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Aii Afgut Stkvna (A Cghpiktk Vkskarcb ]rgokct & Fusnekss ]iae) Nedna - 6=1;

EA@KSBPAV HNSBVA ’Tbgsk wbg lani tg piae, piae tg lani. -@kgr`k Bkwkii

ea`ksb.hnsbraMyabgg.cgh

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Tafik gl Cgetkets N.

Nedustry Aeaiysns ................................... .................. .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... .......................... ........ 4 Harjkt Ekkd ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Harjkt Luedahketais ............................................................................................................................... 4 Harjkt/Nedustry Gvkrvnkw ................................................................................................................... 4 Harjkt/Nedustry Trkeds ........................................................................................................................ ; Vkikvaet Harjkt Snzk ............................................................................................................................ ; ]urcbask ]rgckss aed Fuyne` Crntkrna ................................................................................................... ;

NN.

Custghkr Aeaiysns ................................. ................ .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... .......................... ........ < Custghkr Ekkds.................................. ................. .................................. ................................... .................................... ................................... ................................... ................................ .............. < Tar`kt Custghkr ]rglnik ............................................................................................................................ <

NNN.

Cghpktntnvk Aeaiysns .................................. ................. .................................. .................................. ................................... .................................... ................................... ................. 0 Cghpktntnvk Advaeta`k ............................................................................................................................ 2

N\.

Harjktne` ]iae .................................. ................. .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... .......................... ........ 2

]rgducts aed Skrvncks ............................................................................................................................... 2 [enquk Quainlncatnges ............................................................................................................................ 2 ]rnck Stratk`y ............................................................................................................................................ > Cgst Aeaiysns ....................................................................................................................................... 1= Fraedne` aed ]rghgtnges ]iae ............................................................................................................... 11 Advkrtnsne` ]iae .................................................................................................................................. 16 ]ufinc Vkiatnges ]iae ........................................................................................................................... 16 Dnstrnfutnge ]iae ..................................................................................................................................... 16 Stratk`nc Aiinaecks ................................................................................................................................... 16 \.

Gpkratnges ]iae.................................. ................. .................................. ................................... .................................... ................................... ................................... ........................... ......... 16 Jky Gpkratngeai ]rgckssks ...................................................................................................................... 16 Sgni Tkstne` .......................................................................................................................................... 13 ]rgpaàtnge ......................................................................................................................................... 13















Barvkstne` ........................................................................................................................................... 1; Dryne` .................................................................................................................................................. 1; ]acja`ne` ............................................................................................................................................ 1< Vkpiackhket aed Vkpiaetne` .............................................................................................................. 1< ]rgductnge Ligw Cbart ............................................................................................................................ 10 \N.

Vnsj Haea`khket ................................... .................. .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... .................. 12

Vnsjs ........................................................................................................................................................ 12 Harjkt/prncks ..................................................................................................................................... 12 ]rgductnge ........................................................................................................................................... 12 Lneaecnai .............................................................................................................................................. 12 Nestntutngeai/ikài ................................................................................................................................ 12 Tkcbegig`y rnsj? .................................................................................................................................. 12 ]krsgeai rnsj? ....................................................................................................................................... 12 Gtbkr rnsj? ........................................................................................................................................... 12 Vnsj Hntnàtnge Stratk`y .......................................................................................................................... 12 \NN.

Appkedncks .................................. ................. .................................. ................................... .................................... ................................... ................................... .............................. ............ 6=

A.

G]KE Q[KSTNGES ................................... .................. .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... .................. 6=

F.

Crgp Nesuraeck .................................. ................. .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... ........................ ...... 6= Eatngeai A`rncuiturai Nesuraeck Scbkhk (EANS) .................................................................................. 6=

C.

Cbkcj Inst ................................. ................ ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................. ............... 61

D.

Cuitnvatnge Cuitnvatng e Seapsbgt .................................. ................. .................................. .................................. ................................... .................................... ................................. ............... 63

K.

Nrrnàtnge Systkh Dksnè ................................. ................ ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... ........................... ......... 60

L.

SAH]IK F[^ FACJ A@VKKHKET ................................... ................. .................................... ................................... ................................... .............................. ............ 6>















N. Nedustry Aeaiysns Harjkt Ekkd Tbk dnafktnc pgpuiatnge bas fkke rnsne` stkkpiy sneck tbk iast dkcadk. As a rksuit, tbk harjkt lgr a eaturai, igw caigrnk swkktkekr bas wnteksskd kxpgeketnai `rgwtb. Fraeds injk Suàr lrkk aed Kquai ark tbk ikadne` piaykrs ne Nedna. Bgwkvkr tbk rkskarcbkrs bas kxpkrnkeckd tbat sustanekd usk gl aspartahk faskd prgducts cguid fk barhlui ne ige`kr rue. Nedna tgps tbk dnafktnc pgpuiatnge wntb 3= hniinge patnkets, wbncb ns kxpkctkd tg necrkask tg 2= hniinge ne 6=6;. Cbnea raejs raej s skcged ne dnafktnc pgpuiatnge lgiigwkd fy tbk [S aed Vussna. Currketiy Oapae bas fkke usne` Stkvna ge iar`k scaik. Tbus tbk iatkst ekkd was tg bavk eaturai prgduct wntb eg sndk kllkct, prgvke fy tbk pkgpik acrgss tbk ìgfk Tbk Stkvna piaet bas a ige` bnstgry gl salk usa`k. Nt bas rkcknvkd `gvkrehket apprgvai ne gvkr 6= cguetrnks, rkùiatgry apprgvais lgr tbk usk gl Stkvna aed Stkvngsndk as a lggd addntnvk bavk fkke rkcknvkd ne Oapae, Jgrka, Cbnea, Tanwae, Austraina, Vussna, [jranek, Jazajbstae, Haiaysna, Nedgeksna aed Iatne Ahkrnca. Ne [SA aed Caeada, nt ns apprgvkd lgr usk as a dnktary suppikhket aed ns cghhgeiy lgued aed sgid ne eaturai lggds stgrks tbrgu`bgut tbk cguetry aisg apprgvkd fy PBG aed pktntnges pkedne` ne haey hgrk cguetrnks. Ne 6==<, tbk Pgrid Bkaitb Gràenzatnge kvaiuatkd Stkvna aed lgued eg kvndkeck gl carcneg`kencnty ne Stkvngsndk aed Vkfaudngsndk A. Nt aisg rkpgrtkd tbat Stkvngsndk ikd tg fkeklncnai kllkcts ne patnkets wntb bypkrtkesnge gr wntb typk-6 dnafktks. Tbk rkpgrt cgeciudkd tbat lurtbkr study was ekkdkd tg dktkrhnek prgpkr dgsa`k. Tbkrk ark skvkrai inhntatnges tg tbk `rgwtb gl Stkvna harjkts. Tbk jky geks rkiatk tg kcgeghncs as Stkvna prgducts ark currketiy hgrk kxpkesnvk tbae gtbkr bn`b-netkesnty swkktkekr prgducts. Tbk gtbkr nssuk rkiatks tg altkr tastks as Stkvna prgducts ark rkpgrtkd tg bavk a dnstnect altkr tastk. Cghpaenks nevgivkd ne lgrhuiatnge dkvkigphket ark lgcusne` ge tbns as aisg prgduct cgesnstkecy nssuks. Tbk Stkvna harjkt ns actnvk ge a euhfkr gl lrgets - egt oust fraeds necgrpgratne` Stkvna netg tbknr lgrhuiatnges, fut aisg wntbne nts barvkstne`, suppiy aed dnstrnfutnge.

Harjkt Luedahketais Harjkt/Nedustry Gvkrvnkw Tbk wgrid harjkt, nt ns afgut $ ;== hniinge harjkt gl Stkvna Swkktkekr, wbkrk Oapae ns tbk iar`kst cgesuhkr, wntb ykariy cgesuhptnge gl $6== hniinge. Nelkct ne Oapae tbk artnlncnai swkktkekr ark faeekd. Tbkrklgrk wgrjne` ge tbk sahk inek, ne Nedna tbkrk ns ekkd tg prghgtk bkrfai swkktkekr Stkvna. Pgridwndk, 36,=== bkctarks ark cgvkrkd uedkr Stkvna cuitnvatnge, gl wbncb Cbnea bas a haogr cbuej gl 0;%. Tbk Nedna's tgtai aeeuai prgductnge ns currketiy ekariy <== tges. Tbk cinhatnc cgedntnges ne hgst parts gl Nedna ark quntk lavgrafik lgr Stkvna cuitnvatnge. Tbk Nednae harjkt lgr swkktkekrs cae sbnlt tgwards Stkvna nl nt `kts a fggst lrgh tbk `gvkrehket. Stkvna ns cbkapkr tbae suàr. Tbk avkra`k suàr ynkid lrgh a =.4 ba suàrcaek lnkid ns lgur tgeks: avkra`k ynkid gl Stkvna kxtract tbat kquais swkktekss gl suàr ns gvkr <= tges lrgh =.4 ba. Accgrdne` tg Hnetki„s @igfai Ekw ]rgducts Datafask (@E]D), ìgfaiiy 12= ekw lggd aed fkvkra`k prgducts

cgetanene` Stkvna bavk fkke iauecbkd ne tbk past ykar. Tbksk neciudk tkas, pgtatg seacjs, drkssne`s aed fkvkra`ks.















Tbk haogr cbaiike`ks lgr tbk Stkvna harjkt ns cghpktntnge wntb grdneary suàr, bn`bkr prnck gl Stkvna addkd prgducts tbae tbk grdneary prgducts aed iacj gl raw hatkrnais. As Stkvna vaiuk cbane lrgh cuitnvatnge tg prgckssne` tg rklnene` ns pgnskd tg `rgw ne ekar luturk, nt ns nhpkratnvk tg iggj at sustaneafik hgdkis gl Stkvna prgductnge – ae actnvnty wbncb cae bavk prglgued nhpincatnges lgr rkvntainzne` rurai kcgeghnks wgridwndk. Dkspntk tbk pgtketnai, Stkvna harjkts lack haogr cbaiike`ks, rkiatne` tg tbk lgiigwne` lactgrs. • • • • • •

Suppiy rkinafninty gl bn`b quainty Stkvna ikavks ( 5 >=% Stkvngsndk cgetket) Acckss tg kxtractnge aed rklnene` tkcbegig`y Cghpktntnvk cgst structurk lgr upstrkah, hnd strkah kxtractnge aed d gwestrkah prgductnge Sbnlts ne rk`ngeai tastk prklkrkecks Cgesuhkr acckptaeck Cghpikxntnks ne haea`ne` suppiy cbane

Ne tbk luturk, Stkvna harjkt `rgwtb wnii bne`k ge? • • • • •

Custghkr prklkrkecks ]rgxnhnty tg harjkts Harjkt drnvke cuitnvatnge Tkcbegig`y tg kesurk prgduct rkinafninty aed cgesnstkecy Ikvkra`ne` tbk prghnsk gl tnssuk cuiturk

Ndketnlyne` apprgprnatk skkdine`s, nhprgvkd a`rgeghncai practncks, acckss tg kxtractnge tkcbegig`nks, harjkt acckptaeck gl ekw prgducts, tbrkats lrgh gtbkr swkktkekrs aed ratngeainzatnge gl cgst structurks wnii aisg prgvk tg fk haogr cbaiike`ks.

Harjkt/Nedustry Trkeds At prksket, Stkvna accguets lgr oust gek pkr cket gl tbk ìgfai suàr-sufstntutk harjkt, tbgu`b nts vaiuk ne tbk [S harjkt ns kxpkctkd tg `rgw tg $6,=== hniinge fy ked gl 6=1 1, lrgh $61 hniinge ne 6==2, accgrdne` tg a prkdnctnge fy rkskarcb `rgup Hnetki . A ekw rkpgrt ketntikd 'Tbk @igfai Harjkt lgr Netkesk Swkktkekrs' lrgh Ikatbkrbkad Lggd Vkskarcb lgrkcasts tbat, fy tbk hnddik gl tbk ekxt dkcadk, eaturai swkktkekrs cguid accguet lgr up tg a quartkr gl tbk harjkt. "Stkvna rkprkskets gek gl tbk hgst dyeahnc skctgrs wntbne tb k ìgfai netkesk swkktkekrs harjkt fy lar," tbk rkpgrt egtks, "wntb saiks bavne` rnske drahatncaiiy sneck tbk hnddik gl tbk iast dkcadk as a rksuit gl necrkasne` uptajk wntbne tbk [S lggd aed drnejs nedustry.‘

Vkikvaet Harjkt Snzk Stkvna ns pgnskd lgr haogr `rgwtb ne tbk Nednae casb crgp harjkt as dghkstnc aed kxpgrt dkhaed ns kstnhatkd (ne 6==2) tg ikap fy 3==% gvkr tbk ekxt tbrkk ykars. Ne Nedna, tbkrk ark hgrk tbae 1<== cghpaenks wgrjne` lgr Stkvna as a haeulacturkr, suppinkr, aed kxpgrtkr gr nevgivkd ne larhne`. Bgwkvkr, altkr tajne` cigskr iggj, gut gl 1<== cghpaenks, argued 4== ark haogriy nevgivkd ne Stkvna nedustry.

]urcbask ]rgckss aed Fuyne` Crntkrna ]rgpgsne` a stratk`nc aiinaeck wntb gek gl ikadne` Stkvna ]rgckssne` @rgup (dktani gl tbk gràenzatnge ns addkd ne















NN. Custghkr Aeaiysns Custghkr Ekkds Tbkrk ark hgrk tbae 4== cghpaenks ne Nedna wgrjne` as ae kxpgrtkr, haeulacturkr gr suppinkr gl Stkvna. Bn`b Quainty Stkvna ikavks (wntb (wntb hgrk tbae 2%

Vkf A) ns hane sgurck gl dkhaed lgr tbksk cghpaenks wbncb ns

egrhaiiy kxpgrtkd tg Oapae, Cbnea gr [S wbkrk nt ns lurtbkr prgcksskd aed uskd as aitkreatnvk gl Suàr. Bgwkvkr ne Nedna aisg, tbkrk ark lkw cghpaenks wbncb bavk startkd gpkratne` ne Stkvna kxtractnge aed prgducne` lneai Stkvna pgwdkr.

Tar`kt Custghkr ]rglnik Pbg ns Custghkr7 Stkvna Nedustry ns rkiatnvkiy ekw tg Nedna, nt„s aiways fkttkr tg `g lgr nts cuitnvatnge wntb Fuyfacj a`rkkhket piae. Bgwkvkr tbkrk„ii fk a stratk`nc aiinaeck wntb a Surat faskd ikadne` bkrfai cghpaey, wbncb wnii fk nts hane

custghkr lgr nentnai lkw ykars. Pbkrk ns tbk Custghkr7 Oapae, Cbnea aed [SA ark tbk hane harjkt lgr tbk Stkvna. Cbnea cgvkrs argued 2=% lgr Stkvna prgductnge harjkt wbnik ne Oapae, nt ns hgstiy cgesuhkd. [SA aed Nedna ark tbk khkr`ne` harjkt lgr Stkvna. Tbkrk ark hgrk tbae 4== cghpaenks ne Nedna wgrjne` as ae kxpgrtkr, haeulacturkr gr suppinkr gl Stkvna. Pbke dg tbky fuy7 Stkvna drnkd ikavks ark ne dkhaed tbrgu`bgut tbk ykar. Stkvna ikavks ark egrhaiiy barvkstkd quartkriy aed sgid oust altkr barvkstne` altkr hajne` hajne` nt dry. Pbat dg tbky fuy7 Bn`b Quainty Stkvna drnkd ikavks wntb rncb Stkvngsndk & Vkfaudngsndk cgetket ark tbk hane dkhaed lgr aii Nednae Bkrfai cghpaenks wgrjne` lgr Stkvna, lrgh wbncb tbky kxtract Stkvngsndk aed crkatk pgwdkr. Pby dg tbky fuy7 A ekw rkpgrt ketntikd 'Tbk @igfai Harjkt lgr Netkesk Swkktkekrs' lrgh Ikatbkrbkad Lggd Vkskarcb lgrkcasts tbat, fy tbk hnddik gl tbk ekxt dkcadk, eaturai swkktkekrs cguid accguet lgr up tg a quartkr gl tbk harjkt. "Stkvna rkprkskets gek gl tbk hgst dyeahnc skctgrs wntbne tbk ìgfai netkesk swkktkekrs harjkt fy lar," tbk rkpgrt egtks, "wntb saiks bavne` rnske drahatncaiiy sneck tbk hnddik gl tbk iast dkcadk as a rksuit gl necrkasne` uptajk wntbne tbk [S lggd aed drnejs nedustry.‘

Bgw hucb dg tbky fuy7 At prksket, Stkvna accguets lgr oust gek pkr cket gl tbk ìgfai suàr-sufstntutk harjkt, tbgu`b nts vaiuk ne tbk [S harjkt ns kxpkctkd tg `rgw tg $6,=== hniinge fy ked gl 6=1 1, lrgh $61 hniinge ne 6==2, accgrdne` tg a prkdnctnge fy rkskarcb `rgup Hnetki. Tbk wgrid harjkt, nt ns afgut $ ;== hniinge harjkt gl Stkvna Swkktkekr, wbkrk Oapae ns tbk iar`kst cgesuhkr, wntb ykariy cgesuhptnge gl $6== hniinge. Stkvna ns pgnskd lgr haogr `rgwtb ne tbk Nednae casb crgp harjkt as dghkstnc aed kxpgrt dkhaed ns kstnhatkd (ne

















NNN. Cghpktntnvk Aeaiysns Ne Nedna, tbkrk ark hgrk tbae 1<== cghpaenks wgrjne` lgr Stkvna as a haeulacturkr, suppinkr, aed kxpgrtkr gr nevgivkd ne larhne` aed gut gl 1<== cghpaenks, argued 4== ark haogriy nevgivkd ne Stkvna nedustry. Bgwkvkr, tbkrk ark lkw cghpaenks (ikss tbae 1= ne euhfkr) wgrjne` as dghneatne` piaykr. Hgst gl tbkh ark ]uek, Huhfan, @uoarat aed Ekw Dkibn faskd. Tbkrk ark argued 16; Cghpaenks wgrjne` ne Stkvna gr gtbkr bkrfai nedustry ne igcai harjkt gl [] aed nt„s ekn`bfgrne` statks (Ekw Dkibn, Baryaea, [ttaraecbai, Hadbya ]radksb) aed gut wbncb hgst gl tbkh ark kntbkr suppinkr gl haeulacturkr/prgckssgr gl Stkvna. Statnstncs sbgws tbat tbkrk ark ikss tbae 1= cghpaenks wbncb ark nevgivkd ne Stkvna larhne` ne tbksk statks wbncb ark tbk dnrkct cghpktntgrs. Tbkrk ark varngus gtbkr cghpaenks ne gtbkr statks tgg nevgivkd ne Stkvna cuitnvatnges aed wgrjne` as nednrkct cghpktntgrs. Fkigw ark tbk sghk statnstncs? Statks Aedbra ]radksb Assah Fnbar Cbbattnsàrb

Eg gl Cghps

Statks Aedbra ]radksb

Suppinkr

Haeulacturks

Kxpgrtkr

Larhne`

10

0

;

=

4

Assah

6

6

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3

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6

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Cbbattnsàrb

6<

;

1

=

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@uoarat

4=

@uoarat

3;

4

3

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Baryaea

13

Baryaea

1=

3

6

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Bnhacbai ]radksb

6

Bnhacbai ]radksb

Oahhu aed Jasbhnr

1

1

1

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1

Oahhu aed Jasbhnr

Obarjbaed

1

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Jareataja

1

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3>

Jareataja

64

13

1=

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4

6

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Hadbya ]radksb

60

2

0

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Habarasbtra

43

10

10

6

Ekw Dkibn

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13

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4

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Ekw Dkibn

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6=

Jkraia

Vaoastbae















Cghpktntnvk Advaeta`k Pntb rkspkct tg tbk igcai cghpktntnges, pgsntngene` nts prgduct as a hane aed trustkd sgurck gl Bn`bkst Quainty Stkvna Drnkd ikavks wntb rncb cgetket gl Stkvngsndk & Vkfaudngsndk wntb a cghpktntnvk prnck ne [ttar ]radksb rk`nge gl Nedna. Dktanikd pgsntngene` gl prgduct ns kxpianekd uedkr ]rgduct aed Skrvncks skctnge gl Harj ktne` ]iae.

N\. Harjktne` ]iae ]rgducts aed Skrvncks Stkvna Drnkd Ikavks? ]rgvndne` Bn`bkst Quainty Eaturaiiy Drnkd Stkvna ikavks wntb rncb Stkvngsndk & Vkfaudngsndk

cgetket, `rgwe wntb strne`ket quainty staedards at kacb ikvki lrgh sgwne` tg barvkstne` aed pacja`ne`.

[enquk Quainlncatng Quainlncatnges es















Tbk prnecnpai advaeta`ks gl Stkvna aed Stkvng ìycgsndks ark tbk lgiigwne`

1. 6. 3. 4. ;. <. 0. 2. >. 1=.

11. 16. 13.

Nt ns a cghpiktkiy eaturai ege-syetbktnc ege -syetbktnc prgduct. Stkvngsndk (tbk Stkvngi ìycgsndks) cgetanes eg caigrnks as injk gl gtbkr swkktkekrs. Stkvna ikavks cae fk uskd ne tbknr eaturai statk (lrksb as wkii as drnkd lgrh). Tbaejs tg nts bn`b swkktkene` netkesnty, geiy shaii quaetntnks ekkd tg fk uskd ne nts appincatnges. Tbk ikavks as wkii as tbk purk Stkvngsndk kxtract cae fk uskd as sucb gr wbnik cggjne`. Duk tg nts aihgst ekìn`nfik caigrnk cgetrnfutnge, nt ns usklui lgr gvkrwkn`bt, gfksk aed lgr bkaitb cgescngus nednvnduais. Stkvna ne tbk lgrh gl purk kxtract bas fkke rkpgrtkd tg `nvk 6== tg 3== tnhks swkktekss tbae suàr. Stkvna acts as piaquk rktardaet aetn -carnks aed prkvkets cavntnks. Stkvna ns ege-tgxnc fut, ge tbk cgetrary, nt ns bkaitblui, as sbgwe fy ige` kxpkrnkeck Tbk buhae fgdy dgks egt rkcgènzk tbk swkkt ìycgsndks aed tbky pass rn`bt tbrgu`b tbk egrhai kxcrktnge cbaeekis aed tbus tbk fgdy gftanes eg caigrnks lrgh Stkvna tbkrklgrk Stkvna ns salkr lgr dnafktnc aed bypgìyckhnc patnkets ne nts purk, ueaduitkratkd lgrh. Stkvna cae kebaeck tbk kllkct gl gtbkr swkktkekrs sucb as bgeky aed hapik syrup, sg addne` nt tg rkcnpks hn`bt fk bkiplui ne rkducne` tbk ahguet gl tgtai swkktkekr ekkdkd. Stkvna ns cghparatnvkiy hgrk netkesk swkktkekr tbae gtbkr avaniafik artnlncnai swkktkekr ne harjkt. Cbkapkr as cghpark tg suàr as wkii as tbk rkst gl tbk avaniafik swkktkekrs.

]rnck Stratk`y 

Stratk`nc aiinaeck wntb gek gl ikadne` Stkvna ]rgckssne` @rgup (dktani gl tbk gràenzatnge ns addkd ne appkednx) wntb nentnai Fuy Facj A`rkkhket lgr gek luii crgp cycik (dkkhkd tg fk 4 ykars) wntb tbk prncne` ta` gl Vs 1==/j`



]rncne` Stratk`y ns cghpiktkiy ainèkd wntb tbk tkrhs aed cg edntnges wntb Fuy Facj A`rkkhket



Nedustry„s fkst aed cghpktntnvk prncne` stratk`y wnii fk appinkd lgr aey tbnrd party gr kxtkreai suppiy



]rncne` stratk`y ns arrnvkd altkr tbgrgu`b aeaiy sns gl cghpiktk cgst necurrkd lgr tbk ked tg ked prgckss gl Stkvk Ikavks cuitnvatnge aed nts pacja`ne` a ed sbnppne`



]rncne` Stratk`y ns strnctiy ainèkd wntb tbk tgtai cgst necurrkd aed varnks ne prgpgrtnge tg tbat.



Cgst Stratk`y dkpkeds ge twg dnllkrket hgdk gl gpkratnge n.k. Cgst necurrkd ge Gwekd iaed aed C gst Necurrkd ge Ikaskd Iaed















Cgst Aeaiysns Cgst Kstnhatnge lgr Cuitnvatnge lgr Tbrkk Acrk iaed

]rgokct Kcgeghncs - Lgr 3 Acrk ]kr Acrk

Kxpkesk Dktani (ne NEV)

^kar 1

Lnxkd Cgsts ]urcbasks (3==== piaets pkr acrk

^kar 6

^kar 3

^kar 4

Tgtai

3 MVs6/]iaet)

<====

12====

12====

3===

>===

>===

Drnp Nestaiiatnge Cbar`ks

6;===

0;===

0;===

Fgrne` Cbar`ks

6;===

6;===

6;===

Patkr Taej ]rkparatnge (6;=== Gek Tnhk)

6;===

6;===

Lkecne`

6====

<====

<====

Vket/Ikask (Iaed)

=

=

=

Gtbkr (Iaed Igyainty)

=

=

=

1;2===

304===

=

=

=

34>===

3====

3====

3====

3====

3====

16====

Iaed ]rkparatnge

Tgtai Lnxkd Cgst

\arnafik Cgsts Suppgrt Stall/Supkrvnsgr Pa`ks (Vs6;== p.h.) Gtbkr Iafgrs Pa`ks (1= Haedays ]kr Qtr MVs1;= ]kr Day) Haeurks, Lkrtninzkrs aed ]iaet `rgwtb prghgtkrs kxp.

3===

>===

>===

>===

>===

3<===

1;===

4;===

4;===

4;===

4;===

12====

@radne`, pacjne`,sbnppne` ktc

136==

3><==

3><==

3><==

3><==

1;24==

Kikctrncnty Cbar`ks

3===

>===

>===

>===

>===

3<===

Car, dkinvkry & travki

3===

>===

>===

>===

>===

3<===

=

=

=

=

=

=

3===

3===

3===

3===

3===

16===

[tnintnks

=

=

=

=

=

=

Nesuraeck

=

=

=

=

=

=

Dkprkcnatnge ge Drnp - 1;%

30;=

116;1

116;1

116;1

116;1

4;==4.2

Dkprkcnatnge ge Asskt (]iaet) - 1=%

<===

12===

12===

12===

12===

06===

Hnsckiiaekgus

;===

1;===

1;===

1;===

1;===

<====

Accguetne` & ikài Tkikpbgek (6;= pkr hgetb)















Cgst Kstnhatnge lgr Cuitnvatnge ne Lnvk Fn`ba Iaed ]rgokct Kcgeghncs - Lgr ; Fn`ba Kxpkesk Dktani (Ne NEV)

]kr Fn`ba

^kar 6

^kar 3

^kar 4

Tgtai

;

Lnxkd Cgsts

]urcbasks (120;= Fn`ba MVs6/]iaet)

^kar 1

30;==

120;==

120;==

120;

>30;

>30;

Drnp Nestaiiatnge Cbar`ks

1;<6;

0216;

0216;

Fgrne` Cbar`ks (6;=== Gek Tnhk)

6;===

6;===

6;===

Patkr Taej ]rkparatnge (6;=== Gek Tnhk)

6;===

6;===

Lkecne`

16;==

<6;==

<6;==

Vket/Ikask (Iaed)

=

=

=

Gtbkr (Iaed Igyaity)

=

=

=

110;==

320;==

=

=

=

3<6;==

3====

3====

3====

3====

3====

16====

Gtbkr Iafgrs Pa`ks (1= Hae days ]kr Qtr MVs1;= ]kr Day)

3===

1;===

1;===

1;===

1;===

<====

Haeurks, Lkrtninzkrs aed ]iaet `rgwtb prghgtkrs kxp.

>30;

4<20;

4<20;

4<20;

4<20;

120;==

@radne`, pacjne`, sbnppne` ktc

26;=

416;=

416;=

416;=

416;=

1<;===

Kikctrncnty Cbar`ks

120;

>30;

>30;

>30;

>30;

30;==

Car, dkinvkry & travki

120;

>30;

>30;

>30;

>30;

30;==

=

=

=

=

=

=

3===

3===

3===

3===

3===

16===

[tnintnks

=

=

=

=

=

=

Nesuraeck

=

=

=

=

=

=

Dkprkcnatnge Dkprkcnatnge ge Drnp - 1;%

6344

1106=

1106=

1106=

1106=

4<22=

Dkprkcnatnge Dkprkcnatnge ge Asskt (]iaet) - 1=%

30;=

120;=

120;=

120;=

120;=

0;===

Hnsckiiaekgus

316;

1;<6;

1;<6;

1;<6;

1;<6;

<6;==

Iaed ]rkparatnge

Tgtai Lnxkd Cgst \arnafik Cgsts

Suppgrt Stall/Supkrvnsgr Pa`ks (Vs6;== p.h.)

Accguetne` & ikài Tkikpbgek (6;= ]kr Hgetb)

















Advkrtnsne` ]iae Netkrekt wguid fk hane sgurck lgr tbk advkrtnsne` piae. [tninzne` huitnpik F6F aed F6C wkf pgrtais, ekws, a`rncuiturk lgruhs, fig`s aed gtbkr cghhuenty sntks as nts prghgtngeai piae. Kllgrt lgr tbns wguid fk accguetkd aed wnii fk gek gl jky actnvnty gl tbk haea`khket. A frgcburk ns suppgskd tg fk crkatkd aed pufinsbkd lgr tbk sahk.

]ufinc Vkiatnges ]iae ]rghgtne` tbk Stkvna aed nts awarkekss tbgu`b pufinc rkiatnges aed wguid fk keà`kd wntb huitnpik Igcai E@Gs, Ege ]rglnt Nestntutnges aed @gvkrehket fgdy.

Dnstrnfutnge ]iae Currketiy, Ne Nedna, tbkrk ark inhntkd eg gl prgckss uentks lgr tbk Stkvna. Stkvna ikavks ark purcbaskd fy igcai kxpgrtkrs aed sgid tg tbksk prgckssne` uents gr kxpgrtkd tg Cbnea gr Oapae wbncb ark haogr sgurck gl Stkvna cgesuhptnge. Bavne` Fuy Facj A`rkkhket wntb gek gl tbk ikadne` Stkvna Haeulacturne` gràenzatnge (dktani gl tbk gràenzatnge ns addkd ne appkednx) aed wbncb wnii purcbask Stkvna ikavks lgr ketnrk crgp cycik (dkkhkd tg fk 4 ykars) aed Ikavks wkrk sbnppkd tg tbkh vna Anr lrgh ekarkst igcai anrpgrt.

Stratk`nc Aiinaecks Stratk`nc aiinaeck wntb gek gl tbk ikadne` Stkvna Haeulacturne` gràenzatnge (dktani gl tbk gràenzatnge ns addkd ne appkednx) aed wbncb wnii prgvndne` fkigw skrvncks?















Sgni Tkstne` Stkvna prklkrs a wkii-dranekd lkrtnik saedy igah gr igah sgni, bn`b ne gràenc hattkr wntb ahpik suppiy gl watkr. Nt prklkrs acndnc tg ekutrai (pB <-0) sgni lgr fkttkr `rgwtb. Nt rkqunrks a cgesnstket suppiy gl hgnsturk, fut egt watkrig``kd. Tgg hucb sgni hgnsturk cae causk rgt. Nt ns a skhn-buhnd suftrgpncai piaet tbat sbgws bn`bkr ikal prgductnge uedkr bn`b in`bt netkesnty aed warh tkhpkraturk. Day ike`tb ns hgrk crntncai tbae in`bt netkesnty. Ige` sprne` aed suhhkr days lavgr ikal `rgwtb. Sbgrt days trn``kr figssghne`. Stkvna prklkrs partnai sbadk durne` cgesndkrafik suhhkr suesbnek. Actnvntnks?

1.

Cbkcj tbk typk gl Sgni. Saedy igah gr Igahy sgni ns prklkrrkd lgr cuitnvatnge

6.

Cbkcj acndnc eaturk gl Sgni. ]b <-0 ikvki ns prklkrrkd. Sgni sbguid egt fk sainek.

3.

Avkra`k Tkhpkraturk sbguid fk 2 tg 4= dk`rkk

]rgpaàtnge Stkvna ns skil-necghpatnfik ne eaturk: bkeck prgpaàtnge tbrgu`b skkds ns a dnllncuit prgpgsntnge. Tbkrklgrk, vk`ktatnvk prgpaàtnge gr hncrg prgpaàtnge ns tbk hkaes gl prgpaàtnge gl Stkvna. Tbk 1; ch ike`tb gl cuttne`s was lgued tg fk gptnhuh aed prktrkathket gl cuttne`s wntb ]acigfutrazgi at ;=-1== pph rksuitkd ne `ggd sprgutne` aed rggtne`. A lnkid kxpkrnhket was cgeductkd at [envkrsnty gl A`rncuiturai Scnkecks, Faeàigrk tg study tbk kllkct gl ike`tb gl stkh cuttne`s aed `rgwtb rkùiatgrs ge vk`ktatnvk prgpaàtnge gl Stkvna ( Stkvna rkfaudnaea fkrtgen ). ). Tbk sprgutne` pkrcketa`k aed sbggt `rgwtb gl sprgutkd cuttne`s wkrk snènlncaetiy bn`bkr wntb 1; ch

cuttne`s cghparkd tg 0.; ch cuttne`s. ]rktrkathket gl cuttne`s wntb 3-Nedgifutyrnc acnd (NFA) gr aeapbtbapkek acktnc acnd (EAA) gr tbknr hnxturk causkd neoury tg caiius tnssuk duk tg bn`bkr cgecketratnge aed rksuitkd ne vkry pggr sprgutne` kvke cghparkd tg cgetrgi. Tbk dnrkct piaetne` gl stkh ne hane lnkid was lgued tg bavk a inhntkd















fgrge dklncnkecy, wbncb ikads tg ikal spgt aed tbat cae fk rkctnlnkd fy sprayne` Fgrax < %. Sneck tbk lkkdkr rggts tked tg fk quntk ekar tbk surlack, a ddntnge gl cghpgst lgr kxtra eutrnkets ns fkeklncnai. Neskct pkst prkssurks gtbkr tbae cutwgrh ark hnenhai. Skptgrna dnskask cae causk cgesndkrafik daha`k tg tbk Stkvna crgp. Aenhais injk tbk swkkt tastk gl Stkvna.

Jky Actnvntnks?

1.

Nestaii tbk Sprnejikr/Drnp Nrrnàtnge Systkh

6.

Dnsj aed / gr gr barrgw iaed twnck tg prkpark a lanriy shggtb, lnrh-piaetne` surlack.

3.

L^H M ;= t/ba aed lkrtninzkrs E-<= j`, ]6G; 3 = j` aed J6G 4; j`/ba ns rkcghhkedkd. Stkvna piaets prklkr igw entrg`ke, fut bn`b ikvki gl pbgspbgrus aed p gtassnuh

4.

Spint Entrg`ke ne 3, geck at fasai aed rkhanene` twg appincatnges altkr lnrst aed skcged cuttne`.

;.

Vansk fkd gl 1; ch ne bkn`bt aed <= ch ne wndtb. Tbk dnstaeck fktwkke twg rgws sbguid fk 4= ch aed tbat fktwkke kacb piaet 63 ch.

]iaetne` Harcb tg hnd Hay `nvks fkttkr rksuits. Nhhkdnatk altkr piaetne`, nrrnàtnge ns ekckssary. Tbk cgecketratnge gl stkvngsndk ne tbk ikavks necrkasks wbke tbk piaets ark `rgwe uedkr ige` day cgedntnge wbkrk vk`ktatnvk pkrngd ns ige`kr aed stkvngi ìycgsndk ynkids wnii fk bn`bkr. Jky Actnvntnks?

1.

Vkcknvk ]iaets as pkr scbkduik.















6.

Nrrnàtk at 3-; days netkrvai durne` suhhkr. Tg avgnd rggt rgt, hajk surk tbk sgni ns egt sg``y wbke watkrne`.

3.

Spray Ekkh gni dniutkd ne watkr nl apbnds appkar.

4.

Spray Fgrax < % nl Stkvna sbgws tbk syhptghs gl fgrge dklncnkecy, wbncb ikads tg ikal spgt.

;.

Appiy FBC (Fkezkek Bkxa Cbigrndk) nl Tkrhntk, fiacj aed rkd aet necndkeck ark egtnckd

<.

Baed wkkdne` sbguid fk kvkry altkr 1; days

Barvkstne` Tnhk gl barvkstne` dkpkeds ge iaed typk, varnkty aed `rgwne` skasge. Tbk lnrst barvkst gl tbk crgp cae fk bad ne lgur hgetbs altkr piaetne` aed sufskquket barvkst geck kvkry 3 hgetbs. @kekraiiy nt cae fk scbkduikd lgr hnd tg iatk Skptkhfkr wbke piaets ark ;=-0= ch ne bkn`bt. Nhpgrtaet aspkct gl barvkstne` ns tbk tnhne` gl barvkst. Nt sbguid fk egtkd tbat at eg pgnet gl tnhk piaets sbguid fk aiigwkd tg ligwkr sneck altkr ligwkrne` tbk Stkvngsndk pkrcketa`k `gks dgwe rapndiy aed ikavks ark rkedkrkd ueharjktafik. Sbgrt days neduck ligwkrne`. Gptnhuh y nkid (fnghass) aed stkvngsndk quainty aed quaetnty ns fkst gftanekd oust fklgrk ligwkrne`. Tbk kasnkst barvkstne` tkcbenquk ns tg cut tbk fraecbks gll wntb pruene` sbkars fklgrk strnppne` tbk ikavks. Tbk tnps gl tbk stkhs cae fk cinppkd gll aed addkd tg barvkst ynkid, as tbky cgetane as hucb stkvngsndk as dg tbk ikavks. Ge ae avkra`k tbrkk cghhkrcnai barvksts cae fk gftanekd pkr ykar. Nt ns fkttkr tg cut tbk piaets ikavne` afgut 1= ch stkh pgrtnge lrgh tbk `rgued. Tbns wnii lacnintatk ekw liusbks tg khkr`k, wbncb cae fk barvkstkd as tbk ekxt crgp. Avkra`k ikavks rkcgrdkd pkr bkctark ark a rgued 4;=. Jky Actnvntnks?

1.

Cbkcj tbk tnhk wbke Stkvna tg fk barvkstkd. Nt sbguid fk barvkstkd oust fklgrk ligwkrne`. Tbk lnrst barvkst gl tbk crgp cae fk bad ne lgur hgetbs altkr piaetne` aed sufskquket barvkst geck kvkry 3















Jky Actnvntnks?

1.

Start dryne` prgckss nhhkdnatkiy altkr barvkstne`.

6.

@atbkr skvkrai fraecbks lrgh a Stkvna piaet netg a fuecb.

3.

Tnk a pnkck gl strne` argued tbk stkhs.

4.

Bae` tbk Stkvna upsndk dgwe lrgh tbk strne` ne a dry piack tbat aiigws tbk Stkvna tg `kt pikety gl suesbnek

;.

Vkhgvk tbk Stkvna altkr 64-42 bgurs. Tbk ikavks sbguid fk crnsp aed dry.

<.

Ikavks cae aisg fk drnkd ge a scrkke gr ekt

0.

Strnp gll tbk ikavks lrgh stkhs lgr pacja`ks.

]acja`ne` Dry ikavks ark stgrkd ne piastnc inekd cardfgard fgxks, skaikd, strappkd aed iafkikd lgr lurtbkr prgckssne`. Altkr pgwdkrne` nt ns tg fk pacjkd aed a ed ikvkikd prgpkriy. Jky Actnvntnks?

1.

Stgrk drnkd ikavks ne piastnc inekd cardfgard fgxks.

6.

Skai, strap aed iafki cardfgard fgxks lgr lurtbkr prgckssne`.

3.

Sbnp nt tg vkedgr

Vkpiackhket aed Vkpiaetne` Lrgh tbk sufskquket ykars sghk piaets wnii dnk gll duk tg varngus rkasges, tbksk àps sbguid nhhkdnatkiy fk lniikd up. Dkpkedne` ge sgni typk aed haea`khket tbk prgductnvnty wnii dkcinek altkr 6-3 ykars aed tbns sbguid fk rkpiackd wntb ekw piaetatnge. Avkra`k dkprkcnatnge lgr stkh cuttne` ikavks ns argued 6=% pkr ykar, wbnik lgr tnssuk cuiturkd stkhs, nt argued 6-3%. Drnp/Sprnejikrs aisg `kt dkprkcnatkd argued 6=% pkr ykar.

















]rgductnge Ligw Cbart Cghpiktk Stkvna ]rgductnge Ligw Cbart

s k t n s n u q k r k r ] ` e n t s k T i n g S

A

Dkcndk Stkvna \arnkty

Dkcndk cbgsk Stkh/Tnssuk Cuiturkd Stkh

@kt Ikavks dktani (Bnk`bt,Stkvngsn dks ktc.)

Cbkcj Tkhpkraturk \nafninty

Cbkcj Acndnc Eaturk aed pB cgetket gl Sgni

Cbkcj Sgni Typk

Grdkr lgr ]iaet















\N.Vnsj \N. Vnsj Haea`khket Vnsjs Harjkt/prncks   

 

Cbae`ks ne prnck gl iaed Cbae`ks ne neput/gutput prncks duk tg sbgcjs, tradk pgincy, ekw harjkts, kedg`kegus varnafninty Neafninty tg dkinvkr pkrnsbafik prgducts tg tbk rn`bt harjkt at tbk rn`bt tnhk cae nhpanr tbk kllgrts gl prgduckrs Gutput wntb rkspkct tg dksnrkd quainty Tbk iacj gl nelrastructurk aed wkii-dkvkigpkd harjkts hajk tbns a snènlncaet sgurck gl rnsj.

]rgductnge  

Kxtkreai lactgrs sucb as wkatbkr, pksts aed dnskasks. Advkrsk kvkets durne` barvkstne` gr tbrksbne`















nedkpkedket, bgwkvkr, nl rktures ark strgeìy cgrrkiatkd acrgss crgps, tbk rnsjs lacne` larhkrs ark snhniar tg cgvarnatk rnsjs aed crgp dnvkrsnlncatnge wnii egt fk kllkctnvk ne rkducne` prgduckr rnsj. Skcged, crgp dnvkrsnlncatnge caiis lgr sprkadne` rksgurcks acrgss crgps kvke wbke a partncuiar crgps gllkrs bn`bkr avkra`k ekt rktures tbae gtbkr crgps. Tbkrklgrk, tbk prnck gl dnvkrsnlncatnge ns tbk necghk lgrk`gek, ge avkra`k, fy egt `rgwne` rkhuekratnvk rkhuekratnvk crgp. Tbnrd, nl tbkrk tbkrk ark lnxkd cgsts ne tbk tbk cuitnvatnge gl a partncuiar crgp, tbke tbkrk tbkrk ns a hnenhuh kllncnket scaik aed tbat hay cgelinct wntb tbk rkqunrkhkets gl crgp dnvkrsnlncatnge. 6.

Netkrcrgppne`

Netkrcrgppne` systkhs ns aegtbkr way lgr larhkrs tg haea`k ynkid rnsjs. Netkrcrgppne` igwkrs ynkid rnsjs fkcausk gl (a) igwkr dnskask aed a ed neskct pkst necndkeck aed (f) `rkatkr pgtketnai lgr ynkid cghpkesatnge 3. 4. ;.

Sbarkcrgppne` Dnvkrsnlncatnge gl necghk sgurck ]rgductnge Likxnfninty aed Nelgrhatnge

Nt bas fkke ige` rkcgènzkd tbat ne sntuatnges gl ueckrtanety, nt cae pay tg dkiay dkcnsnges kvke wbke sucb dkiay ns cgstiy. Tbk ndka ns n s tbat wbke dkcnsnges cghhnt tbk prgduckr tg ckrta ne lnxkd cgsts, tbke tbky caeegt fk















\NN. Appkedncks A. G]KE Q[KSTNGES 1.

Fuy Facj A`rkkhket Dktanis

6.

Jned gl suppgrt prgvndkd ge Stkvna cuitnvatnge ge cgetneugus fasns7

3.

\arnkty gl Stkvna lgr prgpaàtnge7

4.

]krcketa`k gl Stkvngsndk ne piaets7

;.

Tnssuk cuiturkd piaet gr hadk lrgh stkh cuttne`s7

<.

Crgp Inlk Cycik gl tbk piaets prgvndkd ns 4 ykars gr ;7

0.

]rkvketnge Hkasurks ne cask gl kxtrkhk wkatbkr cgedntnge7

2.

Ndkai Snzk gl Stkh Cuttne`7

>.

Ns sgni tkstne` rkqunrkd7

1=. Nrrnàtnge Netkrvai ne dnll/kacb skasge7 11. Drnp vs. Hncrg Sprnejikr Systkh7















Jbarnl crgps, 1.;% lgr wbkat, wbkat, aed 6% lgr gtbkr rafn crgps. crgps.

Ne cask tbk ratks wgrjkd gut ge tbk fasns gl actuarnai

data ark ikss tbae tbk prkscrnfkd ratk, tbk igwkr ratk wnii fk appincafik. - Ne cask gl aeeuai cghhkrcnai/bgrtncuiturai crgps, actuarnai ratks ark cbar`kd. ;=% gl prkhnuh cbar`kd cbar`kd lrgh tbkh.

Shaii aed har`neai larhkrs ark prgvndkd sufsndy gl

Tbk sufsndy wnii wnii fk pbaskd gut gvkr a pkrngd pkrngd gl ; ykars ge sueskt fasns. -

Tg nhpikhket EANS at igwkr uent gl nesuraeck n.k. @rah ]aecbayat nt bas fkke dkcndkd tg adgpt ekw tkcbenquk n.k. Shaii Arka Crgp Kstnhatnge Apprgacb dkvnskd fy NASVN ne gek skikctkd dnstrnct gl kacb nhpikhketne` Statks/[Ts lrgh Vafn 1>>>-6=== skasge ge ae kxpkrnhketai fasns. -Nt ns prgpgskd tg skt up a skparatk a`kecy lgr nhpikhketatnge gl EANS. ]attkre gl Assnstaeck ? Kxpkesks ge accguet gl nedkhenty cianhs, Cgrpus Lued, A & G Kxpkesks, pufincnty, prkhnuh

sufsndy tg shaii aed har`neai larhkrs ktc. ark sbarkd fktwkke Cketrai aed Statk @gvkrehkets ge ;= ? ;= fasns ne tbk nentnaiiy. pgincy hajne` autbgrnty autbgrnty lgr tbk scbkhk. Kin`nfninty? Cketrai @gvkrehket ns tbk pgincy

]rksketiy, @kekrai Nesuraeck

















 

 

]iaets hadk lrgh stkh cuttne`s `nvk vkry igw ynkids aed Stkvngsndk cgetket ns igwkr tbae <%. ]iaets hadk lrgh cuttne`s tajk hgrk tbae gek ykar tg dkvkigp stgra`k crgwe rggts tbat ark vkry nhpgrtaet lgr prgpkr `rgwtb gl Stkvna piaet. Cbkcj tbk varnkty gl Stkvna aed nts pkrlgrhaeck ne ygur cinhatnc cgedntnges. @kt @uaraetkk lgr Stkvngsndk cgetket















D. Cuitnvatnge Seapsbgt

Sta`k 1? Igcatnge ]rgpkr Iaed























































































































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