@LJUHS AKUK^ MKJKFHMHJ SH^SXUQK@KKJ Aokfu`kj Xjtu` Mhmhjugo Quiks Ojaovoau Mktk @udokg Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj
Ldhg 6 DKODKQXD MKIGBO^LG JOM@L. >3;2.1.;;>.33>3.;.333;91 Alshj Shjikmpu6 KGMKA KIXU NKOADLYO, UH
UH@LDKG QOJIIO ODMX QK^NO_KG KD X^YKQXD YXQU[L ― FLMNKJI FLMNKJI >3;7 o
AKBQK^ OUO Gkdkmkj Fuaud ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................. .................................. ............ o Akbtkr Oso .......................................... ................................................................. ............................................. ............................................. ....................... oo NKN O
SHJAKGXDXKJ ............................................. ................................................................... .................................. ............ ; K. Dktkr Nhdk`kji ........................................... .................................................................. .................................. ........... ; N. ^umuskj Mkskdkg .................................................... ........................................................................ .................... > E. Qufukj Shmnkgkskj Shmnkgkskj ................................................. ..................................................................... .................... >
NKN OO
SHMNKGKUKJ............................................ .................................................................. ...................................... ................ 1 K. Ahbojoso @ljshp Akskr Mkjkfhmhj Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj Shrpustk`kkj .................... 1 N. Lrikjoskso Shrpustk`kkj Shrpustk`kkj ............................................................ .............................................................. 2 E. Utru`tur Lrikjoskso Shrpustk`kkj Shrpustk`kkj ......................................... ............................................. .... ;; A. Roso akj Moso Uhrtk @hnofk`kj Shrpustk`kkj............................ ............................ ;>
NKN OOO SHJXQXS ........................... ................................................. ............................................ .......................................... .................... ;2 AKBQK^ SXUQK@K ....................................................... .............................................................................. ................................... ............ ;7
oo
NKN O SHJAKGXDXKJ K. Dktkr Nhdk`kji
@hmkfukj suktu nkjisk skjikt nhrikjtuji nhrikjtuji pkak `ukdotks sumnhr akyk mkjusokjyk. Uhmhjtkrk ujtu` mhwufua`kj mksykrk`kt
Ojaljhsok ykji
nhr`ukdotks tojiio toak` nosk thrdhpks akro phjaoao`kj. @hioktkj mhmkfu`kj phjaoao`kj ao Ojaljhsok thdkg aodk`u`kj kjtkrk dkoj aowufua`kj akdkm Xjakji-ujakji Jlmlr >3 tkguj >335 thjtkjiUosthm Shjaoao`kj Jksoljkd (Uosao`jks).
Skskd
;
Xjakji-ujakji
thrshnut
mhjyhnut`kj,
nkgwk
phjaoao`kj kakdkg uskgk skakr akj thrhjekjk ujtu` mhwufua`kj sukskjk nhdkfkr akj prlshs phmnhdkfkrkj kikr phshrtk aoao` shekrk k`tob mkmpu mhjihmnkji`kj
plthjso
aorojyk
ujtu`
mhmodo`o
`h`uktkj
sporotukd
`hkikmkkj, phjihjakdokj aoro, `hpronkaokj, `hehrakskj, k`gdk` mudok, shrtk `htrkmpodkj ykji aophrdu`kj aorojyk, mksykrk`kt, nkjisk akj jhikrk. ; Ukdkg sktu osu phjtoji akdkm aujok phjaoao`kj `otk, `gususjyk phjaoao`kj toji`kt akskr akj mhjhjikg kakdkg phrunkgkj `uro`udum. Mudko akro `uro`udum phjaoao`kj jksoljkd tkguj ;??1 mhjfkao `uro`udum >331 ykotu @uro`udum Nhrnksos @lmphthjso (@N@) akj `hmuaokj kak @uro`udum Qoji`kt Uktukj Shjaoao`kj (@QUS) skmpko ahjikj @uro`udum >3;5. Shrunkgkj thrshnut nhrsobkt mhjakskr nko` akro shio pkrkaoimk, sosthm, mkupuj kpdo`ksojyk ao dkpkjikj. Akdkm sosthm mkjkfhmhj ao phrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg, `uro`udum mhrupk`kj skdkg sktu keukj phjtoji akdkm `hnofk`kj phjikakkj ktku phjihmnkjikj `ldh`so, kikr `ldh`so ykji aokak`kj shsuko ahjikj tujtutkj `uro`udum. @uro`udum fuik mhrupk`kj ehrmojkj `hnutugkj soswk akj iuru akdkm mhjekpko tufukj akro phmnhdkfkrkj otu shjaoro. Uhakji`kj rhdhvkjso `ldh`so ahjikj `hnutugkj soswk akj iuru shnkiko kjiiltk promhr phrpustk`kkj skjikt mhmphjikrugo `ukdotks dkykjkj phrpustk`kkj.
;
Xjakji-ujakji ^hpundo` Ojaljhsok Jlmlr >3 Qkguj >335 thjtkji Uosthm Shjaoao`kj Jksoljkd . gttp6//`hmhjki.il.oa/bodh/al`umhj/XX>335.pab, gttp6//`hmhjki.il.oa/bodh/al`umhj/XX>335.pab, aok`shs aok`shs tkjiikd >8 Fkjukro >3;7
;
>
Shrpustk`kkj,
mhmpujyko
phrkj
phjtoji
akdkm
phdk`skjkkj
phmnhdkfkrkj. Shrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg toak` gkjyk shnkiko phjyhaok nkekkj soswkao `kdk shjiikji. Shrpustk`kkj mhjfkao sumnhr, kdkt, akj skrkjk ujtu` nhdkfkr. Shrpustk`kkj gkrus mhmodo`o rukji thrshjaoro akj sokp shtokp skkt ujtu` mhjujfkji akj thrdonkt akdkm phdk`skjkkj prlshs phmnhdkfkrkj, nko` ao akdkm fkm phdkfkrkj mkupuj ao dukr fkm phdkfkrkj. @krhjk otu, phjihdldkkj phrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg gkrus aodk`u`kj shekrk prlbhsoljkd. Shjihdldk gkrus shrous mhdk`skjk`kj `hioktkjjyk ahmo threkpkojyk `hmkfukj akj prlshs phmnhdkfkrkj ao sh`ldkg. Mk`k, toak` nosk aonkjtkg, phrdu kak pustk`kwkj ykji sokp mhjihdldk phrpustk`kkj shekrk prlbhsoljkd. > Aujok phrpustk`kkj thrus nhrgkakpkj ahjikj tujtutkj `ukdotks fksk dkykjkj ykji aonhro`kj. @ukdotks fksk shmk`oj nhr`hmnkji nhrskjaoji ahjikj o`dom phrskojikj akdkm rkji`k phmhjugkj tujtutkj `hnutugkj. Skak k`gorjyk phrpustk`kkj mhjfkao ojstotuso ykji gkrus shdkdu rhspljsob akj kakptob thrgkakp phrunkgkj akj `hmkfukj iujk mhjoji`kt`kj jodko tkwkr `ukdotks dkykjkj.5 Shjihdldkkj phrpustk`kkj akdkm rkji`k mhjoji`kt`kj dkykjkj `ukdotks phrpustk`kkj shrtk phmnkek phrdu ao`htkguo kpk skfk ykji mhjakskro phrpustk`kkj aoaoro`kj. Ldhg `krhjk otu phjudos k`kj mhjiurko`kj gkd-gkd ykji mhjfkao akskr-akskr mkjkfhmhj phrpustk`kkj ahjikj mhmnukt mk`kdkg ykji nhrfuaud —@ljshp Akskr Mkjkfkmhj Shrpustk`kkj”
N. ^umuskj Mkskdkg
;. Kpk ahbojoso mkjkfhmhj phrpustk`kkj< >. Kpk ahbojoso lrikjoskso phrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg< 5. Nkikomkjk stru`tur lrikjoskso phrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg< 1. Kpk skfk voso akj moso shrtk `hnofk`kj phrpustk`kkj<
E. Qufukj Shmnkgkskj
;. Xjtu` mhjihtkguo ahbojoso mkjkfhmhj phrpustk`kkj. >
Onrkgom Nkbkakd, Shjihdldkkj Nkbkakd, Shjihdldkkj Shrpustk`kkj Uh`ldkg, Uh`ldkg , (Fk`krtk 6 Numo K`skrk, ;??2), 1. Kros Jurlgmkj, —Shjihdldkkj Shrpustk`kkj Shriurukj Qojiio Nhrnksos K`rhaotkso, ” Donrkrok, >. Rld.1 (Ahshmnhr >3;9), 1>3-1>;
5
5
>. Xjtu` mhjihtkguo ahbojoso lrikjoskso phrpustk`kkj. 5. Xjtu` mhjihtkguo stru`ur lrikjososko phrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg. 1. Xjtu` mhjihtkguo voso akj moso shrtk `hnofk`kj phrpustk`kkj.
NKN OO SHMNKGKUKJ K. Ahbojoso @ljshp Akskr Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj
Skak gk`h`ktjyk mkjkfhmhj kakdkg suktu `hioktkj ujtu` mhjekpkt tufukj, mhdkduo `hrfk lrkji-lrkji dkoj. Uhekrk dhnog thrphrojeo akpkt aojyktk`kj, nkgwk mkjkfhmhj mhdoputo phrkjekjikj akj sobkt-sobkt uskgk `hdlmpl` akdkm rkji`k ujtu` mhjekpko tufukj, thtkpo ahjikj phjiiujkkj mlakd nhrupk, wk`tu, ukji, mkthrokd akj fuik gkmnktkj ykji aofumpko, shmojom muji`oj. Ahjikj `ktk dkoj `ljshp
akskr mkjkfhmhj kakdkg
phrhjekjkkj, phjilrikjosksokj, phdk`skjkkj akj phjihjakdokj suktu k`tovotks ykji nhrtufukj ujtu` mhjikdl`kso`kj sumnhr akyk shgojiik mhmpujyko jodko tkmnkg. Ao doji`ujikj sh`ldkg, moskdjyk `otk sk`so`kj nkgwk mkjkfhmhj dhnog mhmuskt`kj phrgktokj `hpkak upkyk phjiihrk`kj akj phmnhrakykkj sumnhr akyk mkjusok
(gumkj rhslurehs hmplwhroji kja
mltovktoji), shakji`kj kamojostrkso dhnog thrbl`us `hpkak phdk`skjkkj ksph`-ksph` sunstkjtob shphrto `uro`udum, phrdhji`kpkj, `hukjikj sh`ldkg, akj k`tovotks rutoj dkoj (Uhriolvkjjo, (Uhriolvkjjo, akdkm Nurgkjuaaoj, Nurgkjuaaoj, >33>).
Fkao,
mkjkfhmhj akpkt aokrto`kj shnkiko tojak`kj ujtu` mhjekpko tufukj mhdkduo uskgk-uskgk lrkji dkoj.1 Shrpustk`kkj nhrkskd akro `ktk donhr = = donro ykji krtojyk —pustk`k” ktku —`otkn”.8 Shrpustk`kkj ktku donrkry donrkry kakdkg rukjikj, nkiokj shnukg ihauji, ktkupuj ihauji otu shjaoro ykji aoiujk`kj ujtu` mhjyompkj nu`u akj thrnotkj dkojjyk ykji nokskjyk aosompkj mhjurut tktk susujkj thrthjtu ujtu` aoiujk`kj phmnkek nu`kj ujtu` aofukd. 2 Uhekrk ahbojotob, phjihrtokj phrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg kakdkg phrpustk`kkj ykji nhrkak pkak dhmnkik phjaoao`kj sh`ldkg, ykji mhrupk`kj nkiokj
1
O @htut Yoaoksk, —Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj Uh`ldkg,” Uh`ldkg ,” Furjkd Shrpustk`kkj Xjovhrsotks Jhihro Mkdkji, ; (Kprod >339), >. 8 Gkrtljl, Mkjkfhmhj Gkrtljl, Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj Uh`ldkg, (_liyk`krtk6Kr-^uzz Uh`ldkg, (_liyk`krtk6Kr-^uzz Mhaok, >3;2), >2 2 Uudostyl Nksu`o, Shjikjtkr Odmu Shrpustk`kkj, Shrpustk`kkj , (Fk`krtk6 Irkmhaok Sustk`k Xmum, ;??;), eht. ;, 5
1
8
ojthirkd akro sh`ldkg ykji nhrskji`utkj akj mhrupk`kj sumnhr nhdkfkr ujtu` mhjau`uji threkpkojyk tufukj phjaoao`kj sh`ldkg ykji nhrskji`utkj. 9 Akdkm phrpustk`kkj
`kotkjjyk sh`ldkg
ahjikj pkak
phrpustk`kkj
akskrjyk
kakdkg
sh`ldkg, prlshs
mkjkfhmhj
mhjilptomkd`kj
`ljtronuso mkjusok, mkthrokd, kjiikrkj ujtu` mhjekpko tufukj phrpustk`kkj. @krhjk phrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg shnkiko sun sosthm akro shnukg lrikjoskso, akdkm gkd ojo ykotu sh`ldkg, thjtujyk tufukj phrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg gkrus thrdhnog akgudu aoahbojoso`kj shekrk fhdks. Shjahbojosokj shekrk lphrksoljkd. akro mkjkfhmhj akpkt aodk`u`kj akdkm nhjtu` prlirkm ykji k`kj aodk`skjk`kj nhshrtk skskrkj ykji `lj`rht akj lphrksoljkd. Xjtu` mhjekpko tufukj ykji thdkg aothjtu`kj, mk`k `hioktkj mkjkfhmhj phrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg akpkt aodk`skjk`kj ktku aorhkdoskso`kj.7 Mhjurut
Nryslj Nryslj
mkjkfhmhj
phrpustk`kkj
mhrupk`kj
upkyk
phjekpkokj tufukj ahjikj mhmkjbkkt`kj sumnhr akyk mkjusok, ojblrmkso, sosthm akj sumnhr akjk ahjikj thtkp mhmphrgkto`kj bujiso mkjkfhmhj, phrkm akj `hkgdokj.? Akro phjihrtokj ojo, aoth`kj`kj nkgwk ujtu` mhjekpko tufukj, aophrdu`kj sumnhr akyk mkjusok akj sumnhr-sumnhr akyk jlj mkjusok ykji nhrupk sumnhr akjk, th`jo` ktku sosthm, boso`, phrdhji`kpkj, ojblrmkso, oah, ktku ikikskj th`jldlio. Hdhmhj-hdhmhj thrshnut ao`hdldk mhdkduo prlshs mkjkfhmhj ykji mhdoputo phrhjekjkkj, phjilrikjosksokj, `hphmompojkj akj phjihjakdokj ykji aogkrkp`kj mkmpu mhjigksod`kj prlau` nkrkji ktku fksk ykji ykji akpkt aomkjbkkt`kj ldhg phjiiujk. ;3 Shrpustk`kkj shnkiko dhmnkik phjaoao`kj akj dhmnkik ojblrmkso k`kj mhmodo`o `ojhrfk ykji nko` kpknodk aotujfkji ahjikj mkjkfhmhj ykji mhmkako.
9
Onoa., O @htut Yoaoksk, Yoaoksk , —Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj Uh`ldkg,” Uh`ldkg ,” Furjkd Shrpustk`kkj Xjovhrsotks Jhihro Mkdkji, ; (Kprod >339), >. ? Fl Nryslj, Hbbhetovh Nryslj, Hbbhetovh Donrkry kja Ojblrmktolj Ehjtrh Mkjkfhmhj, (Rhrmljt6 Ilwhr Sundosgoji Elmpkjy, ;??3), 1. ;3 Kjao Onrkgom, —@ljshp Akskr Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj Akdkm Mhwufua`kj Mutu Dkykjkj Sromk Ahjikj Uosthm Qhmu @hmnkdo Ojblrmkso Nhrnksos Aoiotkd,” Furjkd Aoiotkd,” Furjkd Odmu Shrpustk`kkj @gozkjkg Kd-Go`mkg”, Kd-Go`mkg ”, >, vld.> (>3;1). 7
2
N. Lrikjoskso Shrpustk`kkj Shrpustk`kkj ;. Shjihrtokj Lrikjoskso Shrpustk`kkj Shrpustk`kkj
Shjihrtokj lrikjoskso shekrk umum kakdkg phr`umpudkj akj mkjusok ykji thriknuji akdkm suktu wkakg ahjikj mk`sua ujtu` mhjekpko tufukj nhrskmk ykji thdkg aoikros`kj shnhdumjyk. Mhjurut Nhrjkra, lrikjoskso kakdkg sukt sosthm mhjihjko uskgk-uskgk `hrfkskmk ykji aodk`u`kj ldhg auk lrkji ktku dhnog. Fkmhs A. Mlljhy mhrumus`kj nkgwk lrikjoskso okdkg shtokp nhjtu` phrshro`ktkj mkjusok ujtu` mhjekpko suktu tufukj nhrskmk. Uljakji S. Uokiokj mhjiktk`kj, nkgwk lrikjoskso kakdkg shtokp nhjtu` phrsh`utukj kjtkrk auk lrkji ktku. dhnog ykji nh`hrfk skmk. ujtu` mhjekpko suktu tufukj. nhrskmk, akj thro`kt shekrk blrmkd akdkm suktu o`ktkj. gorkr`os akj shdkdu thrakpkt gunujikj kjtkrk shshlrkji ktku sh`hdlmpl` lrkji ykji aoshnut pompojkj akj shlrkji ktku sh`hdlmpl` lrkji ykji aoshnut nkwkgkj. Shjakpkt pkrk, kgdo thrshnut akpkt aosompud`kj nkgwk lrikjoskso aowufua`kj ldhg kakjyk sh`hdlmpl` lrkji ykji nhrshro`kt akj nh`hrfkskmk ujtu` mhjekpko suktu `hphjtojikj ykji thdkg aoshtufuo nhrskmk. Nutor-nutor phjtoji ykji akpkt aorumus`kj akro ahbojoso lrikjoskso kakdkg6 ;; ;. Kakjyk `hdlmpl` lrkji ykji nh`hrfk skmk. >. Kakjyk tufukj thrthjtu. ykji k`kj aoekpko. 5. Kakjyk ph`hrfkkj ykji k`kj ao`hrfk`kj. 1. Kakjyk phjhtkpkj akj. phjihdlmpl`kj. ph`hrfkkj 8. Kakjyk whwhjkji akj tkjiiuji fkwkn 2. Kakjyk phjahdhiksokj whwhjkji 9. Kakjyk gunujikj sktu. skmk dkoj 7. Kakjyk phjhmpktkj. lrkji ykji k`kj mhdk`u`kj ph`hrfkkj ?. Kakjyk tktk thrton ykji gkrus aotkkto ;> Uhtokp phrpustk`kkj, nko` `heod mkupuj nhskr, phrdu aoktur akj aotktk ahjikj nko`, shgojiik phdk`skjkkj `hioktkj `hrfkjyk akpkt nhrfkdkj ahjikj hbosohj akj hbh`tob. Shjihtkgukj thjtkji shdu`-nhdu`, phdk`skjkkj, akj th`jo` ;;
O @htut Yoaoksk, Yoaoksk , —Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj Uh`ldkg,” Uh`ldkg ,” Furjkd Shrpustk`kkj Xjovhrsotks Jhihro Mkdkji, ; (Kprod >339), >. ;> Onoa., 5.
9
`hpustk`kwkjkj aoshnut lrikjoskso akj. kamojostrkso phrpustk`kkj. Uhmuk `hpkdk phrpustk`kkj akj `hpkdk ujot `hrfk akdkm phrpustk`kkj phrdu mhmodo`o phjihtkgukjakj `hthrkmpodkj ao noakji lrikjoskso akj kamojostrkso phrpustk`kkj, shgojiik akpkt mhdk`skjk`kj tuiks pompojkj ahjikj nko`. Xjtu` akpkt mhmphrldhg gksod ykji nko`, aophrdu`kj `hmkukj akj `hmkmpukj thjkik ujtu` nh`hrfkskmk shgojiik akdkm suktu lrikjoskso phrpustk`kkj phrdu kak phmnkiokj tuiks ujtu` phdk`skjkkj ykji mhdoputo6 ;. Nhnkj `hrfk ykji gkrus aopo`ud >. Fhjos ph`hrfkkj ykji nerkikm 5. Mkekm sphsokdoskso `hnutugkj nhrnkiko Shmnkiokj tuiks, ghjak`jyk aodk`skjk`kj shsuko ahjikj `hmkmpukj, `hkgdokj, akj nk`kt lrkji-lrkji ykji thrshaok ao akdkm lrikjoskso. Mhs`opuj kak phmnkiokj tuiks, jkmuj `hshdurugkj nhnkj `hrfk gkrus aodk`skjk`kj shnkiko sktu `hsktukj ykji nudkt shgojiik phrdu kak phrtomnkjikj h`ljlmos ahjikj mhmphrgkto`kj mkskdkg-mkskdkg ao doji`ujikj phrpustk`kkj. shnkiko nhro`ut6 ;. Srlau`tovotks `hrfk >. Hbosohjso 5. Hbh`tovotks 1. Shjhik`kj aosopdoj `hrfk 8. @hikorkgkj `hrfk @hpkdk phrpustk`kkj gkrus mhjihtkguo `kpksotks, nk`kt akj pltejso nkwkgkjjyk kikr uskgk phjihmnkjikj mhjokao dhnog thrkrkg. Quiks thrphjtoji shlrkji pompojkj ao doji`ujikj phrpustk`kkj. kakdkg mhjikmnod `hputuskj6
pompojkj
thrtojiio
mhjikmnod
`hputuskj
ykji
nhrsobkt
mhjvhdurug, shakji pompojkjtoji`kt thrhjakg mhjikmnod `eputuskj ykji ompdo`ksmyk thrnktks pkak ujot lrikjoskso ykji aopompojjyk.
;5
;5
O @htut Yoaoksk, Yoaoksk , —Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj Uh`ldkg,” Uh`ldkg ,” Furjkd Shrpustk`kkj Xjovhrsotks Jhihro Mkdkji, ; (Kprod >339), 1.
7
Akdkm lrikjoskso phrpustk`kkj mk`k kikr lrikjoskso thrshnut akpkt nhrfkdkj ahjikj nko`, Sompojkj phrpustk`kkj phrdu mhmphrgkto`kj ksph`ksph` shnkiko nhro`ut6 ;. Shjhjtukj Qufukj Shrpustk`kkj Qufukj gkrus aorumus`kj shekrk fhdks akj dhji`kp, nko` mhjihjko noakji, rukji doji`uji skskrkj, `hkgdokj akj/ktku `hthrkmpodkj, shrtk phrkdktkj ykji aophrdu`kj. Akro tufukj ykji thdkg aorumus`kj akpkt aophr`ork`kj nhjtu`, susujkj, elrk`, akj u`urkj nhskr `heodjyk lrikjoskso ykji gkrus aosusuj. >. Shrumuskj Quiks Sl`l` Shrpustk`kkj Quiks pl`l` kakdkg skskrkj ykji aonhnkj`kj `hpkak lrikjoskso ujtu` aoekpko. Lrikjoskso nhskr mk`k tuiks pl`l`jyk duks, shakji`kj lrikjoskso `heod tuiks pl`l`jyk thrnktks. Shrumus tuiks pl`l` phrdu mhmphrgkto`kj gkd-gkd nhro`ut ao nkwkg ojo. k.
Quiks pl`l` gkrus mhrupk`kj nkiokj akro tufukj ykji gkrus aoekpko akdkm fkji`k wk`tu thrthjtu.
n.
Quiks pl`l` gkrus mhmphrgotuji`kj nktks `hmkmpukj ykji kak ujtu` mhjekpko tufukj akdkm fkji`k wk`tu thrthjtu.
e.
^ojeokj @hioktkj. Uhmuk `hioktkj `hrfk ykji gkrus aodk`u`kj ujtu` mhdk`skjk`kj tuiks pl`l` gkrus aosusuj shekrk dhji`kp akj throjeo. Uhdkoj otu, gkrus, aonhak`kj kjtkrk `hioktkj `hrfk ykji phjtoji akj `urkji phjtoji, `hioktkj `hrfk utkmk akj phjujfkji.
a.
Shjihdlmpl`kj @hioktkj @hrfk . @hioktkj `hrfk ykji hrkt gunujikjjyk gunujikjjyk sktu skmk dkoj ao`hdlmpl``kj, akj phjihdlmpl`kj ojo aoshnut bujisoljkdoskso. Uhthdkg thrsusuj, aodk`u`kj6 ;) Shjikakkj phrsljhd.phjyhaokkj kjiikrkj. >) Shjyhaokkj phrkdktkj. 5) Shjyusujkj sosthm gunujikj `hrfk. 1) Shjyusujkj prlshaur akj tktk `hrfk. ;1
;1
O @htut Yoaoksk, Yoaoksk , —Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj Uh`ldkg,” Uh`ldkg ,” Furjkd Shrpustk`kkj Xjovhrsotks Jhihro Mkdkji, ; (Kprod >339), 8.
?
>. Shjyusujkj Utru`tur Lrikjoskso
Shrpustk`kkj kakdkg lrikjoskso, nhrupk dhmnkik, ktku ujot `hrok ykji nhrtuiks mhjigompuj `ldh`so pustk`k akj mhjyhaok`kjjyk nkio mksykrk`kt ujtu` aorjkjbkkt`kj. Dhmnkik mhrupk`kj lrikjoskso ykji ltljlm, shakji ujot `hrfk mhrupk`kj lrikjoskso ao akdkm lqikjoskso, shgojiik mhmodo`o dhmnkik ojau`.
Qufukj phrpustk`kkj shnkiko
lrikjoskso ltljlm kik` nhrnhak ahjikj tufukj phrpustk`kkj shnkiko kjk` suktu lrikjoskso ykji thdkg mhmpujyko tufukj thrthjtu. Qufukj phrpustk`kkj ykji thrk`gor ojo mhjau`uji tufukj dhmnkik ojau`jyk.;8 Srlshs phjyusujkj lrikjoskso phrpustk`kkj aofknkr`kj. mhjurut urutkj shnkiko nhro`ut 6 ;. Qufukj Shrpustk`kkj. Shrpustk`kkj shekrk umum nhrtufukj ujtu` mhtk`u`kj
dkykjkj ojblrmkso dothrhr `hpkak, mksykrk`kt. Qufukj
`gusus aonhak`kj ldhg fhjos phrpustk`kkjjyk `krhjk shtokp fhjos phrpustk`kkj mhdkykjo `hdlrjpl` mksykrk`kt ykji nhrnhak sktu skmk dkoj. Qufukj thrshnut kakdkg shnkiko nhro`ut6 k. Shrpustk`kkj Jksoljkd ao skmpoji mhdkykjo mksykrk`kt, fuik mhmpujyko bomiso dkoj, ykotu shnkiko phrpustk`kkj ahplsot n. Shrpustk`kkj Shriurukj Qojiio mhdkykjo mksykrk`kt `gusus suktu phriujokj tojiio e. Shrpustk`kkj @gusus mhdkykjo suktu `hdlmpl` mksykrk`kt glmlihj ykji mhmpujyko mojkt akj `hnutugkj k`kj ojbnrmkso `gusus. a. Shrpustk`kkj Xmum. Mhdkykjo shdurug dkposkj mksykrk`kt h. Shrpustk`kkj Uh`ldkg mhdkykm mksykrk`kt `gusus suktu sh`ldkg. >. Quiks Sl`l` Shrpustk`kkj. @krhjk tufukjjyk mhmnhro dkykjkj ojbljjkso dhthrhr `hpkak mksykrk`kt, mk`k tuiks tu iks pl`l` kakdkg6
;8
O @htut Yoaoksk, Yoaoksk , —Mkjkfhmhj —Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj Uh`ldkg,” Uh`ldkg ,” Furjkd Shrpustk`kkj Xjovhrsotks Jhihro Mkdkji, ; (Kprod >339), >.
;3
k. Mhjigompuj nkgkj pustk`k ykji mhdoputo nu`u. akj jljnu`u shnkiko sumnhr ojblrmkso, akpkt aodk`u`kj ahjikj ekrk mhmnhg, mhmojtk/mhjhromk shnkiko gkaokg, tu`kr-mhju`kr, ktku. totopkj. n. Mhjildkg akj mhrkwkt pustk`k ykji mhdoputo tuiks-tduiks6 mhjektkt pustk`k akdkm nu`u ojau`, mhji`dksobo`kso pustk`k, mhmnukt`kj `ktkdli ujtu` kdkt thdusur, mhmnhro dknhd nu`u. shnkiko skjao thmpkt
mhjyompkjjyk, mejiktur nu`u ao
rk`/kdmkro, mhjyusuj `krtu-`krtu `ktkdli, mhrkwkt pustk`k supkyk toak` muakg rusk` ktku. godkji. e. Mhmnhro`kj dkykjkj nkgkj. pustk`k, `ldh`so ykji suakg shdhsko aoldkg
aoskfo`kj
`hpkak
phjiiujk
phrpustk`kkj
ujtu`
aomkjbkkt`kj. 5. ^ojeokj @hioktkj @hrfk Shrpustk`kkj @hioktkj-`hioktkj `hrok ykji gkrus aodk`u`kj ldhg phrpustk`kkj skjikt nhrvkrokso, jkmuj jkmuj ahmo`okj pkak akskrjyk rojeokj `hrfk thrshnutkakdkg skmk. Shrnhakkj rojeokj `hrfk
aoshnkn`kj
fhjos
phrpustk`kkj
ykji
nhrnhak
shgojiikmhjik`onkt`kj. ek`upkj tuiksjyk thjtujvk fuik kik` nhrnhak.;2 1. Shjihdlmpl`kj
@hioktkj
@hrfk.
@hioktkj
`hrfk
gunujikjjyk gunujikjjyk sktu. skmk dkoj ao`umpud`kj akdkm sktu
ykji
hrkt
`hdlmpl`,
mk`k thrakpkt toik `hdlmpl` `hioktkj, ykotu6 k. @hdlmpl` Shmnojkkj @ldh`so, kakdkg shmuk `hioktkj `h6ik vkji nhrgunujikj
ahjikj
nkgkj
pustk`k,
mhdoputo
phjikakkj,
phjildkgkj, akj phrkwktkj. n. @hdlmpl` Shdkykjkj, kakdkg shmuk `hioktkj `hOfk ykji nhrgunujikj ahjikj fksk dkykjkj, mhdoputo dkykjkj phmojfkmkj pustk`k, dkykjkj rhbhrhjso, dkykjkj ojblrmkso/phjhdusurkj.
;2
O @htut Yoaoksk, Yoaoksk , —Mkjkfhmhj —Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj Uh`ldkg,” Uh`ldkg ,” Furjkd Shrpustk`kkj Xjovhrsotks Jhihro Mkdkji, ; (Kprod >339), 2.
;;
e. @hdlmpl` Kamojostrkso kakdkg shmuk `hioktkj `hrfk ykji nhrgunujikj ahjikj kamojostrkso `kjtlr aodukr `hioktkj noakji `hpustk`kwkjkj.;9 E. Uru`tur Lrikjoskso Shrpustk`kkj Shrpustk`kkj
Uhthdkg prlshs phjyusujkj lrikjoskso phrpustk`kkj shdhsko skmpko aothjtu`kjjyk `hdlmpl` `hioktkj `hrfk, mk`k stru`tur lrikjoskso akpkt aoikmnkr`kj akdkm shnukg nkikj. Uhnko`jyk akdkm shnukg stru`tur lrikjoskso fuik phrdu aophrtomnkji`kj mksu`jyk ujot ktku `lmoso shnkiko dhmnkik phrtomnkjikj ykji shekrk th`jos toak` o`ut ekmpur akdkm uruskj lphrksoljkd phrpustk`kkj, k`kj thtkpo aomojtk nosk mhmnhro`kj mksu`kj oah mkupuj phmo`orkj phmo`orkj thjtkji `hmkfukj phrpustk`kkj. Ao Ao doji`ujikj sh`ldkg, `lmoso ojo kakdkg ahwkj iuru. Qoak` shrjuk iuru ykji auau` akdkm ahwkj iuru akpkt mhdk`u`kj phrtomnkjikj `hpkak phrpustk`kkj, k`kj thtkpo eu`upnhnhrkpk iuru ykji aopkjakji mhmodo`o `hmkukj akj `hmkmpukj akdkm noakji otu. ;7 Utru`tur Lrikjoskso Shrpustk`kkj Uh`ldkg
@HSKDK UH@LDKG
AHYKJ IX^X
NKIOKJ SHDK_KJKJ QH@JOU
@HSKDK SH^SXUQK@KKJ
QKQK XUKGK SH^SXU
NKIOKJ SHDK_KJKJ SHMNKEK
Ikros @llraojks Ikros @lmkjal ;9
O @htut Yoaoksk, Yoaoksk , —Mkjkfhmhj —Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj Uh`ldkg,” Uh`ldkg ,” Furjkd Shrpustk`kkj Xjovhrsotks Jhihro Mkdkji, ; (Kprod >339), 2-9. ;7 O @htut Yoaoksk, Yoaoksk , —Mkjkfhmhj —Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj Uh`ldkg,” Uh`ldkg ,” Furjkd Shrpustk`kkj Xjovhrsotks Jhihro Mkdkji, ; (Kprod >339), 9.
;>
Ektktkj6 ;. Nodk phrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg toak` kak `hpkdk phrpustk`kkj `krhjk `ljaoso sh`ldkg ykji toak` mhmuji`oj`kj mk`k akpkt aokji`kt iuru
pustk`kwkj
ykji
k`kj
nhrtkjiiujifkwkn
thrgkakp
phdk`skjkkj lphrksoljkd phrpustk`kkj >. Kjtkrk nkiokj dkykjkj th`rtos akj dkykjkj phmnkek aoposkg`kj ujtu`jmhjujfu``kj nkgwk `hauk nkiokj thrshnut mhmkji shekrk sunstkjso `hioktkj skjikt nhrnhak. 5. Shmoskgkj thrshnut nu`kj nhrkrto gkrus kak auk thjkik. Fo`k, aopkjakji eu`up gkjyk sktu thjkik, nosk skfk aodk`skjk`kj. ;? Nkiokj dkykjkj th`jos nhrtkjiiujifkwkn mudkt akj phjikakkj nkgkj pustk`k skmpko prlshs phmnuktkj `ktkdli akj phjyusujkj `krtu `ktkdli. Nkiokj dkykjkj phmnkek nhrtkjiiuji fkwkn pkak pkak `hioktkj dkykjkj ao shmuk dojo dkykjkj mudko akro phmojfkmkj nu`u, dkykjkj rhbhrhjso akj dkykjkj phjhdusurkj ojblrmkso. A. Roso Akj Moso Uhrtk @hnofk`kj Shrpustk`kkj Shrpustk`kkj
Shrpustk`kkj shnkiko shnukg ujot `hrfk, nko` ykji nhraoro shjaoro mkupuj ykji thriknuji `hpkak ujot lrikjoskso ykji mhmnkwkgojyk, shnko`jyk phrdu mhjhtkp`kj voso, moso, tuiks, akj bujisojyk ykji aoshsuko`kj ahjikj `hnofk`kj akj `hojiojkj dhmnkik ojau`jyk. >3 Uhsuko ahjikj jkmkjyk, phrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg thjtu nhrkak ao sh`ldkg, ao`hdldk ldhg sh`ldkg, akj nhrbujiso ujtu` `hioktkj nhdkfkr mhjikfkr, phjhdotokj ykji shahrgkjk, mhjyhaok`kj nkgkj nkekkj iujk mhjkmnkg odmu phjihtkgukj, sh`kdoius thmpkt rh`rhkso ykji shgkt sh gkt ao shdk-shdk `hioktkj rutoj akdkm nhdkfkr.>;
;?
O @htut Yoaoksk, Yoaoksk , —Mkjkfhmhj —Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj Uh`ldkg,” Uh`ldkg ,” Furjkd Shrpustk`kkj Xjovhrsotks Jhihro Mkdkji, ; (Kprod >339), 9. >3 Uutkrjl JU, Mkjkfhmhj JU, Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj6 Uuktu Shjah`ktkj Srk`to` , (Fk`krtk 6 Ukmotrk Mhaok Xtkmk, >331), 52. >; Uutkrjl JU , Shrpustk`kkj akj Mksykrk`kt , (Fk`krtk 6 ER Ukiuji Uhtl, >332), 19.
;5
;. Roso Uhsuko phjfhdkskj akdkm Xjakji Xjakji Jl. >3 Qkguj >335 thjtkji
Uosthm
Shjaoao`kj
Jksoljkd
(Uosao`jks),
phrpustk`kkj
mhrupk`kj skrkjk phjujfkji prlshs nhdkfkr mhjikfkr akdkm sh`ldkg. Ldhg `krjkjyk, phrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg mhmodo`o voso mhjeoptk`kj duduskj ykji nhromkj akj nhrtkqwk `hpkak Qugkj _kji Mkgk Hsk, nhrnuao dugur, nhrk`gdk` mudok, ehraks, mhjiuksko odmu phjihtkgukj akj th`jldlio, shnkiko ksht nkjisk akj Jhikrk. >> >. Moso Moso mhrupk`kj phjfknkrkj dhnog dkjfut akro voso. Fo`k voso nhrsobkt bodlslbos akj oahkdos, mk`k moso dhnog ehjahruji prk`tos akj rhkdostos. Shrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg mhjyhaok`kj ojblrmkso akj oah ykji mhrupk`kj bljakso kikr nhrbujiso shekrk nko` ao akdkm mksykrk`kt mksk `ojo ykji nhrnksos ojblrmkso akj phjihtkgukj. Shrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg mhrupk`kj skrkjk nkio pkrk muroa kikr thrkmpod nhdkfkr shpkjfkji gkykt akj mkmpu mhjihmnkji`kj akyk po`or kikr mhrh`k akpkt goaup shnkiko wkrik jhikrk ykji nhrtkjiiuji fkwkn. Ldhg `krjkjyk, phrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg gkrusdkg mhmodo`o moso shnkiko nhro`ut 6 k. Mhjeoptk`kj akj mhmkjtkp`kj `hnokskkj mhmnkek mksykrk`kt shsuko ahjikj fhjos phrpustk`kkj akj phmk`kojyk. n. Mhjau`uji
phjaoao`kj
phrlrkjikj
shekrk
mkjaoro
mkupuj
phjaoao`kj blrmkd pkak shmuk fhjfkji. e. Mhmnhro`kj `hshmpktkj ktku mhjstomudkso nkio phjihmnkjikj `rhktobotks akj omkfojkso pronkao mkupuj mksykrk`kt. a. Mhjoji`kt`kj `hskakrkj thrgkakp wkroskj nuakyk, kprhsokso shjo, akj gksod thmukj odmokg. h. Mhjyhaok`kj
k`shs
pkak
h`sprlso-h`sprhso
`hnuakykkj
akj
phrunkgkj. b. Mhjalrlji
aokdli
kjtkr
umkt
nhrkikmk
`hkjh`krkikmkj nuakyk. >>
Yofo Uuwkrjl, Sso`ldlio Uuwkrjl, Sso`ldlio Shrpustk`kkj, Shrpustk`kkj , (Fk`krtk 6 ER. Ukiuji Uhtl, >33?), 57.
ldhg
`krhjk
;1
i. Mhjyhaok`kj
dkykjkj
ojblrmkso
shsuko
ahjikj
`hnutugkj
phjihmnkjikj
ojblrmkso
phmk`kojyk. g. Mhmnhro`kj
`hmuakgkj
`hpkak
phjoji`ktkj odmu phjihtkgukj akj `htrkmpodkj o.
Mhjau`uji akj nhrpkrtosopkso akdkm prlirkm-prlirkm phrpustk`kkj nkio mksykrk`kt phmk`kojyk.
f.
O`ut shrtk akdkm upkyk mhjehraks`kj `hgoaupkj nkjisk akdkm krto duks.>5
5. @hnofk`kj Shrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg ghjak`jyk ao`hdldk akdkm `hrkji`k `hrfk `hnofk`kj ykji thrsusuj shekrk fhdks. @hnofk`kj phrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg aosusuj ahjikj mhmphrtomnkji`kj nhrnkiko `hnofk`kj akj `hnutugkj sh`ldkg ykji mhjyhdurug, shrtk mhjehrmoj`kj htls, tufukj akj skskrkj mkupuj `hjyktkkj sh`ldkg.
>1
@hnofk`kj thrshnut mhjhjtu`kj `kpkj, ao mkjk, ujtu` sokpk akj ldhg sokpk plthjso mk`somkd k`kj aodk`skjk`kj. @hnofk`kj phrpustk`kkj k`kj akpkt aodk`skjk`kj nodk `lmujotks sh`ldkg mhjau`uji akj mhmnhro`kj sumnkjikj pkak mk`sua akj tufukj ykji aothtkp`kj ao akdkm `hnofk`kj. @krhjk otu, `hnofk`kj thrshnut gkrus thrtudos ahjikj shnkjyk` muji`oj `hthrdonktkj ykji nhrfkdkj shekrk aojkmos, mhdkduo nkjyk` `ljsudtkso ykji akpkt aothrkji`kj, shrtk ghjak`jyk aoshnkr`kj shduks muji`oj mhdkduo mhaok ehtk`.
>8
Ahjikj ahmo`okj, bodlslbo, oah, `ljshp akj mk`sua ujtu` phdk`skjkkj akj phjihmnkjikjjyk k`kj mk`oj fhdks shrtk aomhjihrto akj aothromk, shgojiik gkd otu akpkt shihrk ao`hrfk`kj shekrk hbh`tob akj phjug shmkjikt. @hnofk`kj thrshnut gkrus `lmprhghjsob shrtk akpkt aodk`skjk`kj. @hnofk`kj phrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg toak` nldhg aotudos ldhg pustk`kwkj sh`ldkg shjaorokj, thtkpo gkrus mhdonkt`kj pkrk iuru akj mkjkfhmhj shjolr. @ljshp `hnofk`kj gkrus ao`ljsudtkso`kj shekrk duks >5
Yofo Uuwkrjl, Sso`ldlio Uuwkrjl, Sso`ldlio Shrpustk`kkj, Shrpustk`kkj , 5?. GM. Mkjsyur,” Mkjsyur,”Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj Uh`ldkg, ” Sustk`kdl`k, ;. Rld. 9 (>3;8), (>3;8), 1?. >8 GM. Mkjsyur,” Mkjsyur,”Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj Uh`ldkg, ” Sustk`kdl`k, ;. Rld. 9 (>3;8), (>3;8), 1?-83. >1
;8
ao sh`ldkg akj mhjakpkt au`ujikj mhdkduo aos`uso thrnu`k ykji mhjakdkm. Uhgojiik aophrdu`kj `hrfkskmk ykji shjhrios kjtkrk iuru, lrkji
tuk,
pustk`kwkj
akj
shdurug
hdhmhj
ykji
kak
akdkm
phjihmnkjikj phrpstk`kkj sh`ldkg.>2 @hnofk`kj akj ^hjekjk `hrfk phrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg gkrusdkg akpkt`kj mhjfhdks`kj phrkjkj phrpustk`kkj akdkm gunujikjjyk ahjikj nhrnkiko ksph` nhro`ut6 k. @uro`udum sh`ldkg n. Mhtlah phmnhdkfkrkj ao sh`ldkg e. Mhmhjugo stkjakr akj `rothrok jksoljkd akj dl`kd a. @hnutugkj phjihmnkjikj pronkao akj phmnhdkfkrkj muroa akj h. @hnutugkj thjkik phjaoao`kj nkio stkb b. Mhjoji`kt`kj krkg `hnhrgksodkj. @lmpljhj ykji mhmnhro`kjsumnkjikj o`ut kmnod nkiokj akdkm phjihmnkjikj phrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg akj gkrus ao`hdldk shekrk mk`somkd kakdkg shnkiko nhro`ut6 k. Kjiikrkj akj phjakjkkj n. Qhmpkt/dl`kso e. Uumnhrakyk a. Lrikjoskso h. @hthjkikkj b.
Shjiiujkkj phrpustk`kkj
i. Srlmlso. Uhmuk `lmpljhj thrshnut ao ktks kakdkg phjtoji ao akdkm `hrkji`k `hrfk `hnofk`kj akj rhjekjk `hioktkj ykji rhkdostos. ^hjekjk `hioktkj gkrus mhjek`up strkthio, tuiks, skskrkj, phmkjtkukj akj hvkdukso shekrk rutoj. @hnofk`kj akj rhjekjk mhrupk`kj al`umhj k`tob ykji
>2
gkrus
aotojfku
udkji
shekrk
phrolao`. >9
GM. Mkjsyur,” Mkjsyur,”Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj Uh`ldkg, ” Sustk`kdl`k, ;. Rld. 9 (>3;8), (>3;8), 83. GM. Mkjsyur,” Mkjsyur,”Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj Uh`ldkg, ” Sustk`kdl`k, ;. Rld. 9 (>3;8), (>3;8), 83.
>9
NKN OOO SHJXQXS @hsompudkj k. Mkjkfhmhj
phrpustk`kkj
sh`ldkg
pkak
akskrjyk
kakdkg
prlshs
mhjilptomkd`kj `ljtronuso mkjusok, mkthrokd, kjiikrkj ujtu` mhjekpko tufukj phrpustk`kkj. @krhjk phrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg shnkiko sun sosthm akro shnukg lrikjoskso, akdkm gkd ojo ykotu sh`ldkg, thjtujyk tufukj phrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg gkrus thrdhnog akgudu aoahbojoso`kj shekrk fhdks. n. Lrikjoskso phrpustk`kkj kakdkg phr`umpudkj akj mkjusok ykji thriknuji akdkm suktu wkakg akdkm rkji`k mhjekpko suktu tufukj phrpustk`kkj otu aoaoro`kj. e. Utru`tur lrikjoskso sh`ldkg shnhjkrjyk kak nhnhrkpk mlahd, skdkg sktujyk kakdkg shphrto nkikj ao nkwkg ojo 6 @HSKDK UH@LDKG
AHYKJ IX^X
@HSKDK SH^SXUQK@KKJ
QKQK XUKGK SH^SXU
NKIOKJ SHDK_KJKJ SHMNKEK
NKIOKJ SHDK_KJKJ QH@JOU
1. Roso 6 mhjeoptk`kj duduskj ykji nhromkj akj nhrtkqwk `hpkak Qugkj _kji Mkgk Hsk, nhrnuao dugur, nhrk`gdk` mudok, ehraks, mhjiuksko odmu phjihtkgukj akj th`jldlio, th`jldlio, shnkiko ksht nkjisk akj Jhikrk. Moso 6 k. Mhjeoptk`kj akj mhmkjtkp`kj `hnokskkj mhmnkek mksykrk`kt shsuko ahjikj fhjos phrpustk`kkj akj phmk`kojyk.
;2
;9
n. Mhjau`uji phjaoao`kj phrlrkjikj shekrk mkjaoro mkupuj phjaoao`kj blrmkd pkak shmuk fhjfkji. n. Mhmnhro`kj `hshmpktkj ktku mhjstomudkso nkio phjihmnkjikj `rhktobotks akj omkfojkso pronkao mkupuj mksykrk`kt. e. Mhjoji`kt`kj `hskakrkj thrgkakp wkroskj nuakyk, kprhsokso shjo, akj gksod thmukj odmokg. a. Mhjyhaok`kj k`shs pkak h`sprlso-h`sprhso `hnuakykkj akj phrunkgkj. h. Mhjalrlji
aokdli
kjtkr
umkt
nhrkikmk
ldhg
`krhjk
`hkjh`krkikmkj nuakyk. b. Mhjyhaok`kj
dkykjkj
ojblrmkso
shsuko
ahjikj
`hnutugkj
phjihmnkjikj
ojblrmkso
phmk`kojyk. i. Mhmnhro`kj
`hmuakgkj
`hpkak
phjoji`ktkj odmu phjihtkgukj akj akj `htrkmpodkj g. Mhjau`uji
akj
nhrpkrtosopkso
akdkm
prlirkm-prlirkm
phrpustk`kkj nkio mksykrk`kt phmk`kojyk. o.
O`ut shrtk akdkm upkyk mhjehraks`kj `hgoaupkj nkjisk akdkm krto duks
@hnofk`kj 6 Shrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg ghjak`jyk ao`hdldk akdkm `hrkji`k `hrfk `hnofk`kj ykji thrsusuj shekrk fhdks. @hnofk`kj phrpustk`kkj sh`ldkg aosus uj ahjikj mhmphrtomnkji`kj nhrnkiko `hnofk`kj akj `hnutugkj sh`ldkg ykji mhjyhdurug, shrtk mhjehrmoj`kj htls, tufukj akj skskrkj mkupuj `hjyktkkj sh`ldkg.
AKBQK^ SXUQK@K
Kjao Onrkgom, —@ljshp Akskr Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj Akdkm Mhwufua`kj Mutu Dkykjkj Sromk Ahjikj Uosthm Qhmu @hmnkdo Ojblrmkso Nhrnksos Aoiotkd,” Furjkd Odmu Shrpustk`kkj @gozkjkg Kd-Go`mkg”, Kd-Go`mkg ”, (ljdojh), vld.>, Jl.
>,
>3;1,
(gttp6//mlrkrhb.`hmhjki.il.oa/aleumhjts/krtoedh/?91321;3238787?;>, aok`shs >8 Fkjukro >3;7).
Kros
Jurlgmkj, K`rhaotkso,” K`rhaotkso,”
—Shjihdldkkj Donrkrok
Shrpustk`kkj ,(ljdojh),
Shriurukj Rld.1,
Qojiio
Jl.
>,
Nhrnksos >3;9,
(gttp6//mlrkrhb.`hmhjki.il.oa/aleumhjts/krtoedh/?91321;32387?99>?, (gttp6//mlrkrhb.`hmhjki.il.oa/aleumhjts/krtoedh/ ?91321;32387?99>?, aok`shs >8 Fkjukro >3;7).
Nkbkakd, Onrkgom. Shjihdldkkj Shrpustk`kkj Uh`ldkg. Fk`krtk 6 Numo K`skrk, ;??2.
Nksu`o, Uudostyl. Shjikjtkr Odmu Shrpustk`kkj. Shrpustk`kkj . Fk`krtk6 Irkmhaok Sustk`k Xmum. eht. O, ;??;.
Nryslj, Fl. Hbbhetovh Donrkry kja Ojblrmktolj Ehjtrh Mkjkfhmhj.Rhrmljt6 Mkjkfhmhj.Rhrmljt6 Ilwhr Sundosgoji Elmpkjy, ;??3.
Gkrtljl. Mkjkfhmhj Gkrtljl. Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj Uh`ldkg. Uh`ldkg. _liyk`krtk6Kr-^uzz Mhaok, >3;2.
GM. Mkjsyur,” Mkjsyur,”Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj Uh`ldkg,” Uh`ldkg,” Sustk`kdl`k, (ljdojh), Rld. 9, Jl.
;,
>3;8,
(gttp6//alwjdlka.plrtkdikruak.lri/krtoedh.pgp88& totdh=Mkjkfhmhj%>3Shrpustk`kkj%>3Uh`ldkg, aok`shs >8 Fkjukro >3;7)
;7
;?
O @htut Yoaoksk, —Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj Uh`ldkg,” Uh`ldkg,” Furjkd Shrpustk`kkj Xjovhrsotks
Jhihro
Mkdkji,
(ljdojh),Jl.;,>339,
(gttps6//segldkr.illidh.el.oa/, aok`shs (gttps6//segldkr.illidh.el.oa/, aok`shs >8 Fkjukro >3;7). Jksoljkd. gttp6//`hmhjki.il.oa/bodh/al`umhj/XX>335.pab, Jksoljkd. gttp6//`hmhjki.il.oa/bodh/al`umhj/XX>335.pab, aok`shs tkjiikd >8 Fkjukro >3;7
JU, Uutkrjl. Mkjkfhmhj Shrpustk`kkj6 Uuktu Shjah`ktkj Srk`tos. Fk`krtk 6 Ukmotrk Mhaok
JU , Uutkrjl. Shrpustk`kkj Uutkrjl. Shrpustk`kkj akj Mksykrk`kt. Mksykrk`kt. Fk`krtk 6 ER Ukiuji Uhtl, >332.
Uuwkrjl, Yofo. Sso`ldlio Yofo. Sso`ldlio Shrpustk`kkj. Shrpustk`kkj. Fk`krtk 6 ER. Ukiuji Uhtl, >33?.
Xjakji-ujakji ^hpundo` Ojaljhsok Jlmlr >3 Qkguj >335 thjtkji Uosthm Shjaoao`kj Xtkmk, >331.
