CURSO:
TEMA :
DISEÑO VIAL.
I NFOR NFORME ME FINAL. P ROYECTO DE DISEÑO VIAL.
ALUMNO:
VALDEZ VERA, D IEGO ALFREDO.- 2013100688
PROFESOR :
C RDOVA SALCEDO, F ELIMON.
LIMA , NOVIE NOVIEM!RE M!RE
DE 201".
INDICE
1. 2. 3. ". $. 6. %.
INTR INTROD ODUC UCCI CION ON.. O!#ET #ETIVO IVOS. GENERALIDADE GENERALIDADES S DEL SITIO EN EN REFERENCIA REFERENCIA EN EL PLANO. MARC MARCO O TEOR TEORIC ICO. O. PROC PROCED EDIM IMIE IENT NTO. O. CONC CONCLU LUSI SION ONES ES.. !I!LIOGR !I!LIOGRAFI AFIA A & REFERE REFERENCIA NCIA 'E!. 'E!.
1.- INTRODUCCION: L( )*+*( ()( / ( (*(+4/ 5 / )*7 +( /9+9 / E95+ 5 (9 R(9. P* R( 9 /+/5 ( (;( 5 **/, 5 (/< (*+(, = 9 >+/5 /* 9 )/9 *+/(9 +/*5+9 )* 5/5 ( (***( 5 +?(*+(/ )(9(*, 7 5/* 5 ( ( )5*@ (+(*9 *((5 5 ( B(. E 95+ 9 )* /9+?+/ / )*9 ((/ ((/ +//+(5 +//+(5 )* 9 +99 (*9 = ((/ *((5, *((5, 7 ((*( (++5(59 (++5(59 = (/ 595 ( /+4/ 5 ( +/*(+4/ *(+( ( 5+<9 (*9 <(9( ( ((+4/ 5 ( *(, )(9(/5 )* 9 */++/9 )*++/(*9. E )*7 5 ( B( **9)/5 ( ( (+(+4/ 5 ; 5+/++, ( ( 9+4/ 5 (9 *(9 5 /(, ( ( 5*+/(+4/ 5*+/(+4/ 5 9 /9 /9 5 +**( ( *, ( 9(++ 9(++/ /
5 9 9+9(9 9+9(9 5 5*/(;, 5*/(;, ( ( 9+(+4/ 9+(+4/ 5 (9 (/+5(59 (/+5(59 5 *( ( ;(*, ;(*, ( *)(/ 5 *((5 / **/, . E/ 9+?+/ +/* 9 )*9/(*(/ 9 )*+/+)(9 )/9 = 9 ++(*/ )(*( ( *(+(+4/ 5 )*7 +(, )* ;) 95+ 5 *(9, */++/ 5 **/, 9 @9 (5(59 )(*( 9(* / *( = / 9(9 *(+(/5 / ( *((5 5 )(/. A5@9 5 99 )/9, +/* (+/ )*9/(*@ +/*(+4/ (*( 5 ?(* B9+ 9* ( 9 9@ *(+(/5 )*7 +(, / ( +/(+5(5 5 /* 9 (9)9 ?/*(9 5 ( /( 7 )*7(*9 (/ @9 )(*( 9(* 9+ /( (***( 9 +( / 5+< ?(*.
2.- OBJETIVOS: •
E ;+ )*+/+)( 5 9 +/*, 9 )*9/(* 9 59 (5((59 )(*( */++/ 7 *((5 5 / 5*+/(5 **/ = )*9/(5 ( *(9 5 / )(/. O* 5 9 ;+9 9 59*(* = ()+(/5 **(/ 9 *(9 7 9 @9 5(59, 9 )9+ /* / +* *+*+ 7 (5@9 /( ()*>+(5( +9+4/ 5 = 9*@ ( *( 5 ( (***( / )(/ 7 )* /9+?+/ / / *, )(9(* 99 /++/9 / ( +5( +/?/+*+.
3.- GENERALIDADES DEL SITIO EN REFERENCIA EN EL PLANO: C )(* 5 5+9 +( = 9 9@ *(+(/5, ( +(+4/ 5 )*7 9 (/ /9(*+(, 7( = 5/ /*9 59 9 (9)9 ?/*(9 5 ?(* / = 9 9@ *((;(/5 9 / ( +/(+5(5 5 9(* 7 /* (9 5+/9+/9, 9 *+9 7 (9 )/5+/9 5 **/ )(*( )5* ()+(* **(/ 9 @9 95+(59. R( R(+ +(/5 (/5 /( +/ +/9+ 9+?( ?(+ +4/ 4/ (5 (5( (5( 5( 9 )5 )5 5 5*+ *+/( /(** ( *( *(99 5 9 9 ?( ?(* *99 /+/(59 / )(/ )?*@+ H5(. U< U<, C/* P(5 A/9, P 5 */, C/* P(5 5 C<+<+(/(, R+ F*(J = ( +(+4/ )*/B( ( 5+9*+ 5 (7()()(J A /+/(+4/ 9 )*9/(*(/ 9 )*+/+)(9 )/9 7 (9 )*+/+)(9 (*(*B9+(9 5 ?(* /+/(5.
1.- ANTECENDENTES HISTORICOS: E ) 5 (7()()( 9 *+?+/4 )* ( /5*(+4/ 5 9 9+ (79, M(*()/(, (7((*(, K*+/(*(, K((*(, S+(*(, / 9 = *4 / (+(? / 95 / A=+)()(, )* 9 9)(9 9 9*(*/ 59//9 7 */5(*/ = ) 5*B( /5(*9 / / ?(* ()*)+(5, )(/ 7 / (/5(/ (/ 5(/ (?( 7 +*/ +*/ / ( )(* )(* (;( *( 5 *B *B )(*( ( 9(*/ 9(*/ /( 9*(?+(, *(* ( +(?/ 5 P(*4/ S(/ G*?*+, 5(9 (9 /<9 5 A=+)()( 7 5;(* 5;(* / ?(* 59+?/(5 59+?/(5 5/5 9 +/5B?/(9 +/5B?/(9 //*((/ //*((/ ( ((/* ((/* 9/(5 9* /( ?+?(/9( )+5*( ;/ ( /( )(;( +<J ((5( ((5( (7() = *B( 9* (, 7 (/9(59 5 5* 59 9 5B(9 ( 9 ?(* 5 *+?/, )(*/ )* /5(* ) / <*9 <* 9 )(*(; 5 (7()()(, 9 /* / * 9 5*+( 5 59 (9 (9 (7() = 9+?/++( )(;( +< 7 )()( **/ (/ 7 *+. *+. E9 ) (/*+*/ (/*+*/ +/?*(/ 5 D+9*+ D+9*+ 5 P(*(*+/ P(*(*+/ )9*+*/ )9*+*/ )* ( ?9+4/ 5 99 )(5*9, 5*(/ ?+*/ 5 #9 P(*5, (5 ( ( (?*B( 5 5+9*+ 5+9*+ )* L7 N $"3 0% 5 O* 5 10% / 99 *9)+9 *9)+9 (9*B9 5 P()() P()()(*( (*(,, C<( C<( C<+/<+ C<+/<+), ), M<)( M<)(,, O*(;, O*(;, T*), *), P+, P+, C(9<()( C(9<()()(, )(, Y(/(<(, Y( /(<(, /*(+4/ 5 5 ( )*+/+( 5 (*( (* ( 5 D)(*(/ 5 A/(9<.
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FACTORES FACTORES DE LOCALIACIÓN DE UNA CARRETERA: C +/?*(/9 5 9+9( 5 *(/9)* (9 (***(9 *(/ )(* 5 ( +/*(9**( /4+( 5 )(B9 7 /*+7/ ( 5*+/(* 9 59(** +/*+// / )(/9 7 )*?*((9 ( *(9 5 9 )*79. )* 79. E99, )* (/, 5/ *9)/5* *9)/5 * ( / /> ?/*( 5 *5/ (*/4+, 5 5 59(**, )(*( (>++(* 9 /*++4/ ( 59(** 5 )(B9.
TRAADO DE CARRETERAS: E/ *((5 5 /( (***( 9 )*9/(/ 5+*/9 ()(9, 9+/5 (?/(9 5 9(9 +)*9+/5+9, +/*(9 = *(9 5)/5/ 5 (*9 (9 ( )?*(B(, ((/9 +)*(/+( 5 )*7, 5+9)/+++5(5 5 **99, +/*(+4/ 5+9)/+ +/9+ ( )**( 5 9 5+99. D(5( ( /9+5(5 /9 +5(5 5 /9*+* /( (***( = = )*+( /((* 59 )/9 **9*9 9 5 5*+/(* 5 *+/(* +/++(/ 99 (*(*B9+(9 9)++(+/9 7 9 )/9 +/*5+9 = )* *(/9 9)+(9 9 )+(9 9 /+*/ / +?(59, ((59 )/9 5 /* )*+(*+. A )(*+* 5 9 / 9 )*9/(/ //9 (9 5+*/9 (99 = /* / *(/ (/ / )*7 )*7 5 /( (** (***( *( 7 = = 9 59 59*+ *+/ / ( / /+/ +/( (+4 +4/: /:
RECONOCIMIENTO SELECCIÓN DE RUTAS. I/++(/ 9 5 *)+(* 5( ( +/*(+4/ 5+9)/+ /9(*+( )(*( )5* (* ( ( 95+ 5 (9 )9+9 *(9. E9( +/*(+4/ )5 /9(* 5: • • • •
F?*(B(9 (*(9. M()(9 7 )(/9 )?*@+9 >+9/9 5 ( *?+4/. E95+9 5 *@/9+ 5 B(9 (5((9. D(9 *4?+9.
L? 5 (/(+(* 5( ( +/*(+4/ /+5( 9 ( ( ( )(/(+/ 5 (9 5+*/9 *(9 )9+9 = 9(+9(?(/ ( (7*B( 5 (9 /5++/9 @9+(9. S /+/5 )* *( ( (;( 5 **/, 5 (/< (*+(, = 9 >+/5 /* 9 )/9 >*9 *+/(9, )(9(/5 )* 9 )/9 5 /* )*+(*+, 7 5/* 5 ( ( )5*@ 9(* +(5( ( B( ( *((*. L9 )/9 5 /* )*+(*+ /*(/ 9/ )(+/9 +/*5+(9 = 9 *@/ (*+5(9 / ( /9*+4/ 5 ( /( B(. C 9 )5 )*9/(* / ?*(/ /* 5 *(9 )9+9, 95+ 5 (9 +9(9 +/ )* ;
9+/(* (=( = */( (9 /5++/9 4)+(9 @9 (*(9 )(*( 59(** (/ 5 *((5 5 ( /9*+4/.
EVALUACIÓN DE RUTAS. E/ (?/(9 (9+/9 )5 95* = ( *( ()*)+(5( 9( 7 +( 7 / <(7( /9+5(5 5 ((* *(9, ( 9 (9 (/5 ( )?*(B( 9 *(+(/ )(/( ( /?+5 5 ( B( 9( 7 *(, )*, 9+ 9 <(/ 5*+/(5 (*+(9 *(9 9 5 (* ( ( /( 9*+ 5 (/@+9+9 = 9 5((/ ( /+/(+4/:
D*+/(* )/9 5 /* 9/5(*+: )9+9 )/(5*9 *9 (*(9 5 **+ **+/ /9 9 5 (?( (?(J, J, 5) 5)*9 *9+ +/ /99 5 (9 (9 *5+ *5+ * *(9, (9, B(9 B(9 >+9 >+9 / /9 9,, )= )= (9 (9 )(+/9, 9=9, )/9 5 ((9 ((9 )(/(/9 = 5/ 9* +(59. ((* )/5+/9 /?+5+/(9 7 *(/9*9(9 )*5+/(/9. D*+/(* (*(*B9+(9 ?4?+(9. U+(* /9 5 (*+(9 (/*(9J. D*+/(* )9+9 9++9 )(*( ( 5+9)9++4/ 5 59<9 94+59 (5*9J. E9(* (/+5(5, (9 7 5+*+4/ 5 9 5+*/9 *99 5 (?(. E9(* /5++/9 +@+(9 *4?+(9.
E/ ( F+?*( 9 )5 +9(+(* *9 )9+9 (*/(+(9 *(9 )(*( *((5 5 /( (***( /* 9 )/9:
E5#( E5#(0# 0#"! "!$% $% 0*# 0*# ?6*'' B0"4
P(*( P(*( / /** / *+ *+*+ *+ = )*+( 9?* ( ;* (*/(+( 5 (9 *(9 *9(/9 / *((5 (/ )*++/(* )*++/(* 5 /( B( 9 )5/
++(* 5+*99 59, 5/* 5 9 = 9 /( 5 5 !* )(*( ((+4/ 5 *(9. E 5 5 !* 9 (9( / /) 5 /?+5 *9+9/ = 9 ( )(*(+4/ /* ( 5+9(/+( *( 5 ( *( 7 /( 5+9(/+( =+(/ / **/ )(/, /+/5 / /( (7* 9* = *(+(/ 9
L( /?+5 *9+9/ 5 /( *( 9@ 5(5( )*:
D/5: : L/?+5 *9+9/ : L/?+5 *( ( 5 ( *( K: I/*9 5 ++/ 5 *(+4/ W 7J: S(*+( 5 (9 5+*/+(9 5 /+ (9/5/9 / 9/+5 5 ((+4/
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21 32 3$ ""
L( ((+4/ 9 *(+( / 9 59 9/+59 5 +*(+4/ ( )(*+* 5 /( )/5+/ */5(5( 9)++(5( )(*( ( B(. C(/5 ( )/5+/ 5 / *( 59/5/ 5 (
*( 9( (7* ( ( */5(5(, ( W7J 5 ( (+4/ (/*+* 9 (( 5 ( 9+?+/ (/*(:
D/5: W 7J: S(*+( 5 (9 5+*/+(9 5 /+ (9/5/9 / 9/+5 5 ((+4/ +: L/?+5 5 *( 59/5/ / P+ X P* P+: P/5+/ 5 *( / 9+4/ P*: P/5+/ */5(5( 9)++(5( )(*( )*7
A5@9 5 9( ((+4/ 5 <(*9 / (/@+9+9 = /?( / /(, )(*( (5( *(: • • •
L(9 /5++/9 ?4?+(9 7 5 9(++5(5 5 **/. L( /9*+4/ 5 *(9 (5++/(9 )/9 /9 )* ;)J. C/5++/9 C/5++/9 <+5*4?+(9 <+5*4?+(9 7 5 5*/(;.E/ 5*/(;.E/ +/, 5(9 (9 (*(*B9+ (*(*B9+(9 (9 = )*+(/ )*+(/ 5* 5*+ +/(* /(*,, 5 (/* (/*(( ()*> ()*>+ +(5 (5(, (, 9 9 9 99 9 5 / /9 9* *+ +4/ 4/,, ) )*( *(+ +4/ 4/ 7 /9*(+4/ 5 ( *( B(.
.-PROCEDIMIENTO CALCULOS:
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
RUTA 1: T*(: A - A1: LA = LV × C
¿ 3000 × 1.5= 4500
DSN =CF −CI
¿ 1800− 2500 =−700
P=
a=
−700 4500
4500 12
=−0.155 − 1.55
=375
(
)
x =375 × −0.155 =−58.125
T*( A1-A2: LA = LV × C
¿ 3000× 3000 × 1.3= 3900
DSN =CF −CI
¿ 1954 −1800=154
P =
a=
154 3900
3900 10
=0.0394 0.0394 3.94 3.94
=390
x =390 ×
( 0.0394 )
15.366
=
T*( A2 & A3: LA = LV × C
¿ 4000 × 1.4 = 5600
DSN =CF −CI
¿ 2054 −1954 =100
P=
a=
100 5600
5600 15
=0.017 0.0178 8 1.78 1.78
=373.33
x =373.33 ×
( 0.0178 )
T*( A3 & !: LA = LV × C
6.64
=
¿ 1000× 1000 × 1.6= 1600
DSN =CF −CI
¿ 1854 −2079=−225
P=
a=
−225 1600
1600 4
=0.0140 0.0140 1.40
= 400
x =400 ×
( 0.0140 )
56
=
P* / 9 ?( ( )/ >(, 5 **?+*9 /* 5 (9, (5@9 ( *( >5 ( ( ((5(, 5 9(*9 9( /?+5 ()*>+(5(. E//9: LA =1600−500 =1100
DSN = CF − CI
¿ 1854 −2079=−225
P=
a=
−225 1100
1100 2
=−0.204 −2.04
=550
(
)
x =550 × −0.204 =−112.2
RUTA 2: T*( A- :
LA = LV × C
¿ 3500 × 1.3= 4550
DSN = CF − CI
¿ 2325−2525 =−200
−200
P=
a=
4550
4550 12
=−0.0439 − 4.39
=379.17
(
)
x =379.17 × −0.0439 =−16.65
T*( -1: LA = LV × C
¿ 3500 × 1.6=5600
DSN = CF − CI
¿ 1750−2325 =−575
P =
a=
−575 5600
5600 14
=0.102 −10.02
= 400
(
)
x =400 × −0.102 =−40.8
T*( 1 & 2: LA = LV × C
¿ 2500× 2500 × 1.3= 3250
DSN =CF −CI
¿ 1600−1775 =−175
P=
a=
−175 3250
3250 9
=−0.0546 − 5.46
=361.11
x =361.11 ×
(
0.0546
−
)
19.71
=−
T*( 2 & 3: LA = LV × C
¿ 2300× 2300 × 1.3= 2990
DSN =1829−1600 =229
P=
a=
229 2990
2990 8
=0.076 0.0766 6 7.66 7.66
=373.75
(
)
x =375.75 × 0.0766 =28.63
T*( 3 &!: LA = LV × C
¿ 400 × 1.3 =520
DSN =1854 −1829=25
P =
a=
25 520
520 3
=0.048 0.0480 0 4.80 4.80
=173.33
(
)
x =173.33 × 0.0480 =8.32
TEOREMA DE BRUCE: R0*# 1: T*( A - A1: D9/+ 1800-2$00 -%00 ,
D+9(/+( <*+/( "$00
− 700
P/5+/
4500
- 0.1$$ -1.$$
T*( A1-A2: D9/+ 1$"& 1800 1$"
D+9(/+( <*+/( 300
154
P/5+/
3900
0.03" 3."
T*( A2 & A3: D9/+ 20$"& 1$" 100
D+9(/+( <*+/( $600
100
P/5+/
5600
0.01%8 1.%8
T*( A3 & !: D9/+ 18$"& 20% -22$ − 225
P/5+/
1100
-0.20" -2.0"
D+9(/+( <*+/( 1100
R0*# 2: T*( A- : D9/+ 232$ - 2$2$ -200
D+9(/+( <*+/( "$$0
− 200
P/5+/
4550
-0.0"3 ".3
T*( -1: D9/+ 1%$0 - 232$ -$%$
5+9(/+( <*+/( $600
− 575
P/5+/
5600
-0.102 -1.02
T*( 1 & 2: D9/+ 1600 - 1%%$ -1%$
D+9(/+( <*+/( 32$0
− 175
P/5+/
3250
- 0.0$"6 -$."6
T*( 2 & 3: D9/+ 182 - 1600 22
D+9(/+( <*+/( 20
229
P/5+/
2290
00%66 %.66
T*( 3 & !: D9/+ 18$" - 182 2$
D+9(/+( <*+/( $20
25
P/5+/
520
0.0"80 ".80
R0*# 1: D9/+9 )*;5++(9 )* /*()/5+/9 1$"100 2$" T5(9 (9 )/5+/9 )9++(9J 1$10 1$1000 , , (9@+(J
/?+ /?+5 5 ( ( 5 ( *(J *(J
W7 2$" 59 9 59/+9, *(+(5 / )(9 (/*+*J
0 W7 1$100 3$ 2$"J 23>>
R0*# 2:
3$ /9( /9(/ /,, ( (** (/5 (/5 9 (*)( (*)(
D9/+9 )*;5++(9 )* /*()/5+/9 222$ 2$" 1610 , /?+5 /?+5 ( 5 ( *(J (9@+(J
3$ /9(/, /9(/, (* (/5 9 (*)(
W7 2$"
0 W7 1610 3$ 2$"J 2 A<*(, 9+ #%(!! ('%+!*0 !*%* 9 *(+( % %*!' "'%*#!', 9 9 5 ! @ A, 9*B( (9 5 /( (***( 5 59 5+*+/9, 9 +/: A=B 9 /9+5*( (9 )/5+/9 /?(+(9 = (<*( 7( 9*@/ )9++(9 )* = 9 (+4 9/+5 5 ! ( A 7 / >9 5 )/5+/9 9 /9+5*( )/5+/ */5(5(J (9 (7*9 ( " 7 9 *9( 9(9: 0,0"J
R0*# 1: D9/+9 )* /*()/5+/9 %0022$ D9/+ 5 *( 5/5 ( )/5+/ 9 /?(+(J D9/+ D 9/+ 9 9 )* )* > >9 9 5 )/5+ )/5+/ / 0
/+/? /+/?/ / 9* 9*)(9 )(9(( 5 ( )/ )/5+ 5+/ /
*/5(5(: "J 0 W7 1$100 "2$ 3$J @@
R0*# 2: D9/+9 )* /*()/5+/9 200$%$1%$$0 D9/+ 5 *( 5/5 ( )/5+/ 9 /?(+(J D9/+9 D9/+9 )* >9 5 )/5+/ )/5+/ 0.0"3-0.0"J"$$ 0.0"3-0.0"J"$$00 0.0$"6-0.0"J32$0 0.0$"6-0.0"J32$0 0.0%660.0"J20 0.0"80-0.0"J $20 0 W7 1$100 3$ $01%8.%8J 3>2@.2.
.-CONCLUSIONES: P(*( 9 +/* 9 )5 /+* 9+?+/: •
•
•
•
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
+/* /+/ *((5 5 *(9, 9+4/ 5 ( @9 4)+( *( 5 !*J, 5+9 5 *( <*+/(, 5+9 5 )*( 7 9*(/<, 5+9 5 ( *(9(/ 7 *( *+( 7 +/(/ *)(/ 5 ( *( <*+/(. A9++9 (5;/ ( +/* 9 )*9/(/ 9 )(/9 **9)/5+/9 ( (5( +/+9.
.-BIBLIOGRAFIA:
201"
[T*((5 5 C(***(9- C()+ ": N+4/ )(*( *((5 5 (***(9\ En (***(9\ En Scribd, ]<):^^9.9*+5.^5^$161%366^TRAZADO-DECARRETERASX. C/9( <<( / 0^201".
200%
[E((+4/ 5 R(9 M5 5 !*J\ En Doble VíaTransportes e Ingeniería, ]<):^^5+(.*5)*99.^200%^02^08^((+/-5*(9-5-5-*^X. C/9( <<( / 0^201".
201"
[E95+ 5 R(9\ En R(9\ En Arqhys- Arquitectura, Arquitectura, ]<):^^.(*=<79.^/9*+/^*(995+.<>. 95+.<>.C/9( C/9( <<( / 0^201".
2011
« Unidad I: Estudio de rutas para el trazado de carreteras» carreteras» En “Vías de Comunicación”, < http://viasunefa.blospot.co!/200"/0"/unidad#i# estudio#de#rutas#para#el.ht!l$. %onsulta hecha en 0"/201&.
'I(()(*+*, -I) -avid
2012
AGUDELO OSPINA, #
[C( 7 *)(/ 5 /( *( +*(* 9+)\ En 9+)\ En ni!ersidad de sucre " departa#ento de Ingeniería ci!il, ]<):^^9+9(+5.^)(/^)(59^++(^201"-0601_01-0-21038$%.)5X. C/9( <<( / 12^201".
2002
[D+9 G*+ 5 VB(9\ E/ $IVE%SIDAD$A&I'$A( DE &'(')*IA " SEDE )EDE((+$ A A&(TAD &(TAD DE )I$AS ESE&IA(IA&I/$ V+AS 0 T%A$S'%TE, ]<)9:^^9;/((**.+9.*5)*99.^2011^08^5+931?3(*+-5-3(5(9-;
201"
[ VB(9 C(***(9. D+9 ?*+. I/*(9**( 5 *(/9)*. T+)9. P*79. P* 79. P(/(+4/. V+5(5. V+5(5. V+9+++5(5. V+ 9+++5(5. A+/(+/. P(99 ( 59/+. P/9. T/9. Vago, C/* 5 (+5(5. I/*(+4/ /+(\ En /+(\ En %inc1n del Vago, ] <):^^<.*+//5(?.^+(9.<X. C/9( <<( / 0^201". ,
