmf mf ncp mfjìp c mf nl dl}vqlnfzl$ @lml vdc fp qfp{cdplanf mf pê jepjc. mf pvp l`}cp. mf pvp canebl`ecdfp. mf pvp c{`ecdfp9 u fp df`fplqec fd}fdmfq |vf fwep}fd lpvd}cp |vf pf plnfd mf dvfp}qlp jldcp$ Glaqì |vf plafq mep}edbveq vdlp mf c}qlp$ Fd }cmc `lpc nl qfp{cdplaenemlm mf fmehe`lqpf l pê jepjc. dc pf nf {vfmf l`cjcmlq l dlmef$
@edf fd `lpl Capfqxl. fp`v`gl u qfhnfwecdl [FNÊ@VNL „ L{ðul}f L{ðul}f fd jê‚$ CAOF]EXC Qf`cdc`fq |vf fn mc`fd}f {cq xc`l`eðd e dp{eql. ldejl u {fqpfxfql$ LQBVJFD]C Pf alpl fd nl gep}cqel mf Ocf Ncvep @nlqi. Meqf`}cq mf nl fp`vfnl pf`vdmlqel {qed`e{ln fd [l}fqpcd. Dfr Ucqi. fn `vln }efdf |vf fdhqfd}lqpf l vdl pfqef mf {qcanfjlp mf xecnfd`el. mqcblp. nl l{l}êl mf ncp fp}vmeld}fp u jlfp}qcp. u vd bqv{c mf qf{qfpfd}ld}fp fd `cd}ql mf nlp jfmemlp }cjlmlp {cq @nlqi {lql qfp`l}lq nl fp`vfnl. pvjìdmcnf c}qc {qcanfjl. nl fp`vfnl fp}ì fd qefpbc mf pfq }cjlml {cq fn bcaefqdc l jfdcp |vf ncp fp}vmeld}fp jfocqfd pvp qfpvn}lmcp fd ncp fwìjfdfp$ =;
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Avp`l vd jcjfd}c {lql fp}lq pcnc u `cd}fp}l? <$ 1$ 0$ =$ 6$
³\vå c{edlp mf nl {fqpcdlnemlm {fqpcdlnemlm mfn {fqpcdlof {fqpcdlof {qed`e{ln3 ³\vå l``ecdfp }cjlqêlp }ÿ }ÿ fd vdl pe}vl`eðd pejenlq l nl mfn Meqf`}cq3 ³@cdpemfqlp |vf fn meqf`}cq fql vd mc`fd}f mc`fd}f mf {qchfpeðd c mf xc`l`eðd3 xc`l`eðd3 ³Mf |vå jldfql pf {qcjvfxf nl emfd}emlm `vn}vqln fd nl {fnê`vnl3 ³@vìn fp nl qfhnfweðd jìp ej{cq}ld}f |vf mfqexlp mf nl {fnê`vnl u |vå fp}lanf`fqêlp `cjc `cj{qcjepc3 `cj{qcjepc3
[qcmv`}c mfn Anc|vf ]fjì}e`c? Fnlacql`eðd mf vd P`ql{acci [lq}f EE [qc`fmejefd}cp V}enezldmc ejìbfdfp qfml`}l }v {qc{ec mf`ìncbc. fn `vln xexeqìp mf lgcql fd lmfnld}f `cjc mc`fd}f mf xc`l`eðd$ ]f {qfpfd}ljcp vdl nep}l mf jldehfp}l`ecdfp `vn}vqlnfp$ Nvfbc envp}ql `cd hc}cbqlhêlp c ejìbfdfp pðnc l|vfnnlp fd nlp |vf }ÿ glulp {lq}e`e{lmc. qfml`}ldmc me`gc l`cd}f`ejefd}c$
Fn {lmqedlzbc Mldzlp }ê{e`lp [cnnlmlp. {lqqennlmlp. `vulmlp {qchcdmcp Hcqjl mf `qelq l ncp geocp Nlp jldfqlp mf plnvmlqpf u mfp{fmeqpf
[vfmfp lbqfblq c}qlp jìp…
Hf`gl mf {qfpfd}l`eðd Pìalmc <0 mf c`}vaqf$ BNCPLQEC Albvlnl
Nl albvlnl fp vd bådfqc jvpe`ln hcninðqe`c cqebedlqec mfn dcqcfp}f mf Lqbfd}edl |vf mfp`efdmf mf nlp `cjvdemlmfp melbve}lp |vf glae}lald ncp xlnnfp `ln`gl|vêfp 'zcdl mf xlnnfp |vf pf fw}efdmf mfpmf ]v`vjìd glp}l nl {qcxed`el mfn pln}l. neje}ldmc `cd Acnexel%$ Pf nl `cdpemfql mfd}qc mf nlp hcqjlp jvpe`lnfp dc alenlanfp$ Pf mehvdmeð {qed`e{lnjfd}f fd}qf nl {canl`eðd edmêbfdl mf fpl qfbeðd. {fqc pf `qff |vf mfqexl mf ld}ebvlp }cdlmlp fp{lücnlp$
Jlmvqfz
@vnjedl`eðd mfn {qc`fpc mf mfplqqcnnc mf vdl {fqpcdl fd qfnl`eðd `cd pvp `cdme`ecdld}fp gfqfme}lqecp. fn `cd}fw}c pc`eln fd fn |vf xexf u pvp `eq`vdp}ld`elp {fqpcdlnfp$ Fd `cd`qf}c `vldmc glanljcp mf jlmvqfz fjc`ecdln dcp fp}ljcp qfheqefdmc ln gf`gc mf |vf vdl {fqpcdl fd `vfp}eðd `vfd}l `cd vd {fdpljefd}c u vdl `cdmv`}l. }ld}c pcaqf pê jepjl `cjc pcaqf fn qfp}c mfn fd}cqdc. |vf edmep`v}eanfjfd}f nl lnfold mf `vln|vefq }e{c mf l`}e}vm |vf pf {vfml mfhedeq `cjc edhld}en$
[qchfpecdln
Vd {qchfpecdln fp }cml l|vfnnl {fqpcdl |vf {vfmf chqf`fq vd pfqxe`ec c fnlacqlq vd aefd. blqld}ezldmc fn qfpvn}lmc `cd `lnemlm mf fw`fnfd`el$ [vfmf pfq vdl {fqpcdl `cd vd qf`cdc`ejefd}c mf bqlmc vdexfqpe}lqec. }å`de`c c fw{fq}c fd `efq}c }fjl. mep`e{nedl c lq}f$
\ved}e}l
Fp{f`ef mf gvfq}c$
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[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
]lal
Nl }lal fp fn gvfpc `cdc`emc `cjc lp}qìblnc$ @cd nl }lal mf lnbvdcp ldejlnfp. {lq}e`vnlqjfd}f mfn `cqmfqc. pf {ql`}e`l vd ovfbc mf l{vfp}lp jvu pej{nf$ Fn ovfbc `cdpep}f fd nldzlq nl }lal. bldldmc vdl c `vl}qc vdemlmfp l{cp}lmlp pe |vfmld nlp {lq}fp plnefd}fp mfn gvfpc gl`el lqqeal. c {fqmefdmc c}qlp }ld}lp pe |vfmld nlp {lq}fp gvdmemlp fd nl `lql pv{fqecq$ Fn ovfbc mf nl }lal hvf ed}qcmv`emc {cq ncp fp{lücnfp fd }cml Ljåqe`l u fp jvu {c{vnlq fd zcdlp qvqlnfp u bldlmfqlp$ ]qlp`fdmfd`el Pf qfhefqf l eq jìp lnnì mf lnbÿd nêje}f$ Lm|vefqf fd}cd`fp vd `lqì`}fq mf hedlnemlm |vf gl mf `vj{neqpf `cjc !nc jìp ej{cq}ld}f!. !nc fpfd`eln!. {cq nc |vf pf `cdxefq}f fd fn hvdmljfd}c mf nl l``eðd u fn pfd}emc mf }cmc nc |vf pf gl`f$ Fn }åqjedc xc`l`eðd gl }cjlmc mexfqpcp pebdehe`lmcp fd nl `vn}vql `cd}fj{cqìdfl. {cdefdmc Xc`l`eðd pefj{qf fd fn `fd}qc. `cd mexfqplp jcmlnemlmfp. l nl {fqpcdl$ [cq xc`l`eðd pf fd}efdmf fd {qejfq nvblq fn „{qcuf`}c mf xeml‚ |vf fnlacql `lml vdc pcaqf nl alpf mf pvp jÿn}e{nfp
fw{fqefd`elp u fd nl `cdhqcd}l`eðd `cd vd pep}fjl `cgfqfd}f mf xlncqfp |vf mld pfd}emc u meqf``eðd l nl xeml mfn edmexemvc$ Xcnvd}lm Fp nl hl`vn}lm |vf {fqje}f ln pfq gvjldc bcafqdlq pvp l`}cp. mf`emeq `cd neafq}lm u c{}lq {cq vd }e{c mf `cdmv`}l mf}fqjedlmc$ Nl xcnvd}lm fp fn {cmfq mf fnf``eðd `cd luvml mf nl `cd`efd`el$ QFHFQFD@ELP <$ Lqlilie. J$ '1;;<%$ Medìje`lp bqv{lnfp {lql }cmlp nlp fmlmfp$ Nejl? Neaqc Ljebc$ 1$ Ac}fqc. P$ '1;;7%$ '1;;7%$ @ðjc hcqjlq nêmfqfp$ Yfd nêdflZ @cncjael? Pld [lanc$ Qf`v{fqlmc fn 10 mf ovnec mf 1;<1$ Mep{cdeanf fd? g}}{?accip$bccbnf$`cj${faccip3em:ov1{7@o
=1
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Pf pe ð d ;0 @CDXEXFD@EL ED]FQ@VN]VQLN [fq}edfd`el. qfp{f}c u }cnfqld`el Pf `lql`}fqezl f emfd}ehe`l `cjc pfq edmexemvln u {fq}fdf`efd}f l vdl `vn}vql qfbecdln. `cdpfqxldmc. xlncqldmc u mehvdmefdmc pv nfblmc$
=0
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
MFPMF NL [QÌ@]E@L Qfp{f}c Ldlnezljcp u `cjfd}ljcp nlp pebvefd}fp pe}vl`ecdfp
Pe fp}ìp fd vd `cnf`}exc u pvaf vdl jvofq fjalqlzlml. ³fp vdl hln}l mf qfp{f}c dc `fmfqnf fn lpefd}c3 ³[cq |vå3 Vd deüc. Jebvfn. fp}ì fp{fqldmc |vf nc l}efdmld fd vdl {ldlmfqêl. fd}ql vd gcjaqf u gl`f pv {fmemc$ Fn {ldlmfqc nf me`f |vf fp}lal fn deüc. {fqc fn gcjaqf qfp{cdmf? „³\vå l{vqc {vfmf }fdfq ån3 L}eådmljf l jê {qejfqc‚$ ³Fn gcjaqf fp}ì hln}ldmc fn qfp{f}c ln deüc3 ³U fn {ldlmfqc3 ³[cq |vå3
Jebvfn qfp{cdmf? „Fp}cu uc {qejfqc u `cqqfp{cdmf |vf jf l}efdml l jê‚$ ³Fp}ì hln}ldmc fn qfp{f}c l lnbvefd3
³[cq |vå3
Jlq}êd }efdf }qfp lücp u nf {qfbvd}l l pv {l{ì pe `vldmc ån pfl bqldmf xl l {cmfq pfq jìp bqldmf |vf pv gfqjldc jlucq$ Ln {l{ì mf Jlq}êd nf ml bql`el fn `cjfd}lqec mf pv geoc u pf qêf$ ³Nf fp}ì hln}ldmc fn qfp{f}c3 Vdl jlfp}ql fp}ì fp`qeaefdmc lnbc fd fn {ezlqqðd. {fqc `vldmc pf ml xvfn}l pf nf fdbld`gl fn mfnld}ln u pf nf qcj{f$ Ln xfq nl pe}vl`eðd. Nv`êl dc d c {vfmf {lqlq mf qfêqpf. ³fp}ì hln}ìdmcnf fn qfp{f}c l nl jlfp}ql3
Nl `nlpf fp}ì mep`v}efdmc |vå |vefqf mf`eq qfp{f}lq$ Jefd}qlp Jlblne fw{qfpl pv c{edeðd. Ldl meavol$ ³Fp vdl hln}l mf qfp{f}c3 Nvfbc. `vldmc Ldl glanl. Jlblne `glqnl `cd pv `cj{lüfqc mf ln nlmc. ped {qfp}lq l}fd`eðd l Ldl$ ³Nf fp}ì hln}ldmc fn qfp{f}c3 qfp{f}c3
Nl jlfp}ql pf cnxeml vdl }enmf ln fp`qeaeq vdl {lnlaql$ Nlvql pf nc gl`f gl`f dc}lq$ ³Fp vdl hln}l mf qfp{f}c3
Jìp |vf jen {lnlaqlp$ Ldlnezljcp nlp pebvefd}fp ejìbfdfp u qfml`}ljcp dvfp}qc {lqf`fq
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==
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
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=6
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
@cj{qfdmfq fn jvdmc. `cj{qfdmfq ln c}qc 'Mfncqp <558%
Luvmlq l }qldphcqjlq vdl ed}fqmf{fdmfd`el mf gf`gc fd pcnemlqemlm mfpflml fp vdl mf nlp }lqflp fpfd`elnfp mf nl fmv`l`eðd$ L fp}f fhf`}c. mfaf ncbqlq |vf `lml {fqpcdl {vfml `cj{qfdmfqpf l pê jepjl u l nlp mfjìp jfmeld}f vd jfocq `cdc`ejefd}c mfn jvdmc$ [lql |vf `lml vdc {vfml `cj{qfdmfq nl `cj{nfoemlm `qf`efd}f mf ncp hfdðjfdcp jvdmelnfp u mcjedlq fn pfd}ejefd}c mf ed`fq}emvjaqf |vf pvp`e}l. fd {qejfq nvblq mfaf lm|veqeq vd `cdovd}c mf `cdc`ejefd}cp u nvfbc l{qfdmfq l qfnl}exezlq ncp gf`gcp u l }fdfq fp{êqe}v `qê}e`c hqfd}f l nlp `cqqefd}fp mf edhcqjl`eðd$ Nl fmv`l`eðd jldehefp}l l|vê jìp |vf dvd`l pv `lqì`}fq edpvp}e}veanf fd nl hcqjl`eðd mfn ove`ec$ Hlxcqf`f vdl xfqmlmfql `cj{qfdpeðd mf ncp gf`gcp jìp lnnì mf nl xepeðd pej{nehe`lmcql c mfhcqjlml |vf l xf`fp mld ncp jfmecp mf `cjvde`l`eðd. f emflnjfd}f mfafqêl luvmlq l `lml `vln l `cdxfq}eqpf vd {c`c fd `evmlmldc mf fp}f jvdmc }vqavnfd}c u `ljaeld}f |vf fp}ì dl`efdmc ld}f dvfp}qcp cocp$ Nl `cj{qfdpeðd mf fp}f jvdmc fwebf fxemfd}fjfd}f nl mf nlp qfnl`ecdfp |vf vdfd ln pfq gvjldc `cd pv jfmec ljaefd}f$ Dc pf }ql}l mf lülmeq vdl dvfxl mep`e{nedl l {qcbqljlp fp`cnlqfp u l pcaqf`lqblmcp pedc mf qfcqbldezlq nl fdpfüldzl l {lq}eq mf vdl xepeðd mf `cdovd}c mf ncp xêd`vncp |vf vdfd l gcjaqfp u jvofqfp `cd pv jfmec. u l{qcxf`gldmc `cdovd}ljfd}f nlp `efd`elp dl}vqlnfp u nlp `efd`elp pc`elnfp$ Vdl hcqjl`eðd mf fp}f }e{c }ljaeåd pf {cmqêl chqf`fq l }cmcp ncp `evmlmldcp fd nl {fqp{f`}exl mf nl fmv`l`eðd mvqld}f }cml nl xeml$ Nl fwebfd`el mf vdl pcnemlqemlm l fp`lnl {nldf}lqel pv{cdf lmfjìp pv{fqlq nlp }fdmfd`elp l fd`fqqlqpf fd nl {qc{el emfd}emlm. {lql mlq nvblq l vdl `cj{qfdpeðd mf ncp mfjìp alplml fd fn qfp{f}c mf nl mexfqpemlm nl qfp{cdplaenemlm mf nl fmv`l`eðd l fp}f qfp{f`}c fp l vd }efj{c fpfd`eln u mfne`lml fd `vld}c nl dc`eðd mf emfd}emlm pf {qfp}l l mcanf ed}fq{qf}l`eðd? lheqjlq pv mehfqfd`el. xcnxfq l fd`cd}qlq ncp hvdmljfd}cp mf nl {qc{el `vn}vql. qfhcqzlq nl pcnemlqemlm mf bqv{c {vfmfd `cdp}e}veq {lql `lml edmexemvc vd l`}c {cpe}exc u neafqlmcq9 {fqc fp}f }e{c mf qfexedme`l`eðd. pe qfpvn}l jln ed}fq{qf}lml. `cd}qeavuf lpejepjc l gl`fq mehê`enfp. `vldmc dc ej{cpeanfp. fn fd`vfd}qc u fn meìncbc `cd fn c}qc$ Nl fmv`l`eðd mfaf {cq }ld}c fphcqzlqpf ln jepjc }efj{c {cq gl`fq ln edmexemvc `cdp`efd}f mf pvp qlê`fp. l hed mf |vf {vfml mep{cdfq mf {vd}cp mf qfhfqfd`el |vf nf peqxld {lql vae`lqpf fd fn jvdmc. u {cq fdpfülqnf l qfp{f}lq nlp mfjìp `vn}vqlp$ Nl fdpfüldzl mf `efq}lp mep`e{nedlp qfxep}f ej{cq}ld`el hvdmljfd}ln l fp}f qfp{f`}c$ [cq fofj{nc. nl mf nl gep}cqel l jfdvmc gl pfqxemc {lql hcq}lnf`fq nlp emfd}emlmfp dl`ecdlnfp {cdefdmc mf qfnefxf nlp mehfqfd`elp u fwln}ldmc vd pfd}ejefd}c mf pv{fqecqemlm. fpfd`elnjfd}f {cq|vf me`gl fdpfüldzl pf `cd`faêl fd vdl {fqp{f`}exl fw}ql`efd}êhe`l$ [cq fn `cd}qlqec. nl fwebfd`el mf xfqmlm. |vf `cdmv`f l qf`cdc`fq |vf ©ncp bqv{cp gvjldcp. ncp {vfancp. nlp dl`ecdfp. ncp `cd}edfd}fp dc pcd }cmcp pfjfold}fp¹. {cq fp}f pej{nf gf`gc ©dcp canebl l jeqlq jìp lnnì mf nl fw{fqefd`el edjfmel}l. l l`f{}lq nl mehfqfd`el. l qf`cdc`fqnl. u l mfp`vaqeq |vf ncp mfjìp {vfancp }efdfd vdl gep}cqel |vf }ljaeåd fp qe`l f edp}qv`}exl¹$ Fn `cdc`ejefd}c mf nlp mfjìp `vn}vqlp `cdmv`f fd}cd`fp l vdl mcanf }cjl mf `cd`efd`el? nl mf nl pedbvnlqemlm mf nl {qc{el `vn}vql {fqc }ljaeåd nl mf nl fwep}fd`el mf vd {l}qejcdec `cjÿd mf }cml nl gvjldemlm$
=8
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Nl fmv`l`eðd u nl nv`gl `cd}ql nlp fw`nvpecdfp 'Mfncqp <558%
Nl fmv`l`eðd {vfmf pfq vd hl`}cq mf `cgfpeðd pe {qc`vql }fdfq fd `vfd}l nl mexfqpemlm mf ncp edmexemvcp u mf ncp bqv{cp gvjldcp u ln jepjc }efj{c fxe}l pfq l pv xfz vd hl`}cq mf fw`nvpeðd pc`eln$ Fn qfp{f}c mf nl mexfqpemlm u mf nl fp{f`ehe`emlm mf ncp edmexemvcp `cdp}e}vuf. fd fhf`}c. vd {qed`e{ec hvdmljfd}ln. |vf mfaf nnfxlq l {qcp`qeaeq }cml hcqjl mf fdpfüldzl dcqjlnezlml$ L jfdvmc pf l`vpl `cd qlzðd l ncp pep}fjlp fmv`l}excp hcqjlnfp mf neje}lq fn {nfdc mfplqqcnnc {fqpcdln ln ej{cdfq l }cmcp ncp deücp fn jepjc jcnmf `vn}vqln f ed}fnf`}vln. ped }fdfq pvhe`efd}fjfd}f fd `vfd}l nl mexfqpemlm mf ncp }lnfd}cp edmexemvlnfp$ Lpê. }efdmfd `lml xfz jìp l mlq {qecqemlm ln mfplqqcnnc mfn `cdc`ejefd}c lap}ql`}c fd mf}qejfd}c mf c}qlp `vlnemlmfp gvjldlp `cjc nl ejlbedl`eðd. nl l{}e}vm {lql `cjvde`lq. nl lhe`eðd l nl ldejl`eðd mfn }qlaloc fd f|ve{c. fn pfd}emc mf nl afnnfzl c mf nl mejfdpeðd fp{eqe}vln. c nl glaenemlm jldvln$ Pfbÿd pvp l{}e}vmfp u bvp}cp dl}vqlnfp. |vf pcd mexfqpcp mfpmf pv dl`ejefd}c. ncp deücp dc pl`ld fn jepjc {qcxf`gc mf ncp qf`vqpcp fmv`l}excp `cnf`}excp f ed`nvpc {vfmfd xfqpf fd pe}vl`eðd mf hql`lpc mfaemc l nl edlml{}l`eðd mf nl fp`vfnl l pvp }lnfd}cp u lp{eql`ecdfp$ Jìp lnnì mf nl jvn}e{ne`emlm mf ncp }lnfd}cp edmexemvlnfp. nl fmv`l`eðd gl mf }fdfq fd `vfd}l nl qe|vfzl mf nlp fw{qfpecdfp `vn}vqlnfp mf `lml vdc mf ncp bqv{cp |vf `cj{cdfd vdl pc`efmlm9 vdc mf ncp {qed`e{ecp hvdmljfd}lnfp fp fn qfp{f}c mfn {nvqlnepjc$ Lvd pe nlp pe}vl`ecdfp pcd jvu mehfqfd}fp pfbÿd ncp {lêpfp. nl jlucqêl mf fnncp pf `lql`}fqezld {cq nl jvn}e{ne`emlm mf pvp qlê`fp `vn}vqlnfp u nedbþêp}e`lp$ Nl aÿp|vfml mf vdl fmv`l`eðd |vf nfp {fqje}l hcqolq pv {qc{el emfd}emlm. jìp lnnì mfn jcmfnc ld`fp}qln c mfn ej{vfp}c {cq ncp `cncdezlmcqfp. pf jldehefp}l fd {lq}e`vnlq {cq nl jlucq v}enezl`eðd mf nlp nfdbvlp nc`lnfp fd nl fdpfüldzl$ Nl `vfp}eðd mfn {nvqlnepjc `vn}vqln u nedbþêp}e`c pf {nld}fl }ljaeåd fd fn `lpc mf nlp {canl`ecdfp lv}ð`}cdlp c fd fn mf ncp bqv{cp jebqld}fp. {lql ncp `vlnfp pf }ql}l mf fd`cd}qlq vd f|veneaqec fd}qf fn lhìd mf vdl ed}fbql`eðd pl}ephl`}cqel u fn lqqlebc fd nl `vn}vql mf cqebfd$ ]cml {cnê}e`l fmv`l}exl mfaf. {cq }ld}c. fp}lq fd `cdme`ecdfp mf qfp{cdmfq l vd qf}c hvdmljfd}ln. |vf `cdpep}f fd `cdxfq}eq fpl qfexedme`l`eðd nfbê}ejl f vd hl`}cq mf `cgfpeðd pc`eln$ Fp ej{cq}ld}f. fd {lq}e`vnlq. {fqje}eq |vf `lml edmexemvc pf pe}ÿf mfd}qc mf nl `cjvdemlm l nl |vf {fq}fdf`f fd {qejfq nvblq. nlp jìp mf nlp xf`fp fd fn {nldc nc`ln. ln jepjc }efj{c |vf pf nf {qc{cq`ecdld ncp jfmecp mf laqeqpf l nlp c}qlp `cjvdemlmfp$ Fd fp}f pfd}emc. fp ej{cq}ld}f {qcjcxfq vdl fmv`l`eðd ed}fq`vn}vqln |vf pfl qflnjfd}f vd hl`}cq mf `cgfpeðd u mf {lz$ Fp df`fplqec. lmfjìp. |vf ncp {qc{ecp pep}fjlp fmv`l}excp dc `cdmvz`ld l pe}vl`ecdfp mf fw`nvpeðd$ Fd fhf`}c. fn {qed`e{ec mf fjvnl`eðd. {qc{e`ec {lql fn mfplqqcnnc ed}fnf`}vln fd lnbvdcp `lpcp. {vfmf {fqxfq}eqpf u `cdxfq}eqpf fd vdl {qì`}e`l fw`fpexl mf pfnf``eðd {cq ncp qfpvn}lmcp fp`cnlqfp$ Fd fpf `lpc. fn hql`lpc fp`cnlq {lqf`f eqqfxfqpeanf u {qcxc`l l jfdvmc nl jlqbedl`eðd u nl fw`nvpeðd pc`elnfp$ Jv`gcp {lêpfp. pcaqf }cmc fd}qf ncp {lêpfp mfplqqcnnlmcp. {lmf`fd fd nl l`}vlnemlm vd hfdðjfdc jvu mfp`cd`fq}ld}f {lql nlp {cnê}e`lp fmv`l}exlp? {lqlmðoe`ljfd}f. nl {qcncdbl`eðd mf nl fp`cnlqemlm gl lbqlxlmc jìp |vf jfocqlmc nl pe}vl`eðd mf ncp oðxfdfp pc`elnjfd}f jìp mfphlxcqf`emcp c fd pe}vl`eðd mf hql`lpc fp`cnlq$ Ed`nvpc fd ncp {lêpfp fd |vf ncp blp}cp mf fmv`l`eðd hebvqld fd}qf ncp jìp fnfxlmcp mfn jvdmc. fn hql`lpc u nl ©mfpfq`eðd¹ fp`cnlqfp lhf`}ld l vdl {qc{cq`eðd `cdpemfqlanf mf lnvjdcp$ [qcmv`fd vdl mexepeðd fd}qf mcp `l}fbcqêlp mf oðxfdfp. |vf qfpvn}l }ld}c jìp bqlxf `vld}c |vf {fqpep}f fd fn jvdmc nlacqln$ Ncp dc me{ncjlmcp avp`ld fj{nfc fd nlp fj{qfplp `cd vdl mfpxfd}lol `lpe edpv{fqlanf$ Lnbvdcp mf fnncp. `cdpemfqlmcp ©edfj{nflanfp¹ {cq nlp fj{qfplp. pf xfd mfhede}exljfd}f fw`nvemcp mfn jvdmc mfn }qlaloc u {qexlmcp mf }cml {cpeaenemlm mf edpfq`eðd pc`eln$ Bfdfqlmcq mf fw`nvpeðd. fn hql`lpc fp`cnlq fp fd jv`gcp `lpcp fn cqebfd mf lnbvdlp hcqjlp mf xecnfd`el c mf fw}qlxêcp edmexemvlnfp$ Fpcp {qc`fpcp |vf mfpblqqld fn }foemc pc`eln gl`fd |vf pf mfdvd`ef l nl fp`vfnl `cjc hl`}cq mf fw`nvpeðd pc`eln u ln jepjc }efj{c pf nl pcne`e}f `cd edpep}fd`el `cjc edp}e}v`eðd `nlxf mf ed}fbql`eðd c qfed}fbql`eðd$ Ncp {qcanfjlp |vf {nld}fld l nlp {cnê}e`lp fmv`l}exlp pcd fp{f`elnjfd}f mehê`enfp? nl nv`gl `cd}ql fnhql`lpc fp`cnlq mfaf pfq. {cq }ld}c. vd ej{fql}exc pc`eln$ =2
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
ED]FQ@VN]VQLNEMLM [lql Lq}vqc Qcmqêbvfz '1;;2%. nl ed}fq`vn}vqlnemlm fp vd xlncq |vf pf fw{qfpl fd vdl l`}e}vm fd nlp {fqpcdlp |vf pf qfnl`ecdld `cd vdl c jìp `vn}vqlp mehfqfd}fp l nl pvul. bfdfqlnjfd}f fd vd jepjc fp{l`ec bfcbqìhe`c$ Nl ed}fq`vn}vqlnemlm fp vd `cj{cdfd}f mf nl {fqpcdlnemlm mf nlp {fqpcdlp. ncp pvof}cp |vf hvfqcd fmv`lmcp fd nl }cnfqld`el u fn qfp{f}c l ncp mfjìp. lvd l ncp mehfqfd}fp$ Fp vdl l`}e}vm |vf qfhnfol vd mfplqqcnnc `vn}vqln jvu ln}c fd nlp {fqpcdlp u pcnc nl mfplqqcnnld {fqpcdlp |vf `cdp}e}vufd c pcd {lq}f mf `exenezl`ecdfp {qchvdmljfd}f mfjc`qì}e`lp. lxldzlmlp$
QFBNLP AÌPE@LP MF NL ED]FQ@VN]VQLNEMLM Lv}cdcjêl
Qf`e{qc`emlm
Qfhnfwexemlm
Fp qf`cdc`fq u plafq nc |vf |vefqc u {cq |vå nc |vefqc u fp}lq mep{vfp}c l fp`cbfq fpc |vf |vefqc u `cdpemfqc xlnecpc. {fqc }ljaeåd fp df`fplqec |vf {vfml fw{qfplq jep mfpfcp mf }ln jldfql |vf ncp c}qcp {vfmld fd}fdmfq fwl`}ljfd}f nc |vf |vefqc `cjvde`lq. {cq fpc df`fpe}ljcp `nlqemlm {lql {fdplq u fw{qfplqdcp$
Ln {cdfqpf fd fn nvblq mfn c}qc l nl gcql mf {fdplq. nl å}e`l ed}fq`vn}vqln {emf {fdplq {cq dcpc}qcp jepjcp {fqc }fdefdmc fd `vfd}l ln c}qc$ Fp nl l{}e}vm u nl mep{cpe`eðd l nl qf`e{qc`emlm. }fdbc fd `vfd}l l ncp mfjìp mfn jepjc jcmc fd |vf fnncp }cjlqìd fd `vfd}l je fwep}fd`el$
Glu |vf jeqlqdcp mfpmf dcpc}qcp jepjcp u dc pcnc mf nl hcqjl `cjc dcp xfd ncp c}qcp. {fdplq mfpmf dvfp}qc `cd}fw}c$ [cq fofj{nc. pe dcp vae`ljcp `cjc fj{caqf`emcp f`cdðje`ljfd}f u dcp xfjcp mfpmf ncp c}qcp. pfqfjcp {fqpcdlp `cd `lqfd`elp u neje}l`ecdfp. {fqc pe dcp xfjcp mfpmf dcpc}qcp jepjc pfqfjcp {fqpcdlp {qcmv`}exlp$
GFQQLJEFD]LP [LQL NL DVFXL [QÌ@]E@L L|vê }f {qfpfd}ljcp vdl nep}l mf ml}cp |vf mfafp lxfqebvlq {lql qf`cdc`fq nl mexfqpemlm fd f d }v lvnl$ [vfmfp |vfmlq}f lpcjaqlmc ld}f nl mexfqpemlm |vf fwep}f u |vf dc glaêlp „xep}c‚ ld}fp $ [lql fp}c xljcp l fnlacqlq `vlmqcp fp}lmêp}e`cp pcaqf nl qflnemlm mf }v lvnl fd ncp `vlnfp `cdpemfqlqìp?
Nvblq mcdmf dl`efqcd$ Mf{cq}f hlxcqe}c$ Emecjlp |vf glanld$ ]e{c mf nf`}vql |vf {qfhefqfd$ L`}exemlm {qcmv`}exl |vf qflnezld$ C`v{l`eðd mf nl jlmqf$ C`v{l`eðd mfn {lmqf$
]e{c mf jÿpe`l {qfhfqeml$ @cp}vjaqfp hljenelqfp jìp {ql`}e`lmlp$ @ðjc qf`eafd ln hcqlp}fqc. ln fw}qlüc$ @ðjc hfne`e}ld u pld`ecdld l ncp jefjaqcp mf vdl `cjvdemlm$ ³\vå {efdpld u pefd}fd hqfd}f l nl }efqql '{l`gl%3
=7
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
@CDXFQPLJCP ³\vå mehfqfd`elp `vn}vqlnfp glu fd nl Qfbeðd Nljaluf|vf3 ³Mf |vå jldfql pf fxemfd`el |vf pf qfp{f}fd c dc me`glp mehfqfd`elp3 ³\vå {fqpcdlp pcd nlp jìp lbqfmemlp fd dvfp}ql qfbeðd3 L nl nvz mf nlp mehfqfd`elp. ³`ðjc pf fw{ne`l fn lq}ê`vnc {qejfqc mf ncp Mfqf`gcp Gvjldcp u fp}f {cp}vnlmc? „[cq pfq mehfqfd}fp }fdfjcp mfqf`gc l vd }ql}c ebvln‚3 ³@vìnfp pcd lnbvdlp mf nlp `lvplp mfn eqqfp{f}c {cq nlp
mehfqfd`elp3 ³@vìnfp pcd lnbvdlp mf nlp `cdpf`vfd`elp3 ³\vå fp}ì hlnnldmc3
Pc`elnezljcp <$ [qfpfd}l ncp `vlmqcp `vlmqcp l }vp `cj{lüfqcp `cj{lüfqcp fd fn {nfdlqec$ 1$ Qfml`}l vd {ìqqlhc pcaqf nl mexfqpemlm fd pv plnðd mf `nlpfp u nlp l`}exemlmfp |vf pf {cmqêld gl`fq {lql l{qcxf`glqnl$ 0$ ³\vå l`}exemlmfp fw{qfpld mehfqfd`elp mehfqfd`elp {fqpcdlnfp u `vìnfp jldehefp}ld mexfqpemlm `vn}vqln3 FXLNVL@EÐD Fp ej{cq}ld}f |vf glblp vdl fxlnvl`eðd {fqpcdln mf }cmc nc }ql}lmc u xexemc fd fp}l pfpeðd$ @cd}fp}l {fqpcdlnjfd}f nlp l`}exemlmfp pvbfqemlp$ Nc {vfmfp gl`fq }qld|venljfd}f fd `lpl mvqld}f nl pfjldl u }qlf mfp{våp }vp `cd`nvpecdfp l nl {qðwejl qfvdeðd$ @CDXEXFD@EL ED]FQ@VN]VQLN [fq}edfd`el Qfp{f}c u }cnfqld`el [nld}fl ln}fqdl}exlp mf pcnv`eðd mf }v qflnemlm [nld}fl l`}exemlmfp `qfl}exlp pcaqf nl {fq}edfd`el mf `cd`qf}l {lql `cdxexeq qfp{f}ldmc u xlncqldmc ncp `cd}fdemcp lmf`vlmcp l ncp `cd}fw}cp fp`cnlqfp$ nc mexfqpc$
=5
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
@edf fd `lpl Capfqxl. fp`v`gl. qfhnfwecdl [FNÊ@VNL „Ncp `cqep}lp‚$
CAOF]EXC Qf`cdc`fq fn qcn }qlp`fdmfd}ln mfn mc`fd}f$ LQBVJFD]C Ncp `ge`cp mfn `cqc fp vdl {fnê`vnl mf bqld afnnfzl u mf mvn`fp ed}fd`ecdfp |vf chqf`f ln fp{f`}lmcq vdl nf``eðd mf xeml gvjldl? fn xlncq mf nl `lqemlm u nl `cj{lpeðd hqfd}f l nl mvql mep`e{nedl mf nl nfu$ Lpejepjc jvfp}ql `ðjc vd l`}c l{lqfd}fjfd}f edpebdehe`ld}f {vfmf }qldphcqjlq nl xeml mf }ld}cp. {lpldmc mf }ql}lq l ncp deücp. mf mfned`vfd}fp ped qfjfmec lnbvdc l {fqpcdlp$ Fn nfjl {qed`e{ln mfn henj fp |vf nl jÿpe`l {vfmf `ljaelq l nlp {fqpcdlp$ Lvd lpê {lqf`f `lpe ej{cpeanf |vf vd jlfp}qc qf`eåd nnfblmc {vfml `ljaelq {c`c l {c`c nl hcqjl mf xeml mf pvp fp}vmeld}fp. edp{eqìdmcnfp u mìdmcnfp nl fp{fqldzl |vf nfp hln}lal$ Ln {qed`e{ec. lnbvdcp mf ncp `ge`cp lmc{}ld `cdmv`}lp mf qf`glzc u pcd `lp}eblmcp pfxfqljfd}f. pf xf `nlqljfd}f |vf dc plafd `vìn fp fn xfqmlmfqc xlncq mfn {fqmðd u mf xfqpf {fqmcdlmcp$ [cq fpc. `vldmc fn dvfxc pv{fqxepcq. @nåjfd} Jl}gefv. pf xvfn`l fd fn {qc{ðpe}c mf `qflq vd `cqc `cjc pêjacnc mf vdeðd fd}qf }cmcp fnncp. ncp `ge`cp fj{efzld l pfd}eqpf pf d}eqpf lnfd}lmcp. `cdhelmcp u pcaqf }cmc qf`cdc`emcp$ Mf lgê |vf c}qc mf ncp }fjlp jìp ej{cq}ld}fp pfl fn xlncq mfn åwe}c$ ³@vìn fp fn {qf`ec |vf glu |vf {lblq {cq ån3 Ln hedln mf nl {fnê`vnl. Ql`ged. fn meqf`}cq mfn ed}fqdlmc. nf qf{ne`l l Jl}gefv me`eådmcnf? !Fqfp vd jÿpe`c hql`lplmc$! Nc |vf fn ed`qåmvnc meqf`}cq dc {cmqì ejlbedlq fp |vf. fp}f „jÿpe`c hql`lplmc‚ pfqì |vefd fd pvp
fphvfqzcp {cq l`fq`lqpf l ncp deücp. pf fd}qfbvf l nl }lqfl mf hljenelqezlqncp `cd nl jlbel mfn `ld}c. }qldphcqjldmc pvp xemlp {lql pefj{qf$
Avp`l vd jcjfd}c {lql fp}lq pcnc u `cd}fp}l? <$ 1$ 0$ =$ 6$ 8$
³\vå pebdehe`l pebdehe`l fn fn fpncbld fpncbld mfn mfn `fd}qc `fd}qc „l``eðd u qfl``eðd‚3 $ Fw{ne`l fn pfd}emc mf nl hqlpf? „Oljìp meblp oljìp. pefj{qf glu `cplp |vf ed}fd}lq‚$ ³\vå }e{c mf `fd}qc fp „Hcdmc mfn fp}ld|vf‚3$
³Fwep}êl ³Fwep}êl {fq}edfd`el {fq}edfd`el fd}qf fd}qf ncp `cd}fdemcp `cd}fdemcp u fn `cd}fw}c `cd}fw}c fp`cnlq fp`cnlq mfn `fd}qc3 Fd nl {fnê`vnl {fnê`vnl ³|vå qfbnlp aìpe`lp mf ed}fq`vn}vqlnemlm pf mfold dc}lq3 @e}l fofj{ncp$ ³\vå l``ecdfp }cjlqìp fd `vfd}l mf lgcql fd lmfnld}f fd }v }v xc`l`eðd mc`fd}f. `cdpemfqldmc ncp l`cd}f`ejefd}cp mfplqqcnnlmcp fd nl {fnê`vnl3
6;
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
[qcmv`}c mfn Anc|vf ]fjì}e`c? Fnlacql`eðd mf vd P`ql{acci
[lq}f EEE [qc`fmejefd}cp
Qf`cnf`}l `ld`ecdfp |vf glanfd mf nlp xfd}lolp mf l{qcxf`glq nl mexfqpemlm$ Qf`cnf`}l {cfjlp |vf glanfd pcaqf nl luvml fd}qf `vn}vqlp uc {fqpcdlp c bqv{cp mexfqpcp$ Fnlacql vdl {qc{lbldml pcaqf nlp {cpeaenemlmfp mf }qlalolq fd}qf mehfqfd}fp$
Hf`gl mf {qfpfd}l`eðd Pìalmc ;0 mf dcxefjaqf$
BNCPLQEC Ebvlnmlm
Fp nl `cqqfp{cdmfd`el u {qc{cq`eðd qfpvn}ld}f mf jv`glp {lq}fp |vf `cj {cdfd vd }cmc vdehcqjf$
Ed}fq`vn}vqlnemlm
Nl ed}fq`vn}vqlnemlm fp fn {qc`fpc mf `cjvde`l`eðd f ed}fql``eðd fd}qf {fqpcdlp u bqv{cp gvjldcp mcdmf pf `cd`eaf |vf dedbÿd bqv{c `vn}vqln fp}å {cq fd`ejl mfn c}qc. hlxcqf`efdmc fd }cmc jcjfd}c nl ed}fbql`eðd u `cdxexfd`el fd}qf `vn}vqlp$ Fd nlp qfnl`ecdfp ed}fq`vn}vqlnfp pf fp}lanf`f vdl qfnl`eðd alplml fd fn qfp{f}c l nl mexfqpemlm u fn fdqe|vf`ejefd}c jv}vc$
[fq}edfd`el
Fwep}fd mep}ed}cp l`fq`ljefd}cp l nl dc`eðd mf {fq}edfd`el$ Nl {fq}edfd`el mf nl fmv`l`eðd fp}ì xed`vnlml ln nvblq |vf c`v{l nl hcqjl`eðd fd nl pc`efmlm$
Qfp{f}c
Fn qfp{f}c fp vd xlncq |vf {fqje}f |vf fn gcjaqf {vfml qf`cdc`fq. l`f{}lq. l{qf`elq u xlncqlq nlp `vlnemlmfp mfn {qðoejc u pvp mfqf`gcp$ Fp mf`eq. fn qfp{f}c fp fn qf`cdc`ejefd}c mfn xlncq {qc{ec u mf ncp mfqf`gcp mf ncp edmexemvcp u mf nl pc`efmlm$
]cnfqld`el
Fp nl l`}e}vm |vf lmc{}ljcp `vldmc dcp fd`cd}qljcp `cd lnbc |vf qfpvn}l mep}ed}c l dvfp}qcp xlncqfp$
QFHFQFD@ELP <$ Ìnxlqc. O$ '1;;0%$ Hvdmljfd}cp pc`elnfp mfn `cj{cq}ljefd}c gvjldc $ Yfd nêdflZ Alq`fncdl? VC@$ Qf`v{fqlmc fn 10 mf ovnec mf 1;<1$ Mep{cdeanf fd? g}}{?accip$bccbnf$`cj${faccip3em:2|8xRbqCU\@({qed}pf`:hqcd}`cxfq(m|:Hvdmljfd}cp)pc`elnfp)mfn) `cj{cq}ljefd}c)gvjldc 1$ @lnlxel. J$ J$ '<555%$ E}edfqlqec mf fmv`l`eðd fd nl hf $ Jlmqem? @@P$ 0$ @ldc. A$ '1;;;%$ Nl å}e`l. lq}f xexeq$ ]lnnfqfp {lql hcqjl`eðd fd xlncqfp$ @cncjael? Fme`ecdfp [lvnedlp$ =$ @fd}qc mf Edxfp}ebl`eðd u Mfplqqcnnc mf nl Fmv`l`eðd @EMF$ '1;;2%$ Mexfqpemlm `vn}vqln vd qf}c$ Nejl? Fn @cjfq`ec$ 6$ Mfncqp. O$ '<558%$ Nl Fmv`l`eðd fd`efqql vd }fpcqc$ Jåwe`c? Fme`ecdfp VDFP@C$ 8$ Gcbb u Xlvbgld$ '1;<;%$ [pe`cncbêl Pc`eln$ Yfd nêdflZ Fp{lül? Fme}cqeln Jåme`l [ldljfqe`ldl$ Qf`v{fqlmc fn 10 mf ovnec mf 1;<1$ Mep{cdeanf fd? g}}{?accip$bccbnf$`cj${faccip3em:2`qgd|a\EQ=@({qed}pf`:hqcd}`cxfq(m|:[pe`cncb&@0&LMl)Pc`eln 2$ Rlipjld. X u Icgld. R$ '1;;6%$ Hencpchêl `cd Deücp$ L{cq}fp {lql fn }qlaloc fd `nlpf$ Avfdcp Leqfp? Dcxfmlmfp Fmv`l}exlp$
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VDEMLM EE EE
LV]CFP]EJL Nl Vdemlm ]fjì}e`l EE `cd}qeavuf ln mfplqqcnnc mf nl lv}cfp}ejl$ Ncp }fjlp {qc{vfp}cp `cqqfp{cdmfd l nl hcqjl`eðd mf nl lv}cfp}ejl u fn mfplqqcnnc mf nlp glaenemlmfp pc`elnfp$ Nl Vdemlm {fqje}f ln {lq}e`e{ld}f mfp`vaqeq pv `l{l`emlm {lql jeqlqpf gl`el ed}fqecqjfd}f fd mehfqfd}fp pe}vl`ecdfp. }cjlq `cd`efd`el mf nl ejlbfd |vf }efdf mf pê jepjc f emfd}ehe`lq nlp `lql`}fqêp}e`lp jìp {cpe}exlp. xlncqldmc pvp l``ecdfp u nl mf ncp mfjìp mf hcqjl lmf`vlml u {ql`}e`ldmc nlp glaenemlmfp `cjvde`l}exlp u pc`elnfp {lql mfplqqcnnlq vdl `cjvde`l`eðd ed}fq{fqpcdln |vf hl`ene}f fn fd`vfd}qc ed}fq`vn}vqln$ Fn pep}fjl mf `cd}fdemcp l }ql}lq fp fn |vf pebvf?
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61
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Pf pe ð d ;= LV]CFP]EJL @cj{cdfd}fp u lv}clheqjl`eðd Mfp`vaqf pv `l{l`emlm {lql jeqlqpf gl`el lmfd}qc {lq}e`e{ldmc fd mehfqfd}fp pe}vl`ecdfp$
60
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MFPMF NL [QÌ@]E@L @ld`eðd? „[fqmemc fd nl cp`vqemlm‚ mf ]e}c Defxfp Fp nl xeml vd neaqc |vf dc {vfmc uc nffq vd emecjl fw}qlüc |vf dc l`efq}c l` efq}c l `cj{qfdmfq dl`fp {qfbvd}ldmc u }f jvfqfp ped plafq {lql |vf glz nv`glmc u |vefd }f jldmc l dl`fq$ Fp nl xeml {lql lnbvdcp vd pvfüc hvblz ped fjalqbc {lql c}qcp vdl f}fqdemlm pefj{qf fn jìp hvfq}f fn |vf ej{cdf ej {cdf pv xfqmlm u pefj{qf fn jìp måaen fn |vf }efdf |vf `lnnlq `lnnlq dc nfxld}lq nl xcz$
Fd fn }fl}qc mf nl xeml uc |vefqc plafq mðdmf fp}ì je pe}ec u `vìn fp je {l{fn }cmc `ljael. }cmc beql l je lnqfmfmcq fd vd jvdmc fw}qlüc |vf gl {fqmemc fn `cqlzðd u uc |vf `cdhvdmemc fp}cu$
Jf {qfbvd}c nc |vf glaqì jìp }lqmf u jf {efqmc fd nl cp`vqemlm {cq|vf dc }fdbc qfp{vfp}lp {lql `cd}fp}lq gl`el mcdmf xcu l meqebeqjf gl`el mcdmf mfac `ljedlq uc dc på nc |vf {vfml fd`cd}qlqjf ln hedln$
Jf {qfbvd}c nc |vf glaqì jìp }lqmf u jf {efqmc fd nl cp`vqemlm {cq|vf dc }fdbc qfp{vfp}lp {lql `cd}fp}lq gl`el mcdmf xcu l meqebeqjf gl`el mcdmf mfac `ljedlq uc dc på nc |vf {vfml fd`cd}qlqjf ln hedln$
Qfhnfwecdl u qfp{cdmf <$ ³\vå qfnl`eðd qfnl`eðd fwep}f fwep}f fd}qf fd}qf fn }fjl }fjl mf nl `ld`eðd `ld`eðd u }ÿ xeml3 xeml3 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1$ ³\vå hqlpf hqlpf mf nl `ld`eðd `ld`eðd }f gl ej{qfpecdlm ej{qfpecdlmc c jìp3 ³[cq ³[cq |vå3 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
0$ ³\vå hcq}lnfzlp hcq}lnfzlp {fqpcdl {fqpcdlnfp nfp pf fw{cdfd fw{cdfd fd nl `ld`eðd3 `ld`eðd3 ³Pf qfnl`ecdld qfnl`ecdld `cd `cd }vp hcq}lnfzlp3 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
=$ ³\vå mfaenemlmfp mfaenemlmfp pf fw{cdfd fw{cdfd fd nl `ld`eðd3 `ld`eðd3 ³Pf qfnl`ecdld qfnl`ecdld `cd }vp mfaenemlmfp mfaenemlmfp3 3 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6$ ³\vå fwgcq}l fwgcq}l fn }fw}c mf nl `ld`eðd3 `ld`eðd3 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Nf`}vql? „Nl cp}ql u nl {fqnl‚ Vdl cp}ql |vf dc gl pemc gfqeml dc {vfmf {qcmv`eq {fqnlp$ Nlp {fqnlp pcd {qcmv`}c mfn mcncq. fn qfpvn}lmc mf nl fd}qlml mf vdl pvp}ld`el fw}qlül f edmfpflanf ln ed}fqecq mf nl cp}ql. `cjc vd {lqìpe}c c vd bqldc mf lqfdl$ Fd nl {lq}f ed}fqdl mf nl cp}ql pf fd`vfd}ql vdl pvp}ld`el nvp}qcpl nnljlml dì`lq$ @vldmc vd bqldc mf lqfdl {fdf}ql fd nl cp}ql. nlp `ånvnlp mf dì`lq `cjefdzld l }qlalolq u `vaqfd fn bqldc mf lqfdl `cd `l{lp u `l{lp u jìp `l{lp mf dì`lq {lql {qc}fbfq fn `vfq{c edmfhfdpc mf nl cp}ql$ @cjc qfpvn}lmc. pf xl hcqjldmc vdl gfqjcpl {fqnl$ Vdl cp}ql |vf dc glul pemc gfqeml mf lnbÿd jcmc. dc {vfmf {qcmv`eq {fqnlp {cq|vf nl {fqnl fp vdl gfqeml `e`l}qezlml$ ³]f glp pfd}emc nlp}ejlmc {cq {lnlaqlp geqefd}fp3 ³Glp pemc l`vplmc mf glafq me`gc `cplp |vf dvd`l meoep}f3 ³]vp emflp hvfqcd qf`glzlmlp c jln ed}fq{qf}lmlp3 ³C |vezìp hvfqcd }cjlmlp {cq lnbvefd {lql {qfpfd}lqnlp `cjc {qc{elp3 ³Glp pvhqemc bcn{fp mf ncp |vf lm|vefqfd emflp {qf`cd`faemlp edmfaemljfd}f3 ³Glp pemc caof}c mf nl edmehfqfd`el3 Fd}cd`fp ¬{qcmv`f vdl {fqnl, @vaqf `lml vdl mf }vp gfqemlp `cd xlqelp `l{lp mf ljcq$ Jv`glp {fqpcdlp pðnc l{qfdmfd l `vn}exlq qfpfd}ejefd}cp. mfoldmc pvp gfqemlp laefq}lp. lnejfd}ìdmcpf `cd pfd}ejefd}cp {caqfp. ncp `vlnfp ej{emfd |vf nlp nfpecdfp `e`l}qe`fd$ Fd nl xeml qfln. xfjcp jv`glp „cp}qlp xl`êlp‚. dc {cq|vf dc gluld pemc gfqemlp. pedc {cq|vf dc gld plaemc {fqmcdlq. `cj{qfdmfq u }qldphcqjlq fn mcncq fd ljcq$
Qfhnfwecdl u qfp{cdmf <$ ³\vå qfnl`eð qfnl`eðd d fwep}f fwep}f fd}qf nl nl gep}cqel gep}cqel u }v xeml3 ………………………………………………… ………………………………………………… ………………………………………………… ………………………………………………… ………………………………………………… ………………………………………………$$$
1$ ³@vìn ed}fqqc ed}fqqcbld}f bld}f }f }f ej{qfpecdl ej{qfpecdl jìp3 jìp3 ³[cq |vå3 …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………………$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
0$ ³\vå pe}vl pe}vl`ecdfp `ecdfp }f }f gld `lvplm `lvplmc c c `lvpld `lvpld mcncq3 …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………………$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
=$ ³@qffp ³@qffp |vf fp fp ej{cq}ld}f ej{cq}ld}f fn mcncq mcncq fd nl xeml mf nlp {fqpcdlp3 ³[cq |vå3 …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………………$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
6$ ³\vå ³\vå fwgcq} fwgcq}l l nl gep}cq gep}cqel3 el3 …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………………$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
Xlnf nl {fdl fdhqfd}lq nlp gfqemlp Dc pflp xfd`emc {cq nc jlnc. pedc xfd`f `cd fn aefd fn jln$ 66
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@cj{nf}l nlp pebvefd}fp hqlpfp?
Hêpe`ljfd}f pcu
Jfd}lnjfd}f pcu
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Jep glaenemlmfp u mfp}qfzlp pcd
Jep mfaenemlmfp u neje}l`ecdfp pcd
Jep l{}e}vmfp u `l{l`emlmfp
Jep qcnfp c {l{fnfp pc`elnfp
Je `lqì`}fq
Jep pvfücp
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Fd}cd`fp qf`cdcz`c |vf PCU? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………
68
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Ldlnezl u qfhnfwecdl? Xcu l }ql}lqjf aefd {lql pvaeq je lv}cfp }ejl‚ „ Xcu }ejl‚ g}}{?##rrr$lvjfd}ldmcjelv}cfp}ejl$`cj Yrrr$ucv}vaf$`cj#rl}`g3x:LNbqUbWnFN\Z Nl hcqjl fd |vf dcp }ql}lald `vldmc åqljcp jvu {f|vfücp fp glae}vlnjfd}f nl hcqjl fd |vf lgcql dcp }ql}ljcp. `vldmc }f qeüfp nc |vf fp}ìp gl`efdmc fp mfpl{qcalq ln deüc |vf nnfxlp mfd}qc. pe fqfp vdl mf fp}lp {fqpcdlp |vf pf fd`cnfqezld `cdpebc jepjlp {cq|vf pcd }fjfqcplp u lpvp}lmezlp. {efdpl |vf }efdfp }qfp lücp. pe }vxefqlp mfnld}f mf }e l vd deüc mf }qfp lücp |vf }vxefql jefmc. ³|vå glqêlp3. ³}f fdhlmlqêlp `cd ån c nf aqedmlqêlp laqlzcp glp}l |vf pf }qld|vene`f. pf ped}efql `ðj cmc u pfbvqc$ \vezì ncp lmvn}cp |vf }f qcmflald `vldmc fqlp {f|vfüc dc gluld plaemc `ðjc `cdpcnlq}f `cdpcnlq}f fd}cd`fp. lgcql }ÿ fqfp fn lmvn}c fd }v xeml. pe dc plafp `ðjc `cdpcnlq l nl `qel}vql |vf nnfxlp mfd}qc qflnjfd}f fp lnbc }qep}f$ Nc |vf pf gezc fd fn {lplmc fp}ì gf`gc. nc {lplmc. {lplmc$ Fp}f jcjfd}c fp fn {qfpfd}f u lgcql }ÿ }efdfp nl c{cq}vdemlm mf }ql}lq}f `cjc mfpflp |vf }f }ql}fd$ Vd deüc lpvp}lmc df`fpe}l |vf nc `cdpvfnfd. dc |vf nc qf{qfdmld. pe }ÿ }f qf{qfdmfp }f lpvp}lqìp jìp u dc fd`cd}qlqìp l |vefd xcnxfq}f$ @vldmc fn deüc mf lmfd}qc pf pefd}f edpfbvqc `qfl jv`gêpejcp {qcanfjlp. ³qf`vfqmlp `ðjc }f pfd}êlp `vldmc }f gvjennlald mf {f|vfüc3 [vfp mf nl jepjl jldfql pf pefd}f lgcql fpf deüc |vf nnfxlp mfd}qc. pf acdmlmcpc `cd}ebc jepjc. fj{efzl ljlq}f u mfjcp}qlq}f l{qcal`eðd. fp }cmc nc |vf df`fpe}lp {lql fw{nc}lq ln jìwejc }v {c}fd`eln$
Qfhnfwecdl u qfp{cdmf <$ ³\vå qfnl`eðd qfnl`eðd fwep}f fwep}f fd}qf fd}qf fn }fjl mfn }fw}c }fw}c u }v }v xeml3 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………$…… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………$
1$ ³@ðjc }f pefd}fp pefd}fp `vldmc `vldmc }f qeüfp qeüfp ld}f lnbvdl pe}vl`eðd pe}vl`eðd mehê`en mehê`en3 3 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………$…… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………$
0$ ³\vå pe}vl`ecdf pe}vl`ecdfpp mfn }fw}c pf qfnl`ecdld qfnl`ecdld `cd }v fw{fqefd fw{fqefd`el3 `el3 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………$…… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………$
=$ ³@ðjc lpvjfp lpvjfp nl qfp{cdplaen qfp{cdplaenemlm emlm mf plafq }ql}lq }ql}lq ln deüc deüc |vf nnfxlp mfd}qc3 mfd}qc3 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………$…… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………$
6$ ³\vå fwgcq}l fn }fw}c „Xcu l }ql}lqjf aefd {lql pvaeq je lv}cfp}ejl3 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………$…… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………$
8$ ³Mf |vå jldfql gl jcmehe`lmc }v l`}e}vm l`}e}vm hqfd}f l }e jepjc 'l% fn ldìnepep mfn }fw}c3 }fw}c3 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………$……
62
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Ldlnezl u qfp{cdmf fn pebvefd}f `vfp}ecdlqec ³\vå `l{l`emlmfp c pfdpeaenemlmfp `qfc }fdfq3
³]fdbc lnbvdl hvfqzl fp{f`eln3
³Jf }ql}c `cd qfp{f}c c ovfbc l mfxlnvlqjf3
³\vå glbc {cq jê3
³Jf {fqje}c `efq}l edmvnbfd`el3
³[emc l ncp mfjìp qfp{f}fd jep df`fpemlmfp c ovfbc l |vf uc dc ej{cq}c3
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³Jf {fqje}c mep{cdfq mf }efj{c {lql {lplqnc `cd {fqpcdlp |vf jf lbqlmld3
³Qfpfqxc }efj{c {lql gl`fq `cplp |vf jf bvp}ld3
³Glu `cdbqvfd`elp fd}qf nc |vf pcu u nc |vf glbc3
³Avp`c {fqpcdlp |vf jf xlncqfd {cq nc |vf glbc3
³Avp`c {fqpcdlp |vf jf xlncqfd {cq nc |vf pcu3
Fp`qeaf nlp `cd`nvpecdfp l nlp |vf lqqealp}f nvfbc mf nlp c{edecdfp xfq}emlp {cq }vp {lqfp u }ÿ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………
67
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Jfjcqelp mf vd {qchfpcq ']cjlmc mf ]fl`gedb @cl`gedb % @vldmc `cjfdzlal l mlq jep {qejfqcp {lpcp fd fn ìqfl mf nl fmv`l`eðd gvac |vefd c{edlal |vf nl {qejfql nf``eðd {lql |vf }f qfp{f}fd fd fn lvnl fp qfp{f}ldmc {qejfqc l ncp lnvjdcp u mf fp}l jldfql fnncp }f qfp{f}lqìd l }e$ \vefdfp qflnjfd}f gfjcp fp}lmc ln hqfd}f mf lnvjdcp mf mehê`en jldfoc. pcaqf }cmc fd fn ìqfl mf mep`e{nedl plafjcp |vf fp}c pf l{ne`l mfn }cmc fd fn jvdmc qfln mf nl fmv`l`eðd$ Fn pf`qf}c mfn qfp{f}c fd fn lvnl `cjefdzl `cd vdl {fqpcdl jv`gc jìp `fq`ldl |vf }vp {qc{ecp lnvjdcp. jìp `fq`ldl |vf }vp {qc{ecp `cnfblp. hljenelqfp c ljebcp9 ¬`cjefdzl `cd}ebc jepjc, Lvd|vf }f pvfdf fw}qlüc. nl qflnemlm fp |vf nl {qejfql {fqpcdl l nl |vf nf mfafp qfp{f}c fp l }e jepjc u mfp{våp l ncp mfjìp$ [cmqêlp {fdplq |vf nl mebdemlm `cjefdzl `cd nl l`}e}vm. ped fjalqbc `cjefdzl jv`gc ld}fp. `cjefdzl `cd }v hcqjl mf xfp}eq. mf `ljedlq. nl hcqjl mf jeqlq l }vp lnvjdcp. nl hcqjl mf plnvmlqncp$ Nl mebdemlm fp ul mf {cq pê vd `cd`f{}c pvjljfd}f lj{nec. `vldmc vdc }efdf mebdemlm `cjc {fqpcdl. {cq `cdpf`vfd`el pf lv}cqqfp{f}c$ Pe vd jlfp}qc pf {cdf ln dexfn mf ncp lnvjdcp u {fqje}f |vf glul pe}vl`ecdfp |vf mfbqlmfd pv p}l}vp mf hcqjlmcq. fp}ì l}fd}ldmc `cd}ql fn {qed`e{ec mf mebdemlm$ Fofj{nc? @vldmc vd {qchfpcq |vf pf {qfp}l {lql vd pcacqdc mf {lq}f mf vd lnvjdc fp vd edmexemvc ped mebdemlm ul |vf pf qfalol jfmeld}f vdl l``eðd ld}eå}e`l l vd hed f`cdðje`c {lql `cdpfbveq medfqc hì`en$ Ljåd mf fp}lq hcjfd}ldmc fd fn lnvjdc vd ld}exlncq$ [lql fd}fdmfq fp}f }e{c mf l`}e}vm glaqêl |vf gl`fqdcp lnbvdlp {qfbvd}lp aìpe`lp
³\vå fd}fdmfjcp {cq lv}cqqfp{f}c3 ³@ðjc u mðdmf `cjefdzl3 ³Mðdmf fp}ì nl mfnblml nêdfl |vf mexemf fn lv}cqqfp{f}c mf nl lqqcbld`el3 ³@ðjc pfqå vd jlfp}qc mebdc pe jf {qfpfd}c l }qlalolq fd hl`glp3. ³@ðjc pfqå vd jlfp}qc mebdc pe jf {qfpfd}c `cd vdl l`}e}vm mfqqc}ep}l3 ³@ðjc pfqå vd jlfp}qc mebdc pe plnvmc l jep lnvjdcp u jep `cnfblp `cd mfpmåd3 ³]f glp mlmc `vfd}l `cd |vf | vf mebdemlm {cq}ld pv vdehcqjf3
Nl mebdemlm dc fp fn vdehcqjf fd pê. pedc nc |vf qf{qfpfd}l$ [fqc {lql |vf lnbvefd nc {cq}f `cd mebdemlm }efdf |vf fp}lq `cdxfd`emc mfn qcn |vf mfpfj{fül fd nl pc`efmlm$ Fd {c`lp {lnlaqlp. vdc }efdf |vf `qffqpf nc |vf fp9 `vldmc vdc `qff fd nc |vf fp u pf `qff nc |vf fp. pf fp nc |vf pf `qff$ ³Fd}fdmemc3 Fp l|vê mcdmf `lfjcp fd fn pfbvdmc `cd`f{}c |vf dcp ml {cq `cdpf`vfd`el nl f`vl`eðd mfn lv}cqqfp{f}c? nl l`f{}l`eðd$ @vldmc uc jf l`f{}c `cjc {fqpcdl. u l`f{}c fn qcn |vf mfpfj{füc fd nl pc`efmlm. mebdehe`c je nlacq u {cq fdmf jf lv}cqqfp{f}c u ln lv}cqqfp{f}lqjf bfdfqc `cdheldzl fd jê. u vd lvql |vf l}qlf nl bfd}f gl`el je {fqpcdl$ Fd `cdpf`vfd`el ncbqc vd {cmfq mf `cdxc`l}cqel {cq|vf bfdfqc vd ejlbfd |vf jep lnvjdcp lmjeqld {cq|vf jf lv}cqqfp{f}c u ln lv}cqqfp{f}lqjf dc `lebc fd pe}vl`ecdfp |vf jf glbld xfq {l}å}e`c. fp}c fp aìpe`c {lql |vf jep lnvjdcp jf xfld `cjc vdl hebvql l pfbveq. vd fofj{nc mf mebdemlm u pe uc dc bfdfqc vdl ejlbfd mebdl mf jê. jv`gc jfdcp `cdpfbveqå |vf jf qfp{f}fd$ [lql |vf pf jf qfp{f}f mfac {qejfqc qfp{f}lqjf$ Dcp {qcaljcp. fxlnvljcp u `vfp}ecdljcp mf vd jcmc |vf qfpvn}l ej{cpeanf {lql c}qlp fp{f`efp$ Dcp {qfbvd}ljcp?
³\veåd pcu3 ³\vå |vefqc3 ³Gl`el mðdmf xcu3 ³\vå {qc{ðpe}c }fdbc fd nl xeml3 ³Je `cdmv`}l pf lmf`vl l fpf {qc{ðpe}c3 ³Jf fdcqbvnnfz`c c lxfqbþfdzc mf jep fnf``ecdfp u l``ecdfp3 ³Fp}cu `cd}fd}c c mfp`cd}fd}c mf pfq |veåd pcu3 65
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
³Jf {fq}fdfz`c c {fq}fdfz`c l c}qcp3 ³Fn {qc{ðpe}c {qejlqec mf jê jepjc fp nl aÿp|vfml mf je {qc{el hfne`emlm u mfn mfplqqcnnc mf jep {qc{elp {c}fd`elnemlmfp. c fn `vj{nejefd}c mf ncp mfpfcp u fw{f`}l}exlp mf ncp mfjìp3 ³Xexc mf l`vfqmc l je {qc{el xepeðd mf nlp `cplp c `cd nl xepeðd mf c}qcp3 ³Jf {qfc`v{l ld}f }cmc je {qc{el l{qcal`eðd c nl l{qcal`eðd mf ncp mfjìp3 ³Mfac `cdhelq {qed`e{lnjfd}f fd jep {qc{ecp `qe}fqecp c fd ncp `qe}fqecp mf jep ljebcp. `cnfblp. {lmqfp c nêmfqfp3
Ldlnezl u fp`qeaf? Emfl {qed`e{ln mf nl dlqql`eðd
Mcp emflp pf`vdmlqelp [qejfql
Pfbvdml
³Mf |vå jldfql }f lv}cqqfp{f}lp3
8;
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
[qì`}e`l meqebeml [qejfq {lpc ? Pfbvdmc {lpc? ]fq`fq {lpc @vlq}c {lpc
? ?
Pcdqêf. }cml {fqpcdl mfaf pcdqfêq$ @veml }v l{lqefd`el {fqpcdln. {lql |vf nl pc`efmlm }f l`f{}f$ Emfl }v {qc{ec fp}enc. }v pfnnc {fqpcdln$ Avp`l jc}excp {lql pfq hfnez$
¬Aefd, Dc ej{cq}l |veåd pflp. `ðjc }f xep}lp c mf mðdmf xfdblp9 ebvln. fqfp vd pfq gvjldc fp{f`eln$ Qf`vfqml |vf nl xeml fp vdl caql mf }fl}qc |vf dc {fqje}f fdplucp$ [cq fpc @LD]L. QÊF . ALENL. NNCQL u XEXF ed}fdpljfd}f `lml jcjfd}c mf }v xeml$ Ld}fp |vf fn }fnðd alof u nl caql }fqjedf ped l{nlvpcp '@glqnfp @gl{ned%
På }ÿ jepjc På hvfd}f$
På. lbvl lavdmld}f. {vql u `qep}lnedl {lql |vefd }efdf }efdf pfm mf ljcq. mf `lqeüc. hvfqzl u l{cuc$
På {vfq}c$
[vfq}c mf nnfblml mf lnjlp `ldplmlp. laqlzldmc u qf`eaefdmc `cd ljcq l l|vfnncp |vf ldmld {fqmemcp {cq fn jvdmc. u |vf df`fpe}ld mf vd nvblq }qld|venc {lql mfp`ldplq fn hlqmc |vf `lqbld$ På }ljaeåd {vfq}c mf plneml {lql |vefd df`fpe}l {lq}eq. edp{eqìdmcnf l nnfxlq vdl xeml jfocq `cd qfdcxlmlp fp{fqldzlp$
På {vfd}f$
[vfd}f |vf `cdf`}l nl xeml }fqqfdln l nl f}fqdemlm mfn `efnc$ [lql pfq {vfd}f `cj{qfdmf. {fqmcdl u mfol |vf nlp {fqpcdlp {lpfd l }qlxåp mf }e gl`el fn ljcq edhede}c$
På `ljedc$
@ljedc nlqbc. fw|vepe}c mf {lpflq$ @ljedc |vf bvêl u cqefd}l gl`el nl xfqmlm l ncp {fqfbqedcp mf nl xeml u fp}cp lbqlmf`emcp {nld}lqld hncqfp l }vp {efp$
På fp}qfnnl$
\vf envjedf bql}ve}ljfd}f l ncp |vf pf }f l`fq`ld$ Bvêl mf ncp |vf dlxfbld {cq nl xeml u fp}ìd {fqmemcp$ Mfpmf nc ln}c jvfp}ql l ncp mfjìp nl qv}l mf nl hfne`emlm$
På nnvxel$
Nnvxel |vf jcol ncp `cqlzcdfp pf`cp. xl`êcp mf ljcq. fp{fqldzl u {lz$ Nl nnvxel fp pefj{qf fp{fqlml {cq|vf mf fnnl mf{fdmf nl `cd}edvemlm mf }cml nl gvjldemlm$
På ìqacn$
Ìqacn |vf ml hqv}cp {lql |vefdfp }efdfd gljaqf. |vf ml pcjaql u qfhqfp`l fn lqmvc `lncq mf ncp `ljedld}fp |vf pebvfd {cq nl xeml$ [cq|vf pfq ìqacn fp }fdfq qlê`fp pðnemlp u {qchvdmlp. aqlzcp |vf pf lnlqbld. |vf pf fw}efdmfd… |vf {qcmv`fd hncqfp. {lql lmcqdlq fn
lnjl mf lnbvefd. fp pfq hvfd}f hvf d}f u fdhqfd}lq }fj{cqlnfp$
8<
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Gfqemlp mf nl lv}cfp}ejl Qcj{f pvhe`efd}fp `vlmqlme}cp mf {l{fn `cjc gfqemlp qf`vfqmfp glulp xexemc$
[qejfql {lq}f Dc }f me`fd `cd hqf`vfd`el |vf }f ljld …………………………………………………………………………………… Lnbÿd jefjaqc mf }v hljenel }f gl gf`gc mlüc……………………………………………………………………………$ ]f pefd}fp `qe}e`lmc {cq nlp `cplp |vf gl`fp ……………………………………………………………………………… Lnbvefd }f gl me`gc `cplp geqefd}fp ped jfqf`fqnlp………………………………………………………………………$ ]f pefd}fp `vn{lanf {cq lnbc |vf dc glp gf`gc …………………………………………………………………………$$$ ³@ðjc jf pfd}ê gl`efdmc fn fofq`e`ec3 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ³@ðjc jf pefd}c lgcql3 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
Pfbvdml {lq}f ³]f fp hì`en }cjlq u jld}fdfq }vp mf`epecdfp3
³]f gld me`gc |vf }efdfp vd `lqì`}fq lbqlmlanf3
…………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………
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³Lnbvdlp {fqpcdlp }f gld me`gc |vf }f ljld3
³Lnbvefd }f gl `cdhelmc lnbc {cq|vf fqfp mep`qf}c3
…………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………
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³Glp ncbqlmc lnbvdl jf}l |vf mfpflalp l n`ldzlq3
³Lnbvefd }f gl me`gc |vf }f l{qf`el3
…………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………
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³]vp ljebcp }f `cdpemfqld vdl avfdl {fqpcdl3
³Lnbvefd }f gl me`gc |vf }efdf hf fd }e3
…………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………
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81
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Qfhnfweðd „Pcnc {cmfjcp ljlq `vldmc dcp gfjcp ljlmc l dcpc}qcp jepjcp‚
@CJ[CDFD]FP MF NL LV]CFP]EJL
LV]CFP]EJL „Nl lv}cfp}ejl fp vd penfd`ecpcp qfp{f}c {cq vdc jepjc‚ LV]CQQFP[F]C „Nl l`}e}vm mfn edmexemvc gl`el pê jepjc jepjc u fn l{qf`ec {cq pv {qc{ec xlnfq ovfbld vd {l{fn mf {qejfq cqmfd fd fn {qc`fpc ‚ `qflmcq ‚ 'J$ Qcmqêbvfz% LV]CL@F[]L@ECD „Fn pfd}eqpf mfxlnvlmc f edmfpflanf fp fd nl jlucqêl mf ncp `lpcp nl alpf mf ncp {qcanfjlp gvjldcp‚ '@$ Qcbfqp% LV]CFXLNVL@ECD „Mlnf l vd gcjaqf vdl lv}cejlbfd {caqf u l`lalqì pefdmc pefqxc‚ 'Q$ P`gvnnfq%
LV]C@CD@F[]C
„@vldmc l{qfdmfjcp l ljlqdcp. fd xfqmlm xexejcp‚ 'Q$ P`gvnnfq%
N L V ] @ V M D C @
L X E ] @ F H L
C X E ] E D B C @
LV]C@CDC@EJEFD]C „Pe |vefqf qfdcxlqpf. gìblnc mêl l mêl‚ $
'@cdhv`ec%
Lv}clheqjl`eðd Fp lheqjl`eðd c qfhcqzljefd}c qfhcqzljefd}c {pe`cnðbe`c mf dvfp}qlp {qc{elp emflp. {cmfqfp u glaenemlmfp$ @vldmc pf v}enezl `cjc jf`ldepjc mf mfhfdpl. fn edmexemvc pf fdhqfd}l l ncp `cdhne`}cp fjc`ecdlnfp u l nlp ljfdlzlp mf cqebfd ed}fqdc c fw}fqdc fw{qfpldmc meqf`}ljfd}f pvp pfd}ejefd}cp c {fdpljefd}cp mf hcqjl dc `cfq`e}exl de jlde{vnlmcql$ Pf fd`vlmql fd vd dexfn mf lml{}l`eðd fnfxlmc$ GCU xcu gl`fq }cmc nc vf
GCU xcu l }cjlq lnefd}c u mf lq vf
GCU xcu l vplq {lnlaqlp mf ljcq
GCU xcu l laqlzlq `cd `lqeüc
GCU xcu l xfq lnfbqêl fd }cmc
GCU xcu gl`fq nc |vf `qfc
GCU xcu l mlq u qf`eaeq `cdhcq}
GCU xcu l xexeq {lql fdcq fdcq vnnf vnnf`f `fq q
GCU xcu l {cdfqjf „ ‚
GCU xcu l |vfqfqjf jv`gc
80
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
³\vå }f me`f nl ejlbfd3 …………………………………… …………………………………… …………………………………… …………………………………… …………………………………… …………………………………… …………………………………… …………………………………… …………………………………… …………………………………… …………………………………… …………………………………… …………………………………… …………………………………… …………………………………… …………………………………… …………………………………… ……………………………………
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GFQQLJEFD]LP [LQL NL DVFXL [QÌ@]E@L Fn l`qðp}e`c Mfafqìp fp`qeaeq }v dcjaqf dcjaqf mf jldfql xfq}e`ln u fp{cd}ìdfljfd}f fnfbeqìp `vlnemlmfp |vf }f `lql`}fqe`fd {cpe}exljfd}f$ Fp}c }f {fqje}eqì lv}cxlncqlq}f v}enezldmc pcnc `vlnemlmfp fd alpf l nl {qejfql nf}ql mf }v dcjaqf$
Lhqcd}ljefd}c mf nl gcp}enemlm CAOF]EXC? L{qfdmfq l jldfolq pe}vl`ecdfp mf gcp}enemlm gl`el dcpc}qcp$
HLPF <
Dexfn ql`ecdln
Fp}lmc fjc`ecdln lmf`vlmc$
HLPF 1
Plneml
Nl {fqpcdl „pf mep{lql‚ ld}f nl `eq`vdp}ld`el |vf pfl u mf hcqjl lbqfpexl v gcp}en. ml „qefdml pvfn}l‚ l pvp fjc`ecdfp9 nc jfocq pfqì fp`v`glq '„lbvld}lq fn }eqðd‚%$
HLPF 0
Fdnfd}f`ejefd}c
Fp ej{cpeanf |vf nl l`}exl`eðd ld}fqecq mvqf pefj{qf pe pf nf pebvf fp}ejvnldmc$
HLPF =
Lhqcd}ljefd}c
Fp ej{cq}ld}f „fj{l}ezlq‚. fp mf`eq. gl`fq `cj{qfdmfq l nl c}ql {fqpcdl |vf fd}fdmfjcp pv fp}lmc 'dc fp mlqnf nl qlzðd%? „Fd}efdmc `ðjc }f pefd}fp…‚ „På |vf fp}c jvu mehê`en {lql }e…‚
HLPF 6
Fdhqeljefd}c
Pe pf gl me`gc lnbc l nbc qflnjfd}f fj{l}ezlmcq. nl {fqpcdl bfdfqlnjfd}f pf xl `lnjldmc `lml xfz jìp$
HLPF 8
Pcnv`eðd mf {qcanfjlp Dvfxljfd}f fd fn dexfn ql`ecdln. fp fn jcjfd}c {lql qfpcnxfq fn {qcanfjl$ 8=
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Lv}clheqjl`eðd ed}fnebfd}f$ @lpcp {lql qfhnfwecdlq
@lpc <$ „ Ovld Ovld nf me`f l @lqncp |vf dc peqxf {lql dlml u |vf fp vd fp}ÿ{emc {cq|vf dc fp}ì mf l`vfqmc `cd nl lpebdl`eðd mf pv dvfxc ofhf u dc nc me`f‚ $ Hlpf < Hlpf 1 Hlpf 0 Hlpf = Hlpf 6 Hlpf 8
@lpc 1$ „ Jlqêl Jlqêl nf {emf {fqjepc ln meqf`}cq {lql plneq l vdl `cdpvn}l jåme`l. {fqc ån pf nc defbl. lmfjìp nf gl`fqf`cqmlq |vf mfaf cqbldezlq fn `cd`vqpc mf [cfpêl‚ $ Hlpf < Hlpf 1 Hlpf 0 Hlpf = Hlpf 6 Hlpf 8
@lpc 0$ „ Jlqec nc‚ $ Jlqec fp}ì `cqqefdmc. mvqld}f fn {lq}emc mf hÿ}acn. Ocpå nf {cdf vd `laf. u Jlqec `lf ln pvf nc‚ Hlpf < Hlpf 1 Hlpf 0 Hlpf = Hlpf 6 Hlpf 8
@lpc =$ „ Nlp Nlp `cj{lüfqlp mf @lqjfd `qffd |vf fnnl pf gl nnfxlmc nl `lq}fql mf Nv`êl. {cq nc |vf nf me`fd |vf fp vdl ql}fql$ Nc `efq}c fp |vf @lqjfd dc `cdc`êl nc |vf glaêl {lplmc‚ $ Hlpf < Hlpf 1 Hlpf 0 Hlpf = Hlpf 6 Hlpf 8
86
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Mfplqqcnnl }v lv}clheqjl`eðd Nff „Dc fp}ìp mf{qejemc. fp}ìp mep}qlêmc‚ mf Hl`vdmc @laqln $ @cdpemfqldmc `lml {ìqqlhc. fwljêdl}f ed}fd}ldmc qf`cdc`fq fd }v xeml {fqpcdln u {qchfpecdln pe}vl`ecdfp ebvlnfp c {lqf`emlp |vf }f pv`fmefqcd c fp}ìd pv`fmefdmc$ @cd}fp}l? ³@cdpemfqc |vf fp ej{cq}ld}f xexeq mf fp}l jldfql3 ³[cq |vå39 ³Pe }vxefql nl c{cq}vdemlm mf `ljaelq fp}l pe}vl`eðd. |vå l``ecdfp qflnezlqêl qflne zlqêl {lql `ljaelqnl3
Dc `leblp fd nc |vf `luð }v {lmqf. |vf pf pefd}f xefoc {cq|vf }efdf 2; lücp. cnxemldmc |vf Jcepåp meqebêl fn åwcmc l ncp 7; u Qvaedp}fed ed}fq{qf}lal `cjc dlmef l @gc{ed l ncp 5;. pðnc {cq `e}lq mcp `lpcp `cdc`emcp$ Dc fp}ìp mf{qejemc. fp}ìp mep}qlêmc$ [cq fpc `qffp |vf {fqmep}f lnbc. nc |vf fp ej{cpeanf. {cq|vf }cmc }f hvf mlmc$ Dc ge`ep}f de vd pcnc {fnc mf }v `lafzl. {cq nc }ld}c dc {vfmfp pfq mvfüc mf dlml$ Lmfjìp. nl xeml dc }f |ve}l `cplp? }f neafql mf `cplp$$$ }f lnexeldl {lql |vf xvfnfp jìp ln}c. {lql |vf ln`ld`fp nl {nfde}vm$ Mf nl `vdl l nl }vjal fp vdl fp`vfnl9 {cq fpc. nc |vf nnljlp {qcanfjlp. pcd nf``ecdfp$ Dc {fqmep}f l dlmef? fn |vf jvqeð. pej{nfjfd}f pf dcp lmfnld}ð. {cq|vf {lql lnnì xljcp }cmcp$ Lmfjìp. nc jfocq mf ån. fn ljcq. pebvf fd }v `cqlzðd$
Glz pðnc nc |vf ljlp u pfqìp hfnez$ Fn |vf gl`f nc |vf ljl. fp}ì afdme}ljfd}f `cdmfdlmc ln åwe}c. |vf nnfblqì `vldmc mfal nnfblq. {cq|vf nc |vf mfaf pfq pfqì u nnfblqì dl}vqlnjfd}f$ Dc glblp dlml {cq canebl`eðd de {cq `cj{qcjepc. pedc {cq ljcq$ Fd}cd`fp glaqì {nfde}vm. u fd fpl {nfde}vm }cmc fp {cpeanf u ped fphvfqzc. {cq|vf }f jvfxf nl hvfqzl dl}vqln mf nl xeml. nl |vf jf nfxld}ð `vldmc pf `luð fn lxeðd `cd je jvofq u je geol9 nl |vf jf jld}vxc xexc `vldmc ncp jåme`cp jf melbdcp}e`lald 0 ð = jfpfp mf xeml$
Mecp }f {vpc vd pfq gvjldc l `lqbc u fqfp }ÿ jepjc$ L }e mfafp gl`fq}f neaqf u hfnez$ Mfp{våp {cmqìp `cj{lq}eq nl xeml xfqmlmfql `cd ncp mfjìp$ Qf`cd`ênel}f `cd}ebc. {cd}f hqfd}f ln fp{foc u {efdpl |vf fpl `qel}vql |vf fp}ìp xefdmc fp caql mf Mecp u mf`emf lgcql jepjc pfq hfnez. {cq|vf nl hfne`emlm fp vdl lm|vepe`eðd$ Lmfjìp. nl hfne`emlm dc fp vd mfqf`gc. pedc vd mfafq9 {cq|vf pe dc fqfp hfnez. fp}ìp ljlqbldmc l }cmc fn alqqec$
Vd pcnc gcjaqf |vf dc }vxc de }lnfd}c de xlncq {lql xexeq. jldmð jl}lq l pfep jenncdfp mf gfqjldcp ovmêcp$ Glu }ld}lp `cplp {lql bczlq u dvfp}qc {lpc {cq nl }efqql fp }ld `cq}c |vf pvhqeq fp vdl {åqmeml mf }efj{c$ ]fdfjcp {lql bczlq nl defxf mfn edxefqdc edxe fqdc u nlp hncqfp mf nl {qejlxfql. ncp }l`cp jfwe`ldcp. fn [ep`c {fqvldc. ncp jlqfp u ncp qêcp. fn hÿ}acn mf ncp aqlpenfücp. Nlp Jen u Vdl Dc`gfp. fn \veoc}f. ncp acnfqcp mf Jldzldfqc u nlp {cfpêlp mf Rge}jld. nl jÿpe`l mf Aff}gcxfd9 nlp {ed}vqlp mf [e`lppc u ]ljluc. fd}qf }ld}lp jlqlxennlp$
88
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
FXLNVL@EÐD Fp ej{cq}ld}f |vf glblp vdl fxlnvl`eðd {fqpcdln mf }cmc nc }ql}lmc u xexemc fd fp}l pfpeðd$ @cd}fp}l {fqpcdlnjfd}f nlp l`}exemlmfp pvbfqemlp$ Nc {vfmfp gl`fq }qld|venljfd}f fd `lpl mvqld}f nl pfjldl u }qlf mfp{våp }vp `cd`nvpecdfp l nl {qðwejl qfvdeðd$
L `cd}edvl`eðd }f {qfpfd}ljcp {qc{cpe`ecdfp {lql |vf. ld}f `lml vdl v dl mf fnnlp. fw{qfpfp }v c{edeðd {fqpcdln$ Dc glu qfp{vfp}lp „`cqqf`}lp‚ de „ed`cqqf`}lp‚$ Jlq`l `cd vd lp{l 'w%
fd fn `lpennfqc |vf fneolp$
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F M F C ] M D Q F F J V N @ L L ] C ]
C M Q F V @ L F M
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D F C F M ] Q D F F V @ J N L L P ] F M C ]
;< Jf bvp}l pcaqfplneq fd }cmc ;1 Pefj{qf |vefqc pfq fn {qejfqc ;0 Dc på {lql |vå jf fphvfqzc pe dc jf mld dedbÿd {qfjec ;= L{qfdmc jìp pe jf l{cul je hljenel ;6 Dc jf bvp}l pfq fn nêmfq mf bqv{c {cq|vf }qlaloc jìp ;8 Pefj{qf fp}cu aefd {qfpfd}lanf u cqmfdlmc ;2 ]fdbc neafq}lm {lql fp`cbfq jep bvp}cp u df`fpemlmfp ;7 Pefj{qf glanc mf jê jepjc u nlp `cplp |vf {cpfc ;5 Pefj{qf pcu fn jfocq u ncp mfjìp dc <; [lql |vå mebc nl xfqmlm pe dvd`l jf `qffd << Dc jf ej{cq}l f|vexc`lqjf pe nl `vn{l qf`lf fd ncp mfjìp <1 Fp}cu mep{vfp}c l mf`eq nl xfqmlm. {fqc `lnn c {cq|vf jf pfülnld <0 Vpvlnjfd}f bvlqmc pf`qf}cp. {fqc pe jf mld `ðnfql n cp mexvnbc <= Glbc aefd nlp `cplp pcnc `vldmc jf ed}fqfpl <6 L`f{}c nlp emflp mf jep ljebcp pcnc pe jf ej{cq}l <8 Lmje}c `cd hl`enemlm jep fqqcqfp Ed}fd}l l {lq}eq mf }v {fqhen. vdl mfhede`eðd mf }v lv}cfp}ejl ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………$$$$$ …………………………$$$$$$$$ $$$
82
[QCBQLJL [QCBQLJL MF FP[F@EL FP[F@ELNE_L@ NE_L@EE D FD FD @CJVDE@L @CJVDE@L@E @E D MEQEBE MEQEBEMC MC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
@edf fd `lpl Capfqxl. fp`v`gl. qfhnfwecdl [FNÊ@VNL „Fn fp}vmeld}f‚$ CAOF]EXC Qflnezlq vdl jeqlml ed}qcp{f`}exl mf `ðjc nnfxljcp dvfp}ql xeml$ LQBVJFD]C Fp vdl {fnê`vnl hljenelq. nl gep}cqel pf `fd}ql fd Ovld c @gldc vd gcjaqf mf lxldzlml fmlm. |vf fd pv ovaenl`eðd mf`emf fp}vmelq ne}fql}vql fd nl vdexfqpemlm. mf`epeðd |vf l pv fp{cpl 'Lne`el. Peqfde}l% fd vd {qed`e{ec dc nf lbqlml }ld}c {fqc hedlnjfd}f nf c}cqbl }c}ln l{cuc l pv fp{cpc. u |vf ped fp}f ån dc gvaefql {cmemc nnfxlqnl l `lac$ Ln nnfblq l nl Vdexfqpemlm. @gldc pf fd`vfd}ql fd vd jvdmc }c}lnjfd}f dvfxc u ln |vf fp lofdc. {fqc pf ed`cq{cql {c`c l {c`c u pf bldl nl `cdheldzl u ljep}lm mf vd bqv{c mf oðxfdfp. ån pf edxcnv`ql mf vdl jldfql {cpe}exl fd pvp xemlp. u nlp gep}cqelp mf fnncp pf mfplqqcnnld pejvn}ìdfljfd}f fd nl {fnê`vnl ovd}c `cd pv qfnl`eðd `cd @gldc$ Nl {fnê`vnl vpl `cjc }qlphcdmc nl caql mfn \veoc}f |vf dvd`l pf fp mfjlpelmc }lqmf {lql l{qfdmfq$ Jefd}qlp glu xeml dvd`l fp }lqmf {lql fj{fzlq. nlp `cplp dc pcd mehê`enfp. nc mehê`en fp |vfqfq gl`fqnc$ L|vê pf l{qfdmf fn pebdehe`lmc mf pfq fp}vmeld}f. l{qfdmf |vf fn fp}vmeld}f dvd`l mfol mf l{qfdmfq u }ljaeåd mfol |vf nf fdpfüfd. l{qfdmf |vf dc ej{cq}l nlp xf`fp |vf }f `leblp u }c|vfp hcdmc pe dc nlp xf`fp |vf }f xlp l nfxld}lq. l{qfdmf |vf dc ej{cq}l |vf fn `ljedc }f mf jefmc l{qfdmf |vf fn `ljedc glu |vf `qvzlqnc `cd xlnfd}êl$
Avp`l vd jcjfd}c {lql fp}lq pcnc f ed}fq{qf}l nlp pebvefd}fp hqlpfp mf nl {fnê`vnl?
„ L|vê L|vê pfücqe}l }cmcp pcjcp bqldmfp u }cmcp pcjcp {f|vfüe}cp. }cmcp pcjcp nc |vf |vfqljcp pfq. nc |vf dvfp}ql ejlbedl`eðd dcp {fqje}f pfq‚
„Nlp bqldmfp caqlp fp}ìd nnfdlp mf plaemvqêl. mf xeml. {fqc {lql fd`cd}qlqnl glu |vf gl`fqnl dvfp}ql u {lql fd}fdmfqnl glu |vf `cj{lq}eqnl. mf`eqnl dc pcnc nffqnl. fw{ne`lqnl dc pcnc fp`qeaeqnl ³jf fd}fdmep}f3 ‚
87
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„Glbld fn hlxcq mf {cdfqpf pvp jìp`lqlp u pfld nc |vf |vefqld pfq‚
Lg nnfblmc fn jcjfd}c mf mfolq mf pfq dcpc}qcp {lql pfq lnbvefd jìp‚ „ Lg
[qcmv`}c mfn Anc|vf ]fjì}e`c? Fnlacql`eðd mf vd P`ql{acci [lq}f EX [qc`fmejefd}cp „Ejlbedl |vf fqfp vd lq|ve}f`}c u xlp l `cdp}qveq fn fmehe`ec jìp ej{cq}ld}f mfn jvdmc? fn fmehe`ec mf }v
xeml$ Fp}f fmehe`ec mfaf fp}lq l{culmc fd vdcp `ejefd}cp jvu pðnemcp u heqjfp. {cq|vf mf nc `cd}qlqec pf mfqqvjalqêl$ Fd ncp `ejefd}cp mfafd eq ncp xlncqfp aìpe`cp u hvdmljfd}lnfp {lql {cmfq xexeq. {vfmfd pfq nl {lz. nl ovp}e`el. pcnemlqemlm. ljcq. afnnfzl. xfqmlm c `vln|vefq c}qc |vf }f {lqfz`l ej{qfp`edmeanf$ Pcaqf fp}cp `ejefd}cp `cd}edvl fmehe`ldmc fp`qeaefdmc lp{f`}cp |vf }f {lqfz`ld ej{cq}ld}fp. {fqc dc }ld aìpe`cp `cjc ncp mf ncp `ejefd}cp$ [vfmfp ed`nveq lp{f`}cp lp{f`}cp }lnfp `cjc? ncp `cj{cdfd}fp mf nl lv}cfp}ejl c l`}e}vmfp mf nl {fnê`vnl |vf pf qfnl`ecdfd `cd}ebc$ Pebvf lpê glp}l |vf nl „]CQQF MF ]V XEML‚ }fdbl. ln jfdcp = {epcp$
Hf`gl mf {qfpfd}l`eðd Pìalmc ;< mf me`efjaqf$
BNCPLQEC Lv}c`cdc`ejefd}c
Fp fn `cdc`ejefd}c mf vdc jepjc$ Fp qf`cdc`fqpf `cd mfhf`}cp u xeq}vmfp$
Lv}c`cd`f{}c
Fp nl ejlbfd mfn uc*`cdc`emc |vf }efdf `lml {fqpcdl. fp vdl `cdp}qv``eðd jfd}ln mf `ðjc pf {fq`eaf l pê jepjl. ed`nvuf xlncql`ecdfp mf }cmcp ncp {lqìjf}qcp |vf pcd qfnfxld}fp {lql nl {fqpcdl? mfpmf nl l{lqefd`el hêpe`l glp}l nlp glaenemlmfp {lql pv mfpfj{füc pfwvln. {lpldmc {cq dvfp}qlp `l{l`emlmfp pc`elnfp. ed}fnf`}vlnfp f}`$
Lv}cfxlnvl`eðd
Fp vd jå}cmc |vf `cdpep}f fd xlncqlq vdc jepjc nl {qc{el `l{l`emlm |vf pf mep{cdf {lql fofq`fq }ln c `vln }lqfl c l`}exemlm. lpê `cjc }ljaeåd nl `lnemlm mfn }qlaloc |vf pf nnfxl l `l ac. fp{f`elnjfd}f fd fn ìjae}c {fqpcdln$
Lv}cqqfp{f}c
Pebdehe`l xlncqlq je {qc{el fwep}fd`el. pe jf xlncqc l jê jepjcl. }ljaeåd }fdmqå qfp{f}c gl`el |vefdfp jf qcmfld u gl`el nl xeml. dc alpc je aefdfp}lq ed}fqdc fd fn qf`cdc`ejefd}c c l{qcal`eðd {cq {lq}f mf ncp mfjìp. ped vdl pfdpl`eðd fqqðdfl mf edhfqecqemlm c pv{fqecqemlm$ [vfmc {fqjldf`fq fp}lanf ed}fqdljfd}f. jf hcq}lnf`f f edmf{fdmezl$
85
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Lv}clheqjl`eðd
Fp lheqjl`eðd c qfhcqzljefd}c qfhcqzljefd}c {pe`cnðbe`c mf dvfp}qlp {qc{elp emflp. {cmfqfp u glaenemlmfp$ @vldmc pf v}enezl `cjc jf`ldepjc mf mfhfdpl. fn edmexemvc pf fdhqfd}l l ncp `cdhne`}cp fjc`ecdlnfp u l nlp ljfdlzlp mf cqebfd ed}fqdc c fw}fqdc fw{qfpldmc meqf`}ljfd}f pvp pfd}ejefd}cp c {fdpljefd}cp mf hcqjl dc `cfq`e}exl de jlde{vnlmcql$ Pf fd`vlmql fd vd dexfn mf lml{}l`eðd fnfxlmc$
Lv}cfp}ejl
Nl df`fpemlm mf l{qf`ec. |vf pf mexemf fd mcp lp{f`}cp. fn l{qf`ec |vf pf }efdf vdc jepjc 'ljcq {qc{ec. `cdheldzl. {fqe`el. pvhe`efd`el. f}`$%. u fn qfp{f}c u fp}ejl`eðd |vf pf qf`eaf mf c}qlp {fqpcdlp 'qf`cdc`ejefd}c. l`f{}l`eðd. f}`%$ Nl fw{qfpeðd mf l{qf`ec jìp pldl pf jldehefp}l ©fd fn qfp{f}c |vf nf jfqf`fjcp l c}qcp. jìp |vf fn qfdcjaqf. nl `fnfaqemlm u nl lmvnl`eðd$
@cbde}exc
Fp nl hl`vn}lm mf {qc`fplq edhcqjl`eðd e dhcqjl`eðd l {lq}eq mf nl {fq`f{`eðd . fn `cdc`ejefd}c lm|veqemc 'fw{fqefd`el% u `lql`}fqêp}e`lp pvaof}exlp |vf {fqje}fd xlncqlq nl edhcqjl`eðd$ Ncp {qc`fpcp `cbde}excp {vfmfd pfq dl}vqlnfp c lq}ehe`elnfp. `cdp`efd}fp c ed`cdp`efd}fp. nc |vf fw{ne`l fn {cq |vå pf gl lacqmlmc pv fp}vmec mfpmf mehfqfd}fp {fqp{f`}exlp ed`nvufdmc nl dfvqcncbêl. {pe`cncbêl. pc`ecncbêl. hencpchêl. nlp mexfqplp mep`e{nedlp ld}qc{cnðbe`lp. u nlp `efd`elp mf nl edhcqjl`eðd }lnfp `cjc nl ed}fnebfd`el lq}ehe`eln. nl bfp}eðd mfn `cdc`ejefd}c u fn l{qfdmezlof lv}cjì}e`c$
@cdmv`}vln
Nl `cdmv`}l gvjldl fp l{qfdmeml. {fqc fp}f l{qfdmezlof dc `cdpep}f fd vd xêd`vnc lpc`el}exc fd}qf fp}êjvncp u qfp{vfp}lp pedc fd nl hcqjl`eðd mf qfnl`ecdfp mf pebdehe`lmc {fqpcdlnfp. fp|vfjlp `cbde}excp c qfbnlp$ Ebvlnjfd}f ncp lp{f`}cp `cbde}excp. lhf`}excp u `cdmv`}vlnfp fp}ìd ed}fqqfnl`ecdlmcp. mf jcmc |vf vd `ljaec fd vdc mf fnncp lhf`}l l ncp c}qcp mcp `cj{cdfd}fp$
QFHFQFD@ELP <$ Mljeìd. N$ '1;;2%$ Fxlnvl`eðd mf `l{l`emlmfp u xlncqfp fd nl pc`efmlm mfn `cdc`ejefd}c$ Nejl? Dcqjl$ 1$ Qcmqêbvfz. J$ '1;;7%$ Lv}cfp}ejl. `nlxf mfn åwe}c {fqpcdln$ Jåwe`c? Edp}e}v}c mfn Mfplqqcnnc Gvjldc$ 0$ Pl`ip u Nfxe$ '1;<<%$ ]fp} mf hqlpfp ed`cj{nf}lp Yfd nêdflZ$ Qf`v{fqlmc fn 10 mf ovnec mf 1;<1$ Mep{cdeanf fd? g}}{?rrr$avfdlp}lqflp$`cjfdplu g}}{?rrr$avfdlp}lqflp$`cjfdplucp]fp}*Mf*Hqlpfp*Ed`cj{nf}lp*Mf*Pl`ip<78562 cp]fp}*Mf*Hqlpfp*Ed`cj{nf}lp*Mf*Pl`ip<78562=$g}jn =$g}jn =$ Xlqblp. N$ u Avp}êcp. B$ '<557%$ ]å`de`lp {lq}e`e{l}exlp {lql nl fmv`l`eðd {c{vnlq $ Nejl? ]lqfl$ 6$ Xlqblp. O$ '<556%$ '<556%$ ]å`de`lp mf l{qfdmezlof xexfd`eln {lql fn hcq}lnf`ejefd}c mf nl lv}cfp}ejl u fn mfplqqcnnc {fqpcdln $ Nejl$ 8$ Xln`ìq`fn. O$ '1;;5%$ Je`qcnf``ecdfp mf [qcjc`eðd Gvjldl$ Pfq [fqpcdl $ Nejl? Edp}e}v}c Pv{fqecq [fmlbðbe`c mf @ged`gl$ 2$ Xlncep. Q$ u Iljjfqjldd. P$ '1;;6%$ Pv pfwvlnemlm. vdl lv}cfxlnvl`eðd $ @cncjael? Fme}$ Jlq}gl Fmdl Pvìqfz$
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Pf pe ð d ;6 GLAENEMLMFP @CJVDE@L]EXLP U PC@ELNFP [ql`}e`l nlp glaenemlmfp `cjvde`l}exlp u pc`elnfp fd ncp mehfqfd}fp ìjae}cp mcdmf pf mfplqqcnnl$
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MFPMF NL [QÌ@]E@L Ldlnezl nl pebvefd}f ejlbfd u fje}f }v c{edeðd$
Fp}vmec mf `lpc? Jlbbef Nedmafqb
Vdl jlfp}ql fd pv {qejfq lüc }efdf jefmc mf nnfxlq l pv bqv{c mf }fq`fq bqlmc l vdl `ljedl}l f`cnðbe`l {cq|vf fn `cj{cq}ljefd}c mf ncp deücp fp }ld mfhe`efd}f |vf dc `qff |vf pf {vfmld `cd}qcnlq hvfql mfn lvnl$ Ul fql nl }fq`fql pfjldl mf c`}vaqf u Jlbbef Nedmafqb plaêl |vf dc {cmêl l{nlzlq jìp nl plneml mf pvp fp}vmeld}fp l vdl `ljedl}l f`cnðbe`l$ Ncp mfjìp bqv{cp mf }fq`fq bqlmc pf glaêld lxfd}vqlmc l plneq u qfbqfplqcd `cd ncp jl}fqelnfp |vf fp}vmelqêld `cjc {lq}f mf vdl nf``eðd mf `efd`elp$ Pvp lnvjdcp pf {qfbvd}lald `vìdmc eqêld fnncp u Jlbbef plaêl |vf fn }efj{c l`lalal$ Fd c}qlp mcp pfjldlp dc glaqêl jìp gcolp mf `cncqfp aqennld}fp {lql fp}vmelq$ loc fd fn `lq}fn mf lxepcp }e}vnlmc? „Fn fp{nfdmcq mf nlp fp}l`ecdfp `ljaeld}fp‚. Ln `ljedlq hqfd}f l vd }qla loc qfpvn}lmc mf nl `ljedl}l f`cnðbe`l qflnezlml {cq fn plnðd mf }fq`fq bqlmc ovd}c ln pvuc. Jlbbef dc {vmc jfdcp |vf pcdqfêq {lql pvp lmfd}qcp$ „@qfc |vf pfqêl eqqfp{cdplanf mf je {lq}f ebdcqlq fp}f hfdðjfdc ldvln mf nl dl}vqlnfzl‚. {fdpð$ [fqc mfpflal {cmfq gl`fqnc$ Åp}f fql fn {qejfq lüc mf Jlbbef `cjc jlfp}ql mf }efj{c `cj{nf}c$
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[QCBQL [QCBQLJL JL MF MF FP[F@ FP[F@EL ELNE_L NE_L@E @E D FD @CJVD @CJVDE@L E@L@E @E D MEQEBEMC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Pf glaêl bqlmvlmc mf nl vdexfqpemlm l je}lm mf lüc u nvfbc glaêl gf`gc qffj{nlzcp fd xlqecp mep}qe}cp fp`cnlqfp `fq`ldcp mvqld}f fn qfp}c mfn lüc fp`cnlq$ Ne}}nf}cd nf glaêl chqf`emc vd {vfp}c mf }efj{c `cj{nf}c l {lq}eq mf pf{}efjaqf u nf glaêld lpebdlmc vd bqv{c mf }fq`fq bqlmc `cd xfed}epåep fp}vmeld}fp$ Jlbbef glaêl fp}lmc fjc`ecdlml {cq nl {cpeaenemlm mf fdpfülq fd pv {qc{ec bqv{c$ [lpð bqld {lq}f mfn xfqldc mfhedefdmc pvp caof}excp {lql fn lüc u {nldfldmc l`}exemlmfp u jl}fqelnfp {lql fn `vqqê`vnc. {lql ncbqlqncp$ Jlbbef glaêl mfpflmc pfq jlfp}ql mfpmf `vldmc }fdêl jfjcqel. u lgcql pv jf}l fql vdl qflnemlm$ Nlp fw{fqefd`elp mf Jlbbef `cjc jlfp}ql pvp}e}v}l glaêld jcnmflmc pvp c{edecdfp pcaqf nl fdpfüldzl `lpe }ld}c `cjc ncp fp}vmecp {lql pfq jlfp}ql$ Plaêl |vf pvp}e}veq l vd jlfp}qc fql. `cd hqf`vfd`el. pðnc vd fofq`e`ec mf `cd}qcn mf jvn}e}vmfp u glaêl „`vemlmc‚ jv`glp `nlpfp nnfdlp mf deücp ed`cqqfbeanfp `cd bql`el u {l`efd`el$ Ped fjalqbc. pf ovqlal |vf pv {qc{el `nlpf pfqêl cqmfdlml u pvp fp}vmeld}fp pf `cj{cq}lqêld jfocq$ [cq mfpbql`el. fpl jf}l fql mehê`en mf ln`ldzlq$ Mvqld}f vd qffj{nlzc. Jlbbef }ljaeåd }vxc vdl fw{fqefd`el fp{f`êhe`l |vf qflnjfd}f nl lpvp}ð$ Fn ed`emfd}f edxcnv`qð vdl `nlpf mf `vlq}c bqlmc {qcbqljlml {lql qflnezlq vdl plneml mf `lj{c l vdl fp}l`eðd mf acjafqcp nc`ln$ Mf jldfql xêxeml qf`vfqml nl pfdpl`eðd mf {ìde`c |vf }vxc `vldmc vdl mf nlp fp}vmeld}fp pf pf{lqð mfn bqv{c u plneð `cqqefdmc {cq ncp {qfmecp mf nl fp`vfnl gl`el vd ìqfl mf acp|vfp `fq`ldl$ Jlbbef }vxc |vf {fmeqnf l vd {lmqf xcnvd}lqec |vf fp}lal l`cj{lüldmc l nl `nlpf l nl plneml mf `lj{c |vf pf ge`efql `lqbc mfn qfp}c mf ncp fp}vmeld}fp u ncp nnfxlql mf xvfn}l ln plnðd$ Nvfbc. Jlbbef hvf l avp`lq l nl fp}vmeld}f |vf glaêl fp`l{lmc9 hedlnjfd}f nl nc`lnezð u nl nnfxð mf qfbqfpc ln plnðd$ Ln xcnxfq. fd`cd}qð ln meqf`}cq fd pv `nlpf$ L {fplq mf |vf dc nl qf{qfdmeð. nl jfjcqel fql vd `cdp}ld}f qf`cqml}cqec mf nc |vf {cmqêl c`vqqeq `vldmc ncp fp}vmeld}fp dc fp}ìd aloc `cd}qcn mfn jlfp}qc$ [cq fn jcjfd}c. Jlbbef pf meqebêl ln plnðd mf lq}f l qf`cbfq pv bqv{c$ @vldmc pf {lqð fd nl {vfq}l. dc {cmêl `qffq `vìd qfpvfn}cp {lqf`êld fp}lq pvp fp}vmeld}fp qfp{f`}c l pvp {qcuf`}cp$ „Fp}cp `ge`cp mfafd lmcqlq fn lq}f‚. {fdpð$ „Dvd`l l`}ÿld lpê fd je `nlpf‚$ Jlbbef qfhnfwecdð pcaqf nlp nf``ecdfp mf nf`}vql |vf glaêl fdpfülmc fd nl jlüldl$ Mfaemc l |vf ncp `ge`cp }fdêld lq}f ncp jlq}fp. Jlbbef ped}eð vdl xfqmlmfql {qfpeðd {lql gl`fq |vf ncp bqv{cp mf nf`}vql pf `eüfqld ln gcqlqec mf jldfql |vf {vmefql fd`cd}qlqpf `cd ncp }qfp bqv{cp fd}qf 5?<6 u <;?0;. `vldmc nl `nlpf mf lq}f fp}lal {qcbqljlml$ [fqc ncp jv`gl`gcp {lqf`êld fp}lq jfdcp `cnlacqlmcqfp `vldmc Jlbbef jìp df`fpe}lal `cd}edvlq `cd pv }lqfl$ Glaêl `cjfdzlmc nl nf``eðd qf`cqmldmc l ncp fp}vmeld}fp pcaqf fn gcqlqec mf nl jlüldl$ „@cjc gcu fp jlq}fp. fd qflnemlm df`fpe}ljcp gl`fq }cmc l }efj{c {lql |vf {cmljcp eq ln plnðd mf lq}f `cd }cmc dvfp}qc }qlaloc mf nf`}vql nep}c‚$
Lnbvdcp mf ncp deücp `cjfdzlqcd l l{nlvmeq$ Xlqecp `cjfd}lqcd fd}qf pê pcaqf eq l lq}f$ Jlbbef ebdcqð nlp ed}fqqv{`ecdfp u `cd}edvð? „Capfqxfd fn {ezlqqðd u xfqìd nlp }lqflp {lql `lml bqv{c$ Gcu |vefqc {q ejfqc `cdjebc l ncp „@gc`cnl}f @ge{p‚$ Ncp „]rediefp‚ mfafd fp}lq nfufdmc nl gep}cqel |vf `cjefdzl fd nl {ìbedl =5 mf ncp neaqcp mf nf`}vql u nvfbc mfafd gl`fq nlp {ìbedlp mf fofq`e`ecp |vf l{lqf`fd fd fn {ezlqqðd$ Ncp „Cqfcp‚ }efdfd |vf }fqjedlq nlp {ìbedlp mfn neaqc mf fofq`e`ecp |vf pf mfolqcd lufq u nvfbc `cjfdzlq vdl dvfxl gep}cqel. |vf `cjefdzl fd nl {ìbedl <=< mf pvp neaqcp mf nf`}vql‚$ Jlbbef edme`ð l `lml bqv{c pv }qlaloc. fn `vln glaêl fp`qe}c fd fn {ezlqqðd$ Jefd}qlp Jlbbef mlal edp}qv``ecdfp l pvp fp}vmeld}fp. jv`gcp mf fnncp fp}lald c`v{lmcp gl`efdmc c}qlp l`}exemlmfp$ Xlqecp `ljedlald {cq fn plnðd ”lnbvdcp {lql lhenlq fn nì{ez. c}qcp gl`el ncp `lpennfqcp l pl`lq neaqcp c jl}fqelnfp ”u vdcp {c`cp fp}lald qfvdemcp fd fn `fd}qc mf nf`}vql fd nl {l q}f q}f {cp}fqecq mfn plnðd$ Jlbbef glanð `cd heqjfzl$ „¬Dc jf fp}ìd fp`v`gldmc, \vefqc |vf ncp @gc`cnl}f @ge{p xluld l nl jfpl mf nf`}vql lgcql$ Ncp mfjìp. |våmfdpf fd pv nvblq gl`efdmc nc |vf l{lqf`f fd fn {ezlqqðd‚$
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[QCBQL [QCBQLJL JL MF MF FP[F@ FP[F@EL ELNE_L NE_L@E @E D FD @CJVD @CJVDE@L E@L@E @E D MEQEBEMC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Ncp deücp `cjfdzlqcd l {lplqpf l pvp nvblqfp$ @vl}qc deücp pf qfvdefqcd fd nl jfpl mf nf`}vql. jefd}qlp c}qcp pf meqebefqcd l avp`lq pvp neaqcp u nvfbc {lplqcd l nl jfpl$ Mcp deücp. pfd}lmcp fd pvp fp`qe}cqecp. }fdêld nlp jldcp lqqeal$ Jlbbef nc dc}ð u meoc? „Pê. ³Jfncmu. |vå c`vqqf3‚$ „³[ cq |vå mfafjcp gl`fq nlp {ìbedlp mf lufq3 Fp}cu `ldplml mf fnnlp‚$ C}qcp deücp pf vdefqcd mf edjfmel}c$ „Pê. dc dcp glblp gl`fq fofq`e`ecp xefocp‚$ „Uc ul ncp ge`f‚$ „Nc |vf gl`fjcp fp nl jepjl `cpl }cmc fn }efj{c‚$ Jlbbef nfxld}ð pv xcz mf dvfxc {lql |vf nl fp`v`glqld `cd fn alqvnnc$ „Fpl `cpl. `cjc }cmcp vp}fmfp nc nnljld. fp dvfp}qc }qlaloc$ U nc glqìd lgcql$ Dc |vefqc fp`v`glq jìp |vfolp u mfpfc xfqncp }qlalolq mvqc c }cmcp pf |vfmlqìd {lql êld fp}lq fd nl jfpl mf nf`}vql$ L{ÿqfdpf‚$ Nl }fqjedlq fn }qlaloc mvqld}f fn mfp`ldpc$ @gc`cnl}f @ge{p. mfafq êld hqvp}ql`eðd mf Jlbbef fql fxemfd}f fd pv xcz u fd nl {cp}vql mf pvp gcjaqcp$ Pf glaêld {fqmemc ul mefz jedv}cp mf vd {fqecmc mf nf`}vql ul qfmv`emc gl`efdmc |vf ncp deücp pf {vpefqld l gl`fq pvp }lqflp$ Pf pfd}ð `cd @gc`cnl}f @ge{p u }ql}ð mf pvlxezlq pv }cdc u meoc? „Aefd @ge{{fqp. fp}ljcp nfufdmc nl {ìbedl 28$ Fjldvfn. ³{cq |vå dc `cjefdzlp3‚$ Fjldvfn fp}lal `lnnlmc$ Ocgd meoc. „Dc fd`cd}qð pv neaqc‚$ „³Mðdmf fp}ì }v neaqc. Fjldvfn3‚$ Jlbbef }ql}ð mf jld}fdfq fn }cdc mf ej{l`efd`el fd pv xcz$ „Fd je `lpennfqc‚$ „³[lql |vå peqxf fd }v `lpennfqc3 ³\vå glp fp}lmc gl`efdmc }cmc fp}f }efj{c3 Fjldvfn. plafp |vf vdl mf dvfp}qlp qfbnlp mf `nlpf fp —Fp}lq {qf{lqlmcp–. {fqc }ÿ dc nc fp}ìp. ³dc fp `efq}c3‚$ Nl xcz mf Jlb bef mf dvfxc `cjfdzð l qfhnfolq pv }fdpeðd$ Pf meqebeð mf dvfxc ln qfp}c mfn bqv{c mf @gc`cnl}f @ge{p$ „³Lnbvefd }efdf vd neaqc3‚$ Mf ncp dvfxf deücp mfn bqv{c. }qfp glaêld nnfblmc l nl jfpl mf nf`}vql ped pv neaqc$ Jlbbef ncp fdxeð l avp`lqncp u }ql}ð mf jld}fdfq l ncp c}qcp {f|vfücp fd penfd`ec jefd}qlp fp{fqlald {lql {cmfq `cjfdzlq$ Qf|vfqêl }cmc pv l{ncjc {lql {fqjldf`fq `lnjlml$ Fp}vxc }fd}lml l mfp}fqqlq l ncp }qfp deücp |vf dc glaêld }qlêmc fn neaqc. {lql fdhl}ezlq fn gf`gc mf fp}lq {qf{lqlmcp. {fqc plaêl |vf df`fpe}lald jv`gc fn }efj{c mf nf`}vql$ Ped fjalqbc. `cjc qfpvn}lmc mf }cml nl `cdhvpeðd u mf nlp ed}fqqv{`ecdfp. }cmcp ncp bqv{cp mf nf`}vql blp}lqcd jv`gc jìp }efj{c nfufdmc fn jlq}fp mf nc |vf mfafqêld$ Fpl fql vdl mf nlp `cplp |vf jcnfp}lal jìp l Jlbbef$ Mf ncp xfed}epåep deücp mf pv `nlpf. jìp mf nl je}lm glaêld nnfblmc l }fq`fq bqlmc {cq mfaloc mfn dexfn mf nf`}vql edme`lmc$ Jlbbef mfpflal |vf }fqjedlqld pv `nlpf mf nf`}vql fd jfocqfp `cdme`ecdfp |vf `vldmc edbqfplqcd u fnnl df`fpe}lal vd }efj{c jìwejc mf nf`}vql {lql ncbqlq pv jf}l$ ]ljaeåd plaêl |vf }fq`fq bqlmc fql `qv`eln {lql fp}cp deücp$ [lql }fdfq åwe}c fd ncp bqlmcp pv{fqecqfp. mcdmf glaêl jlucq ådhlpep fd fn `cd}fdemc |vf fd nlp mfp}qfzlp mf nf`}vql. }fdmqêld |vf „mfp`ehqlq fn `ðmebc‚ u l{qfdmfq l pfq nf`}cqfp fhe`efd}fp fp}f lüc$ Jlbbef mfpflal pfq nl jlfp}ql |vf nfp {fqje}efql `cdpfbveq fpl jf}l {fqc. glp}l fn jcjfd}c. dc glaêl }fdemc åwe}c$ Fn fdpvfüc mf Jlbbef mf nl jlüldl pf xec ed}fqqvj{emc `vldmc nl jlfp}ql mf lq}f nl capfqxð fd fn `ljedc$ Nnljð l Jlbbef u nf gezc pfülp `cd nl jldc {lql |vf fd}qlql ln plnðd$ Nl jlfp}ql mf lq}f cqmfdð l ncp deücp |vf bvlqmlqld pvp }qlalocp$ @vldmc Jlbbef ncp xec nej{elq fn plnðd mf lq}f. |vfmð hlp`edlml `cd nc |vf capfqxð$ @vldmc nl jlfp}ql mf lq}f fp}vxc pl}ephf`gl `cd nl nej{efzl. gezc |vf ncp deücp pf hcqjlqld fd nl {vfq}l$ Jlbbef dc {cmêl `qffq |vf fpcp {f|vfücp hvfqld ncp jepjcp. |vf =; jedv}cp ld}fp nf glaêld `lvplmc }ln `cdp}fqdl`eðd$ Ped fjalqbc. }ld {qcd}c `cjc fn bqv{c pf mf}vxc fd fn {lpennc. Jlbbef qf`cqmð {cq |vå ncp deücp nl hqvp}qlald$ @ljedð {cq fn `cqqfmcq }ql}ldmc mf jld}fdfq fn cqmfd$ „]cjju. dc }f lmfnld}fp ln qfp}c$ Plafp nlp qfbnlp‚$ „Jlqêl. {cq hlxcq }ql}l mf `cj{cq}lq}f$ Dc }f fd}qf}fdblp‚$ „Jl}}. `ljedl l je nlmc$ ]f gf me`gc |vf dc jcnfp}fp l nlp deülp$ ³[cmqêljcp alolq fn xcnvjfd {cq hlxcq‚3$ Jlbbef jeqð l ncp deücp fd}qlq {c`c l {c`c ln plnðd u {fdpð? „³\vå c`vqqf `cd fp}cp deücp3 ³[cq |vå dc jf fp`v`gld3 ³Pfqì {cq|vf pcu jvu ocxfd3‚$ Hedlnjfd}f. Jlbbef {vmc fp`v`glq ln ÿn}ejc mf ncp fp}vmeld}fp mf nl `nlpf$ Jeqð fn qfnco u xec |vf fqld nlp <169 pv nf``eðd mf fp}vmecp pc`elnfp `cjfdzlal qf}qlplml$ „Fp}ì aefd. }cmcp fd pv pe}ec lgcql u pl|vfd pvp neaqcp mf pc`elnfp‚$ Ncp fp}vmeld}fp `cd}edvlqcd glanldmc fd}qf pê jefd}qlp pf meqebêld l pvp fp`qe}cqecp$ „[cq hlxcq. `ìnnfdpf$ \vefqc xfqncp l }cmcp fd pv pe}ec. {cq|vf }fdfjcp jv`gc }qlaloc {cq gl`fq‚$ Ln jeqlq pv bqv{c. Jlbbef capfqxð |vf nl jlucqêl mf ncp fp}vmeld}fp nl ebdcqlal$ 2=
[QCBQL [QCBQLJL JL MF MF FP[F@ FP[F@EL ELNE_L NE_L@E @E D FD @CJVD @CJVDE@L E@L@E @E D MEQEBEMC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Mcp fp}vmeld}fp fp}lald fd nl fp|vedl mf nl aeanec}f`l9 vd bqv{c mf deücp }fdêl pvp `lafzlp vdemlp nfufdmc vd neaqc mf gep}cqef}lp9 u vdl deül {f|vfül |vf avp`lal vd nì{ez. nì{e z. glaêl xl`elmc pv fp`qe}cqec fd fn {epc$ Jlbbef pf meqebeð gl`el ncp deücp. }cjð fn neaqc mf gep}cqef}lp u nfp meoc |vf pf hvfqld l pvp {vfp}cp$ Ncp deücp pf |vfolqcd {fqc `cd}edvlqcd glanldmc {cq fd`ejl mfn qvemc mfn qfp}c mf nl `nlpf$ Jefd}qlp Jlbbef `ljedlal gl`el nlp deülp |vf fp}lald fd nl fp|vedl mf nl aeanec}f`l. fp`v`gð vd bcn{f hvfq}f hqfd}f ln plnðd$ „Pfücqe}l Nedm afqb. dc hvf je `vn{l$ ]cdu fp}lal olnìdmcnc jvu hvfq}f‚$ Jlbbef xec fn jl{ljvdme lqqvblmc fd fn pvfnc. hqfd}f ln {ezlqqðd$ „Aefd. ³{cq |vå olnlqcd fn jl{l u nc }vjalqcd3 [cq hlxcq. peåd}fdpf u uc jf fd`lqblqå mfn jl{l‚$ Fn pcdemc mfn jl{l qczldmc fn pvfnc glaêl nnljlmc nl l}fd`eðd mf }cmcp u ncp fp}vmeld}fp pf {qf{lqlqcd {lql fp`v`glq |vå c`vqqeqêl mfp{våp$ Jlbbef fp}lal pvhe`efd}fjfd}f hvqecpl {lql bqe}lq$ „Ncp |vefqc l }cmcp fd pvp pe}ecp lgcql$ Pl|vfd ncp `vlmfqdcp mf pc`elnfp u pe fp`v`gc vdl {lnlaql jìp mf lnbvdc. dc glaqì mfp`ldpc fp}l }lqmf‚$ Jefd}qlp Jlbbef `ljedlal fdåqbe`l gl`el fn hqfd}f mfn plnðd. jeqð fn qfnco$ Fqld nlp <06$ L{fdlp glaêl }fdemc }efj{c mf {qfpfd}lq nl nf``eðd mf pc`elnfp ld}fp mf |vf pcdlql nl `lj{ldl mfn lnjvfqzc l nlp <=6$ Fn plnðd fp}lal nnfdc mfn pcdemc mf {l{fnfp lqqvblmcp jefd}qlp |vf ncp deücp avp`lald pvp neaqcp$ @vldmc Jlbbef ncp jeqð. }ql}ð mf pl`lq {vql hvfqzl mf xcnvd}lm {lql qf{qejeq pv `cdp}fqdl`eðd u qffj{nlzlqnc `cd nl fjc`eðd |vf glaêl pfd}emc fn {qejfq mêl mf `nlpfp$ Jlbbef dc |vfqêl mfpldejlqpf9 ¬|vfqêl fdpfülq l fpcp deücp lnbc, [fqc. `cd hqf`vfd`el. dc nl fp`v`glald u nl emfl mf cqbldezlq fn bqv{c {lql vdl plneml mf `lj{c {lqf`êl vdl {fplmennl$ Ln jeqlq {cq nl xfd}ldl. mf dvfxc capfqxð |vå }ld aqennld}fp fp}lald nlp gcolp$ Plaêl |vf }fdêl |vf nnfxlq l ncp fp}vmeld}fp l nl `ljedl}l f`cnðbe`l u }fdêl |vf gl`fqnc {qcd}c$ Fp}lal pfbvql mf |vf mephqv}lqêld lnbÿd }efj{c hvfql u |vf vdl nf``eðd mf `efd`elp `cd alpf fd ncp jl}fqelnfp |vf qf`cnf`}lqld {cq pê jepjc p pfqêl vdl avfdl fw{fqefd`el mf l{qfdmezlof$ „[fqc‚. {fdpð. „¬dc {vfmc de pe|vefql `cd}qcnlqncp l|vê mfd}qc,‚$ Qfpvfnxf nlp pebvefd}fp {qfbvd}lp
³\vå plafjcp pcaqf ncp ld}f`fmfd}fp mf Jlbbef3
³@vìn fp fn cqebfd mf ncp {qcanfjlp mf Jlbbef3
³\vå {vfmf gl`fq Jlbbef qfp{f`}c l pv bqv{c3
³@ðjc {vfmf `qflq Jlbbef `ljaecp l nlqbc {nlzc fd pv `nlpf3
³\vå gvaefql gf`gc Jlbbef fd {qejfq nvblq {lql {qfxfdeq |vf c`vqqld fp}cp {qcanfjlp3
26
[QCBQL [QCBQLJL JL MF MF FP[F@ FP[F@EL ELNE_L NE_L@E @E D FD @CJVD @CJVDE@L E@L@E @E D MEQEBEMC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
QFHNFWEÐD GLAENEMLMFP @cjvde`l}exlp
Fp`v`glq l`}exljfd}f Fj{l}êl. l{fq}vql. `cd`efd`el Qfp{vfp}l qfhnfwexl Qfxfnl`eðd Fw{qfpeðd Fd}fdmejefd}c mfn nfdbvlof `cq{cqln @nlqemlm u gcdfp}emlm Dc lpvjeq @cd}fdemc xp {qc`fpc Qfpcnv`eðd mf `cdhne`}c Dfbc`el`eðd
[fq`f{`eðd [qc`fpc jfmeld}f fn `vln. nlp {fqpcdlp cqbldezld f ed}fq{qf}ld edhcqjl`eðd l hed mf mlq pebdehe`lmc u {cpeaenemlm mf `cj{qfdpeðd l pv jvdmc$ Nl {fq`f{`eðd l{cq}l nl jl}fqel {qejl df`fplqel {lql ncp {qc`fpcp mfn {fdplq. pfd}eq u l`}vlq$
@cj{lpeðd Nlp qfnl`ecdfp `cj{lpexlp pf qfnl`ecdld `cd nl `l{l`emlm gvjldl mf pfd}eq `cd. fp mf`eq. mf emfd}ehe`lqpf `cd fn c}qc. mf {cdfqpf {pe`cnðbe`ljfd}f fd fn nvblq mfn c}qc$
Pc`elnfp
Lv}cejlbfd {cpe}exl u `cdheldzl Lpfq}exemlm {qcl`}exl Ede`el`eðd ln `cd}l`}c @cjefdzc mf `cjvde`l`eðd Qf`cdc`ejefd}c u fxlpeðd mfn {fnebqc Nêje}fp plnvmlanfp @cjvdemlm L{cuc
[qc`fpcp hvdmljfd}lnfp [fdpljefd}cp Ed}fd`ecdlnemlm u pfd}ejefd}cp u caof}excp Fp fn {fdpljefd}c fn |vf ldlnezlqì. fxlnvlqì u fje}eqì vd ove`ec pcaqf nc |vf dcp lhf`}l. `cjc }ljaeåd {nldflqì `cdmv`}lp `cj{nfolp u cqbldezlqì nlp l``ecdfp mf l`vfqmc l nl edhcqjl`eðd `cd nl |vf `cd}ljcp$
[cq nlp ed}fd`ecdfp dcp meqebeqdcp gl`el nlp jf}lp |vf dcp heoljcp$ Ncp caof}excp pcd l|vfnnlp jf}lp |vf `cd`qf}ld nc |vf ncp mfpfcp f ed}fd`ecdfp avp`ld ln`ldzlq. pcd jf}lp fp{f`êhe`lp. `nlqlp. qf}lmcqlp. `cdp}e}vufd fn !l`}exlmcq! mf nl `cdmv`}l$
@lql`}fqêp}e`lp @cj{qfdpeðd Gcdfp}emlm u ped`fqemlm u plaemvqêl Fp nl qflnezl`eðd ed}fbqln nnfxldmc l `lac nl l`}exemlm mf ed}fnebfd`el ed}fq{fqpcdln mfpmf nl `cj{lpeðd. fn qfp{f}c l nl neafq}lm. nl gcdfp}emlm u nl ped`fqemlm$
Neaqf mf jfd}eqlp f ge{c`qfpêl$ Dcp {fqje}f fw{ncqlq ncp nêje}fp pc`elnfp u {qc{cdf nl {cpeaenemlm mf `cd}qlp}lq dvfp}qlp xfqmlmfp `cd nlp mf ncp mfjìp$
L``eðd Fp gl`fq alplmc fd nl {fq`f{`eðd. fd ncp pfd}ejefd}cp. fd fn {fdpljefd}c u fd vdl ed}fd`ecdlnemlm `cdp`efd}f |vf pf fw{qfpl fd caof}excp$
Qfp{f}c u lheqjl`eðd Hcjfd}l nl neafq}lm jv}vl. |vf {fqje}f nl `qfl`eðd mfn fp{l`ec {pe`cnðbe`c u pc`eln fd fn |vf pf mfplqqcnnl nl xepeðd mf nlp `cplp. mf vdc u mf ncp mfjìp$
28
[QCBQL [QCBQLJL JL MF MF FP[F@ FP[F@EL ELNE_L NE_L@E @E D FD @CJVD @CJVDE@L E@L@E @E D MEQEBEMC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
@cjvde`l`eðd lpfq}exl Fw{qfpeðd mf {fdpljefd}cp. pfd}ejefd}cp u `qffd`elp fd hcqjl meqf`}l u l{qc{elml. ped xecnlq ncp mfqf`gcp mf ncp mfjìp$
FW[QFPLQ PFD]EJEFD]CP
Mlq u qf`eaeq `vj{nemcp Gl`fq {f}e`ecdfp Fw{qfplq ljcq u lhf`}c Ede`elq u jld}fdfq `cdxfqpl`ecdfp Fw{qfplq `cqlof ovp}ehe`lmc u mfp`cd}fd}c
LV]CLHEQJLQPF
@CDPF@VFD@ELP
Fw{qfplq mfqf`gcp nfbê}ejcp
Mf`eq „Dc‚
Fw{qfplq c{edecdfp {fqpcdlnfp
XFD]LOLP
Plnvm jfd}ln Jfocql nl lv}cfp}ejl Qfmv`f nl ldpefmlm Luvml fd nlp qfnl`ecdfp ed}fq{fqpcdlnfp Lvjfd}l nl `cj{qfdpeðd
@CDMV@]L „DC XFQALN‚
LPFQ]EXEMLM [LQL FW[QFPLQ
Nc |vf pefd}fp ]v c{edeðd. emflp. {fdpljefd}cp ]v {cpe`eðd u c{cpe`eðd qfp{f`}c l$$$ [f}e`ecdfp Qf`cdc`ejefd}cp Ped gfqeq de gvjennlq @cd heqjfzl u {l`efd`el Pefdmc fp{f`êhe`c u ped {qfove`ecp
Pl}ephl``eðd {qc{el Jfocql lv}cfp}ejl Avfdlp qfnl`ecdfp Lvjfd}l nl `cj{qfdpeðd ]cjl mf mf`epecdfp {qc{elp [fdpljefd}c `qê}e`c Plafqpf u pfd}eqpf fd `cd}qcn u mcjedec mf nl pe}vl`eðd
LMF@VLML
[cp}vql? @lafzl u `vfq{c mfqf`gc. mep}ld`el {qvmfd}f$ @cd}l`}c xepvln? jeqlq mf hqfd}f l nl c}ql {fqpcdl$ Bfp}cp mfn `vfq{c? qfnlolmc u jcmfqlmc$ Fw{qfpeðd hl`eln? mf l`vfqmc l nc |vf pefd}f u fw{qfpl$* pfqefmlm. lnfbqêl. f}`$ ]cdc u xcnvjfd mf nl xcz? {lvplmc. heqjf. mf l`vfqmc l nc |vf |vefqf `cjvde`lq$
QF@CDC@F ]VP MFQF@GCP
Mfqf`gc l }fdfq u l `ljaelq mf c{edeðd$ Mfqf`gc l }cjlq mf`epecdfp {qc{elp$ Mfqf`gc l `cjf}fq fqqcqfp. u {cq }ld}c l mf`emeq. lvd l `cp}l mf f|vexc`lqpf$ Mfqf`gc l pfq }ql}lmc `cd qfp{f}c$ Mfqf`gc l mf`eq DC u dc pfd}eqpf `vn{lanf {cq fnnc$ Mfqf`gc l {cmfq qf`nljlq ncp {qc{ecp mfqf`gcp$
Mfqf`gc l gl`fq jfdcp mf nc |vf gvjldljfd}f fqfp `l{lz mf gl`fq$ Mfqf`gc l }cjlqpf }efj{c {lql }qld|venezlqpf u {fdplq$ Mfqf`gc l }fdfq u fw{qfplq ncp {qc{ecp {qc{e cp pfd}ejefd}cp$ Mfqf`gc l {fmeq edhcqjl`eðd$ Mfqf`gc l pfd}eqpf aefd `cdpebc jepjc$
22
[QCBQL [QCBQLJL JL MF MF FP[F@ FP[F@EL ELNE_L NE_L@E @E D FD @CJVD @CJVDE@L E@L@E @E D MEQEBEMC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Lnbvdlp }å`de`lp Vpc mf „Jfdplofp Uc‚
Pf mfp`qeaf ped `cdmfdlq fn `cj{cq}ljefd}c `cj {cq}ljefd}c mf nl c}ql {fqpcdl$ Pf mfp`qeaf fn {qc{ec pfd}ejefd}c$ Pf mfp`qeaf caof}exljfd}f nlp `cdpf`vfd`elp mfn `cj{cq}ljefd}c$ Pf fw{qfpl nc |vf pf |vefqf mf nl c}ql {fqpcdl$ „@vldmc }v$$$‚ 'Fp}lanfz`l fn `cj{cq}ljefd}c% „Jf pefd}c$$$‚ 'Fp}lanfz`l fn pfd}ejefd}c% „[cq|vf$$$‚ 'Fp}lanfz`l nl `cdpf`vfd`el% „]f {emc. {cq hlxcq. |vf$$$‚ 'Fp}lanfz`l nl {f}e`eðd%
Mep`c qlulmc Qf{f}eq fn {qc{ec {vd}c mf xep}l vdl u c}ql xfz. `cd }qld|venemlm. ped fd}qlq fd mep`vpecdfp de {qcxc`l`ecdfp |vf {vfml gl`fq nl c}ql {fqpcdl$ @nefd}f Edhcqjlmcq @nefd}f Edhcqjlmcq @nefd}f
? ? ? ? ?
Edhcqjlmcq ?
„Xfdbc l {qfpfd}lq nl mc`vjfd}l`eðd |vf jf {emefqcd‚ „Nl hc}c`c{el mfaf xfdeq l`cj{lülml mfn cqebedln {lql {cmfqnl {qc`fplq $‚ $‚ „¬Lg,. {vfp dc jf meofqcd dlml . ³dc ml nc jepjc3 ‚ „[lql {cmfq {qc`fplq vdl hc}c`c{el pefj{qf mfaf xfdeq l`cj{lülml mfn cqebedln$‚ „Fn `lpc fp {cdfq cap}ì`vncp. ³|vå jìp ml3. dc xf |vf fp}ì `nlqêpejl. mfpmf nvfbc. fn `lpc fp hlp}emelq$‚ „Vdl hc}c`c{el pefj{qf mfaf xfdeq l`cj{lülml mfn cqebedln {lql {cmfqnl {qc`fplq $‚ $‚
Ald`c mf defanl Mlq nl qlzðd l nl {fqpcdl fd nc |vf `cdpemfqf {vfmf glafq mf `efq}c fd pvp `qê}e`lp c {f}e`ecdfp. {fqc dfbìdmcpf. l nl xfz. l f d}qlq fd jlucqfp mep`vpecdfp$ Pf mfol `nlqc |vf dc xl l `ljaelq mf {cp}vql$ Jvofq
?
![l`c. ³{cmqêlp eq l qf`cbfq l ncp deücp ln `cnfbec3. }fdbc lvd |vf {qf{lqlq nl nf``eðd {lql jlüldl u `qfc dc jf mlqì }efj{c„
Jlqemc Jvofq
? ?
!Nc pefd}c Jlqêl. {fqc l`lac mf xcnxfq mfn }qlaloc u fp}cu jvu `ldplmc. xf }ÿ! !På |vf fp}ìp jvu `ldplmc. dcqjln {cq|vf }f fphvfqzlp jv`gc fd }v }qlaloc$ ]v ofhf mfafqêl mf mlqpf `vfd}l mf fpc u dc `lqblq}f `cd }ld}lp }lqflp$ [fqc }f {emc fn hlxcq mf |vf qf`colp l ncp deücp. ul |vf }fdbc |vf gl`fq fp}f }qlaloc {lql jlüldl$ Nvfbc {cmqfjcp mfp`ldplq$!
L{nlzljefd}c lpfq}exc
[cp{cdfq nl qfp{vfp}l |vf xluljcp l mlq l nl {fqpcdl |vf dcp gl `qe}e`lmc. glp}l |vf dcp ped}ljcp jìp }qld|vencp u `l{l`fp mf qfp{cdmfq `cqqf`}ljfd}f$ Ebdcqlq$ Dc {qfp}lq l}fd`eðd `vldmc nl c}ql {fqpcdl fp}ì fdcolml u }fjfjcp |vf pvp `qê}e`lp }fqjedfd fd edpvn}cp$ @vemlqpf u lnfolqpf$ [qfbvd}l lpfq}exl$ „[fdplq aefd‚ mf nl c}ql {fqpcdl |vf dcp `qê}e`l u mlq {cq gf`gc |vf pv `qê}e`l fp aefd ed}fd`ecdlml 'edmf{fdmefd}fjfd}f mf |vf qflnjfd}f nc pfl%$ Fd}cd`fp. {fmejcp l`nlql`eðd? edhcqjl`eðd l`fq`l mf ncp lqbvjfd}cp. pcne`e}ldmc |vf pfl fp{f`êhe`c$
27
GFQQLJEFD]LP [LQL NL DVFXL [QÌ@]E@L [qcbqljl pfjldln {lql mfplqqcnnlq `cj{f}fd`elp `cjvde`l}exlp Caof}exc? Dcp hcqjljcp `cjc {fqpcdlp `cd ln}c dexfn mf `cj{f}fd`elp ed}fql``ecdlnfp u mcjedec mf dvfp}qlp `eq`vdp}ld`elp. dcp mfpfj{füljcp `cd åwe}c `cd ncp jefjaqcp mf dvfp}ql `cjvdemlm fmv`l}exl$ D»
Mêl
Hqlpfp {lql mfplqqcnnlq nl glaenemlm `cjvde`l}exl Jf `cjvde`c jfocq
<
Nvdfp
„Uc `qfc fd jê jepjc‚ „Uc {cpfc fplp glaenemlmfp‚ „@cdheð fd je ed}ve`eðd‚ „]fdbc åwe}c‚ „Glbc fn jìwejc fphvfqzc‚ „Jf bvp}l nl edp}e}v`eðd‚
Jf `cjvde`c lpvjefdmc je lv}clheqjl`eðd „Glanlp lpê {cq|vf dc jf `cdc`fp‚
1
0
=
6
Jlq}fp
Jeåq`cnfp
Ovfxfp
Xefqdfp
³\vå gl {lplmc3 ³\vå |vfqêlp }ÿ |vf {lplql3 ³\vå pefd}fp ln qfp{f`}c3 ³\vå gl`êl nl c}ql {fqpcdl3 ³\vå glaêl c`vqqemc ld}fp mf fpc3
Pcu lpfq}exc Lpfq}exc? Gl`fq qfp{f}lq dvfp}qcp dvfp}qcp mfqf`gcp ped {fqovme`lq fn mf ncp mfjìp$ mfjìp$
Pcu vdl {fqpcdl {cpe}exl {lql ncp mfjìp Pcu qfp{cdplanf ]fdbc lv}cdcjêl ]fdbc ede`el}exl Pcu {fqpep}fd}f ]fdbc jc}exl`eðd @qfc fd fn fphvfqzc Jf `cd`fd}qc fd jep nlacqfp @vj{nc lvd|vf dc jf bvp}l
Ed}fq`ljaec c{edecdfp {cpe}exljfd}f Qfp{f}ldmc nlp `cdmv`}lp mf ncp mfjìp Fw{qfplq vd `vj{nemc. `ðjc l`f{}lqnc mf nl hcqjl lmf`vlml Qfpvfnxf u jedejezl {qcanfjlp
[QCBQL [QCBQLJL JL MF MF FP[F@ FP[F@EL ELNE_L NE_L@E @E D FD @CJVD @CJVDE@L E@L@E @E D MEQEBEMC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Edhcqjf mf l{ne`l`eðd „[LPL NL XC_‚
D»
Mêl
³Jfocqå je `cjvde`l`eðd3
Pe
Dc
Pfd}ê |vf jf {vfmc `cjvde`lq jfocq <
Nvdfp
„Uc `qfê fd jê jepjc‚ „@qfc |vf {cpfc glaenemlmfp {lql `cjvde`lqjf jfocq‚ „@cdheå fd je ed}ve`eðd‚ „Pfd}ê nl `cdxe``eðd mfn åwe}c u nc qfhnfoå fd jep {lnlaqlp‚ „Ge`f fn jìwejc fphvfqzc‚ fphvfqzc‚ „Jf bvp}ð bvp}ð xfqmlmfqljfd}f nl edp}e}v`eðd‚ edp}e}v`eðd‚
Jf `cjvde|vå lpvjefdmc je lv}clheqjl`eðd „Glanlp lpê {cq|vf dc jf `cdc`fp‚
1
0
=
6
Jlq}fp
Jeåq`cnfp
³\vå gl {lplmc3 ³\vå |vfqêlp }ÿ |vf {lplql3 ³\vå pefd}fp ln qfp{f`}c3 ³\vå gl`êl nl c}ql {fqpcdl3 ³\vå glaêl c`vqqemc ld}fp mf fpc3
]efdmc l pfq lpfq}exc Ge`f qfp{f}lq jep mfqf`gcp ped {fqovme`lq fn mf ncp mfjìp$
Ovfxfp
Jf qf`cdcz`c `cjc vdl {fqpcdl {cpe}exl {lql ncp mfjìp Pcu qfp{cdplanf ]fdbc lv}cdcjêl ]fdbc ede`el}exl Pcu {fqpep}fd}f ]fdbc jc}exl`eðd @qfc fd fn fphvfqzc Jf `cd`fd}qc fd jep nlacqfp @vj{nc lvd|vf dc jf bvp}l
Xefqdfp
Pcu `l{lz mf ed}fq`ljaelq c{edecdfp {cpe}exljfd}f Qfp{f}ldmc nlp `cdmv`}lp mf ncp mfjìp Fw{qfplq vd `vj{nemc `ðjc l`f{}lqnc mf nl hcqjl lmf`vlml Qfpvfnxf u jedejezl {qcanfjlp
7;
[QCBQL [QCBQLJL JL MF MF FP[F@ FP[F@EL ELNE_L NE_L@E @E D FD @CJVD @CJVDE@L E@L@E @E D MEQEBEMC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
@cqqebefdmc lnbvdlp {cp}vqlp pc`elnfp @lpc vdc
Dc glu |vf ed}fqqvj{eq dvd`l l nl bfd}f$ Ed}fqqvj{eq fp mf jlnl fmv`l`eðd$ Vp}fm }efdf mfqf`gc l ed}fqqvj{eq l pv ed}fqnc`v}cq {lql {fmeq vdl fw{ne`l`eðd$ L jfdvmc. ³}f pefd}fp `ðjcmc `ðjcmc ln {fmeq nl {lnlaql {lql {fmeq vdl fw{ne`l`eðd3
@lpc mcp
Ncp {qcanfjlp mf vdc dc nf ed}fqfpld l dlmef jìp u dc glu |vf gl`fqnfp {fqmfq fn }efj{c fp`v`gìdmcncp$ Vp}fm }efdf mfqf`gc l {fmeq luvml c l{cuc fjc`ecdln$ ³@cdpemfqlp |vf df`fpe}lp l{cuc fjc`ecdln. fp}ìp mep{vfp}c l {fmeqnc3
@lpc }qfp
Glu |vf lml{}lqpf l ncp mfjìp. pe dc fp {cpeanf lqqefpblqdcp l {fqmfq vdl ljep}lm$ Vp}fm }efdf mfqf`gc l mf`eq !DC!$ ³Fp}ìp mep{vfp}c l fp}lanf`fq ncp nêje}fp mf vdl ljep}lm ped }fjcq l {fqmfqnl. mf |vå jldfql3
@lpc `vl}qc
@vldmc lnbvefd }efdf vd {qcanfjl glu |vf luvmlqnf$ Vp}fm }efdf fn mfqf`gc mf mf`emeq `vìdmc {qfp}lq luvml l ncp mfjìp u `vldmc dc$ ³Fp}ìp mep{vfp}c l mf`eq dc `vldmc nc `qflp `cdxfdefd}f3
7<
[QCBQL [QCBQLJL JL MF MF FP[F@ FP[F@EL ELNE_L NE_L@E @E D FD @CJVD @CJVDE@L E@L@E @E D MEQEBEMC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
FXLNVL@EÐD Fp ej{cq}ld}f |vf glblp vdl fxlnvl`eðd {fqpcdln mf }cmc nc }ql}lmc u xexemc fd fp}l pfpeðd$ @cd}fp}l {fqpcdlnjfd}f nlp l`}exemlmfp pvbfqemlp$ Nc {vfmfp gl`fq }qld|venljfd}f fd `lpl mvqld}f nl pfjldl u }qlf mfp{våp }vp `cd`nvpecdfp l nl {qðwejl qfvdeðd$
Jìp lmfnld}f glu 8; hqlpfp ed`cj{nf}lp. nff `lml vdl mf fnnlp u `cj{nf}l fp`qeaefdmc nl {qejfql emfl |vf pf }f c`vqql. }qlalol nc jìp qì{emc |vf {vfmlp. pe dc {vfmfp `cj{nf}lq vdl hqlpf glz vd `êq`vnc fd fn dÿjfqc `cqqfp{cdmefd}f u xvfnxl l fnnl ln }fqjedlq nl {qvfal$ < 1 0 = 6 8 2
Uc pefd}c |vf je {lmqf qlql xfz @vldmc nlp mehe`vn}lmfp fp}ìd `cd}ql jê Uc pefj{qf |vepf gl`fq Pe uc fp}vxefql fd`lqblmc [lql jê. fn jeqlq fn hv}vqc Ncp gcjaqfp |vf fp}ìd {cq fd`ejl mf jê På |vf fp }cd}c {fqc }fdbc jefmc mf
7 5 <; << <1 <0 <= <6 <8 <2 <7 <5 1; 1< 11 10 1= 16 18 12 17 15 0;
Uc pefd}c |vf vd xfqmlmfqc ljebc @vldmc uc fql deüc'l% Je emfl mf jvofq {fqhf`}l @vldmc xfc l vd gcjaqf u l vdl jvofq ovd}cp @cj{lqlml `cd nl jlucqêl mf hljenelp. nl jêl Fd je }qlaloc jf nnfxc jfocq `cd Je jlmqf Glqêl `vln|vefq `cpl {cq cnxemlq fn }efj{c fd |vf uc uc Pe je {lmqf |vepefql pcnljfd}f Uc {cmqêl pfq {fqhf`}ljfd}f hfnez pe Uc `qfc |vf }fdbc glaenemlm {lql Pe nl bfd}f }qlalolql {lql jê Uc jeqc gl`el lmfnld}f {lql Fd nl fp`vfnl ncp {qchfpcqfp Jv`gcp mf jep ljebcp dc plafd |vf }fdbc jefmc mf Dc jf bvp}l nl bfd}f |vf Gl`f lnbÿd }efj{c [efdpc |vf nl jlucqêl mf ncp jv`gl`gcp Je emfl l`fq`l mf nl xeml jl}qejcdeln L je hljenel nf bvp}l }ql}lqjf L|vfnncp `cd |vefdfp uc }qlaloc Je jlmqf u uc Je jlucq fqqcq hvf
71
[QCBQL [QCBQLJL JL MF MF FP[F@ FP[F@EL ELNE_L NE_L@E @E D FD @CJVD @CJVDE@L E@L@E @E D MEQEBEMC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
0< 01 00 0= 06 08 02 07 05 =; =< =1 =0 == =6 =8 =2 =7 =5 6;
Uc |vefqc |vf je {lmqf Je jlucq mfaenemlm fp Je pf`qf}l ljae`eðd fd nl xeml Nl bfd}f |vf }qlalol {lql jê Lnbÿd mêl uc @vldmc xfc xfdeq l je ofhf \vepefql {cmfq {fqmfq fn jefmc Nl bfd}f |vf jìp jf bvp}l Pe uc hvfql ocxfd c}ql xfz @qfc |vf `lpe }cmlp nlp jvofqfp Pe }vxefql qfnl`ecdfp pfwvlnfp l jfdvmc Nl jlucqêl mf hljenelp |vf `cdcz`c Jf bvp}l }qlalolq `cd bfd}f |vf [efdpc |vf `lpe }cmlp nlp jlmqfp @vldmc uc fql jìp ocxfd jf pfd}êl `vn{lanf mf Pefd}c |vf je {lmqf fp @vldmc nl pvfq}f pf xvfnxf `cd}ql jê @vldmc mcu ðqmfdfp l c}qcp. uc Nc |vf uc mfpfc jfdcp fd nl xeml @vldmc uc }fdbl jìp fmlm
6< 61 60 6= 66 68 62 67 65 8;
L|vfnncp l |vefdfp uc `cdpemfqc jep pv{fqecqfp Jep }fjcqfp lnbvdlp xf`fp jf canebld @vldmc uc dc fp}cu `fq`l jep ljebcp Fn jìp ed}fdpc qf`vfqmc mf je edhld`el Nc |vf jfdcp jf bvp}l mf nlp jvofqfp Je xeml pfwvln @vldmc uc fql vd deüc. je hljenel Nl bfd}f |vf }qlalol `cdjebc {cq nc bfdfqln Jf bvp}l je jlmqf {fqc Nl {fcq `cpl |vf ge`f pefj{qf
70
[QCBQL [QCBQLJL JL MF MF FP[F@ FP[F@EL ELNE_L NE_L@E @E D FD @CJVD @CJVDE@L E@L@E @E D MEQEBEMC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Jlq`l `cd vd lp{l 'w%. pfbÿd }v jldfql glae}vln mf `cj{cq}lq}f? Oljìp jf `cj{cq}c lpê. l xf`fp {qc`fmc lpê u pefj{qf l`}ÿc mf fpl jldfql$
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;< Jf fd`vfd}qc fd`vfd}qc bfdfqlnjfd}f jcnfp}c$ ]cmc jf hlp}emel$ hlp}emel$ ;1 @cd hqf`vfd`el `ljaec mf c{edeðd pfbÿd nlp `eq`vdp}ld`elp$ ;0 Vd {fdpljefd}c hqf`vfd}f fd jê fp fp}f „Dc jcnfp}c l dlmef {fqc }lj{c`c jf bvp}l |vf dlmef jf jcnfp}f‚
;= Pvfnc jcp}qlqjf pfqfdc u fp}lanf fd fn }ql}c `cd nlp {fqpcdlp. lvd|vf fp}c jf pv{cdbl fphvfqzc {fqpcdln$ ;6 Hqf`vfd}fjfd}f jf pefd}c mcnemc u lnvmemc {cq nlp `cplp |vf gl`fd c me`fd ncp mfjìp$ Pcu jvu |vep|venncpc$ ;8 Jf fd`vfd}qc jv`glp xf`fp mf`lêmc. mf{qejemc ped ìdejc mf dlml $ ;2 Uc på lqqfbnìqjfnlp pcnc$ Bfdfqlnjfd}f dc df`fpe}c luvml mf ncp mfjìp$ ;7 Jf bvp}l luvmlq u fp}lq {qcd}c l {qfp}lq pfqxe`ecp l ncp mfjìp$ ;5 ]fdbc `qe}fqec? Pe }f chfdmfd. }ljaeåd chfdmf. pe }f edpvn}ld }ljaeåd edpvn}l. dc }f mfofp {eplq$ <; Xlqêc jv`gc fjc`ecdlnjfd}f pcu edfp}lanf$ << @cjc uc dc df`fpe}c mf ncp mfjìp {efdpc |vf ncp mfjìp }lj{c`c df`fpe}ld mf jê$ <1 Pefd}c |vf }cml {fqpcdl fp `cjc vd gfqjldc {lql jê u jf bvp}l melncblq u `cj{qfdmfq l }cmcp$ <0 Jf fp mehê`en qf`cdc`fqnc {fqc l mcdmf xcu `qfc qf`fnc u jlnfp}lq mfaemc l je gcp}enemlm f ed}cnfqld`el$ <= Bfdfqlnjfd}f jf ljcnmc l nlp {fqpcdlp u `eq`vdp}ld`elp $ <6 Dc jf ed}fqfpld ncp {qcanfjlp lofdcp lpê xexc }qld|venc$ <8 Fd`vfd}qc |vf fn pfqxe`ec mfped}fqfplmc fp nc jfocq |vf {vfmf aqedmlq vdl {fqpcdl l c}ql$ <2 Bfdfqlnjfd}f dc fp}cu mf l`vfqmc `cd nl c{edeðd lofdl u nc mfjvfp}qc fd hcqjl aqvp`l. lvd|vf jf bldc ld}e{l}êlp$ <7 Lvd|vf dc `qfc }fdfq {qcanfjlp pfqecp$ Ped fjalqbc jf pefd}c jvu edpfbvqc mf pê jepjc$ j f fxe}c <5 [qfhefqc dc plafq mf nlp df`fpemlmfp mf ncp mfjìp mf fp}l jldfql jf [qfc`v{l`ecdfp 1; [efdpc |vf nl jfocq jldfql mf qflnezlqpf fp mìdmcpf l ncp mfjìp }ql}ldmc mf `cj{qcjf}fqncp u l`cbfqncp$ 7=
[QCBQL [QCBQLJL JL MF MF FP[F@ FP[F@EL ELNE_L NE_L@E @E D FD @CJVD @CJVDE@L E@L@E @E D MEQEBEMC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
]LAVNL@EÐD ]qlpnlml }vp {vd}lofp l `lml {qfbvd}l mfn `vlmqc. pvjl `lml `cnvjdl$ @VLMQC MF QFPVN]LMCP E EE EEE < 1 0 6 8 2 5 <; << <0 <= <6 <2 <7 <5
EX = 7 <1 <8 1;
]C]LN Qfpvn}lmcp ]e{c E ]e{c EE ]e{c EEE ]e{c EX
? [vdzld}f mf }ql}c }ql}c mehê`en. aqvp`c `cq}ld}f$ ? Cdmvnld}f. Cdmvnld}f. hì`en l nl mf{qfpeðd$ ? @fqqlmc. fbcêp}l avp`l avp`l nl {qc{el `cjcmemlm$ ? Laefq}c. bfdfqcpc. avp`l luvmlq l ncp mfjìp$
L[QFDMLJCP L DFBC@ELQ LD]F VD @CDHNE@]C @qff u jld}åd vd xêd`vnc. ed`nvpc `cd }v lmxfqplqec$ [lql fnnc dc fp df`fplqec |vf fpf edmexemvc dcp lbqlmf9 nc ÿde`c |vf gl`f hln}l fp vd caof}exc fd `cjÿd$ ]ql}f l nl {fqpcdl `cjc l vd ljebc. u alpf nl qfnl`eðd fd fn qfp{f}c jv}vc u nl `cc{fql`eðd$ Ncp nêmfqfp mfafd l{qfdmfq l mehfqfd`elq fd}qf nl {fqpcdl u fn {qcanfjl. u fxe}lq nlp qfl``ecdfp dfbl}exlp l ncp l}l|vfp c nlp fjc`ecdfp ed}fdplp$ ³Fp}ìp mep{vfp}c l jld}fdfq vd xêd`vnc `cd }v lmxfqplqec3 ³@ðjc nc ncbqlqêlp3 n cbqlqêlp3
Fd}lanl vd meìncbc u dfbc`el$ Fp ej{cq}ld}f dc l{lq}lq nl `cdxfqpl`eðd mfn }fjl fd `vfp}eðd. jld}fdfqpf `cd`fd}qlmc fd vd qfpvn}lmc {cpe}exc u pfq `cdp`efd}f mf nl jf}l `cjÿd$ Nl f}l{l pebvefd}f fp nl dfbc`el`eðd. fd nl |vf lmfjìp mf melncblq pf qfbl}fl$ Fn meìncbc u nl dfbc`el`eðd {qcmv`fd }qldpl``ecdfp bfdvedlp u {qcmv`}exlp {lql ljalp {lq}fp$ Df`fpe}ljcp vplq fdfqbêl mfn `vfq{c. fjc`ecdfp. ed}fnf`}c u fp{êqe}v$ ³Fp}ìp mep{vfp}c l bldlq u {fqmfq fd nl dfbc`el`eðd3
76
[QCBQL [QCBQLJL JL MF MF FP[F@ FP[F@EL ELNE_L NE_L@E @E D FD @CJVD @CJVDE@L E@L@E @E D MEQEBEMC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
[cd fn {fp`lmc pcaqf nl jfpl$ Nl hqlpf {qcxefdf mf Pe`enel. mcdmf ncp {fp`lmcqfp fw{cdfd pv pldbqefd}c ac}êd {lql nej{elqnc fd `cdovd}c$ Gl`fd nl mvql }lqfl u pcd qf`cj{fdplmcp `cd vdl qe`l `fdl ln hedln mfn mêl$ Pe vp}fm mfol vd {fp`lmc aloc nl jfpl. fj{efzl l {vmqeqpf u l cnfq jln$ Fd `ljaec. vdl xfz |vf {nld}fl fn {qcanfjl. {vfmf fj{fzlq l l`nlqlq fn fdqfmc$ Pfl meqf`}c {fqc qfp{f}vcpc. u glanf fd fn jcjfd}c c{cq}vdc$ ³Fp}ìp fd {nfdl `cd`efd`el mf {cdfq fd fxemfd`el }cmcp ncp fnfjfd}cp edxcnv`qlmcp fd }v dfbc`el`eðd3
@cj{qfdmf nl `lvpl mfn `cdhne`}c$ Fd}qf nlp qlê`fp mf vdl mep`qf{ld`el pf `vfd}ld nlp mehfqfd`elp fd jl}fqel mf caof}excp. ed}fqfpfp c xlncqfp$ Fp `qv`eln mf}fqjedlq pe vd `cdhne`}c bvlqml qfnl`eðd `cd ed}fqfpfp c df`fpemlmfp$ Ncp ed}fqfpfp pcd jìp }qldpe}cqecp u pv{fqhe`elnfp. `cjc nl {cpfpeðd mf }efqqlp. fn medfqc c vd fj{nfc9 nlp df`fpemlmfp pcd jìp aìpe`lp u mehê`enfp mf dfbc`elq? emfd}emlm. pfbvqemlm u qfp{f}c. {cq dcjaqlq lnbvdlp$ Jv`gcp `cdhne`}cp {lqf`fd cafmf`fq l ed}fqfpfp. `vldmc fd qflnemlm pcd {qcmv`}c mf df`fpemlmfp$ Lnbvefd |vf dc gl pemc {qcjcxemc {vfmf {lqf`fq }qep}f {cq nl hln}l mfn medfqc fw}ql. `vldmc fd xfqmlm fn mcncq fp}ì fd nl {åqmeml mf qfp{f}c c vdl hln}l mf emfd}emlm$ ³\vå `qe}fqecp vplp {lql {qecqezlq fn cqmfd mf l}fd`eðd l }vp df`fpemlmfp fd `cdhne`}c3
L{ne`l nl nfu mf nl qf`e{qc`emlm$ Fd bfdfqln. nc |vf vdc ml fp nc |vf qf`eaf$ Ncp pfqfp gvjldcp }efdfd edp}lvqlmc vd {lmqðd mf qf`e{qc`emlm$ Vdl }å`de`l {cmfqcpl {lql mcjedlq fd `vln|vefq }e{c mf mep{v}l fp fdhl}ezlq `cd ncp pfd}ejefd}cp u fn {vd}c mf xep}l mfn c}qc edmexemvc `cd}qcnldmc nc |vf fw{qfpljcp }ld}c xfqalnjfd}f `cjc dc*xfqalnjfd}f$ Vdl xfz |vf glulp gf`gc fp}l `cd`fpeðd. pfbvqljfd}f fn c}qc glqì nc jepjc$ ³Fp}ìp mep{vfp}c l pfq qf`ê{qc`c `cd }v dfbc`elmcq3
78
[QCBQL [QCBQLJL JL MF MF FP[F@ FP[F@EL ELNE_L NE_L@E @E D FD @CJVD @CJVDE@L E@L@E @E D MEQEBEMC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
@cdp}qvuf vdl qfnl`eðd {cpe}exl$ Vdl xfz fp}lanf`emc vd xêd`vnc. dv}ql nl qfnl`eðd u pebl }qlp fn ncbqc mf pvp caof}excp$ ]ql}f mf f|veneaqlq nl qlzðd u nl fjc`eðd. {cq|vf fjc`ecdfp `cjc fn jefmc. fn fdcoc. nl hqvp}ql`eðd {vfmfd mfpalql}lq l``ecdfp aefd {nldflmlp$ Fd}efdml fn {vd}c mf xep}l xep}l mf nl c}ql {fqpcdl. nc `cj{lq}l c dc$ @vld}c jìp fhf`}exl pfl nl jldfql jldfql fd |vf `cjvde|vf pvp mehfqfd`elp mehfqfd`elp u ncp {vd}cp mf `cd`cqmld`el. jfocq `cj{qfdmfqì nlp {qfc`v{l`ecdfp mfn c}qc. u lpê jfocqlqì pvp {qcalaenemlmfp mf ln`ldzlq vd l`vfqmc l`f{}lanf {lql ljalp {lq}fp$ @cjc mfjvfp}qld ncp {qc`fpcp mf dfbc`el`eðd {lql neafqlq qfgfdfp. fp jìp {qcmv`}exc {fqpvlmeq |vf `cl``ecdlq$ ³@ðjc `qffp |vf jld}fdmqìp nl fw{f`}l}exl {cpe}exl fd nl qfnl`eðd `cd }v dfbc`e lmcq3
@edf fd `lpl Capfqxl. fp`v`gl. qfhnfwecdl [FNÊ@VNL Lnjl mf pvqhep}l‚$ „ Lnjl CAOF]EXC Qf`cdc`fq nlp glaenemlmfp pc`elnfp u `cjvde`l}exlp |vf fj{nfljcp fd fn `c}emeldc xexeq$ LQBVJFD]C „Lnjl mf pvqhep}l‚ `vfd}l nl gep}cqel qfln mf Aqe}gldu
Gljen}cd. vdl ocxfd |vf l ncp <= lücp {fqmeð vd aqlzc {cq vd l}l|vf mf }eavqðd u mfpmf fn {qejfq jcjfd}c pcq{qfdmeð l }cmcp {cq pv ed`qfêanf hcq}lnfzl {lql lpvjeq nl pe}vl`eðd lmxfqpl |vf nf }c`ð xexeq$ Fn pðnc gf`gc mf |vf glul pcaqfxexemc ln l}l|vf hvf `cdpemfqlmc jenlbqcpc {vfp fnnl {fqmeð fn 8;& mf pv pldbqf fd fn l``emfd}f. {fqc nc |vf gl`f pcq{qfdmfd}f pv gep}cqel fp }cmc nc |vf gl ncbqlmc ln dc jeqlq }ld}c nc |vf {fqmeð pedc ln glafq plaemc pl`lq nc jfocq mf pê jepjl ld}f fp}lp `eq`vdp}ld`elp$ Ln glafq {lplmc pðnc vd jfp mfp{våp mfn l}l|vf fnnl xcnxeð l fd}qlq ln jlq. nf }c`ð xcnxfq l l{qfdmfq `cjc `cqqfq }lanl u l`}vlnjfd}f fp vdl pvqhep}l {qchfpecdln u gl fp}lmc qld|vflml fd}qf nlp <6 jfocqfp mfn jvdmc$ Pv jldfql {cpe}exl mf xfq nl qflnemlm. fn fp{êqe}v nv`glmcq u nl jldfql fd nl |vf fp}l ocxfd gl l{qfdmemc l xlncqlq nl xeml gl`fd |vf xlnbl nl {fdl xfq fp}l {fnê`vnl$
72
[QCBQL [QCBQLJL JL MF MF FP[F@ FP[F@EL ELNE_L NE_L@E @E D FD @CJVD @CJVDE@L E@L@E @E D MEQEBEMC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
Avp`l vd jcjfd}c {lql fp}lq pcnc u `cj{nf}l fn pebvefd}f `vlmqc? Glaenemlmfp `cjvde`l}exlp
Glaenemlmfp pc`elnfp
Fd Aqe}gldu Gljen}cd
Fd }e
[qcmv`}c mfn Anc|vf ]fjì}e`c? Fnlacql`eðd mf vd P`ql{acci [lq}f X [qc`fmejefd}cp „Fn mf`ìncbc mf jep glaenemlmfp‚
]fdefdmc fd `vfd}l ncp }fjlp mfplqqcnnlmcp fd nl pfpeðd `ed`c. qf`cdc`f nlp glaenemlmfp |vf {cpffp {lql `cjvde`lq}f u qfnl`ecdlq}f qfml`}ldmc }v {qc{ec mf`ìncbc mf gla enemlmfp `cjvde`l}exlp u pc`elnfp$
Hf`gl mf {qfpfd}l`eðd Pìalmc ;7 mf me`efjaqf$ BNCPLQEC @cjvde`l`eðd
[qc`fpc jfmeld}f fn `vln pf {vfmf }qldpje}eq edhcqjl`eðd mf vdl fd}emlm l c}ql$
@cjvde`l`eðd xfqaln
Fp fn {qc`fpc mf }qlpjepeðd u qf`f{`eðd mf emflp. edhcqjl`eðd u jfdplofp mcdmf pf qf|vefqf lq}e`vnlq {lnlaqlp mf hcqj l |vf nl c}ql {fqpcdl fd}efdml mf nc |vf pf fp}ì glanldmc$ [vfmf pfq cqln. l }qlxåp mf pebdcp cqlnfp u {lnlaqlp glanlmlp c fp`qe}lp. fp {cq jfmec mf {l{fn c jfdplofp$
@cjvde`l`eðd dc xfqaln
Fp fn {qc`fpc mf `cjvde`l`eðd jfmeld}f fn fdxêc u qf`f{`eðd mf jfdplofp ped {lnlaqlp$ Fp}cp jfdplofp {vfmfd pfq `cjvde`lmcp l }qlxåp mf bfp}cp. nfdbvlof `cq{cqln c {cp}vql. fw{qfpeðd hl`eln u fn `cd}l`}c xepvln. nl `cjvde`l`eðd mf caof}cp }lnfp `cjc qc{l. {fedlmcp c ed`nvpc nl lq|ve}f`}vql. c pêjacncp u nl edhcbqlhêl$ Nl `cjvde`l`eðd dc xfqaln ovfbl vd {l{fn `nlxf fd fn mêl l mêl mf }cml {fqpcdl$
77
[QCBQL [QCBQLJL JL MF MF FP[F@ FP[F@EL ELNE_L NE_L@E @E D FD @CJVD @CJVDE@L E@L@E @E D MEQEBEMC L MC@FD]FP MF EDP]E]V@ECDFP FMV@L]EXLP MFN DEXFN MF FMV@L@EÐD PF@VDMLQEL MF FMV@L@EÐD AÌPE@L QFBVNLQ
@cdhne`}c
Fp vdl pe}vl`eðd fd |vf mcp c jìp edmexemvcp `cd ed}fqfpfp `cd}ql{vfp}cp fd}qld fd `cdhqcd}l`eðd. c{cpe`eðd c fj{qfdmfd l``ecdfp jv}vljfd}f ld}lbcdep}lp. `cd fn caof}exc mf dfv}qlnezlq. mlülq c fnejedlq l nl {lq}f qexln. ed`nvpc `vldmc }ln `cdhqcd}l`eðd pfl xfqaln. {lql ncbqlq lpê nl `cdpf`v`eðd mf ncp caof}excp |vf jc}exlqcd me`gl `cdhqcd}l`eðd$
@cjvde`l`eðd lpfq}exl
@cdpebvfd pvp caof}excp ped mlülq l ncp mfjìp$ Pf qfp{f}ld l fnncp jepjcp {fqc }ljaeåd l ncp |vf nfp qcmfld$ L`}ÿld u me`fd nc |vf {efdpld. fd fn jcjfd}c u nvblq lmf`vlmcp. `cd hqld|vfzl u ped`fqemlm$ ]efdfd lv}fd}e`emlm fd ncp l`}cp |vf qflnezld. fp}ìd pfbvqcp mf pvp `qffd`elp u }efdfd nl `l{l`emlm mf mf`emeq$
@cjvde`l`eðd {lpexl
Pcd {fqpcdlp |vf dc mfhefdmfd pvp ed}fqfpfp. dc fw{qfpld pvp pfd}ejefd}cp xfqmlmfqcp. `qffd |vf ncp mfjìp }efdfd jìp mfqf`gcp |vf fnncp jepjcp. dc fw{qfpld mfpl`vfqmcp$ Fp}f fp}enc }efdf `cjc xfd}lol |vf dc pvfnf qf`eaeq qf`glzc meqf`}c {cq ncp mfjìp$ [fqc }efdf nl mfpxfd}lol mf |vf ncp mfjìp pf xld l l{qcxf`glq$ Nlp {fqpcdlp |vf pf `cj{cq}ld mf jldfql {lpexl {qfpfd}ld pfd}ejefd}cp mf edmfhfdpeðd. qfpfd}ejefd}c f eqqe}l`eðd$
@cjvde`l`eðd lbqfpexl
Dc }efdfd fd `vfd}l ncp pfd}ejefd}cp mf ncp mfjìp$ Fd `lpcp fw}qfjcp? l`vpld. {fnfld. ljfdlzld. lbqfmfd. edpvn}ld$ [qfpfd}ld nl xfd}lol mf |vf dlmef nfp {epl u nl mfpxfd}lol mf |vf dlmef nfp |vefqf l pv nlmc$
@cdhne`}c ed}fq{fqpcdln
Ncp `cdhne`}cp !ed}fq{fqpcdlnfp! }efdfd |vf xfq fd nl qfnl`eðd `cd c}ql v c}qlp {fqpcdlp$ Pf {vfmfd mlq fd nlp qfnl`ecdfp hljenelqfp. nlacqlnfp uc pc`elnfp$ ]efdfd fp}qf`gc `cd}l`}c `cd ncp `cdhne`}cp ed}ql{fqpcdlnfp$
Qfnl`ecdfp pc`elnfp
Pcd l|vfnnlp ed}fql``ecdfp pc`elnfp |vf pf fd`vfd}qld qfbvnlmlp {cq dcqjlp pc`elnfp fd}qf mcp c jìp {fqpcdlp. {qfpfd}ldmc `lml vdl mf fnnlp vdl {cpe`eðd pc`eln u mfp{nfbldmc vd {l{fn pc`eln$ Nlp qfnl`ecdfp pc`elnfp. ed}fq{fqpcdlnfp. fp}lanf`fd nlp {lv}lp mf nl `vn}vql mf bqv{c u pv }qldpjepeðd l }qlxåp mfn {qc`fpc mf pc`elnezl`eðd. hcjfd}ldmc nl {fq`f{`eðd. nl jc}exl`eðd. fn l{qfdmezlof u nlp `qffd`elp$
QFHFQFD@ELP <$ Mljeìd. N$ '1;;2%$ Fxlnvl`eðd mf `l{l`emlmfp u xlncqfp fd nl pc`efmlm mfn `cdc`ejefd}c$ Nejl? Dcqjl$ 1$ Qcmqêbvfz. J$ '1;;7%$ Lv}cfp}ejl. `nlxf mfn åwe}c {fqpcdln$ Jåwe`c? Edp}e}v}c mfn Mfplqqcnnc Gvjldc$ 0$ Pl`ip u Nfxe$ '1;<<%$ ]fp} mf hqlpfp ed`cj{nf}lp Yfd nêdflZ$ Qf`v{fqlmc fn 10 mf ovnec mf 1;<1$ Mep{cdeanf fd? g}}{?rrr$avfdlp}lqflp$`cjfdplucp]fp}*Mf*Hqlpfp*Ed`cj{nf}lp*Mf*Pl`ip<78562=$g}jn =$ Xlqblp. N$ u Avp}êcp. B$ '<557%$ ]å`de`lp {lq}e`e{l}exlp {lql nl fmv`l`eðd {c{vnlq $ Nejl? ]lqfl$ 6$ Xlqblp. O$ '<556%$ '<556%$ ]å`de`lp mf l{qfdmezlof xexfd`eln {lql fn hcq}lnf`ejefd}c mf nl lv}cfp}ejl u fn mfplqqcnnc {fqpcdln $ Nejl$ 8$ Xln`ìq`fn. O$ '1;;5%$ Je`qcnf``ecdfp mf {qcjc`eðd gvjldl$ Pfq {fqpcdl $ Nejl? Edp}e}v}c Pv{fqecq [fmlbðbe`c mf @ged`gl$ 2$ Xlncep. Q$ u Iljjfqjldd. P$ '1;;6%$ Pv pfwvlnemlm. vdl lv}cfxlnvl`eðd $ @cncjael? Fme}$ Jlq}gl Fmdl Pvìqfz$
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