CICLO:
ASIGNATURA:
REPORTE TEMÁTICO: INFORME DE PRÁCTCA: HIDROLISIS ENZIMATICA “
ESTUDIANTES:
DOCENTE: ng
Cutervo – Cajamarca Cajamarca 21 de Diciembre del 2013
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I. NTRODUCCIÓN La producción de jarabes glucosados y/o fructosados se basa en la degradación del almidón, y ha sido empleada industrialmente desde la década del 70. Desde entonces, se han venido desarrollando procesos enzimáticos que permiten transformar el almidón en los llamados jarabes con alto contenido de glucosa y/o fructosa, dando origen a nuevos productos con mayor poder edulcorante y menor costo en relación con el azúcar de caña. Quintero, R., (1998). Los
jarabes
glucosados
son
soluciones
de
glucosa
en
alta
concentración que se utilizan en diversas aplicaciones de la industria alimenticia y biotecnológica. Los jarabes de glucosa se obtienen por hidrólisis enzimática del almidón Agudelo, B., Sánchez, C y Figueroa, C. (2004). Este proceso requiere dos etapas, la primera etapa, denominada de licuefacción, que consiste en una hidrólisis de las largas cadenas de almidón para obtener maltodextrinas (cadenas más cortas de almidón), esta es llevada a cabo por la enzima a-amilasa que corta los enlaces glicosídicos a-1,4 internos en forma aleatoria del almidón. En la segunda etapa, denominada sacarificación se hidrolizan los enlaces a-1,4 y/o a-1-6 del terminal no reductor de la cadena de dextrina, por la enzima amiloglucosidasa, liberando glucosa. Quintero, R., (1998). En las industrias de alimentos y bebidas, las enzimas han sido aplicadas satisfactoriamente desde hace muchos años y la necesidad de controlar los costos es dominante. Como materias primas se utilizan diversas fuentes de almidón como tubérculos, cereales, oleaginosas, etc. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo la producción y evaluación dextrinas a nivel de laboratorio, a partir de un cereal bastante conocido como el arroz.
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II. OBJETIVOS
Conocer el proceso de hidrolisis enzimática.
determinar el porcentaje de azucares reductores por el método de fehling.
III.FUNDAMENTO III.FUNDAMENTO TEÓRICO 1. EL ARROZ El arroz es una gramínea la cual constituye un alimento básico para casi la mitad de población del mundo, y en su composición química se muestra en el siguiente cuadro. Proteínas (* FCN)= FCN)= 5.95
10.1
Grasas
2.1
Hidratos de carbono Cenizas
Fibra Totales
1.0 86.4 1.4
Dentro de los carbohidratos gran parte es el almidón consiste predominantemente de a-D- glucano (99% de la materia seca) en la forma de amilosa y amilopectina. La amilosa es una molécula esencialmente lineal que contiene ˜99% enlaces a, 1,4 y ˜ 1 % a-1-6.
La
amilopectina
es
más
pesada
que
la
amilosa
y
esta
abundantemente ramificada con un ˜95 % a 1-4 y ˜ 5% de a, 1 -6.
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2. HIDRÓLISIS DEL ALMIDÓN Entre las hidrolisis del almidón, la modificación enzimática son las más valiosas, no en tanto, es posible obtener algunos tipos de almidón por hidrolisis acida.
a) HIDROLISIS ÁCIDA El almidón puede ser hidrolizado por ácidos como ácido clorhídrico, llegando a una hidrólisis parcial del almidón a DGlucosa. Este método es utilizado para preparar jarabes de glucosa a partir de suspensiones que contienen 20% (p/p) de almidón a pH 2 y a una temperatura de 140 °C. Tras el tratamiento, se neutraliza y se recupera el almidón no hidrolizado por filtración GLAZER Y
NAKAIDO (1998). b) HIDROLISIS ENZIMÁTICA La hidrólisis enzimática del almidón nativo puede ser considerada como una de las técnicas para modificar el almidón nativo por reducción de su peso molecular promedio. Los productos de la conversión enzimática de almidón van desde glucosa hasta dextrinas de alto peso molecular. En adición a la disminución del tamaño de la molécula y de la dispersión de almidon, el proceso de hidrolisis puede modificar también otras características de las dispersiones de almidon. Las Alfa – amilasas amilasas son ampliamente usadas para la despolimerización de
almidones
en
la
preparación
de
maltodextrinas.
La
susceptibilidad de los gránulos de almidón a la Alfa – amilosis depende de su origen botánico, de la fuente de Alfa – amilasa amilasa y si el almidón está realmente disperso, en parte gelatinizado o suspendido como gránulos intactos.
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papa, lo cual es ampliamente atribuido a su alta estructura cristalina. GALLAN et al. (1992). La gelatinización es uno de los procedimientos para incrementar la susceptibilidad de almidones de cereales y tubérculos a la amilosis, ha sido mostrado que gránulos de almidón crudo hidrolizan más lento que el almidón pre - gelatinizado LAURO (2000). Los gránulos de almidón son insolubles en agua fría. El agua, cuando penetra las áreas amorfas del grano, forman enlaces de hidrógeno, con los grupos hidroxilos libres de la molécula de almidón. Estos enlaces son fuerzas débiles, más el número de enlaces en el gránulo están alto que impide su disolución, por lo tanto los gránulos de almidón se hinchan levemente en agua fría (10 - 15% de diámetro), más el hinchamiento es irreversible por secamiento. Cuando la temperatura de la suspensión es mayor que la fuerza de los ens de hidrogeno, el gránulo del almidón comienza a hincharse irreversiblemente y ocurre la gelificación. La gelificación ocurre con la formación de enlaces entre las moléculas de agua y grupos hidroxilos, liberados por la entrada de agua. La gelificación del almidón es el primer paso para el proceso de hidrolisis, pues las enzimas atacan más lentamente el almidón granulado. En general, la acción de la a-amilasa y la b-amilasas en gránulos de almidón natural no es muy eficaz, porque son muy resistentes a la digestión amilolítica y se necesita un largo periodo de hidrolisis para poder degradar el almidón. Con los nuevos avances tecnológicos en los últimos años, se han descubierto una nueva generación de enzimas como la a-amilasa de Aspergillius Kawachi y la glucoamilasa de Aspergillus niger. Estas enzimas trabajan sinérgicamente
para
hidrolizar
el
almidón
granular
que
directamente puede hidrolizar el almidón en un solo paso, a una
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Estas enzimas tiene la ventaja de exo-actividad como la glucoamilasa - que es capaz de perforar fuerte y profundamente de orificios, así como la endo - actividad de la a-amilasa que permite la ampliación de los orificios. Esta combinación mejora la liberación continua de glucosa fermentable a partir de los gránulos de
almidones.
hidrolizando
Se el
puede almidón
obtener con
una
mayor
a-amilasa
degradación
junto
con
la
amiloglucosidasa. L a modificación se puede realizar con el fin de aumentar la eficiencia de hidrolisis del almidón natural OATES
(1997).
IV.INSUMOS, IV. INSUMOS, MATERIALES, REACTIVOS Y MÉTODOS. 1. INSUMOS
Arroz.
Agua
2. MATERIALES
Balanza.
Matraces.
Vasos de precipitación.
Mechero.
Varillas.
Molino.
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3. REACTIVOS
HCl 1N.
Cloruro de sodio.
Cloruro de calcio.
feehling A y B
4. MÉTODOS Licuefacción La suspensión de almidón es hidrolizado mediante a-amilasa bacterial termoestable (b. licheniformes) o bacterial termolábil (b. subtilis), añadiendo al mismo tiempo sales de calcio. Estas enzimas descomponen el almidón gelatinizado en dextrinas y sacáridos de distintos grado de polimerización, dando como resultado una disminución rápida de la viscosidad en un tiempo que fluctúa de 1 a 2 horas, hasta alcanzar la DE deseada.
V. PROCEDIMIENTO 1. OBTENCIÓN DEL SUSTRATO DE HARINA DE ARROZ. ACOPIO
MOLIENDA
Partículas gruesas
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DESCRIPCIÓN DE DIAGRAMA DE FLUJO A. ACOPIO: Recepción de la materia prima de que entrara al proceso.
B. MOLIENDA: Acción de fraccionar, triturar la materia prima con la finalidad de disminuir el tamaño de partícula y facilite los procesos posteriores como la obtención de la harina.
C. TAMIZADO: Es la separación mecánica, mediante tamices, de sustancias pulverizadas de diferentes tamaños.
D. PESADO Y EMPACADO: El pesado es una operación que permite cuantificar y determinar el rendimiento del proceso de obtención de harina de arroz, y con el empacado conseguimos aislar el producto del medio ambiente con fines de conservación.
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2. HIDROLISIS ENZIMÁTICA DE ARROZ. DIAGRAMA DE FLUJO DEL PROCESO HARINA DE ARROZ
DISPERSION
30 g/ 100 ml
NaCl (3g/l) CaCl2 (0.5 g/l)
ACONDICIONAMIENTO ACONDICIONAMIENTO
PRE - CALENTAMIENTO CALENTAMIENTO
GELATINIZACIÓN
amilasa 0.21 g/g amilasa
α –
HCl 5%
LICUEFACCION
INACTIVACION Y AJUSTE DE pH
pH: 7
70°C
70°C / 3 min
70°C / 60min, pH: 7
pH: 4.5
3. DETERMINACIÓN DE AZUCARES POR EL MÉTODO DE FEHLING. A. MÉTODO PARA LA ESTANDARIZACIÓN DE LA SOLUCIÓN DE
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Continuar agregando pequeñas cantidades de solución de glucosa y calentar después de cada adición hasta que observe un precipitado rojo ladrillo.
Tomar en cuenta el volumen de la solución de glucosa gastado en la titulación final y calcule el título de licor de fehling expresado en mg. de glucosa anhidra.
CALCULANDO EL FACTOR DE FEHLING:
Para los siguientes experimentos se necesitara el valor del título de licor de Fehling (F), para ello calcular un valor promedio con
los valores obtenidos
B. MÉTODO
PARA
LA
DETERMINACIÓN
DE
AZÚCARES
REDUCTORES.
Colocar en una bureta la solución problema.
Colocar en una fiola de 250 ml. 5ml. de la solución de Fehling A y 5 ml. de Fehling B, agregar 20 ml. de agua
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Anotar el volumen de la muestra problema consumido en la titulación.
CÁLCULOS PARA LA DETERMINACIÓN DE AZÚCARES REDUCTORES.
DONDE: F = valor obtenido en la estandarización de la solución de fehling.
% de Dextrosa Equivalente =
% de sustancia seca: 100% - humedad de la muestra. Para obtener el porcentaje de humedad de las muestras
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VI. RESULTADOS Y DISCUCIONES. 1. RESULTADOS. OBTENCION DE LA HARINA DE ARROZ. Cuadro N° 1 rendimiento por operación en la obtención de harina de arroz. VER CALCULO EN ANEXO N°1
OPERACIÓN.
RESULTADO (g).
RENDIMIENTO (%).
ACOPIO.
500
100
MOLIENDA.
500
100
TAMIZADO.
463.2
92.64
Y 463.2
92.64
PESO EMPACADO.
Entonces el rendimiento total es 92, 64 %.
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DETERMINACION DEL FACTOR DE FEHLING. Cuadro N° 3. Determinación del factor de fehling. VER CALCULO EN ANEXO N° 1
GLUCOSA SOL.
GASTO
(%)
(ml).
FEHLING
FACTOR
PROMEDIO.
0.065
(ml). 0.5
10
13
0.065
0.5
10
13
0.065
DETERMINACION
DEL
PROCENTAJE
AZUCARES
REDUCTORES. Cuadro N° 4 Determinación del porcentajes de azucares reductores después de la licuefacción. VER CALCULO EN ANEXO N° 1
TIPO DE MUESTRA.
GASTO FACTOR AR
PROMEDIO
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DETERMINACION
DEL
PORCENTAJE
DE
DEXTROSA
EQUIVALENTE. Cuadro N° 5. Determinación del porcentaje de dextrosa equivalente después de la hidrolisis del almidón de arroz. VER CALCULO EN ANEXO N° 1.
TIPO
DE
SUSTANCIA
MUESTRA. CON
1
AR (%)
DE (%)
5.455
6.34
11.145
12.96
SECA (%). h
HIDROLISIS
DE 86 Y
T°=50°C- 60°C CON 1.5 h DE 86 HIDROLISIS T°=50°C- 60°C
2. DISCUSIONES
Y
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flexibilidad muy pobre (el producto final sólo se puede modificar cambiando el grado de hidrólisis), por último es necesaria que el equipo resista el ácido y las temperaturas requeridas durante el este proceso. La hidrólisis enzimática en los últimos 30 años ha desplazado la hidrólisis ácida, debido a que se dispone de nuevas enzimas. Hoy en día la mayor parte de la hidrólisis de almidón se realiza usando enzimas, ya que esta técnica presenta ventajas como: control de la formación de productos no deseables y mayor flexibilidad del producto.
C. SOBRE LA OBTENCIÓN DE AZUCARES REDUCTORES. En el cuadro N° 4 se observa que el valor más alto de azucares reductores (%AR) es del tratamiento con mayor tiempo de licuefacción esto se debe porque el tiempo de reacción para romperse los enlaces glucosídicos de la amilopéctina en la etapa de hidrolisis fue mayor y se liberan los azucares reductores que son más solubles en el agua.
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VIII. CONCLUSIONES.
Esta práctica nos permitió familiarizarnos con la tecnología de obtención de hidrolizados de almidón a partir de harina de ciertos cereales en este caso el arroz.
El promedio de los porcentajes de azucares reductores determinados por el método de fehling de los dos procesos tanto a un tiempo de 1 hora y 1.5 horas de hidrolisis son 5.455% y 11.145% respectivamente. Claramente se observa un aumento del doble de conversión de azucares reductores con solo una prolongación del tiempo de hidrolisis de media hora, lo que posiblemente nos indica que el la velocidad de
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ANEXO N° 1 CALCULO DE RENDIMIENTO DE OBTENCION DE LA HARINA DE AROOZ.
Entonces el rendimiento total es 92, 64 %.
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Calculo para el gasto numero 1
Calculo para el gasto numero 2
CALCULO DEL PROCENTAJE AZÚCARES REDUCTORES DESPUES DE LA LICUEFACCION.
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Calculo para el gasto número 2 después de la hidrolisis con un tiempo de una hora y 30 minutos y temperatura de 50°C a 60°C.
CÁLCULO PARA LA DETERMINACION DEL PORCENTAJE DE DEXTROSA EQUIVALENTE DESPUÉS DE LA HIDROLISIS DEL ALMIDÓN DE ARROZ.
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ANEXO N ° 2 FOTOS DURANTE EL DESARROLLO DE LA PRÁCTICA.
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CUESTIONARIO 1. ¿QUÉ ES UN AZÚCAR REDUCTOR? Los azucares reductores, como la glucosa y la fructosa, poseen grupos funcionales hidroxi o ceto, los cuales son reactivos químicamente. Una de sus propiedades es reducir el cobre de Cu+2 a Cu+1, observándose un cambio característico de color, de
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Está compuesto de: Sulfato cúprico cristalizado, 35 g; agua destilada, hasta 1.000 ml. Sal de Seignette (tartrato mixto de potasio y sodio), 173 g; solución de hidróxido de sodio al 40%, 3 g; agua, hasta 500 ml.
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Etapas para la obtención de enzimas:
Selección de la fuente (M.O)