DISCAPACIDAD AUDITIVA: Estrategias y recursos para el desarrollo de competencias en el niño Sordo. Modelo de Educación Intercultural Bilingüe

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Oigi N`mhmienx% Zrmanrk n`mhmøe4 Vklkzk, Aívmhi, kbrml `n 2:;; H~bmnrpk4 “Wmprkl Xmlnepn‑ @kwm` Pirrnx Xmpmi4 sss%oigipnheilicmk%hia%av sss%oigipnheilicmk%hia%av Hirrni4 oigipnheilicmkJcakml%hia oigipnheilicmkJcakml%hia © 2:;;% Piìx lix `nrnhfix rnxnrwkìx zir nl k~pir% Nxpk ibrk ei z~n`n xnr rnzri`~hm`k, klakhnek`k ne ~e xmxpnak `n rnh~znrkhmøe i prkexampmrxn ne girak klc~ek zir h~kl{~mnr zrihn`mamnepi, xnk nxpn anhëemhi, nlnhprøemhi, `n gipihizmk, crkbkhmøe i h~kl{~mnr ipri xme nl znramxi zrnwmi nxhrmpi `nl k~pir% Ei gipihizmnx, hlienx, nxhkennx, newánx zir n!akml } a~hfi aneix hili{~nx ne láenk ~ek wnrxmøe hiazlnpk i zkrpnx `n nxpn lmbri xme lk k~pirmtkhmøe zir nxhrmpi `nl k~pir% Kl hiazrkr ~e ndnazlkr irmcmekl kzi}kx lk cnenrkhmøe `n aëx lmbrix anvmhkeix ne pnakx {~n eix mepnrnxke k piìx lix {~n zkrpmhmzkaix ne lk mehl~xmøe)mepncrkhmøe% X~ zrnhmi nx khhnxmbln, ei fk} enhnxm`k` `n hianpnr ~e `nlmpi zkrk ibpnenrli% Kzi}k lk mewnxpmckhmøe ne n`~hkhmøe nxznhmkl%

Megirakhmøe } wnepkx `n nxpn lmbri ne4

sss%oigipnheilicmk%hia%av

Mazrnxi } fnhfi ne Aívmhi Zrmepn` me Anvmhi ;

Crkhmkx k @mix zir khiazkûkran ne nxix nvprkûix hkameix {~n an fke prkáì fkxpk k{~á% K amx zk`rnx } fnrakeix zir `kran xmnazrn ndnazli `n prkbkdi, hiexpkehmk } xnrwmhmi% K {~mnenx fke `kì rnxz~nxpk k amx `~`kx } an fke negrnepkì k a~hfkx aëx% K amx {~nrmìx kl~aeix Xirìx } ne lmhnehmkp~rk {~n an fke nexnûkì aëx `n li {~n z~`n fkbnr kzrne`mì ne h~kl{~mnr nxh~nlk%

2

Áe`mhn Zrnëab~li Mepri`~hhmøe Hkzáp~li M% @mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mihia~emhkpmwk bkxk`k ne hiaznpnehmkx } nl ai`nli mepnrh~lp~rkl bmlmecün @mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mihia~emhkpmwk xncôe x~x hiaznpnehmkx @n xir`nrk k Xir`mp~`4 nl hiehnzpi `n @nkgfii` } x~x mazlmhkhmienx ne n`~hkhmøe Lix kûix ne blkehi4 ~ek rnklm`k` `n lix Xirìx ne Aívmhi Mepncrkhmøe n mehl~xmøe n`~hkpmwk `nl Xirì Hiehl~xmienx Hkzáp~li MM% Fmxpirmk } khp~klm`k` `n lk n`~hkhmøe `n Xirìx ne Aívmhi Nl aklmehfmxai } lk n`~hkhmøe `n Xirìx Lk nrrk`mhkhmøe `n lk lnec~k `n xnûkx ne Aívmhi Nl aípiì irkl ne lk nxh~nlk zôblmhk Lk girakhmøe `n ìhnepnx `n n`~hkhmøe nxznhmkl ne nl ërnk `n kpnehmøe k~`mpmwk } `n lnec~kdn Hiehl~xmienx Hkzáp~li MMM% Hia~emhkhmøe, rn{~mxmpi me`mxznexkbln zkrk nl `nxkrrilli `n hiaznpnehmkx ne lk nxh~nlk Lnec~kdn, znexkamnepi } h~rráh~li Hia~emhkhmøe ne lk nxh~nlk } hia~emhkhmøe pipkl Ai`nli Mepnrh~lp~rkl Bmlmecün `nx`n lk Hia~emhkhmøe Pipkl Zrivmakl Hiehl~xmienx Hkzáp~li MW% Oigipnheilicák K`kzpkhmøe k~`mizripíxmhk me`mwm`~kl } hilnhpmwk Megiraëpmhk4 ~ek fnrrkamnepk `n Oigipnheilicák `n bkdi hixpi Wm`nillkak`k } wm`nihiegnrnehmk Rn`nx xihmklnx `n hilkbirkhmøe Znláh~lkx ne @W@ } `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mihia~emhkpmwk Hiehl~xmienx

8

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Hkzáp~li W% Nl zrihnxi `n mepnrwnehmøe Nwkl~khmøe zxmhizn`kcøcmhk } prkbkdi mepnr`mxhmzlmekrmi Nwkl~khmøe `nl pmzi `n xir`nrk } nl nxpk`mi `n Xir`mp~` Nwkl~khmøe `n lk k~`mhmøe ne nl k~lk Nwkl~khmøe `n lkx hiaznpnehmkx zkrk lk hia~emhkhmøe, nl lnec~kdn } nl fkblk Iprix nlnanepix `n lk nwkl~khmøe zxmhizn`kcøcmhk Nxprkpncmkx zkrk nl `nxkrrilli `n hiaznpnehmkx hia~emhkpmwkx @nxkrrilli `n fkbmlm`k`nx bëxmhkx zkrk nl zrihnxkamnepi `n megirakhmøe Lk nexnûketk `n lk lnec~k `n xnûkx Aípiìx irklnx Nxpma~lkhmøe `n lk hiazrnexmøe lnhpirk Nxprkpncmkx zkrk lk nexnûketk `n lkx `mgnrnepnx kxmcekp~rkx Khhnxi k nxp~`mix x~znrmirnx ne láenk Hiehl~xmienx Nl g~p~ri hnrhkei Hiehl~xmienx cnenrklnx Bmblmicrkgák

0

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Zrnëab~li Nxpn nx ~e pnvpi `n hkrëhpnr zn`kcøcmhi {~n bkxk x~x zriz~nxpkx ne lk Hiewnehmøe xibrn lix `nrnhfix `n lkx znrxiekx hie `mxhkzkhm`k` `n lk

Irckemtkhmøe `n lkx Ekhmienx êm`kx &2::6-? nl Áe`mhn `n Mehl~xmøe `n lk Irckemtkhmøe `n lkx Ekhmienx êm`kx zkrk lk N`~hkhmøe, lk Hmnehmk } lk H~lp~rk &2:::-? lk @nhlkrkhmøe `n Xklkakehk } Akrhi `n Khhmøe zkrk lkx Enhnxm`k`nx N`~hkpmwkx Nxznhmklnx &;==0-? lk @nhlkrkhmøe `n lk Hiegnrnehmk Ekhmiekl ne Kpnehmøe N`~hkpmwk k Aneirnx hie Enhnxm`k`nx N`~hkpmwkx Nxznhmklnx% N{~m`k` zkrk lk `mwnrxm`k` &;==3-? lk Hiexpmp~hmøe Zilápmhk `n lix Nxpkìx êmìx Anvmhkeix , Ln} Cnenrkl `n lkx Znrxiekx hie @mxhkzkhm`k` } Ln} `n Mepncrkhmøe `n znrxiekx hie @mxhkzkhm`k` `nl nxpkì `n Wnrkhr~t wmcnepnx?

nl Zricrkak Ekhmiekl zkrk nl Girpklnhmamnepi `n lk N`~hkhmøe Nxznhmkl } `n lk Mepncrkhmøe N`~hkpmwk &2::2-? lix Zlkenx } Zricrkakx `n Nxp~`mi `n

N`~hkhmøe Zrnnxhilkr &2::0-, Zrmakrmk &2::=- } Xnh~e`krmk &2::7-? lix zrmehmzmix, gmeklm`k`nx } nxprkpncmkx `n lk mepncrkhmøe n`~hkpmwk ne nl k~lk rnc~lkr &2::=-? nl negi{~n bkxkì ne hiaznpnehmkx, lix negi{~nx hia~emhkpmwi g~ehmiekl } xihmih~lp~rkl `n lk nexnûketk `n lk lnec~k, lkx zilápmhkx } g~e`kanepix `n lk n`~hkhmøe mepnrh~lp~rkl bmlmecün ne Aívmhi, `mgnrnepnx nxhrmpix {~n zrihlkake nl `nrnhfi `n lix emûix Xirìx k hrnhnr ne kabmnepnx bmlmecünx } iprix ìh~anepix eirakpmwix, lmbrix } nexk}ix hmnepágmhix `nrmwkìx i kgmenx%

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Mepri`~hhmøe Ei nvmxpn ~e ai`nli `n n`~hkhmøe bmlmecün ~emwnrxkl, z~nx `n nvmxpmr nxpkrákaix `n grnepn k ~ek hieprk`mhhmøe hie lk amxak mepnehmøe fmxpørmhi!h~lp~rkl `n nxpk zriz~nxpk n`~hkpmwk% K{~nlli {~n xá nvmxpn xie `mgnrnepnx nxh~nlkx bmlmecünx, `mxpmepix zrihnxix } anhkemxaix `n bmlmecümxai, h~}kx rkáhnx `nzne`ne } xn rnlkhmieke hie gkhpirnx } zrihnxix fmxpørmhix, xihmklnx, lmecüáxpmhix } zilápmhix `mgnrnepnx‧

Hkrlix Xolmkr &2::8-

@nxz~íx `n ~ek direk`k `n prkbkdi rncrnxi hkamekeì `nx`n Vmhi Wmndi, ìe`n xn neh~neprk lk nxh~nlk ne lk {~n nxp~`mke ~e emûi } ~ek emûk Xirìxm% Firk } an`mk h~nxpk kbkdi hie lk hiaz~pkìrk hilckeì `n am fiabri xibrn ne ~e hkamei zn`rncixi% K nxpix emûix, {~n xie zrmaix fnrakeix, nl aknxpri `n hia~emhkhmøe lix wmxmpk xøli ìx i prnx wnhnx kl anx `nbmì k {~n xn kpmne`ne xnmx nxh~nlkx aëx, kxá hiai zir lk enhnxm`k` `n zkrpmhmzkr ne rn~emienx hiewihk`kx zir nl @nzkrpkanepi `n N`~hkhmøe Nxznhmkl &@NN-, lk X~znrwmxmøe, nl hilncmkì `n hia~emhkhmøe } lk `mrnhhmøe `n lk êm`k` `n Xnrwmhmix `n Kzi}i k lk N`~hkhmøe Rnc~lkr &^XKNR-% Nxn nrk am zkeirkak amneprkx g~m x~ aknxpri% Kl rnhir`krli, xn zrnxnepk ne am anairmk lk xiermxk {~n llnwkbk ne am rixpri kl rncrnxkr xkpmxgnhfi kl fkbnr kwketkì ~e zihi aëx ne x~ khnrhkamnepi k lk lnec~k `n xnûkx anvmhkek &LXA-, kl nxzkûil nxhrmpi } kl fkblk% Lix xmcemgmhkpmwix kwkehnx ne hiazrnexmøe lnhpirk k prkwíx `n lk Licicnemk, «{~í `mhfk+ Nxix aianepix pn hiewnehne `n {~n ei pn n{~mwihkxpn kl kpne`nr kl llkakì `nl akcmxpnrmi hiai wihkhmøe `n wm`k% Hk`k wnt {~n lni nxpkx láenkx xierái `n e~nwi } an maz~lxk lk enhnxm`k` `n {~n iprix `mxgr~pne `n nxk xnexkhmøe, {~n ei xn xmnepke hieg~e`mìx kl b~xhkr hia~emhkrxn hie x~x emûix Xirìx zkrk khnrhkrlix kl h~rráh~li rnc~lkr% Ei hkbn `~`k {~n xnr aknxpri nx ~ek `n lkx zrignxmienx aëx eiblnx% Bienp &;72:- me`mhk a~} khnrpk`kanepn {~n lk pkrnk `n n`~hkr k lix Xirìx nx “krpn‑% Himehmì hie íl zir{~n nxpi} hiewnehmì {~n hk`k aknxpri ndnh~pk x~ lkbir hie ~e nxpmli zrizmi {~n zriwmnen `n x~ klak } `nzne`n, mehl~xi, `nl kair {~n xn pneck fkhmk lix emûix } k lk hmnehmk% Ne e~nxprk lkbir hipm`mkek nehieprkaix kl~aeix {~n ei pmnene ~e xmxpnak `n hia~emhkhmøe nxpkblnhmì, hie ~e rn`~hmì lívmhi {~n lnx `mgmh~lpk nl khhnxi k lk hlkxn } k lix akpnrmklnx `n nxp~`mi% Hiaôeanepn e~nxprix emûix ei khhn`mnrie k mepnrwnehmøe pnazrkek i íxpk g~n `n bkdk hklm`k`% Ei h~nepke hie zrøpnxmx k~`mpmwkx } ei z~n`ne zkckr xnxmienx 7

`n pnrkzmk `n lnec~kdn, kôe xm nvmxpmnrke lix nxznhmklmxpkx ne x~ l~ckr `n irmcne% K znxkr `n piì, lk nvznhpkpmwk `n lix zk`rnx nx {~n nl emûi “fkbln‑, lnx mazirpk zihi x~ khhnxi kl h~rráh~li } aneix lnx mepnrnxk x~ kzrizmkhmøe `n lk h~lp~rk xmlnepn% Ne Aívmhi nehieprkaix kl emûi Xirì ne Hneprix `n Kpnehmøe Aôlpmzln &HKA- ìe`n hiewmwne ne nl k~lk `mxhkzkhm`k`nx `mwnrxkx% Nx grnh~nepn pkabmíe nehieprkrli mepncrkì k lk nxh~nlk rnc~lkr zir lkx êm`k`nx `n Xnrwmhmix `n Kzi}i k lk Nxh~nlk Rnc~lkr &^XKNR- } Hneprix `n Kpnehmøe Zxmhizn`kcøcmhk `n N`~hkhmøe Zrnnxhilkr &HKZNZ- xme fkbnr `nxkrrillkì hiaznpnehmkx bëxmhkx% Lk nxznhmklmtkhmøe `n lix xnrwmhmix } `n lix ìhnepnx xn `mgmh~lpk zir{~n xn kpmne`n ~ek `mwnrxm`k` `n `mxhkzkhm`k`nx, xáe`rianx } prkxpireix {~n eix akepmnene ne h~rxix `n hkzkhmpkhmøe } khp~klmtkhmøe hie lix {~n b~xhkaix xil~hmiekr enhnxm`k`nx `n girakhmøe mean`mkpkx% mea n`mkpkx% Xm k nxi kûk`maix {~n lk lmpnrkp~rk nvprkednrk eix zrnxnepk hiepnvpix klndkìx `n li {~n wmwmaix `ák k `ák nehieprkrëx nepiehnx li wklmixi {~n nx rnwmxkr lk zrëhpmhk `n e~nxprix hiazkprmipkx, keklmtkrlk, hrmpmhkrlk } k`nh~krlk hie lk wnepkdk `n {~n fk xmì `nxkrrillk`k ne nl amxai zkáx, } zixmblnanepn fkxpk ne lk amxak k~lk {~n pô ih~zkx fi}% Pnemneì hlkri lk `mgmh~lpk` `nl ìhnepn zkrk nxznhmklmtkrxn ne lix xmxpnakx, aípiìx } pnheilicák {~n zi`naix kzriwnhfkr zkrk gianepkr nl `nxkrrilli `n lkx hiaznpnehmkx zkrk lk wm`k {~n enhnxmpke lix Xirìx zkrk xnc~mr nxp~`mkeì } licrkr ~ek mepncrkhmøe xihmkl } lkbirkl ne n{~m`k` `n hmrh~expkehmkx rn`khpi zkrk pm x~cnrnehmkx zi`ráke xnr `n klc~ek ~pmlm`k`% Lk mazlnanepkhmøe `n rnh~rxix, {~n wke `nx`n anairkakx ne LXA fkxpk xigpskrn nxznhmklmtkì, xnrëe gkhpir `n ívmpi ne ~ek an`m`k a~} mazirpkepn% Lk hiaz~pkìrk nx x~akanepn kprkhpmwk zkrk lix emûix Xirìx, znri pkabmíe hie ~ek fidk blkehk } ~e lëzmt zi`naix llnwkr k hkbi nvhnlnepnx khpmwm`k`nx% Nl ~xi `n `mgnrnepnx akpnrmklnx hiaznexk ne crke an`m`k nl nxhkxi ìamemi {~n pnenaix lix aknxprix rnxznhpi k lk LXA% Nxk nx lk rnklm`k`, lix aknxprix `n kl~aeix Xirìx ei ìamekaix lk LXA } ei nvmxpne lix mepírzrnpnx x~gmhmnepnx, kxá {~n ei fk} zir {~í xnepmrxn akl kl rnxznhpi xmei khp~kr ne hiexnh~nehmk% Ne nwnepix pke nxznhmklmtkìx hiai lix Xnamekrmix `n Ai`nli Bmlmecün irckemtkìx zir nl Mexpmp~pi Zn`kcøcmhi zkrk Zriblnakx `n Lnec~kdn MKZ &MZZLMKZ-, lk 3

ak}irák `n lix aknxprix akemgnxpkaix {~n ei zi`rákaix mazkrpmr `n akenrk gl~m`k ~ek hlkxn xmcek`k% Ne li {~n piìx himehm`maix nx ne nxk aipmwkhmøe } hkrmûi fkhmk e~nxprk lkbir, kxá hiai ne lk kznrp~rk zkrk kzrne`nr d~epi hie e~nxprix zn{~nûix n mreix zrnzkrkeì hk`k wnt aëx% K`naëx, ¹høai `kr ~ek hlkxn `n hklm`k` ne xnûkx } nxzkûil k lk wnt ne cr~zix mepncrkìx9, ¹`nbn fkbnr ~e mepírzrnpn ne hk`k k~lk ìe`n fk}k kl aneix ~e emûi Xirì9, ¹nl ìhnepn rnc~lkr } piì nl n{~mzi `n kzi}i `nbnrëe `kr x~ hlkxn ne xnûkx } nxzkûil9, ¹{~í hiaznpnehmkx `nbnrák pnenr nxn aknxpri zkrk zi`nr nampmr `n akenrk xma~lpëenk ìx lnec~kx {~n pmnene crkaëpmhk } xmepkvmx pke `mgnrnepnx9, ¹xnrák nepiehnx mazrnxhme`mbln girakr k lix mepírzrnpnx hiai ìhnepnx i wmhnwnrxk9, ¹lk xil~hmøe nx {~n xnke lix amxaix Xirìx {~mnenx xn girane hiai ìhnepnx9, ¹lk mehl~xmøe)mepncrkhmøe, pkl hiai xn hiehmbn khp~klanepn, nx zixmpmwk zkrk lix Xirìx9 Ei zrnpneì rnxzie`nr k nxpkx zrnc~epkx `n akenrk xmazln, xmei znexkrlkx } `mklickrlkx hiepmci zkrk hiexpr~mr ~ek xil~hmøe wmkbln k`nh~k`k k hk`k hiepnvpi% A~hfix aípiìx z~n`ne xnr kzlmhkìx } xøli klc~eix zkxke lk `~rk zr~nbk {~n lnx zien lk rnklm`k`, zir li {~n pn rnhiane`krí lix {~n k aá an g~ehmiekrie% [~mnri `naixprkr {~n nx gkhpmbln lk kzlmhkhmøe `nl ai`nli mepnrh~lp~rkl bmlmecün mm hiexm`nrkeì ~e zrihnxi x~hnxmwi khir`n k lk tiek `n `nxkrrilli zrøvmai &T@Z- fkhmneì ~xi `n `mwnrxix xmxpnakx klpnrekpmwix } k~anepkpmwix `n hia~emhkhmøe &XKKH-, kxá hiai hie nl kzi}i `n pnheilicák `n bkdi bk di hixpi% Hie lk mazlnanepkhmøe mazlnanepkhmøe `n ~e ai`nli bmlmecün kd~xpkì kl hiepnvpi `n hk`k ~ei `n eixiprix licrkrnaix {~n lkx kl~aekx } kl~aeix eix amrne `n ~ek akenrk `mgnrnepn, lk hkrk {~n ~e emûi zien h~keì kzrne`n } xn xirzrne`n `n x~ zrizmk hkzkhm`k` `n fkhnrli% Nxn rixpri {~n pneci crkbkì a~} `nepri `n am hirktøe, nxn rixpri {~n wm ne Vmhi zir zrmanrk wnt } {~n dkaëx ilwm`krí% An ì} k lk pkrnk `n mazrmamr zkrk pm lk kzlmhkhmøe `n aípiìx khp~klnx hiabmekìx hie nl ~xi `n lk megiraëpmhk `nepri `n ~e kabmnepn nxhilkr, g~nrk `nl ëabmpi hláemhi, ne xmp~khmienx rnklnx `n nxh~nlkx f~aml`nx } zn{~nûkx ne lkx {~n lkbirí } {~n xie hiai li xie lk ak}irák `n lkx {~n fk} ne e~nxpri zkáx% Ei nx {~n nl ëabmpi hláemhi xnk mek`nh~kì, lk irklmtkhmøe {~n zrmair`mklanepn xn gianepk ne íl k prkwíx `n lk pnrkzmk nx a~} mazirpkepn } fk `nxkrrillkì aípiìx kzlmhkblnx ne lk nxh~nlk, znri lk amxmøe } zixmbmlm`k`nx píhemhkx `n lkx mexpmp~hmienx n`~hkpmwkx nx 6

`mgnrnepn k lkx `n xkl~`% An rnampi k ~e hiepnvpi ìe`n nl bkdi mecrnxi nhieøamhi `n lix zk`rnx } `nl aknxpri ei znrampn k`{~mrmr a~hfix rnh~rxix% Xn mewmpk k kzriwnhfkr lix nvmxpnepnx, zir li {~n fkci rngnrnehmk k akpnrmklnx `n gëhml k`{~mxmhmøe i {~n nxpëe zrnxnepnx ne lk nxh~nlk% Mepnepi riaznr hie lix ampix {~n xn fke hrnkì rnxznhpi kl andir xmxpnak `n hia~emhkhmøe {~n xn z~n`n nazlnkr zkrk `nxkrrillkr mepncrklanepn k e~nxprix zn{~nûix, `nbkpmneì hie g~e`kanepix zir {~í nlncmr ~e ai`nli mepnrh~lp~rkl bmlmecün `n nexnûketk, kxá hiai lk znrpmenehmk `n ~ek hia~emhkhmøe pipkl zricrnxmwk khir`n k lk tiek `n `nxkrrilli zrøvmai% Ne nl zrmanr Hkzáp~li xn zrnxnepk ~ek e~nwk wmxmøe `n lk `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mpmwk hiexm`nrëeìlk hiai ~ek rnlkhmøe neprn nl `ígmhmp k~`mpmwi hie nl khhnxi k lk hia~emhkhmøe & `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mihia~emhkpmwk- } `nx`n nl ai`nli `n hiaznpnehmkx n mepnrh~lp~rklm`k`% Mepri`~thi klc~eix hiehnzpix zrizmix } iprix rnpiakìx `n lix nvzienepnx zrmehmzklnx `nl khp~kl ai`nli `n n`~hkhmøe bmlmecün {~n znranke `n akenrk znrakenepn lk zriz~nxpk% X~ lnhp~rk nx bëxmhk zkrk hiazrne`nr nl akrhi hiehnzp~kl ne nl {~n xn cnenrk nxpn ìh~anepi } lkx bkxnx `nl amxai, xme nllk nl lnhpir zi`rák nepne`nr `n akenrk `mgnrnepn lix hkzáp~lix zixpnrmirnx kl ei fkbnreix z~nxpi `n kh~nrì zrmanri ne nl xmcemgmhkì `n hk`k hixk% Ne nl hkzáp~li zixpnrmir xn fkhn ~e brnwn keëlmxmx `n lk fmxpirmk } khp~klm`k` `n lk n`~hkhmøe `n Xirìx ne Aívmhi zrnxnepkeì lix fmpix {~n znrampne xkbnr `øe`n nxpkaix } zir {~í% Xn ibxnrwk lk mazirpkehmk `n rnhieihnr lkx zriz~nxpkx mepnrekhmieklnx znri hieprkxpkeì hie lk amxmøe, wmxmøe } zixmbmlm`k`nx `n e~nxprkx mexpmp~hmienx% Lk hrnkhmøe `n lk Nxh~nlk Ekhmiekl `n Xirìa~ìx &;673-, nl Hiecrnxi `n Amlëe &;66:-, lix `nbkpnx mepnrekhmieklnx ne nl Xmcli VV rnxznhpi kl cnxp~klmxai } nl irklmxai, kxá hiai lix aiwmamnepix khp~klnx ne gkwir `n lk n`~hkhmøe bmlmecün xie zrihnxix fmxpørmhix {~n hiexm`nri ôpmlnx zkrk nepne`nr lk enhnxm`k` `n hiehmlmkr neprn lix aípiìx bkxkìx ne lkx xnûkx } lix aípiìx irklnx, z~nx fi} zi`naix llnckr k ~e n{~mlmbrmi% Ne nl hkzáp~li MMM xn rnlkhmiek lk hia~emhkhmøe, nl lnec~kdn, nl znexkamnepi } nl h~rráh~li% Xn nxpkblnhn lk znrpmenehmk `nl ai`nli zriz~nxpi } lkx hkrkhpnráxpmhkx `nl amxai% Lk pnirák } lk nvznrmnehmk znrxiekl xn anthlke `n akenrk pkl {~n a~nxprke, hie x~xpnepi pnørmhi } =

nazármhi, lk enhnxm`k` `n nxpkblnhnr anhkemxaix `n hia~emhkhmøe bkxkìx ne zmhpicrkakx, xnûkx, lnec~k nxhrmpk } fkblk `n ~ek akenrk x~hnxmwk khir`n k lk T@Z `nl kl~aei% Xn zria~nwn nl `nxkrrilli `n ~e xmxpnak `n hia~emhkhmøe k lk wnt xme anthlkrlix, `n nwkl~kr hie lix aëx xmazlnx } llnckr k lix aëx hiazlndix } kbxprkhpix k prkwíx `n ~ek xnrmn `n zkxix {~n xn zriziene% Xn mepri`~hn, ne nl hkzáp~li xmc~mnepn, nl píramei Oigipnheilicák &Pirrnx, 2::=-% Xn nelmxpke lkx zrøpnxmx aëx ~x~klnx {~n xn ~pmlmtke zkrk hiaznexkr nl `ígmhmp k~`mpmwi, lk znrpmenehmk } wmkbmlm`k` `nl ~xi `n xigpskrn crkp~mpi nxznhmklmtkì, lk kzlmhkhmøe `n lix xmxpnakx `n wm`nihiegnrnehmk ne lk hia~emhkhmøe `n lix Xirìx } nl ~xi `n znláh~lkx zkrk lk zrëhpmhk ìhnepn ne nl `nxkrrilli `n hiaznpnehmkx } zkrk lk xnexmbmlmtkhmøe% Nxpn hkzáp~li brme`k, ne ~ekx h~kepkx zëcmekx, ~e zkeirkak cnenrkl `nl nxpkì khp~kl `n lk kzlmhkhmøe `n lk pnheilicák ne lk kpnehmøe n`~hkpmwk `n lkx znrxiekx Xir`kx% Ne nl Hkzáp~li W xn fkhne K `nxpkhkr x~cnrnehmkx kl zrihnxi `n Ne nxpn lmbri xn mepri`~hne nwkl~khmøe, zlkenkhmøe } `nxkrrilli e~nwkx hiehnzhmienx `n `n lk zrëhpmhk ìhnepn zkrk nl `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mpmwk, nl hiehnzpi Oigipnheilicák } gianepi `n hiaznpnehmkx ne nl ~ek nxprkpncmk `n kl~aei Xirì% Nxpn kzkrpkì nx nl hia~emhkhmøe pipkl {~n ak}ir mepnríx cnenrk ne lix hiabmek`k hie lk pnirák ìhnepnx, z~nx ne íl xn hiazkrpne `n `nxkrrilli zrøvmai% zriz~nxpk g~n hrnk`k nxprkpncmkx zkrk lk kpnehmøe `n lix Lk `nx`n } zkrk lk nxh~nlk emûix Xirìx {~n an fke `kì zôblmhk `n bkdix rnh~rxix% rnx~lpkìx zixmpmwix hiabmeëeìlkx hie nl ~xi `n xigpskrn nxznhmklmtkì crkp~mpi {~n zi`rëx `nxhkrckr `n Mepnrenp% ]k {~n ei nvmxpn ai`nli n`~hkpmwi ~emwnrxkl, ei z~n`n hrnkrxn ~e ai`nli bmlmecün kzlmhkbln k pi`k rnklm`k`% Nx mazirpkepn hiazkrpmr li {~n eix `k rnx~lpkì, znri ~e nrrir xnrák `nxnkr hizmkr i hliekr lkx zrëhpmhkx `n iprix% Piak li {~n pn xnk ôpml } rnznrh~pk ne ~ek andirk `n lix zrihnxix `n mepncrkhmøe n`~hkpmwk `n p~x kl~aeix Xirìx, hrmpmhk } k`nhôk li {~n ei pn g~ehmien, hrnk } hiazkrpn zriz~nxpkx% Piì zir nl bmne `n e~nxprix zn{~nûix% ;:

Hkzáp~li M% @mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mihia~emhkpmwk k~`mihia~emhkpmwk bkxk`k ne hiaznpnehmkx } nl ai`nli mepnrh~lp~rkl bmlmecün Lix xirì!a~ìx nxpëe ìpkìx `n lkx amxakx gkh~lpk`nx mepnlnhp~klnx {~n lix emûix {~n citke `n lk zlnemp~` `n x~x xnepmìx? zkrk `nxkrrillkrxn pmnene enhnxm`k` `n ihkxmienx? lk zrmwkhmøe `nl iáì, fkhmneì nxpkx ihkxmienx akx mmm rkrkx zkrk nl xirì!a~ì, z~n`n hieprkrmkr nxpn `nxkrrilli? znri ei mazn`mrln zir hiazlnpi% Hkrpie &;67:-

@n kh~nrì hie lk Hiewnehmøe xibrn lix `nrnhfix `n lkx znrxiekx hie `mxhkzkhm`k` &2::3-, íxpk hie`mhmøe “rnx~lpk `n lk mepnrkhhmøe neprn lkx znrxiekx hie `ngmhmnehmkx } lkx bkrrnrkx `nbm`kx k lk khpmp~` } kl nepirei {~n nwmpke x~ zkrpmhmzkhmøe zlnek } ngnhpmwk ne lk xihmn`k`‑ xihmn`k` ‑% Lkx znrxiekx Xir`kx fkbmp~klanepn zrnxnepke ~e bkdi `nxkrrilli ne x~x hiaznpnehmkx hia~emhkpmwkx } lmecüáxpmhkx kl `mgmh~lpkrxn x~ hkzkhm`k` zkrk lk nvzrnxmøe } hiazrnexmøe `n `mxh~rxix irklnx &fkblkìx } nxhrmpix-, rnx~lpkì `n ~e `ígmhmp k~`mpmwi negrnepkì k bkrrnrkx `nl nepirei% Nxpk lmampkhmøe, h~keì kgnhpk ~ek i aëx hiaznpnehmkx zkrk lk wm`k, xn hiexm`nrkrë `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mihia~emhkpmwk% Lkx hiaznpnehmkx zkrk lk wm`k, ne~ehmk`kx ne nl znrgml `n ncrnxi `n lk n`~hkhmøe bëxmhk &XNZ, 2::7, zz%= ‚;2-, {~n z~n`ne xnr kgnhpk`kx xie4 k- Hiaznpnehmkx zkrk nl kzrne`mtkdn znrakenepn% Mazlmhke lk zixmbmlm`k` `n kzrne`nr, kx~amr } `mrmcmr nl zrizmi kzrne`mtkdn k li lkrci `n x~ wm`k, `n mepncrkrxn k lk h~lp~rk nxhrmpk } akpnaëpmhk, kxá hiai `n aiwmlmtkr lix `mwnrxix xkbnrnx h~lp~rklnx, hmnepágmhix } pnheiløcmhix zkrk hiazrne`nr lk rnklm`k`% b- Hiaznpnehmkx zkrk nl akendi `n lk megirakhmøe% Xn rnlkhmieke hie4 lk bôx{~n`k, nwkl~khmøe } xmxpnakpmtkhmøe `n megirakhmøe? nl znexkr, rnglnvmiekr, krc~anepkr } nvzrnxkr d~mhmix hrápmhix? keklmtkr, xmepnpmtkr } ~pmlmtkr megirakhmøe? nl hieihmamnepi } akendi `n `mxpmepkx løcmhkx `n hiexpr~hhmøe `nl hieihmamnepi ne `mwnrxkx `mxhmzlmekx } ne lix `mxpmepix ëabmpix h~lp~rklnx% h- Hiaznpnehmkx zkrk nl akendi `n xmp~khmienx% Xie k{~nllkx wmeh~lk`kx hie lk zixmbmlm`k` `n irckemtkr } `mxnûkr zri}nhpix `n wm`k, hiexm`nrkeì `mwnrxix kxznhpix hiai lix xihmklnx, h~lp~rklnx, h~lp~rklnx, kabmnepklnx, nhieøamhix, khk`íamhix } kgnhpmwix, } `n pnenr memhmkpmwk zkrk llnwkrlix k hkbi? kàmemxprkr nl pmnazi? zrizmhmkr hkabmix } kgriepkr lix {~n xn zrnxnepne? piakr `nhmxmienx } kx~amr x~x hiexnh~nehmkx? negrnepkr nl rmnxci } lk mehnrpm`~abrn? zlkepnkr } llnwkr k b~ne píramei zrihn`mamnepix i klpnrekpmwkx zkrk lk rnxil~hmøe `n zriblnakx, } akendkr nl grkhkxi } lk `nxml~xmøe% `- Hiaznpnehmkx zkrk lk hiewmwnehmk% Mazlmhke rnlkhmiekrxn kraøemhkanepn hie iprix } hie lk ekp~rklntk? hia~emhkrxn hie ngmhkhmk? prkbkdkr ne n{~mzi piakr kh~nrìx } encihmkr hie iprix? hrnhnr hie lix `naëx? akendkr kraøemhkanepn lkx rnlkhmienx znrxieklnx } naihmieklnx? `nxkrrillkr lk m`nepm`k` znrxiekl? rnhieihnr } wklirkr lix nlnanepix `n lk `mwnrxm`k` ípemhk, h~lp~rkl } lmecüáxpmhk {~n hkrkhpnrmtke k ;;

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn hiepmeôk nvzlmhkeì nl hiehnzpi } xn `ke ndnazlix

«Høazrklk kfirk+ Wmxmpk sss%oigipnheilicmk%hia%av

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Ne lk nxh~nlk rnc~lkr, nl emûi Xirì rn{~nrmrë hiaôeanepn lk xkpmxgkhhmøe `n `mwnrxkx enhnxm`k`nx n`~hkpmwkx nxznhmklnx h~keì zrnxnepn ak}irnx `mgmh~lpk`nx ne hiazkrkhmøe hie x~x hiazkûnrix `n cr~zi zkrk nl `nxkrrilli `n hiaznpnehmkx% Lix ìhnepnx `nbnrëe zriwnnr rnh~rxix me`mwm`~klmtkìx {~n ln znrampke, hiai rnx~lpkì `nl zrihnxi `n girakhmøe k li lkrci `n lk n`~hkhmøe bëxmhk, aixprkr lix rkxcix {~n xn ne~ehmke ne lix Zlkenx } Zricrkakx &XNZ, 2::7, z%8=-4 k- ^pmlmtk nl lnec~kdn irkl } nxhrmpi zkrk hia~emhkrxn hie hlkrm`k` } gl~m`nt n mepnrkhp~kr ne `mxpmepix hiepnvpix xihmklnx } h~lp~rklnx% K`naëx zixnn lkx fnrrkamnepkx bëxmhkx zkrk hia~emhkrxn ne ~ek lnec~k k`mhmiekl% b- Krc~anepk } rktiek kl keklmtkr xmp~khmienx, m`nepmgmhk zriblnakx, gira~lk zrnc~epkx, nampn d~mhmix, zrizien xil~hmienx } piak `nhmxmienx% Wklirk lix rktiekamnepix } lk nwm`nehmk zrizirhmiek`k zir iprix } z~n`n ai`mgmhkr, ne hiexnh~nehmk, lix zrizmix z~epix `n wmxpk% h- B~xhk, xnlnhhmiek, keklmtk, nwklôk } ~pmlmtk lk megirakhmøe zriwnemnepn `n `mwnrxkx g~nepnx% `- Mepnrzrnpk } nvzlmhk zrihnxix xihmklnx, nhieøamhix, gmekehmnrix, h~lp~rklnx } ekp~rklnx zkrk piakr `nhmxmienx me`mwm`~klnx i hilnhpmwkx, ne g~ehmøe `nl bmne hiaôe% n- Hieihn } ndnrhn lix `nrnhfix f~akeix } lix wklirnx {~n gkwirnhne lk wm`k `naihrëpmhk, khpôk ne } z~cek zir lk rnxziexkbmlm`k` xihmkl } nl kznci k lk ln}% g- Kx~an } zrkhpmhk lk mepnrh~lp~rklm`k` hiai rm{~ntk } girak `n hiewmwnehmk ne lk `mwnrxm`k` xihmkl, ípemhk, h~lp~rkl } lmecüáxpmhk% c- Hieihn } wklirk x~x hkrkhpnráxpmhkx } zipnehmklm`k`nx hiai xnr f~akei? xkbn prkbkdkr ne n{~mzi? rnhieihn, rnxznpk } kzrnhmk lk `mwnrxm`k` `n hkzkhm`k`nx ne lix iprix, } nazrne`n } xn nxg~nrtk zir licrkr zri}nhpix znrxieklnx i hilnhpmwix% f- Zria~nwn } kx~an nl h~m`kì `n lk xkl~` } `nl kabmnepn, hiai hie`mhmienx {~n gkwirnhne ~e nxpmli `n wm`k khpmwi } xkl~`kbln% m- Kzriwnhfk lix rnh~rxix pnheiløcmhix k x~ klhkehn, hiai an`mix zkrk hia~emhkrxn, ibpnenr megirakhmøe } hiexpr~mr hieihmamnepi% d- Rnhieihn `mwnrxkx akemgnxpkhmienx `nl krpn, kzrnhmk lk `manexmøe nxpípmhk } nx hkzkt `n nvzrnxkrxn krpáxpmhkanepn%

Hiai z~n`n ibxnrwkrxn, nl gneøanei xihmih~lp~rkl `n lk `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mihia~emhkpmwk pmnen x~ hk~xk zrmehmzkl ne nl fnhfi `n {~n lk ak}irák `n lix xnrnx f~akeix eix hia~emhkaix zir an`mix irklnx, zir li {~n nl `ígmhmp xnexirmkl `n lk znrxiek Xir`k ln `mgmh~lpk nvzrnxkrxn } hiazrne`nr k {~mnenx ln ri`nke ne kabmnepnx ne lix {~n ei xie kzlmhkìx xmxpnakx `n hia~emhkhmøe cnxpi!wmx~klnx hiai li xie lkx ;8

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn hiepmeôk nvzlmhkeì nl hiehnzpi } xn `ke ndnazlix


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@mxame~hmøe ai`nrk`k `n lk znrhnzhmøe `nl fkblk4 `n 8; k 0> `B% @mxame~hmøe crkwn `n lk znrhnzhmøe `nl fkblk4 `n 07 k 7: `B% @mxame~hmøe zrig~e`k `n lk znrhnzhmøe `nl fkblk4 `n 7; k 3> `B% Zír`m`k `n lk znrhnzhmøe `nl fkblk4 aëx `n 37 `B% N`k` `n k`{~mxmhmøe4 Zrnlih~pmwk4 kepnx `n fkbnr `nxkrrillkì nl fkblk% Zixplih~pmwk4 `nxz~íx `n fkbnr `nxkrrillkì nl fkblk hie ~e wihkb~lkrmi aáemai `n aml zklkbrkx% Zrnklgkbípmhk4 kepnx `n fkbnr `nxkrrillkì lk hiehmnehmk gieiløcmhk `n lk nxhrmp~rk &kzrivmak`kanepn ne lix zrmanrix prnx crkìx `n zrmakrmk-% Klgkbípmhk4 `nxz~íx `n fkbnr `nxkrrillkì lk hiehmnehmk gieiløcmhk `n lk nxhrmp~rk% Lihklmtkhmøe `nl `kûi i lnxmøe4 Iáì nvpnrei4 zkbnlløe k~rmh~lkr } hie`~hpi k~`mpmwi nvpnrmir% Iáì an`mi4 hkwm`k` pmazëemhk, anabrkek pmazëemhk } ixpnihmllix øpmhix% Iáì mepnrei4 hkeklnx xnamhmrh~lkrnx } høhlnk% Nxpr~hp~rk kgnhpk`k4 Hie`~hpmwk4 kgnhpkhmøe ne lkx hkwm`k`nx k~`mpmwkx nvpnrek i an`mk% En~rixnexirmkl4 lnxmienx ne lk høhlnk i nl enrwmi wnxpáb~lihihlnkr% Hneprkl4 lnxmienx ne lix hneprix enrwmixix k~`mpmwix% Nxpk hiehnzhmøe aí`mhk xmrwn `n rngnrnehmk zkrk nl ìhnepn, ne nxznhmkl nl zirhnepkdn `n zír`m`k } lk n`k` ne {~n g~n k`{~mrm`k% Nl hiazlnanepi `n lkx `ngmemhmienx zrnwmkx {~n k}~`krë k brme`kr ~ek andir znrxznhpmwk `n lk mepnrwnehmøe n`~hkpmwk {~n nl kl~aei enhnxmpk xnrë nl hiehnzpi kxihmkì k lkx hiaznpnehmkx zkrk lk wm`k {~n xn zrizien ne nxpn pnvpi% Lk `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mihia~emhkpmwk, `nx`n nl negi{~n bkxkì ne hiaznpnehmkx mw, nx k{~íllk {~n h~azln lix xmc~mnepnx hrmpnrmix4 ;% Fmzikh~xmk bmlkpnrkl {~n `mgmh~lpn lk k~`mhmøe eirakl `n lix xiemìx `nl fkblk% 2% Kgnhpkhmøe ne ~ek i aëx hiaznpnehmkx zkrk lk wm`k zkrpmneì `n lk hiaznpnehmk hia~emhkpmwk } lmecüáxpmhk% Nxpix hrmpnrmix pmnene lkx xmc~mnepnx mazlmhkhmienx4 ;>

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn hiepmeôk nvzlmhkeì nl hiehnzpi } xn nvzlmhke hrmpnrmix


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`nxkrrilli `n nxpkx fkbmlm`k`nx% k- Zrig~e`k4 rn{~mnrn `n k`nh~khmienx xmcemgmhkpmwkx ne nl `nxkrrilli `n pi`kx lkx hiaznpnehmkx zkrk lk wm`k% Nl ~xi `n lk lnec~k `n xnûkx `nbn xnr kzi}kì zir iprix xmxpnakx klpnrekpmwix `n hia~emhkhmøe `n ak}ir emwnl `n mhiemhm`k` &hiai xmxpnakx `n hia~emhkhmøe zir mepnrhkabmi `n maëcnenx- zkrk nl khhnxi kl h~rráh~li } lix aípiìx irklnx `nbne xnr kzlmhkìx ne firkrmi klpnrei k lkx hlkxnx rnc~lkrnx% Kl `npnramekr nl pmzi `n `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mihia~emhkpmwk `n kh~nrì kl `nxkrrilli `n hiaznpnehmkx {~n nl Xirì pmnen xnrë aëx gëhml `ngmemr lkx ërnkx ne lkx {~n nl emûi pmnen enhnxm`k`nx n`~hkpmwkx% Nxpk nwkl~khmøe, nepiehnx, mazkhpk `mrnhpkanepn ne nl zrihnxi `n kpnehmøe% Z~n`n ibxnrwkrxn {~n lk hiaznpnehmk hia~emhkpmwk } lmecüáxpmhk `n lk lnec~k irkl i `n xnûkx xnrë ~e gkhpir a~} mazirpkepn%

@n xir`nrk k Xir`mp~`4 nl hiehnzpi `n @nkgfii` } x~x mazlmhkhmienx ne n`~hkhmøe ‧ nl Lnec~kdn Ake~kl _‧Q nx lk bkxn xibrn lk {~n xn nrmcn lk hia~emhkhmøe `n lix xirìx, kxá h ~lp~rk‧ hiai lk rktøe `n nvmxpmr `n x~ h~lp~rk‧

Dnxôx Kaálhkr Xixk Hfm &2:;:-

Kl neakrhkreix ne ~e ai`nli Mepnrnxkepn mepnrh~lp~rkl bmlmecün bkxkì ne ~e Ne “Nl fiabrn gáxmhi i negi{~n xihmih~lp~rkl `n lk nexnûketk kekpiaák f~akek gáxmhi! `n lk lnec~k nx enhnxkrmi hieihnr nl gmlixøgmhk‑ z~blmhkì ne pmzi `n xir`nrk `n kh~nrì kl crkì ;6::, Fnrwëx me`mhk {~n lk hirrnhpk nx `n kzrizmkhmøe `n lk h~lp~rk xmlnepn } `neiamekhmøe “xirì‑ } ei “xirìa~ì‑, nl hiehnzpi `n Xirì {~n zrnwklnhn zir{~n x~ “`ngnhpi ekp~rkl nx lk xir`nrk, } ei lk ne x~ hiepnvpi% Nl khpmwmxpk zilápmhi Zk``} Lk`` a~`nt‑ &z%;0=-% &2::8- eix nvzlmhk {~n lkx znrxiekx hie xir`nrk xn neh~neprke znrakenepnanepn ne ~e zrihnxi `n girakhmøe `n x~ m`nepm`k` hiai Xirìx zkrpmneì `nl hieihmamnepi, khnzpkhmøe } kzrizmkhmøe `n x~ h~lp~rk, `neiamekì zir íl hiai @nkgfii` &Xir`mp~`-% Lk zklkbrk Xirì hie ak}ôxh~lk xn fk hiexm`nrkì ne Aívmhi } iprkx zkrpnx `nl a~eì hiai xmeøemai `n Xir`mp~`, ~ek hie`mhmøe `n znrpnenehmk k ~e cr~zi xihmkl } ei xmazlnanepn `n `ígmhmp i `mxhkzkhm`k`% Lk @nkgfii` xn akemgmnxpk ne zkrk`mcakx xihmklnx {~n z~n`ne xnr hlkxmgmhkìx ne `manexmienx } nxpk`mix {~n Zk``} &2::8, z%;3:- rnx~an ;3

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn a~nxprke lkx `mgnrnepnx `manexmienx } xn prkexgmnrn k e~nxprk rnklm`k`%


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h~lp~rklnx neprn lix i}nepnx } lix xmlnepnx nx, zrnhmxkanepn, nl ~xi `n xnûkx } lkx zkrpmh~lkrm`k`nx `n nxpn lnec~kdn% Pkabmíe nx `mxpmepmwi nl ~xi `n lix an`mix `n hia~emhkhmøe, lk amxmøe `n lkx irckemtkhmienx xihmklnx {~n hiegirake, lkx rnclkx `n hirpnxák, neprn a~hfkx aëx akemgnxpkhmienx `n lk h~lp~rk% Fmxpirmk hilnhpmwk4 zkrk lix anvmhkeix Bnempi D~ërnt nx a~} mazirpkepn, zkrk lix anvmhkeix Xirìx nx prkxhne`nepkl% Ne lk hmnehmk, nl krpn, lk zilápmhk } iprix pnakx {~n xn `nxkrrillke ne zrihnxix fmxpørmhix nvmxpne fmpix {~n hibrke nxznhmkl mazirpkehmk k {~mnenx ei i}ne z~nx girake zkrpn `n x~ m`nepm`k` m `nepm`k` hilnhpmwk% Akemgnxpkhmienx krpáxpmhkx hilnhpmwkx4 nx enhnxkrmi `nxkrrillkr hiaznpnehmkx `n nvzrnxmøe } kzrnhmkhmøe krpáxpmhk `n lk ak}irák } lkx zrizmkx `n x~ h~lp~rk% Nl pnkpri } lk `ketk `n Xirìx fke hibrkì g~nrtk ne e~nxpri zkáx, zir li {~n ei nx `mgáhml nehieprkr ne hkrpnlnrkw i ne Mepnrenp nxzkhmix zkrk khnrhkr k e~nxprix emûix% Pnakx nxzmrmp~klnx hilnhpmwix4 an kprnwi k x~zienr, xme pnenr nl x~xpnepi k`nh~kì, {~n lkx hrnnehmkx, znexkamnepix, hiehnzpix, m`nkx } rmpix nxzmrmp~klnx {~n xn akemgmnxpke ne lix Xirìx ne Aívmhi pmnene {~n wnr hie nl fnhfi `n {~n lk mclnxmk fk khicmì } zrnxnrwkì x~ h~lp~rk k prkwíx `n lix kûix% Nl khnrhkamnepi {~n pmnene lix Xirìx k nxpix pnakx pmnene zkrpmh~lkrm`k`nx hie`mhmiek`kx zir x~ `nzne`nehmk kl hkekl wmx~kl &lk akenrk `n khiai`krxn ne amxk i g~enrklnx, zir ndnazli- znri pkabmíe k lk mazirpkehmk `n nxpn hiepnvpi ne x~ wm`k hiai nxzkhmi `n khnrhkamnepi k ~e hilnhpmwi Xirì% Nehieprkrnaix himehm`nehmk neprn nl zrihnxi `nxhrmpi zir Zk``} hie lkx zriz~nxpkx `n n`~hkhmøe me`ácnek {~n xn fke `kì ne Lkpmeikaírmhk4 lk bôx{~n`k `n ~ek ak}irák zir “h~lp~rmtkr‑ k {~mnenx xie `mgn rnepnxwm% Nl rnhieihmamnepi `n lk mazirpkehmk `n nxkx h~lp~rkx } `n x~x `nrnhfix fk hiehl~mì ne lk cnenrkhmøe `n ai`nlix n`~hkpmwix mepnrh~lp~rklnx bmlmecünx, li amxai {~n b~xhkaix nvmxpk zkrk lix Xirìx% Lk Xir`mp~` nx, k gmekl `n h~nepkx, lk hiehmnehmk `n {~n nvmxpn ~ek h~lp~rk ameirmpkrmk {~n nx bnllk, {~n `nbn xnr zrnxnrwk`k, rnxznpk`k } `mg~e`m`k% Enckrlk xnrák n{~mwklnepn k nvpmec~mr klc~ek `n lkx h~lp~rkx me`ácnekx {~n nerm{~nhne k e~nxpri zkáx% Zkrk hieihnr aëx lk h~lp~rk `nl Xirì enhnxmpkaix k`neprkreix ne x~ anepn, hieihnr x~x fmxpirmkx } zriz~nxpkx% Kxiakreix k ~ek ;=

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn fkblk `n lkx mazlmhkhmienx `n ei `nxkrrillkr lk LXA `nx`n n`k`nx pnazrkekx%


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Mepncrkhmøe n mehl~xmøe n`~hkpmwk `nl Xirì ¹@øe`n nxpë aëx xncrnckì ~e Xirì9, ¹ne ~ek nxh~nlk ìe`n xn “mepncrk‑ znri ek`mn fkblk ~e m`miak kl {~n khhn`k `n akenrk ekp~rkl i ne ~ek nxh~nlk nxznhmkl {~n zrizmhmk x~ khnrhkamnepi k lk h~lp~rk xmlnepn } i}nepn zir mc~kl9

Nl `nbkpn `nl hkabmi `n zkrk`mcak `n mepncrkhmøe k mehl~xmøe } `n ENN k bkrrnrkx kl kzrne`mtkdn } lk zkrpmhmzkhmøe xn fk cnenrklmtkì% Nl aknxpri `n n`~hkhmøe nxznhmkl `nbn hiexm`nrkr lix kxznhpix {~n akrhk lk mehl~xmøe n`~hkpmwk hiai ~ek rnxziexkbmlm`k` hiazkrpm`k hie lk n`~hkhmøe rnc~lkr } lk n`~hkhmøe mepnrh~lp~rkl bmlmecün, neprn iprix khpirnx, znri x~ rnxziexkbmlm`k` mean`mkpk nx lk mepncrkhmøe% êk nxh~nlk mehl~xmwk nx lk {~n zrnpne`n kpne`nr lkx enhnxm`k`nx `n piìx lix emûix% Ne nllk, piì nl {~n `nxnn nxp~`mkr z~n`k fkhnrli xme pnenr bkrrnrkx `n emecôe pmzi% Nx ~e l~ckr ne nl {~n xn prkbkdk `n akenrk hilkbirkpmwk, ne kraieák } hie rnh~rxix x~gmhmnepnx {~n xie kzlmhkìx hie hieihmamnepi hmnepágmhi } lix negi{~nx aëx znrpmenepnx% Lk zriblnaëpmhk `n {~n lkx znrxiekx hie `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mihia~emhkpmwk wk}ke k lk nxh~nlk pmnen {~n wnr hie nl khhnxi, nxznhágmhkanepn k lkx bkrrnrkx `n hia~emhkhmøe% Znri ei {~n`k nxi kfá, zir{~n pkabmíe nvmxpne bkrrnrkx zxmhiløcmhkx, h~lp~rklnx } `n zilápmhkx {~n nxpëe kgnhpkeì lk mepncrkhmøe n`~hkpmwk% Lix aknxprix, kl zrizmhmkr lk mepncrkhmøe n`~hkpmwk, girakaix zkrpn `n nxpk bôx{~n`k `n hklm`k` ne lkx nxh~nlkx% Xm fkhnaix bmne e~nxpri prkbkdi khnrhkrnaix k e~nxprk nxh~nlk fkhmk lk mehl~xmøe% Rnx~lpke nepiehnx wkeix lix `nbkpnx hie nl xnepmì `n “Mepncrkhmøe Wx% Mehl~xmøe‑, “Mepncrkhmøe i Mehl~xmøe‑ i “Mepncrkhmøe n Mehl~xmøe‑% Lk rnxz~nxpk ne rnklm`k` nx4 mepncrkhmøe zkrk zrizmhmkr lk mehl~xmøe% Zkrk nlli, nx enhnxkrmi h~azlmr hie lix zrmehmzmix cnenrklnx {~n rmcne lk mepncrkhmøe n`~hkpmwk &Ckrhák, Nxhklkepn, 2::=, z%08-4 eiraklmtkhmøe, mepncrkhmøe, xnhpirmtkhmøe n me`mwm`~klmtkhmøe `n lk nexnûketk% Eiraklmtkhmøe% Lk mepncrkhmøe n`~hkpmwk `n kl~aeix hie @K zrnpne`n zipnehmkr lkx zixmbmlm`k`nx } rnh~rxix `n lk n`~hkhmøe rnc~lkr zkrk kpne`nr k nxpix emûix } emûkx xkpmxgkhmneì lkx enhnxm`k`nx n`~hkpmwkx nxznhmklnx {~n z~`mnrke zrnxnepkr hie ~e hklne`krmi, firkrmix, nvznrmnehmkx, akpnrmklnx } eirakx li aëx zkrnhmì k lk kpnehmøe kp nehmøe {~n xn lnx brme`k k x~x hiazkûnrix xme `mxhkzkhm`k`% Nl emûi Xirì `nbn xnr n`~hkì hie lix akpnrmklnx `n lk n`~hkhmøe rnc~lkr fkhmneì lkx k`nh~khmienx znrpmenepnx } kpne`mneì k lix hiepnemìx {~n nxpëe 2;

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn hiepmeôk nvzlmhkeì lix `mgnrnepnx zrmehmzmix irmnepëeìlix k lk kpnehmøe `n lkx znrxiekx Xir`kx%


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rnxziexkbmlm`k` `n lix ìhnepnx rnklmtkr lkx k`nh~khmienx znrpmenepnx kl h~rráh~li hie nl ibdnpmwi `n ckrkepmtkr {~n nl Xirì khhn`k k lk n`~hkhmøe rnc~lkr% @n lix pmzix `n mepncrkhmøe {~n anehmiek nl Skreiho Rnzirp &Skreiho, ;=36- zkrnhmnrke lix aëx k`nh~kìx zkrk lix emûix Xirìx k{~íllix ne lix {~n nxpix kl~aeix hiazkrpne lkx k~lkx hie hiazkûnrix rnc~lkrnx rn{~mrmneì `n rnfkbmlmpkhmøe } `nl kbir`kdn `n hiepnemìx nxznhmklnx `n akenrk me`mwm`~kl i x~bcr~zkl, íxpk ôlpmak rngnrm`k k lk m`nepmgmhkhmøe `n enhnxm`k`nx xmamlkrnx zkrk prkbkdkr hie nxix zn{~nûix cr~zix ne nl k~lk `n rnh~rxix% Xme nabkrci, zkrk llnckr k nlli nl hkamei ei nx xmazln% xm azln% Hiai zkrpn `n nxpn zrihnxi `n mepncrkhmøe, xn `nbn kpne`nr kl emûi Xirì ne hneprix nxznhmklmtkìx i ne k~lkx nxznhmklnx mepncrk`kx ne ~ek nxh~nlk rnc~lkr fkxpk {~n xnk k~pøeiai ne lk hiazrnexmøe `nl nxzkûil, k aneix {~n nl k~lk ìe`n xn rnklmhn x~ mehl~xmøe h~nepn hie mepírzrnpn } nl emûi khhn`k an`mkepn lk LX% Mepnexmgmhkr kxá lix kzi}ix zkrk lk mehirzirkhmøe zk~lkpmek ne kabmnepnx hie aneirnx rnh~rxix nxznhmklmtkìx rnznrh~pmrë ne nl `nxkrrilli `n hiaznpnehmkx% Xme nabkrci, lk cnenrklm`k` `n lix xnrwmhmix `n n`~hkhmøe nxznhmkl hiexm`nrk nxpk xncrnckhmøe zixmpmwk hiai `mxhrmamekhmøe% Nxpk m`nk n{~mwihk`k `mgmh~lpk lk hrnkhmøe `n hia~em`k`nx `n Xirìx ne lkx nxh~nlkx% Hkrpie &;67:-, me`mhk {~n “Ei fk} `~`k ne {~n nxpn lnec~kdn `nl xirì !a~ì kmxlkì, nx pke lmampkì hiai nl hárh~li `n x~x m`nkx? znri xn `nxkrrillk rëzm`kanepn h~keì _‧Q xn fkllke fk llke rn~emìx ne xihmn`k`%‑ Nl prkbkdi `n lix Cr~zix Mepncrkìx Nxznhágmhix zkrk Fmzikhôxmhix &CMNF- {~n xn rnklmtø ne lix kûix ihfnepk } zrmehmzmix `n lix eiwnepk ne nl nxpkì `n Wnrkhr~t, zkrpmneì `n lk nvznrmnehmk {~n nl Mexpmp~pi Ekhmiekl `n lk Hia~emhkhmøe F~akek &MEHF- cnenrk `nx`n ;=30, znrampn lix `mgnrnepnx pmzix `n mepncrkhmøe {~n k{~á xn zriziene% Ne lk khp~klm`k` xn hiexnrwk `n nxn ai`nli ôemhkanepn x~x nxprkpncmkx `n nexnûketk bkxk`kx ne nl aípiì irkl% Xëehfnt &2:;:- nx rk`mhkl% Nxpn k~pir me`mhk {~n nx “mekhnzpkbln zir mrrnkl, maznexkbln, mrrnklmtkbln, hieprkzri`~hnepn, eihmwi i meôpml ne nl andir `n lix hkxix, zlkepnkr {~n lix emûix xirìx `nbne nxpkr ne nl k~lk hie i}nepnx‑% Kzi}i x~ zixp~rk, znri `nbi ~bmhkran ne {~n ne Aívmhi lix Xirìx nxpëe mepncrkìx } b~xhkaix llnckr k lk mehl~xmøe, zir li {~n `nbnaix hrnkr xil~hmienx hie lk nxznrketk `n {~n licrkrnaix nxk anpk, xmp~khmøe {~n kôe xn ibxnrwk lndkek znri {~n }k nxpë hiepnazlk`k ne lk 28

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn nvzlmhke lix `mgnrnepnx hrmpnrmix `n lk mepncrkhmøe n`~hkpmwk irmnepëeìlix k lk kpnehmøe `n lkx znrxiekx Xir`kx%


20

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn nvzlmhke lix `mgnrnepnx hrmpnrmix `n lk mepncrkhmøe n`~hkpmwk irmnepëeìlix k lk kpnehmøe `n lkx znrxiekx Xir`kx%


2>

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn nvzlmhke lix `mgnrnepnx hrmpnrmix `n lk mepncrkhmøe n`~hkpmwk irmnepëeìlix k lk kpnehmøe `n lkx znrxiekx Xir`kx } xn memhmke lkx hiehl~xmienx%


27

~ek kgnhpkhmøe ne x~ hia~emhkhmøe, zriwihk`k zir lk mepnrkhhmøe {~n pmnen ~ek znrxiek hie `ígmhmp k~`mpmwi hie nl nepirei% Nl hiehnzpi `n `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mpmwk, hiai xn fk aixprkì, xn rngmnrn nxznhágmhkanepn kl `ígmhmp% Nl ai`nli `n hiaznpnehmkx `nbn mazkhpkr `n akenrk xmcemgmhkpmwk ne e~nxprk zrëhpmhk% Nl k~lk `n rnh~rxix ne lk {~n xn nexnûke &ne nxzkûil i LXA- nl klgkbnpi, lix eôanrix, lix hilirnx } lk gkamlmk `nbn xnr rnznexk`k% Nl kzrne`mtkdn xmp~kì } lk rnxil~hmøe `n zriblnakx, pnakx {~n `nbne xnr keklmtkìx ne iprix ìh~anepix aëx nvpnexix, eix llnwke k rnglnvmiekr xibrn ~ek nxh~nlk irmnepk`k k zrnzkrkr kl emûi Xirì zkrk lix `mgnrnepnx hiepnvpix ne lix {~n xn `nxkrrillk4 k% Ë~lmhi4 ìe`n `nbn nxpkr zrnzkrkì zkrk kzriwnhfkr lkx izirp~em`k`nx `n `nxkrrilli `n hiaznpnehmkx {~n nl ìhnepn zriaiwnrë% b% Nxhilkr4 ìe`n `nbnrë xnr k~pøeiai ne lk xkpmxgkhhmøe `n enhnxm`k`nx bëxmhkx, `n d~nci n mepnrkhhmøe hie lix `naëx% h% Hia~empkrmi4 ne nl {~n rn{~nrmrë hiaznpnehmkx zkrk fkhnr ~xi k`nh~kì `n lk hia~em`k` } zkrpmhmzkr `n lk wm`k ne xihmn`k`% Lk mepncrkhmøe, pkl hiai lk fnaix hiehnbmì, ei fk `kì lix rnx~lpkìx xkpmxgkhpirmix {~n {~mxmírkaix ne ~e crke eôanri `n nxzkhmix% @nbi `n xnr hlkri ne am zixp~rk4 amneprkx ei nvmxpke mepírzrnpnx ne hk`k k~lk mepncrkìrk `n kl~aeix Xirìx i xn cnenrne hiaznpnehmkx x~gmhmnepnx zkrk {~n nl emûi khhn`k k hlkxnx ne nxzkûil `n akenrk k~pøeiak, xn `nbne rnh~znrkr lix andirnx rnh~rxix ne ~e cr~zi mepncrkì% Ei nx nl ibdnpmwi xncrnckr, xmei mepncrkr `n akenrk zrignxmiekl% Nl Xirì ei `nbn xnr negrnepkì k ~e kabmnepn zkrk nl {~n ei nxpë zrnzkrkì% Ei nxpi} ne hieprk `n lk mehl~xmøe)mepncrkhmøe, znri zkrk llnckr k x~ m`nkl, ne ìe`n nl Xirì wk}k k h~kl{~mnr nxh~nlk } h~kl{~mnr cr~zi, xn rn{~mnrne hie`mhmienx pkabmíe m`nklnx hie lkx {~n khp~klanepn ei hiepkaix } {~n `nbnaix hiexnc~mr zkxi k zkxi% Lkx zrmanrkx bkrrnrkx {~n `nbnaix nlmamekr xie lkx `n hia~emhkhmøe, znri zkrk nlli `nbnaix nlmamekr pkabmíe lkx bkrrnrkx ne lk h~lp~rk } zilápmhkx `n lk nxh~nlk% Nxpkaix ri`nkìx `n girpklntkx } izirp~em`k`nx, kzriwnhfíaixlkx piakeì ne h~nepk li {~n fk rnx~lpkì } li {~n fk gkllkì% Rnwmxnaix ne nl xmc~mnepn hkzáp~li ndnazlix hlkrix `n nlli% 23

Hkzáp~li MM% Fmxpirmk } khp~klm`k` `n lk n`~hkhmøe `n Xirìx ne Aívmhi Kepnx `n memhmkr amx hianepkrmix xibrn lix zrihnxix fmxpørmhix `n lk n`~hkhmøe `n Xirìx ne Aívmhi, nx am `nxni hiazkrpmr ~ekx zklkbrkx piak`kx piak`kx `n “Amenrwk wmm `n lk d~wnep~` nxzkûilk‑, nxhrmpi zir @% D~ke Ake~nl Bkllnxpnrix ne ;688 &Z% >2!>0-, ne ìe`n eix fkblk xibrn lix memhmix `n lk n`~hkhmøe `n lix Xirìx ne nl a~eì4 êi `n lix zrmwmlncmix akx kàmrkblnx `nl fiabrn nx xme `~`k nl zi`nr hia~emhkr ë lix iprix x~x m`nkx } x~x xnepmamnepix4 nxpk eibln gkh~lpk`, zir an`mi `n lk h~kl xn pihke lkx klakx } xn hieg~e`ne lix hirktienx, nx pkabmne nl zrmanri } akx gmran lkti `n lk xihmn`k`4 xme nllk e~nxprix cihnx znr`nrmke a~hfi `n x~ wklir, } e~nxprix zlkhnrnx xn hiewnrpmrmke khkxi ne `mxc~xpix, xme nl `~lhn kprkhpmwi `n fkhnr zkxkr kl xnei `n ~e kamci lkx naihmienx {~n eix kcmpke% Xm nl zlkhnr hia~emhkì nx akx hiazlnpi, } lk znek xn fkhn akx xizirpkbln, nxpn kcrk`kbln hianrhmi `n lkx klakx nx akx {~n ~e cihn, ~ek wnr`k`nrk enhnxm`k`4 røazkxn xmei nxpn wáeh~li {~n nelktk pke g~nrpnanepn ë lix fiabrnx neprn xá, } e~nxprk wm`k xn hiewnrpmrë ne ~ek hkrck znxk`k {~n kznekx zi`rëe xizirpkr pi`kx e~nxprkx g~nrtkx% Xme rnh~nrìx kcrk`kblnx, } xme nxznrketkx lmxiednrkx, e~nxprk nvmxpnehmk xn `npne`rmk, zir `nhmrli kxá, ne lk enhnxm`k` `nl aianepi, xme rnhmbmr iprkx xnexkhmienx {~n lkx `nl `mxc~xpi ø `nl ìlir4 ripkx kxá lkx rnlkhmienx {~n ~ene e~nxprk nvmxpnehmk hie lk `n e~nxprk gkamlmk, hie lk `n lk xihmn`k` } hie lk `n lix `nakx fiabrnx, hk`k me`mwm`~i xn hiexm`nrkrmk xili ne nl a~eì, } xnzkrkì `n x~x xnandkepnx, ë {~mnrnx amrkrmk hie lk akx g~enxpk me`mgnrnehmk ë x~ xnr gáxmhi } airkl% Pkl nx ne ngnhpi nl `nzlirkbln nxpkì `n k{~nllix ë {~mnenx lk ekp~rklntk, ilwm`k`k `n x~x ln}nx, ø wmilnepk`k zir khhm`nepnx hieihmìx, zrnxnepk kl a~eì `nxzidkìx `n lk akx eibln gkh~lpk` {~n kìrek e~nxprk nvmxpnehmk gáxmhk% Xírnx pke `nxcrkhmkìx g~nrie a~hfi pmnazi ibdnpi `n lk nxpírml hiazkxmie `n lix `nakx } khkxi ei f~bi dkakx ipri akx `mcei `n lkx kpnehmienx `nl fiabrn bneígmhi? znri nxpkbk rnxnrwk`k kl nxzkûil Gr% Zn`ri Ziehn `n Lnie lk clirmk `n riaznr lk bkrrnrk {~n xnzkrkbk ë nxpix megnlmhnx wmmm `nl rnxpi `n lix fiabrnx% Lk hkrm`k`? nxpk zrnhmixk nakekhmie `nl hmnli, {~n ne pi`kx zkrpnx xn fk hiexkcrkì kl klmwmi `n lix `nxcrkhmkìx, bripø ne nl hirktie `n nxpn hílnbrn hiazkprmipk nl x~blman znexkamnepi `n `kr e~nwk wm`k ë lix xirì!a~ìx, zir an`mi `n lk n`~hkhmøe%

26

Nl aklmehfmxai mv } lk n`~hkhmøe `n Xirìx Ei an izieci k lk mazirpkhmøe `n ìhprmekx i pnirákx nlkbirk`kx ne zkáxnx nvprkednrix? k li {~n an izieci nx k {~n xn fkck zrnhmzmpk`k n mrrnglnvmwkanepn, xme kd~xpkrlkx k lkx hie`mhmienx zkrpmh~lkrnx `n e~nxpri `nxkrrilli nhieøamhi } h~lp~rkl% Dnxôx Xmlwk Fnrtic &;==0-

Aívmhi h~nepk `nepri `n x~x fkbmpkepnx hie ~ek neiran hia~em`k` `n Xirìx, crke zkrpn `n nllix mepncrkìx ne lkx k~lkx `n n`~hkhmøe zôblmhkv% Rnx~lpk kbx~rì {~n zkrk lk ziblkhmøe Xir`k fmxzkeikanrmhkek, nxznhágmhkanepn lk anvmhkek, ei xn fk}ke `nxkrrillkì nxp~`mix x~gmhmnepnx zkrk cnenrkr nxprkpncmkx `n kpnehmøe n`~hkpmwk khir`nx k e~nxprk LXA, nl nxzkûil anvmhkei, nl xmxpnak n`~hkpmwi } lk h~lp~rk ne lk {~n eix `nxnewilwnaix% Fmxpørmhkanepn xn fke mazlnanepkì zricrkakx `n prkbkdi hrnkìx ne } zkrk iprix zkáxnx, rnc~lkranepn n~riznix, lix h~klnx pmnene ~ek xmp~khmøe h~lp~rkl } nhieøamhk a~} `mgnrnepn k lk e~nxprk% Lix xmxpnakx `n hia~emhkhmøe nazlnkìx ne lk n`~hkhmøe `nl Xirì ne Aívmhi fke xmì nl rnx~lpkì `n lk kzlmhkhmøe `n zrnhnzpix mazirpkìx mazir pkìx } zihkx fke xmì lkx nxh~nlkx {~n fke zribkì nxpix xmxpnakx hie ~ek anpiìlicák `n mewnxpmckhmøe rnkl {~n llnwn k lk k`kzpkhmøe `n lix amxaix k lix zricrkakx n`~hkpmwix hie lix {~n hiepkaix, lix h~klnx pmnene hlkrix kxznhpix zixmpmwix xm xkbnaix xkhkrlnx nl zriwnhfi x~gmhmnepn% Zkrk hrnkr zri}nhpix `n prkbkdi wmkblnx nx enhnxkrmi ~bmhkreix ne nl k~lk zôblmhk rnkl, hie piì nl zipnehmkl } lmampkepnx {~n pmnen% Li mazirpkepn ei nx li mazrnxmiekepn {~n ~e ai`nli z~n`k xnr ne nl zkznl } ne lk zrnxnepkhmøe `n ~e neh~nepri khk`íamhi, li {~n prkxhne`nrë xnrë lk zixmbmlm`k` `n rnzri`~hmr nxn ai`nli ne hk`k nxh~nlk, hie lix rnh~rxix nhieøamhix } píhemhix hie {~n xn h~nepke% Lkx mexpmp~hmienx zrmwk`kx anvmhkekx {~n fke licrkì klpix nxpëe`krnx ne lk n`~hkhmøe } rnfkbmlmpkhmøe `nl Xirì &hiai nl MZZLMKZ } nl MAKL k lix {~n xn fkhn rngnrnehmk ne nxpn pnvpi- anrnhne xnr piak`kx ne h~nepk% Am rnxznpi } kàmrkhmøe zkrk kabkx zir x~x kûix `n mewnxpmckhmøe } `n cnxpmøe `n rnh~rxix zkrk x~ kl~aekì% Xn `nbne nxp~`mkr x~x aípiìx, lnnr lix lmbrix {~n z~blmhke, lk ibxnrwkhmøe `n x~x zrihnxix, kxá hiai kxmxpmr k lix nwnepix `n khp~klmtkhmøe {~n zria~nwne% Xie ai`nlix k xnc~mr } lix licrix `mceix `n xnr rnhieihmìx ne lk fmxpirmk `n lk n`~hkhmøe ne Aívmhi, znri x~ rnklm`k` } amxmøe xie `mgnrnepnx k lkx `n lk nxh~nlk zôblmhk% 2=

Ne nxpn kzkrpkì xn fkhn ~e keëlmxmx `nl `nxkrrilli fmxpørmhi `n lk hia~emhkhmøe pipkl, nl irklmxai } lix xmxpnakx bkxkìx ne lkx xnûkx kzlmhkìx ne e~nxpri zkáx% Xm bmne nxpn prkbkdi xibrn bmlmecümxai xn `nxzrne`n `n piìx nllix, nx enhnxkrmi nlmamekr ampix, hiehnzpix nrrøenix } aklkx zrëhpmhkx {~n xn fke wnemì `keì k prkwíx `nl pmnazi% Wnrnaix {~n piìx nxpix aípiìx xie znrpmenepnx znri ne `mgnrnepnx hiepnvpix } zkrk klc~eix emûix% Xn zi`rë ibxnrwkr pkabmíe {~n lk gmlixigák `n lk hia~emhkhmøe pipkl fk xmì mepnrzrnpk`k `n akenrk a~} `mwnrxk, ne ihkxmienx `nxkgirp~ek`k% Nl ibdnpmwi `n nxpn kzkrpkì xnrë hrnkr ~ek znrxznhpmwk zixmpmwk {~n eix znrampk negrnepkr } wnehnr lix `nxkgáix hie zihix rnh~rxix% Nxpi xn kd~xpkrë `n andir akenrk k lix hiepnvpix aëx zibrnx ne lix {~n xn neh~neprke lix Xirìx `n Fmxzkeikaírmhk } iprkx zkrpnx `nl a~eì%

Lk nrrk`mhkhmøe `n lk lnec~k `n xnûkx ne Aívmhi Nl “hiliemklmxai i}nepn‑, hiai li `neiameke Zkt, Akráe } Xklkakehk &2::7-? nx nl anhkemxai zir nl h~kl lk ak}irák fk maz~nxpi x~ h~lp~rk k lk ameirák xmlnepn% @nl amxai aiì {~n fmxpørmhkanepn lkx h~lp~rkx fke xmì megl~m`kx i x~xpmp~m`kx hkxm ne x~ pipklm`k` zir lkx `n iprix z~nblix {~n llncke k ìamekr, kxá fk xmì nl zrihnxi zir nl h~kl lk lnec~k `n xnûkx xn fk nrrk`mhkì `n lk nxh~nlk anvmhkek% @nx`n nl xmcli VWM, k~pirnx n~riznix hrnkrie ake~klnx `n prkbkdi zkrk lk nexnûketk Zirpk`k `n Rn`~hhmøe `n lkx lnprkx } Krpn `n lk lnec~k `n xnûkx, kxá zkrk nexnûkr ë fkblkr lix A~ìx % &Bienp, ;72:hiai zkrk nl `nxkrrilli `n hiaznpnehmkx ne nl nxzkûil fkblkì } nxhrmpi% @nx`n k{~íllix kûix xn 8:

memhmk ~ek l~hfk neprn ìx crke`nx g~nrtkx4 irklmxai } cnxp~klmxai% K~e{~n fke nvmxpmì pkabmíe {~mnenx hieh~nr`ke ne nl ~xi `n aípiìx amvpix, lkx zilápmhkx ekhmieklnx n mexpmp~hmieklnx fke pne`mì fkhmk lix nvprnaix% Nl irklmxai me`mhk {~n nl ~xi `n xnûkx xn `nbn rnxprmecmr i nlmamekr } {~n nl Xirì `nbn xnr nvz~nxpi ôemhkanepn kl nxzkûil fkblkì, amneprkx {~n lk cnxp~klmxpk me`mhk {~n lk lnec~k zkrk lk `m`ëhpmhk `nbn xnr lk `n xnûkx% @nx`n {~n Aívmhi nx me`nzne`mnepn xn fkhn rngnrnehmk k lk enhnxm`k` `n lk kpnehmøe `n Xirìx% Irpmt `n K}klk &;682, z% 23;- fkhn rngnrnehmk k {~n ~ei `n lix `nbnrnx nxnehmklnx `n lix anvmhkeix nx lk hrnkhmøe `n ~ek “hkxk `n nexnûketk zkrk rnhicnr ë lix xirìx a~ìx, kzlmhkeì lix zrmehmzmix `nl meairpkl meairpkl } gmlkeprøzmhi kbkpn `n l#Ízín‑, l#Ízín‑ , me`mhkeì {~n xn `nbáke xnc~mr lix zkxix `n li rnklmtkì ne Nxpkìx êmìx%

Wnxpáb~li `n lk Nxh~nlk Ekhmiekl `n Xirìa~ìx% Piakì `n Ckrhák &;6=8, z% 86=-

Li {~n fk {~n`kì a~} hlkri } ìh~anepkì nx lk g~e`khmøe `n lk “Nxh~nlk A~emhmzkl `n Xirìx‑ ne nl @mxprmpi Gn` nrkl ne ;677 zir nl aknxpri N`~kr` F~np vm, lk h~kl memhmk hie nl kzi}i `n Mcekhmi Prmc~nrix, zrnxm`nepn a~emhmzkl `n Aívmhi, } `nl gmlëeprizi Dixí 8;

Xkløe `n fiabrnx `n lk Nxh~nlk Ekhmiekl `n Xirìa~ìx% Piakì `n Ckrhák &;6=8, z%8=8-

^rbkei Giexnhk% Zixpnrmiranepn xn hrnk ne ;673 lk “Nxh~nlk Ekhmiekl `n Xirì!a~ìx‑ Xirì!a~ìx‑ kenvk k lk “Nxh~nlk Eirakl `n xirì! xirì !a~ìx‑ hie nl kzi}i `nl zrnxm`nepn Bnempi D~ërnt &XNZ, ;=22, zz%7=!83:- ne nl nv hiewnepi `n Hirz~x!Hrmxpm% @kpi h~rmixi F~np, kl xnr n`~hkì ne ~ek nxh~nlk bkdi Ne nl lmbri Fmxpirmnx ig lix zrnhnzpix hrnkìx zir Hfkrlnx!Amhfnl Kanrmhke xhfiilx gir `n l#Ízín &hiepme~kìx zir Xmhkr`-, pfn `nkg, ;6;3!;6=8 zria~nwn ~ek n`~hkhmøe bkxk`k ne lkx &Ckrhák, ;6=8, z%8=3- kzkrnhn xøli xnûkx } lk aáamhk ekp~rkl% Nx zir nlli {~n F~np hiai kxzmrkepn k nl cnxp~klmxai ‘ hiai hiai xn ln `neiamek k nxpk zrignxir, xn ~bmhk hirrmnepn ne lk ízihk ‘ ízihk ‘ xn mexpk~rk ne hiai @mrnhpir k Prmem`k` krhák% Aívmhi% Nxpk mexpmp~hmøe, k znxkr `n pnenr ~e negi{~n zrnìamekepnanepn ake~kl, ei `nxhkrpkbk nl irklmxai h~keì lk zipnehmklm`k` `nl kl~aei li znrampák% Nxpi {~n`k akemgmnxpi ne x~ zricrkak `n nxp~`mix {~n mehl~ák lk lnec~k `n xnûkx znri xn hiazlnanepkbk hie nl nxzkûil nxhrmpi } “zrie~ehmkhmøe‑, kxá hiai nl kbir`kdn `n krmpaípmhk, cnicrkgá k, fmxpirmk ~emwnrxkl } ekp~rkl, kcrmh~lp~rk zrëhpmhk, prkbkdix ake~klnx, 82

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn nvzlmhk høai nx {~n lk Lnec~k `n Xnûkx g~n nlmamek`k `nl h~rráh~li `n lkx nxh~nlkx%


88

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn nvzlmhk høai nx {~n lk Lnec~k `n Xnûkx g~n nlmamek`k `nl h~rráh~li `n lkx nxh~nlkx%


80

Nl aípiì irkl ne lk nxh~nlk zôblmhk ¹Zir {~í xn mexmxpn ne lk enhnxm`k` `n {~n nl xirì xn irklmhn, `n`mhkeì ~ek crke hkepm`k` `n rnh~rxix znrxieklnx } nhieøamhix ne pnrkzmkx `n lnec~kdn, i ne lk hiazrk `n k~vmlmkrnx k~`mpmwix hk`k `ák aëx xigmxpmhkìx9 Amrixlkwk Hr~t Kl`rnpn &2::=-

Kl kzlmhkr lix aípiìx irklnx ne lkx nxh~nlkx zôblmhkx ne Aívmhi xn fke ibpnemì rnx~lpkìx a~} zir `nbkdi `n lix licrkìx ne x~x xmamlkrnx `n zkáxnx hie klpix emwnlnx `n `nxkrrilli i k lix ibpnemìx zir nxh~nlkx zkrpmh~lkrnx% @nbn nepne`nrxn {~n nxpix aípiìx rn{~mnrne `n mexpr~anepix {~n izpmamhne lk k~`mhmøe, pklnx hiai lkx zrøpnxmx me`mwm`~klnx znrxieklnx &k~vmlmkr k~`mpmwi })i mazlkepn hihlnkr- } lkx zrøpnxmx hilnhpmwkx &X~wkc, namxirkx GA)Bl~nPiipf, krix akceípmhix, kazlmgmhkìrnx, k}~`kx megiraëpmhkx-% Nxpi xn akemgmnxpk nvzláhmpkanepn ne nl Aípiì Irkl Hiazlnanepkì &AIH-, nl aëx khp~kl `nepri `n lix aípiìx irklnx nxzkûilnx% Nxpix n{~mzix znrxieklnx ei xn neh~neprke kl klhkehn `n e~nxprix kl~aeix } lkx zrøpnxmx hilnhpmwkx ei girake zkrpn `n lix `mxzixmpmwix hia~enx ne e~nxprkx nxh~nlkx% Lk Zklkbrk Hiazlnanepk`k &LZH-, zkrpn nxnehmkl `nl AIH, fk mepnepkì xnr kzlmhk`k ne Aívmhi hie a~} zibrnx rnx~lpkìx, }k {~n nx mazixmbln pnenr ~ek b~nek zrëhpmhk xme lix `naëx rn{~mxmpix zkrk gkwirnhnr nl mez~p, lk gklpk `n akpnrmklnx } lk zihk i e~lk zrnzkrkhmøe `nl ìhnepn ne nl AIH, z~nx xn fk znexkì nrrøenkanepn {~n LZH nx ~e aípiì ne xá amxak% Rnx~lpk hieprk`mhpirmi {~n zir aëx `n ~e xmcli xn fk}k zrnpne`mì prkbkdkr hie aípiìx irklnx hiai nxprkpncmk igmhmkl xme piakr ne h~nepk lk zrnzkrkhmøe zrignxmiekl } nl n{~mzkamnepi rn{~nrmìx% Rnx~lpk lkanepkbln {~n lix akpnrmklnx `n prkbkdi {~n ~pmlmtkaix rnc~lkranepn ne lkx nxh~nlkx zkrk lk rnpriklmanepkhmøe wmx~kl } pëhpml `nl fkblk xie r~`manepkrmix ne hiazkrkhmøe k lix ~pmlmtkìx ne iprix hiepnvpix k an`mkìx `nl xmcli VMV, z~nx `nbnaix piakr ne h~nepk {~n Klnvke`nr Crkfka Bnll ‘ {~mne {~mne g~nrk aknxpri `n Xirìx n fmdi `n ~e zrnxpmcmixi zn`kcici nxznhmklmxpk `n nxpk ërnk ‘ ërnk ‘ mewnepø ~e xmxpnak `n rnpriklmanepkhmøe wmx~kl `nl fkblk {~n xmrwmø hiai bkxn zkrk x~x krpngkhpix `n crkbkhmøe } rnzri`~hhmøe `nl xiemì zixpnrmirnx4 nl gieøcrkgi% Lix aípiìx irklnx, k`naëx, rn{~mnrne `n a~hfi pmnazi `n prkbkdi% 8>

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn nvzlmhk høai nx {~n nl aípiì irkl fk xmì mazlkepkì ne nl h~rráh~li `n lkx nxh~nlkx%


87

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn nvzlmhk høai nx {~n nl aípiì irkl fk xmì mazlkepkì ne nl h~rráh~li `n lkx nxh~nlkx%


83

Lk girakhmøe `n ìhnepnx `n n`~hkhmøe nxznhmkl ne nl ërnk `n kpnehmøe k~`mpmwk } `n lnec~kdn Hiai xn fk anehmiekì, nx nl 26 `n eiwmnabrn `n ;673 h~keì @ie Bnempi D~ërnt gmrak nl “@nhrnpi {~n nxpkblnhn lk Nxh~nlk Eirakl `n xirì!a~ìx‑ xirì!a~ìx‑ XNZ &;=22, zz%7=!83:zz%7= !83:- hie lk mepnehmøe `n kzi}kr lk zrëhpmhk ne lk Nxh~nlk Ekhmiekl `n Xirì!a~ìx, li {~n xn z~n`n kzrnhmkr ne nl krpáh~li xnc~eì `n nxpn `nhrnpi4 Krp% 2 ´ Nxpk nxh~nlk nxpkrë k hkrci `nl zrignxir } zrignxirk {~n `mrmcne khp~klanepn lk nxh~nlk a~emhmzkl `n xirì!a~ìx ne nxpk hkzmpkl, k {~mnenx, kl `kr lkx lnhhmienx k x~x rnxznhpmwix kl~aeix, xn kxihmkrëe lix kxzmrkepnx kl zrignxirkì, zkrk {~n íxpix kzrne`ke zrëhpmhkanepn x~ zrignxmøe% Pkepi nl zrignxir hiai lk zrignxirk, pne`rëe khk`namkx eihp~rekx, `n firk } an`mk zir li aneix, ne lkx {~n nvzlmhkrëe k lix rnxznhpmwix kxzmrkepnx lk zkrpn pnørmhk `nl xmxpnak `n nexnûketk%

K znxkr `n nlli, lk nxh~nlk xn `n`mhø k lk n`~hkhmøe `n emûix, aëx {~n k lk girakhmøe `n ìhnepnx% @mwnrxix mexpmp~pix xn hrnke zixpnrmiranepn% K zrmehmzmix `n lix kûix h~krnepk xn hrnk ne Aívmhi lk N`~hkhmøe Eirakl `n Nxznhmklmtkhmøe ìe`n ncrnxkìx `n lkx nxh~nlkx eiraklnx {~n, hie nvznrmnehmk `n ~e aáemai `n ìx kûix ne xnrwmhmi, zi`ráke girakrxn ne lk kpnehmøe `n emûix Keiraklnx Anepklnx } Aneirnx Megrkhpirnx, `n kh~nrì k lk hiehnzp~klmtkhmøe hmnepágmhk `n lk ízihk } lkx enhnxm`k`nx `n e~nxpri zkáx% Hie nl zkxi `n lix kûix } `nxz~íx `n wkrmkx rngirakx, lix nxp~`mix zkrk aknxpri `n n`~hkhmøe nxznhmkl xn hiewmrpmnrie ne ~e zricrkak `n zrignxirkì zrizmi }, aëx k`nlkepn, `n lmhnehmkp~rk% Kl mc~kl {~n x~hn`mø hie nl r~abi `n bmlmecümxai mexpk~rkì zir F~np, ne lk n`~hkhmøe eirakl vmm xn znr`mø `~rkepn a~hfix kûix nl xnepmì `n kpnehmøe nxznhágmhk k ~ek `mxhkzkhm`k` ne ~e Aie~anepi k Grk} Zn`ri Ziehn ne kabmnepn namenepnanepn zrëhpmhi% Ak`rm`, Nxzkûk Khp~klanepn, k znxkr `n {~n xn fke hrnkì ërnkx `n kpnehmøe zir `mxhkzkhm`k`, lk gklpk `n nxznhmklmtkhmøe ne lkx hkrrnrkx bkxk`kx ne ~e priehi hiaôe zriwihk {~n kxmcekp~rkx pklnx hiai “Xnamekrmi `n Pnakx Xnlnhpix `n Fmxpirmk `n lk Zn`kcicák } lk N`~hkhmøe‑ keklmhne cnenrklm`k`nx ne wnt `n irmnepkrxn k lix kxznhpix 86

aëx mazirpkepnx zkrk hk`k ërnk `n kpnehmøe% Nl aknxpri `n n`~hkhmøe nxznhmkl ne ërnk `n k~`mhmøe } lnec~kdn `nbnrák hieihnr k zrig~e`m`k` k lix zmienrix `n n`~hkhmøe `n Xirìx &Ziehn `n Lnøe, Bienp, `n l”Ízín, Xmhkr`, F~np- } `n lk lmecüáxpmhk `n lk lnec~k `n xnûkx &Fnrwëx, Bíbmke, Xpioin-, zir hmpkr klc~eix k lc~eix ndnazlix% Lk `nxhrmzhmøe {~n rnklmtk Fnrwëx ne x~ lmbri Nxh~nlk Nxzkûilk `n Xirìa~ìx &;3=>- `n lix zrmanrix kwkehnx ne lk n`~hkhmøe `n Xirìx nx gkxhmekepn% X~ keëlmxmx zi`rák aixprkr k lix nxp~`mkepnx {~n klc~ekx zrëhpmhkx khp~klnx xie zrnhkrmkx ne hiazkrkhmøe `n li rnklmtkì zir k{~íllix aknxprix {~n, k znxkr `n `nxkrrillkrxn ne ~e hiepnvpi hmnepágmhi } pnheiløcmhi ìe`n lk mazrnepk } nl lëzmt nrke klc~eix `n lix ak}irnx kwkehnx, `naixprkbke ~ek `n`mhkhmøe } wihkhmøe meanexkx Nxpix pnvpix z~n`ne `nxhkrckrxn `nx`n Ciicln Biiox % Khp~klanepn nehieprkaix {~n nl aknxpri `n hia~emhkhmøe akemgmnxpk, ne a~hfix hkxix, ~ek gklpk hiexm`nrkbln `n nxprkpncmkx `n prkbkdi% Nxpi nx zriwihkì zir{~n nl h~rráh~li `n lk Lmhnehmkp~rk ne N`~hkhmøe Nxznhmkl nx namenepnanepn pnørmhi, hiexm`nrkì hiai ~ek girakhmøe memhmkl {~n rn{~mnrn `n ak}ir nxznhmklmtkhmøe ne nxp~`mix `n zixcrkì% Kxá lix Zlkenx `n Nxp~`mi zkrk lk girakhmøe memhmkl `n zrignxirnx `n n`~hkhmøe nxznhmkl, ne nl akzk h~rrmh~lkr, me`mhke {~n hiexpmp~mrëe lk bkxn zkrk g~p~rkx nxznhmklmtkhmienx% Lk kxmcekp~rk `n priehi hiaôe “Kpnehmøe @kpi h~rmixi N`~hkpmwk `n Kl~aeix hie @mxhkzkhm`k` Ne “Nl lmhnehmkì &;7;8-, K~`mpmwk‑ `nl zlke `n nxp~`mix wm`rmnrk‑ Hnrwkepnx anehmiek k anehmiekì hiexm`nrk pnakx bëxmhix hie ~e aiedn {~n fkhák {~n lix a~ìx zihi emwnl `n zrig~e`m`k`, pklnx hiai lk “ {~n kekpiaák `nl iáì, hk~xkx hiecíempkx } nepne`mnxne } ne hmnrpk k`{~mrm`kx {~n zrizmhmke lk zír`m`k akenrk fkblkxne‑% k~`mpmwk, an`m`kx `n `npnhhmøe } kpnehmøe izirp~ek } iprix pøzmhix rngnrnepnx k lk `npnhhmøe `n lkx enhnxm`k`nx n`~hkpmwkx nxznhmklnx } lk mepncrkhmøe nxhilkr } xihmkl% 8=

Ne nl Ërnk K~`mpmwk } `n Lnec~kdn `n lk lmhnehmkp~rk xn pmnen hiepme~m`k` hie “Kzrne`mtkdn } `nxkrrilli hia~emhkpmwi `n lix kl~aeix xirìx‑ M } MM &h~krpi } {~mepi xnanxprnx-% Ne lk zrmanrk zkrpn xn kbir`k lk mazirpkehmk `n lix aípiìx ake~klnx } bmlmecünx% Ne lk xnc~e`k xn fkhn rngnrnehmk k lk mazirpkehmk `nl irklmxai% Xme nabkrci, ei xn nxp~`mk emecôe aípiì hiazlnpi em xn lnn áepncrkanepn emecôe lmbri% Nxpkx kxmcekp~rkx, k znxkr `n nxpkr lmampk`kx zir nl pmnazi {~n iblmcke lix rn`~hmìx nxzkhmix h~rrmh~lkrnx, akemgmnxpke hlkrix k`nlkepix ne h~kepi k lix negi{~nx `n prkbkdi hie lix kl~aeix Xirìx kl hiexm`nrkr nl negi{~n xihmih~lp~rkl “ne nl {~n xn rnhieihn kl kl~aei hiai znrxiek xir`k mepncrkepn `n ~ek hia~em`k` lmecüáxpmhk ameirmpkrmk, hie ~ek lnec~k } ~ek h~lp~rk zrizmkx } `mgnrnepnx k lkx `n lk ak}irák‑ } irklmxpk “{~n zlkepnk lk hiewnemnehmk `n `nxkrrillkr nl lnec~kdn irkl ne nl kl~aei xirì‑ &XNZ, 2::7b-% Nxpkx kxmcekp~rkx xn hiazlnanepke ne lix amxaix xnanxprnx hie lkx `n “Kpnehmøe n`~hkpmwk `n kl~aeix hie zriblnakx `n lnec~kdn‑ M } MM, lkx {~n zrizmhmke nl rnhieihmamnepi `nl negi{~n hláemhi zkrk lk nwkl~khmøe } kpnehmøe rnxznhpi kl lnec~kdn irkl% Ne nl xnvpi xnanxprn xn rnwmxk “@mxnûi `n lk ZHK zkrk kl~aeix hie `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mpmwk‑ ìe`n nl zrizøxmpi nx khnrhkr k lix g~p~rix ìhnepnx kl `mxnûi `n ~ek zriz~nxpk h~rrmh~lkr k`kzpk`k zkrk k{~nllix kl~aeix {~n zrnxnepke ENN kxihmk`kx k `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mpmwk% @~rkepn nl xízpmai } ihpkwi xnanxprnx lix kl~aeix xn negrnepkrëe k hie`mhmienx rnklnx `n prkbkdi khiazkûkìx zir ~e p~pir &ne lk nxh~nlk `n zrëhpmhk- } ~e kxnxir &ne x~ nxh~nlk eirakl-% Nxpix ôlpmaix xnanxprnx hiegirakìx zir “Pkllnr `n Keëlmxmx `nl Prkbkdi @ihnepn } @mxnûi `n Zriz~nxpkx @m`ëhpmhkx‑ M } MM, kxá hiai “Prkbkdi @ihnepn‑ M } MM? pmnene nl zrizøxmpi `n rnklmtkr ~ek zrëhpmhk g~e`kanepk`k } hie kazlmix aianepix `n rnglnvmøe {~n xnrëe giraklmtkìx ne ~e @ih~anepi Rnhnzhmiekl kzi}ëeìxn ne ~e hikxnxir nxznhmklmxpk ne nl pnak% @nxkgirp~ek`kanepn, lkx khpmwm`k`nx x~cnrm`kx ne nl zlke `n nxp~`mix `n girakhmøe ìhnepn nxpëe nehkamek`kx k lk rnglnvmøe znri ei xn `nxkrrillke zrihn`mamnepix zrëhpmhix `n prkbkdi ne nl k~lk ne kabmnepnx bmlmecünx% Nxpi zien `n akemgmnxpi {~n nl negi{~n `n hiaznpnehmkx ei fk mazkhpkì kôe ne lk N`~hkhmøe Eirakl, li {~n zi`rák fkbnrxn zrnwmxpi, z~nx xm lk amrk`k nrk irmnepkr lk n`~hkhmøe bëxmhk fkhmk `mhfi negi{~n xn `nbmø zrnwnr ~ek girakhmøe `n ìhnepnx zrnzkrkìx zkrk nxk 0:

zriz~nxpk% Fkxpk fkhn a~} zihix kûix xn fk hiexm`nrkì hiai rn{~mxmpi `n ncrnxi nl ìamemi `n ~e xmxpnak klpnrekpmwi i k~anepkpmwi `n hia~emhkhmøe hiai ~ek zilápmhk &z~nx ei nx ~ek eirak-, znri a~hfkx wnhnx ei nvmxpn lk gmc~rk `n mepírzrnpn `n LX {~n z~n`k rnxilwnr nxpk enhnxm`k` girakpmwk `n lix g~p~rix aknxprix% Lk n`~hkhmøe eirakl ne Aívmhi `nbn nxh~hfkr e~nwkanepn k x~ g~e`kìr, nl aknxpri Nerm{~n H% Ríbxkane &Hkxpnllkeix, ;=:=, z% ;8-, h~keì me`mhk4 "‧¹{~í nepmneì zir nxh~nlk eirakl9%%% ¹Nl zlke `n nxp~`mix zkrk girakr xkbmix, nl n`mgmhmi nlnckepn } lix ckbmenpnx rnzlnpix `n akpnrmkl nxhilkr, lkx bmblmipnhkx kzrnpk`kx zir cr~nxix wilôanenx i nl brmllkepn zrignxirkì `nxgmlkeì akdnxp~ixkanepn hiai nl hirpndi `n ~e rn}9 Ei, xnûirnx, ek`k `n nxi% Wkmx k iáran, «Nxh~hfk`+%%% Li {~n hkrkhpnrmtk k lk nxh~nlk eirakl nx lk kzlmhkhmøe pnørmhi!zrëhpmhk `n lk ìhprmek zkrk girakr fiabrnx } zkrk girakr hm~`k`keix, } nxpk ìhprmek hiai pkl, `nbn xnr hmnepágmhk } `nbn xnr zrëhpmhk"% vmmm

Zkrk {~n nl aknxpri xnk hiaznpnepn `nbn xnr girakì ne `m`ëhpmhk, kxznhpi {~n hk`k wnt `nxkzkrnhn aëx `n e~nxprix zlkenx `n nxp~`mi% Xme nabkrci, me`mhkr {~n lix zlkenx `n nxp~`mi namenepnanepn pnørmhix `n lkx nxh~nlkx eiraklnx xie lix h~lzkblnx `n {~n lix aknxprix ei pneckaix zrnzkrkhmøe x~gmhmnepn ne `m`ëhpmhk rnx~lpkrák ne ~ek hieprk`mhhmøe ne k{~íllix {~n kznlke k ~e crke kair zir x~ hkrrnrk } zir li emûix% H~keì ~e hilnck rnzrihfk k e~nxprk klak akpnr x~ bkdk zrnzkrkhmøe `nbn rnhir`ërxnln {~n hk`k {~mne nx rnxziexkbln `n x~ zrizmi hieihmamnepi } girakhmøe, zir li {~n xm klci ei pn `k lk nxh~nlk `nbnrëx b~xhkrli zir p~x zrizmix an`mix, megirakhmøe megi rakhmøe fk} a~hfáxmak% Zir am zkrpn kcrk`nthi k am {~nrm`k nxh~nlk, lk Bnenaírmpk Nxh~nlk Eirakl Wnrkhr~tkek, fkbnr girakì ne aá wklirnx {~n ei pneák hiexilm`kìx, hieihmamnepi `nl xmxpnak `n Mepnrnxkepn n`~hkhmøe bëxmhk, lk izirp~em`k` `n Nl 26 `n eiwmnabrn xn rnklmtkr zrëhpmhkx n`~hkpmwkx ne hiepnvpix hnlnbrk nl `ák `mwnrxix } lkx zk~pkx {~n an znrampmnrie ekhmiekl `nl Xirì ne xnc~mr mewnxpmckeì `~rkepn am zrëhpmhk hieanairkhmøe `nl `nhrnpi `n hrnkhmøe `n ìhnepn }, k lk wnt, ne am nxpkehmk ne nl lk Nxh~nlk Ekhmiekl `n Hnepri `n Nxp~`mix X~znrmirnx ne Xirì!A~ìx% N`~hkhmøe hie lk {~n `nxkrrillí lix zrihnxix `n mewnxpmckhmøe {~n an znrampmnrie fkhnr ~ek keëlmxmx aëx zrig~eì `n am khp~kr ne nl k~lk, gr~pi `n lix h~klnx nx nxpn ìh~anepi% 0;

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn brme`ke hiehl~xmienx `n íxpn hkzáp~li%


02

Hkzáp~li MMM% Hia~emhkhmøe, rn{~mxmpi me`mxznexkbln zkrk nl `nxkrrilli `n hiaznpnehmkx ne lk nxh~nlk nxh~ nlk M`miak f~akei nx piì li {~n hie xnûklnx {~n z~n`ke iárxn ø wnrxn, nx hkzkt `n fkhnr hieihnr lix khpix anepklnx `n {~mne lkx fkhn% Lirneti Fnrwëx } Zke`~ri &;3=>, z% ;88-

Wmxmpí fkhn klcôe pmnazi k ~ek kl~aek mepncrk`k ne pnrhnr crkì `n n`~hkhmøe xnh~e`krmk% Kl fkbnr xmì n`~hk`k an`mkepn aípiìx irklnx xn an me`mhø {~n lk kìlnxhnepn xkbák lnnr lix lkbmix } fkblkr% Zkrk `naixprëranli nl aknxpri ln zrnc~epø h~nxpmienx xibrn x~ gkamlmk hiai “¹`øe`n nxpë p~ akaë9‑, “¹} p~ fnrakek9‑, “¹zir {~í }k ei wmnen k lk nxh~nlk p~ fnrakek9‑‧ lk kl~aek rnxzie`mø hirrnhpkanepn znri krpmh~lkeì zklkbrkx aieøpiekx } hie grkxnx xmazlnx, hipm`mkekx% Khpi xnc~mì ‘zkrk kbir`kr nl pnak xibrn “Nxhklkx } rktienx‑ {~n hirrnxzie`ák `n kh~nrì k megirakhmøe zrizirhmiek`k zir nl aknxpri rnc~lkr ‘ rnc~lkr ‘ zrnc~epí k lk diwne “¹prkdmxpn p~ nxh~k`rk } p~ prkexzirpkìr9‑‧ lk kìlnxhnepn wilpnø k wnr k x~ aknxpri h ie hkrk `n xirzrnxk4 ei hiazrne`ák% Nl ìhnepn prkpø `n nvzlmhkrln hie aáamhk k {~í an rngnrák znri ei licrø {~n lk kl~aek rnxzie`mnrk% Xibrk `nhmr {~n x~ Zriz~nxpk H~rrmh~lkr ei hiexm`nrkbk nxpix pnakx, xmei {~n rn`~hák lix zrizøxmpix k kxznhpix hiazkrkblnx hie ~e pnrhnr crkì `n zrmakrmk ne Akpnaëpmhkx% Xme nabkrci, nxpk rn`~hhmøe `n hiepnemìx ei nrk ~ek wnr`k`nrk k`nh~khmøe k lkx zixmbmlm`k`nx `n lk kl~aek, }k {~n xá licrkbk khhn`nr k lix hiepnemìx zriz~nxpix zir nl zricrkak `n nxp~`mix `n xnh~e`krmk% Nxpi li hiazribí z~nx ne lk akûkek `n prkbkdi {~n nxp~wn hie nllk z~ì hiazrne`nr } ndnh~pkr rktienx hiai “;4>‑, “840‑, “>42‑, neprn iprkx, `naixprkeì {~n kl zrnxnepërxnln zir nxhrmpi nxpix ndnrhmhmix zi`ák khhn`nr kl lnec~kdn akpnaëpmhi } ndnh~pkr lix zrihn`mamnepix {~n nl ìhnepn rnc~lkr an me`mhø {~n kbir`krák hie lix `naëx% Xme nabkrci, nl zriblnak zrmehmzkl kl {~n eix negrnepkaix g~n {~n, kl ei pnenr ~e xmxpnak `n hia~emhkhmøe hiaôe xn p~wi {~n prkbkdkr zir nexk}i } nrrir, li {~n fmti aëx lnepi nl zrihnxi `n nexnûketk% Kôe kxá lk kl~aek xmc~mø rnf~xëeìxn k ~xkr lk LX, z~nx lk n`k` ne lk {~n `nbmø meh~lhërxnln lk h~lp~rk xmlnepn &wnr @nkgfii` - fkbák zkxkì fkhn a~hfi pmnazi% 08

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn mepri`~hn hie aëx ndnazlix {~n zi`ráke rnglndkr li {~n ih~rrn hie p~x nxp~`mkepnx%


00

ìx xnxmienx `n prkbkdi `n ìx firkx hk`k ~ek% Xibrk `nhmr {~n nx ~ek emûk a~} mepnlmcnepn‧ } prkwmnxk, k`naëx% k`n aëx% Nx crkpi rnhir`krlk% Klci a~} mazirpkepn ne nxpn hkxi g~n {~n xn licrø `naixprkr k lk ak`rn } k lk aknxprk `n nxpk kl~aek, `ngnexirkx `nl aípiì irkl, {~n nl ~xi `n xnûkx gianepkbk nl `nxkrrilli `nl lnec~kdn nxhrmpi } lk krpmh~lkhmøe `n zklkbrkx% Nxpix kwkehnx an llnwkrie k lk xmxpnakpmtkhmøe `n lix zrihnxix {~n `npklli ne nl ìh~anepi%

Lnec~kdn, znexkamnepi } h~rráh~li Lk gkh~lpk` `n kbxprknr, ø, zkrk fkblkr akx mepnlmcmblnanepn, lk gkh~lpk` `n znexkr ne ~ek {~klm`k` hiai xnzkrk `nl me`mwm`~i ne {~n rnklanepn nvmxpn, lk pmnene lix {~n i}ne, } pkabmne lix xirìa~ìx mean`mkpkanepn {~n kzrne`ne ~ek lnec~k% @ie Rkaøe Hkazix &;6:>-

Nl lnec~kdn znrampn lk girakhmøe `n hiehnzpix {~n xnrwmrëe kl znexkamnepi `nl emûi ne lk rnklmtkhmøe `n iznrkhmienx anepklnx mepnrekx {~n znrampke lk rnxil~hmøe `n zriblnakx, rnbkxkeì kxá lix akrhix `n lk znrhnzhmøe xnexirmkl `mrnhpk% Xm ei `nxkrrillkaix mepncrklanepn nl lnec~kdn `nl kl~aei Xirì li lmampkrnaix k lix hiehnzpix ~x~klnx &anxk, zmtkrrøe, zkzë, akaë, kc~k, lnhfn, lëzmt, hiaz~pkìrk, kakrmlli‧- } ei `nxkrrillkrë giraklanepn lix hiehnzpix hmnepágmhix {~n lk n`~hkhmøe bëxmhk znrxmc~n &~emwnrxi, crkwn`k`, hiepmenepn, pnrrmpirmi, zricrnxi, nenrcák, rnwil~hmienx, ekhmieklmtkhmøe, zri`~hpi mepnrei br~pi, emprøcnei‧-% @mhfi `n iprk akenrk, lix hiehnzpix ~x~klnx ln `nxkrrillkrëe ne crke an`m`k lk hiaznpnehmk hia~emhkpmwk k prkwíx `nl nerm{~nhmamnepi lívmhi!xnaëepmhi znri, zkrk xkpmxgkhnr lix rn{~nrmamnepix {~n lix zrizøxmpix `n lk n`~hkhmøe bëxmhk zrnxnepk, nx enhnxkrmi `nxkrrillkr lk hiaznpnehmk lmecüáxpmhk {~n mehl~mrë nl `nxkrrilli `n hiaznpnehmkx ei xøli lívmhi!xnaëepmhkx, xmei pkabmíe `n lix kxznhpix xmepëhpmhi! airgiløcmhix {~n rn{~mnrne ~ek rnglnvmøe xibrn lk zrizmk lnec~k% Zir ndnazli, ~ek zklkbrk bëxmhk &ne LXA, nxzkûil irkl i nxhrmpi, zmhpicrkakx, aáamhk, nph%- hiai “@menri‑ z~n`n znrampmrln kl kl~aei xkpmxgkhnr ~ek enhnxm`k` `n hia~emhkhmøe, znri xnrë enhnxkrmi {~n ~ek wnt rnwmxkì ~e wihkb~lkrmi x~gmhmnepn i `~rkepn nl `nxkrrilli `n ~e `mxh~rxi ne nl XKKH kzlmhkì {~n ln znrampk cnenrkr ~ek megmempk hkepm`k` `n hiexpr~hhmienx xmepëhpmhkx zkrpmneì `n ~e eôanri lmampkì 0>

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn mepri`~hn hie aëx ndnazlix {~n zi`ráke rnglndkr li {~n ih~rrn hie p~x nxp~`mkepnx%


07

xnk hiaôe neprn e~nxpri kl~aei } x~ nepirei xihmkl% Nxpi ei xmcemgmhk {~n nl Xirì `nbk enhnxkrmkanepn k`nh~krxn kl nepirei z~nx, ne lk ak}irák `n lix hkxix, xnrë nl nepirei nl {~n xn `nbk hiewnrpmr ne ~e kabmnepn aneix rnxprmhpmwi zkrk nl kl~aei kl ~pmlmtkr lk lnec~k {~n aëx xn k`nh~n kl zn{~nûi% Emecôe xmxpnak `n hia~emhkhmøe nx andir i znir, ei mepnepnaix nwkl~kr h~ël nx aëx } h~ël nx aneix% Hneprnaix e~nxprix nxg~nrtix ne nlncmr h~ël xmxpnak nx aëx ngmhmnepn } ngmhkt zkrk e~nxpri kl~aei ne lkx `mgnrnepnx xmp~khmienx `n x~ wm`k4 ne nl k~lk, ne lk nxh~nlk, ne nl fickr, ne lk hia~em`k`, ne x~ prkbkdi‧ Fnaix xmì biabkr`nkìx zir `mxh~rxix llneix `n zrnd~mhmix } `n ampix, xn fk `nbkpmì `nbkpmì `nakxmkì neprn li “ekp~rkl‑ } li “eirakl‑ hiexm`nrkeì {~í nx andir, xm ~pmlmtkr nl lnec~kdn ekp~rkl `n lix Xirìx i nl lnec~kdn ekp~rkl `n lk ak}irák &ne nxpn hkxi nl nxzkûil-% Nl rnpi ei xnrë nxznrkr xkbnr {~míe ckek nxpk l~hfk, nl rnpi nx nwkl~kr k hk`k ~ei `n e~nxprix nxp~`mkepnx rnxznhpi k x~x hiepnvpix, zipnehmklm`k`nx } `mgmh~lpk`nx zkrk {~n nxpi eix znrampk nlncmr nl xmxpnak {~n ln xnk g~ehmiekl kl emûi zkrk fkhnr h~azlmr x~ `nrnhfi k kzrne`nr k li lkrci `n lk wm`k, ne piì aianepi } ne pi`k hmrh~expkehmk%

Hia~emhkhmøe ne lk nxh~nlk } hia~emhkhmøe pipkl E~nxprk lkbir hie lix kl~aeix nx {~n licrne kzrne`mtkdnx, kxá hiai hiaznpnehmkx x~gmhmnepnx zkrk {~n kzrne`ke zir xá amxaix } zkrk zienr ne zrëhpmhk li kzrne`mì% Zir li pkepi, lk mazirpkehmk `n lk hia~emhkhmøe neprn nl aknxpri } nl kl~aei pmnen x~ bkxn ne nl ibdnpmwi zrmanri `n lk n`~hkhmøe4 nl kzrne`mtkdn% Nl kl~aei zi`rák pnenr nrrirnx kl mepnrzrnpkr klci {~n xn lnx nxpë nvzlmhkeì xm ei nepmne`n li {~n ln nxpkaix `mhmneì i li mepnrzrnpk `n akenrk n{~mwihk`k% Nxpi ei nx zrmwkpmwi `n lk namxmøe irkl fkhmk lix Xirìx, z~n`n ih~rrmr ne ~ek hia~emhkhmøe ne x~ xnepmì kazlmi, prkexampm`k k prkwíx `n aôlpmzlnx an`mix } xmxpnakx% @nepie &;=3:, z%2- me`mhk {~n nl kl~aei Xirì `nbn pnenr `nrnhfi “ k ~pmlmtkr pi`kx lkx girakx `n hia~emhkhmøe `mxziemblnx zkrk `nxkrrillkr lk hiaznpnehmk lmecüáxpmhk% Nxpi mehl~}n ~e kazlmi nxznhpri4 cnxpix rnklmtkìx zir nl emûi, fkblk, xmceix giraklnx, `khpmlilicák, lnhp~rk lkbmkl, lnhp~rk, nxhrmp~rk, kxá hiai iprix aípiìx {~n z~n`ke `nxkrrillkrxn ne nl g~p~ri% @nbn `krxn pkabmíe k piìx lix emûix xirìx 03

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn nvzlmhk hie ak}ir `npklln høai `nbn xnr kzlmhkì nl hiehnzpi `n Hia~emhkhmøe Pipkl ne lk nxh~nlk%


06

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn nvzlmhk hie ak}ir `npklln høai `nbn xnr kzlmhkì nl hiehnzpi `n Hia~emhkhmøe Pipkl ne lk nxh~nlk%


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lnec~k% Nxpn zrihn`mamnepi nx a~} xnehmlli znri x~ aklk kzlmhkhmøe `mgmh~lpk nl kzrne`mtkdn% Kxá, h~keì nxpnaix irklmtkeì kl kl~aei ~xkrnaix pkabmíe lk Lnhp~rk Lkbmi Gkhmkl &LLG- } nl K`mnxprkamnepi K~`mpmwi &KK- `n akenrk kmxlk`k, k gme `n {~n fkck ~xi `n x~ znrhnzhmøe } kpnehmøe `n akenrk aëx ngmhmnepn zkrk nl zrizøxmpi zlkepnkì, k~e{~n `n akenrk memhmkl lkx zrnxnepkrnaix ne ~ek namxmøe hied~epk hiai ~ek nxprkpncmk zkrk `mxame~mr nl crkì `n `mgmh~lpk`% Nxpi eix znrampmrë nwkl~kr andir lix xmxpnakx } ln gkhmlmpkrë kl kl~aei hiazrne`nr kl ìhnepn rnc~lkr% Nx mazirpkepn ne nxpn aianepi khlkrkr {~n nl aknxpri `n cr~zi xá `nbnrë fkhnr ~xi `n piìx lix xmxpnakx `n akenrk xma~lpëenk kl nampmr ~e anexkdn, z~nx x~ mepnehmøe xnrë nvzlmhkr x~ hlkxn } ei nexnûkr lnec~k% H~keì hiabmekaix lix xmxpnakx, zrëhpmhk hiaôe ne e~nxprkx nxh~nlkx, zrizmhmkaix {~n lix nxp~`mkepnx Xirìx ei xnke bmlmecünx, xmei “xnamlmecünx‑, nx `nhmr, {~n ei licrne ìamekr emec~ek lnec~k% ln ec~k% Nxpn hiehnzpi, nxp~`mkì ne meamcrkepnx zir H~aamex } iprix k~pirnx, mazlmhk {~n nl bkdi `nxkrrilli `n ~ek lnec~k akpnrek } nl `n ~ek xnc~e`k lnec~k xn hiewmnrpn ne ~ek hk~xk `n bkdi rne`mamnepi khk`íamhi }, zir li pkepi, `n ~ek akrcmekhmøe n`~hkpmwk% Hiai xáepnxmx, zkrk nl `nxkrrilli `n lkx hiaznpnehmkx hia~emhkpmwkx } lmecüáxpmhkx ~xkrnaix lix xmxpnakx `n akenrk kmxlk`k, x~hnxmwk% Ne nl aianepi {~n li aëx mazirpkepn ei xnk nl `nxkrrilli `n hiaznpnehmkx, xmei lk nexnûketk ~ iprk mepnehmøe hia~emhkpmwk {~n rn{~mnrk xnr ngmhkt, nl mepnrlih~pir zi`rë fkhnr ~xi `n lk hia~emhkhmøe xma~lpëenk%

Ai`nli Mepnrh~lp~rkl Bmlmecün `nx`n lk Hia~emhkhmøe Pipkl Zrivmakl A~íxprkln lk khhmøe k rnklmtkr } lk hiazrne`nrë, `nxhrmbn an`mkepn `mwnrxix an`mix ~e hiehnzpi } li kxmamlkrë, prkexgmnrn `n akenrk hk`k wnt aëx kbxprkhpk nxk megirakhmøe zkrk {~n xn rnlkhmien ne lk hiazlndm`k` `n x~ znexkamnepi% Zmnexk hie lk løcmhk `n lkx rnclkx `n iri `n lk `m`ëhpmhk } nepne`nrëx nl zrihnxi, xkbrëx zir {~í nx aëx gëhml lnnr lnprk x {~n lix lkbmix%

Ei xn z~n`n fkblkr `n ai`nlix mepnrh~lp~rklnx h~keì eix rngnrmaix k ~ek `mxhkzkhm`k` {~n ei xnk lk k~`mpmwk% Lk `mgnrnehmk ne nxpn hkxi rk`mhk ne {~n lix Xirìx, kl hiepkr hie ~ek lnec~k `mgnrnepn, fke cnenrkì ~ek h~lp~rk zrizmk% ] ei nx rngnrmrxn ôemhkanepn k lix cnxpix } girakx `n khp~kr, lix cilznx {~n `ke kl zmxi, lk girak `n xnûklkr k lkx znrxiekx i `n khiai`kr lix hneprix `n anxk k li {~n eix rngnrmaix h~keì >:

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn nvzlmhk hie ak}ir `npklln nl Ai`nli Mepnrh~lp~rkl Bmlmecün `nx`n lk Hia~emhkhmøe Pipkl Zrivmakl%


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Xie zrihnxix nehk`nekìx ne ~ek xnrmn `n zkxix {~n znrampne kl emûi mr kwketkeì `n kh~nrì k x~ tiek `n `nxkrrilli zrøvmai% Girak zkrpn `n lk n`~hkhmøe mepnrh~lp~rkl bmlmecün, zir li {~n pne`rë pi`kx lkx mazlmhkhmienx `n nxn ai`nli% Zkrpn `n lk gmlixigák `n lk Hia~emhkhmøe Pipkl%

Zrihnxi xmazlmgmhkì `n lk Hia~emhkhmøe Pipkl Zrivmakl

Ei nx `mgáhml `n kzrne`nr% Zkrpn `n lkx hiaznpnehmkx hie {~n h~nepke lix lmhnehmkìx ne n`~hkhmøe nxznhmkl {~n xn nxpkaix ne xnrwmhmi, kpne`mneì kxá lk tiek `n `nxkrrilli zrøvmai `n lix ìhnepnx% Nx ~ek nxprkpncmk {~n xn kbir`k `nepri `nl k~lk, ~pmlmtkeì lix akpnrmklnx rnc~lkrnx } lix {~n xn neh~neprke ne nl hiepnvpi } nepirei nxhilkr xme hrnkr h~rráh~li zkrklnli% >0



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zrnxnepk } xn `nbnrë kzi}kr nl znrgnhhmiekamnepi `n lk krpmh~lkhmøe } lk hiexpr~hhmøe `n grkxnx% Hkxi 0 `n kzlmhkhmøe khir`n k lk HPZ4 Nl kl~aei, `nepri `n ~e zri}nhpi `n lk hlkxn, nvzien ~e pnak ~pmlmtkeì piìx lix rnh~rxix hia~emhkpmwix `n {~n z~n`n nhfkr akei ne nxn aianepi% Hkxi > `n kzlmhkhmøe khir`n k lk HPZ4 Nl aknxpri `n kzi}i, zkrk {~n nl kl~aei hiepmeôn cnenrkeì ne x~ anepn lkx rnclkx crkakpmhklnx `n lk LX, ln wk me`mhkeì ~ek rnhnpk xme fkhnr ~xi `n emecôe ipri nlnanepi {~n ei xnk lk LX% Nl emûi wk xmc~mneì hk`k ~ek `n lkx mexpr~hhmienx } nl ìhnepn rnwmxk kxá {~n xn fk}ke hiazrne`mì% Hkxi 7 `n kzlmhkhmøe khir`n k lk HPZ4 Nl aknxpri `n hkzkhmpkhmøe lkbirkl, zkrk {~n nl kl~aei kzrne`k k nlkbirkr ~e zkxpnl, fkhn ~xi `n piìx lix xmxpnakx enhnxkrmix zkrk prkxampmr nl anexkdn% Nl emûi wk xmc~mneì hk`k ~ek `n lkx mexpr~hhmienx% @n kh~nrì hie lk wmxmøe `n F~np, g~e`kìr `n lk zrmanrk nxh~nlk igmhmkl `n Xirìx ne Aívmhi, lk lnec~k `n xnûkx nrk nl an`mi zkrk mexpr~mr k x~x kl~aeix } piìx k{~íllix {~n z~`mnrke fkhnrli `nbnráke xnr khnrhkìx kl nxzkûil nxhrmpi } fkblkì% Lk fmxpirmk xn rnzmpn, nxk nx lk nxprkpncmk `nl bmlmecümxai {~n xn zrizien ne nxpn pnvpi, xøli ln kcrnckaix aëx `n hmne kûix `n nxp~`mix xibrn lk ekp~rklntk f~akek } `n kwkehn pnheiløcmhi% Xm hiexm`nrkaix lkx pnirákx {~n eix nvzlmhke hiehnzpix hiai ke`kamkdn } tiek `n `nxkrrilli zrøvmai rnx~lpkrë nwm`nepn {~n zkrk nl kl~aei Xirì nx aëx gëhml `neiamekr k x~ nepirei } nxpkblnhnr mepnrkhhmienx an`mkepn lk lnec~k `n xnûkx% Pkabmíe xkbnaix {~n xnrë aëx gëhml zkrk nl kl~aei lnnr {~n nxhrmbmr, kxá hiai lnnr lix lkbmix lkbmi x kepnx {~n fkblkr% Zir li pkepi, lk Hia~emhkhmøe Pipkl Zrivmakl nehk`nekrë nxpix xmxpnakx fkxpk ìe`n x~ `nxkrrilli zipnehmkl `n hiaznpnehmkx li znrampk% Ndnazlix `nl nehk`nekamnepi `n lix xmxpnakx `n hia~emhkhmøe fk} a~hfix% êk emûk hie `ígmhmp k~`mpmwi {~n wmxmpkbk ne ~e Dkr`áe `n Emûix zrnxnepkbk ~e rnprkxi mepnlnhp~kl } aipir mazirpkepn, zriwihkì zrnx~amblnanepn zir ~e `kûi en~riløcmhi xme `npnramekr } zir ~ek nxpma~lkhmøe a~} bkdk `n x~ hiepnvpi gkamlmkr% Zkrk nxpk emûk xn x~cmrmø prkbkdkr hie ~e xmxpnak klpnrekpmwi `n hia~emhkhmøe zir mepnrhkabmi `n maëcnenx? nx `nhmr, xn {~n`krë ne lk hiazrnexmøe zir `mgnrnepnx an`mix znri x~ namxmøe xnrë prkwíx `nl zmhpicrkak% >7

Ne ~ek hia~em`k` klndk`k an nehieprí ~e kl~aei {~n zrnx~amblnanepn pneák ~e `ígmhmp mepnlnhp~kl crkwn, kxá hiai ~e bkdi `nxkrrilli aipir% K`naëx, x~x akeix zrnxnepkbke xmceix `n {~nak`~rkx, li {~n zriwihkbk {~n xn ln `mgmh~lpkrk lk aiwmlm`k` `n lkx amxakx% Nxpn kl~aei licrkbk rnhir`kr m`nicrkakx `n pmzi mhøemhi, nx `nhmr, {~n fkhne rngnrnehmk k x~ xmcemgmhkì &zir ndnazli, lkx hkbrkx `nl h~nepi “Lix prnx hkbrmpix‑ xn rnklmtke hie ~ek akei mampkeì lix zn{~nûix h~nreix } `nxz~íx lk bkrbk z~epmkc~`k-? xme nabkrci, ei licrkbk khhn`nr k lk `khpmlilicák `n nxpk zklkbrk zir li {~n lix Xáabilix Zmhpicrëgmhix `n Hia~emhkhmøe g~ehmiekbke hiai ~e xmxpnak k~anepkpmwi `n hia~emhkhmøe &ei klpnrekpmwi zir{~n xn kzlmhkbk kzi}keì lkx xnûkx-% Kxá, fkbrë kl~aeix {~n licrne lnnr lkx zklkbrkx znri xn lnx `mgmh~lpn `nakxmkì nxhrmbmrlkx i ndnh~pkr lk `khpmlilicák `n lkx amxakx zkrk {~mnenx xn `nhm`k nl XKKH aëx ngmhkt% H~keì neprkaix ne nl kxznhpi `n lk lnhp~rk lkbmi!gkhmkl } nl k`mnxprkamnepi k~`mpmwi wnrnaix {~n `nzne`nrë `n lkx zixmbmlm`k`nx } hkrkhpnráxpmhkx `nl kl~aei {~í kxznhpi `nbnaix prkbkdkr } høai% Nxpn prkbkdi xnrë prkxhne`nepkl zkrk lk krpmh~lkhmøe } hiazrnexmøe `n lkx namxmienx pkepi fkblk`kx hiai nxhrmpkx% Lk hkzkhm`k` `n zkxkr `n ~e emwnl k ipri `n hia~emhkhmøe `nzne`nrë `n lk rnlkhmøe neprn nl kzrne`mt } nl p~pir, z~nx nxpn ôlpmai zrizmhmkrë, k prkwíx `nl ke`kamkdn, nl zkxi `nl nxp~`mkepn `n x~ emwnl rnkl k x~ Mepnrnxkepn @nx`n fkhn 0: kûix, nl emwnl zipnehmkl% Zi`rnaix `nxpkhkr {~n fkbrë MZZLMKZ kpmne`n emûix } hie zriblnakx kl~aeix {~n zkxkrëe a~} rëzmì kìlnxhnepnx `n k~`mhmøe, lnec~kdn } zir pi`kx lkx npkzkx } xn zi`rëe kzrne`mtkdn% Nxpk Mexpmp~hmøe ibwmkr klc~ekx, llnckeì k lk `n Kxmxpnehmk Zrmwk`k xme krpmh~lkhmøe } hiazrnexmøe% Nx gmenx `n l~hri brme`k x~x xme mazirpkr lk mazirpkepn `nxpkhkr {~n xm xnrwmhmix xmp~khmøe nhieøamhk `n x~x xklpkaix klc~eix zkxix nx zir{~n nl kl~aeix% kl~aei pmnen lk hkzkhm`k` rnklmtkr k Khp~klanepn kpmne`ne lix lkrci zlkti lk krpmh~lkhmøe } emwnlnx `n zrnnxhilkr } hiazrnxmøe `n lk zklkbrk% @n ei zrmakrmk% Lix ìekpmwix k nxpk nxh~nlk xnr kxá zi`rnaix x~zienr {~n z~n`ne fkhnrxn `nx`n lk nxpkaix zkxkeì zir klpi zrihnxix zëcmek sss%mzzlmkz%n`~%av zëcmek sss%mzzlmkz%n`~%av enhnxkrmix zkrk hiexilm`kr lk >3

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn nvzlmhk hie ak}ir `npklln nl Ai`nli Mepnrh~lp~rkl Bmlmecün `nx`n lk Hia~emhkhmøe Pipkl Zrivmakl } xn `ke hiehl~xmienx kl hkzáp~li%


>6

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn nvzlmhk hie ak}ir `npklln nl Ai`nli Mepnrh~lp~rkl Bmlmecün `nx`n lk Hia~emhkhmøe Pipkl Zrivmakl } xn `ke hiehl~xmienx kl hkzáp~li%


>=

Hkzáp~li MW% Oigipnheilicák Neprn prk`mhmøe } ai`nrem`k` fk} ~e z~nepn% Kmxlk`kx, lkx prk`mhmienx xn znprmgmhke } lkx ai`nrem`k`nx xn wilkpmlmtke? ne hied~ehmøe, ~ek kemak k lk iprk } lk iprk ln rnxzie`n `ëeìln znxi } crkwn`k`% Ihpkwmi Zkt &;==:-

Kl~aei hie @% K~`mpmwk kzrne`mneì lkx xálkbkx } lkx zklkbrkx% Gipi4 @kwm` Pirrnx

Nl píramei Oigipnheilicák xn hiazien `n prnx rkáhnx4 oizfix, pnheix } licix% Oizfix &Oigix- xmcemgmhk xirì ne crmnci, pnemneì x~ irmcne zribkbln ne nl fnbrni ~pmlmtkì zkrk lk nxhrmp~rk `n lk Bmblmk &Fnrwëx, ;3=>, z% 28-% Lk Oigipnheilicák nx lk ~pmlmtkhmøe `n lkx pnheilicákx `n lk megirakhmøe } hia~emhkhmøe &PMH- } iprix akpnrmklnx ne lk andirk `n lix zrihnxix `n kpnehmøe `n lk ziblkhmøe hie `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mihia~emhkpmwk ne ëabmpix xihmklnx, lkbirklnx } n`~hkpmwix% X~x kzlmhkhmienx pne`rëe hiai ibdnpmwi hiaznexkr x~x `mgmh~lpk`nx, nwkl~kr x~x hkzkhm`k`nx, andirkr x~ hia~emhkhmøe, gkhmlmpkr x~x zrihnxix `n kzrne`mtkdn, hiewnrpmrxn ne ~ek izirp~em`k` `n nazlni, k~anepkr x~x zixmbmlm`k`nx `n mepnrkhhmøe xihmkl } znrampmrlnx ~ek xkek rnhrnkhmøe ne ~e kabmnepn aneix rnxprmhpmwi &Pirrnx, 2::=, z%;-% 7:

Hiexm`nrkrnaix k lk Kxmxpnehmk Pnheiløcmhk hiai zkrpn `n lk Oigipnheilicák, nepne`mneì {~n íxpk ei xn rn`~hn k lkx PMH xmei {~n xn kazlmk k “h~kl{~mnr ibdnpi, n{~mzi, xmxpnak, zri`~hpi, k`kzpkhmøe } xnrwmhmi h~}i zrizøxmpi nx nl `n x~zlmr, k~anepkr, akepnenr i andirkr lkx hkzkhm`k`nx g~ehmieklnx `n lkx znrxiekx hie `mxhkzkhm`k` zkrk rnklmtkr rnklmtkr pi`kx k{~nllkx khpmwm`k`nx {~n `n iprk girak ei zi`ráke fkhnr‑ &XNZ, 2::7, z% 22-% Nepne`mì kxá zi`naix `kreix h~nepk {~n nl hiehnzpi `n Oigipnheilicák xn kazlák k ~ek kazlmk ckak `n zri`~hpix, xmnazrn } h~keì nxpix pnecke ~ek mepnehmøe `n prkbkdi } kpnehmøe zkrk lix kl~aeix Xirìx% Nvmxpmrëe klc~eix akpnrmklnx pnheiløcmhix hrnkìx zkrk znrxiekx xme `mxhkzkhm`k` {~n ei rn{~mnrke `n k`nh~khmienx, iprix k lix {~n xn rn{~mnrk k`nh~kr lk girak `n prkbkdi k gme `n kd~xpkrlix k znrxiekx Xir`kx } lix hrnkìx nxznhágmhkanepn zkrk kpne`nr lkx enhnxm`k`nx `n nxpk ziblkhmøe% Nxpix ôlpmaix pne`rëe ne ihkxmienx ~ek kzlmhkhmøe zrëhpmhk ne znrxiekx xme `mxhkzkhm`k`% &Wnr Pkblk ;@mxnûi `n akpnrmkl

Ndnazlix

Akpnrmkl pnheiløcmhi hrnkì zkrk K~`ágieix, amhrøgieix, bihmekx, znrxiekx xme `mxhkzkhm`k` {~n ei hnl~lkrnx, xmxpnakx `n wm`nihiegnrnehmk, xmxpnakx `n pnlnhia~emhkhmøe bkxkìx rn{~mnrn `n k`nh~khmienx% ne fmznrpnvpi, d~ncix n`~hkpmwix bkxkìx ne makcne } pnvpi% Akpnrmkl pnheiløcmhi hrnkì zkrk Pkblnrix `n hia~emhkhmøe, d~ncix znrxiekx xme `mxhkzkhm`k` i zkrk n`~hkpmwix bkxkìx ne xiemì } wit, iprk `mxhkzkhm`k` {~n rn{~mnrn `n pnlígieix hnl~lkrnx, zmtkrrienx `mcmpklnx% k`nh~khmienx kl zri`~hpi i k x~ girak `n nazlni% Akpnrmklnx pnheiløcmhix hrnkìx Mazlkepn hihlnkr, k~vmlmkr k~`mpmwi, nxznhágmhkanepn zkrk `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`møanprix `mcmpklnx, d~ncix `n k~`mihia~emhkpmwk, k~e{~n zi`rák znrhnzhmøe k~`mpmwk, wmx~klmtkìrnx pnenr kzlmhkhmienx ne iprkx gieípmhix% znrxiekx% Pkblk ;% Ndnazli `n akpnrmklnx `n Oigipnheilicák zkrpmneì `n x~ `mxnûi memhmkl%

Nx mazirpkepn me`mhkr ne nxpn nxzkhmi {~n xm bmne klc~eix akpnrmklnx hrnkìx zkrk znrxiekx xme `mxhkzkhm`k` i zkrk iprk `mxhkzkhm`k` z~n`ne xnr ih~zkìx `n akenrk girp~mpk zir znrxiekx Xir`kx, nl {~n klc~eix z~n`ke xnr khhnxmblnx hirrnxzie`n k {~n g~nrie hrnkìx bkdi lix zrmehmzmix `nl @mxnûi êmwnrxkl, lix h~klnx xie vmw4 7;

;% ^xi n{~mpkpmwi4 Nl `mxnûi nx ôpml } hianrhmklmtkbln zkrk znrxiekx me`nzne`mnepnanepn me`nzne`mnepnanepn `n lkx fkbmlm`k`nx {~n íxpkx zixnke% 2% Glnvmbmlm`k` ne x~ ~xi 4 Nl `mxnûi xn k`nh~k k ~ek kazlmk ckak `n hkzkhm`k`nx } zrngnrnehmkx me`mwm`~klnx% 8% Xmazln n mep~mpmwi4 Nl `mxnûi nx gëhml `n nepne`nr me`nzne`mnepnanepn `n lk nvznrmnehmk `nl ~x~krmi, lix hieihmamnepix, lkx hiaznpnehmkx lmecüáxpmhkx, i nl emwnl `n hiehneprkhmøe {~n xn pneck% 0% Megirakhmøe gëhml `n znrhmbmr4 Nl `mxnûi hia~emhk lk megirakhmøe enhnxkrmk `n akenrk ngmhkt, me`nzne`mnepnanepn `n lkx hie`mhmienx kabmnepklnx i `n lk hkzkhm`k` xnexirmkl {~n nl ~x~krmi zixnk% >% Pilnrkehmk k nrrirnx4 Nl `mxnûi amemamtk lix rmnxcix } lkx hiexnh~nehmkx enckpmwkx `n khhmienx ei `nxnk`kx i khhm`nepklnx% 7% Bkdi nxg~nrti gáxmhi4 Nl `mxnûi z~n`n xnr ~pmlmtkì `n akenrk ngmhmnepn } høai`k hie ~e aáemai `n nxg~nrti% 3% @manexmienx } nxzkhmix kzrizmkìx4 Nl pkakûi } nxzkhmi `nl akpnrmkl nx kzrizmkì zkrk x~ klhkehn, akemz~lkhmøe } ~xi `n kh~nrì kl negi{~n hie nl {~n g~n hrnkì me`nzne`mnepnanepn `n lk nxpkp~rk, hiazlnvmøe, zixp~rk i aiwmlm`k` `nl ~x~krmi%

Nl zrmehmzmi eôanri ~ei, “^xi n{~mpkpmwi‑, zi`rák kazlmkrxn zkrk me`mhkr {~n lk n{~m`k` ei hirrnxzie`nrë xøli k {~n xn k`nh~n k lkx hkzkhm`k`nx g~ehmieklnx `n lix ~x~krmix, xmei pkabmíe k lkx nhieøamhkx% Nxpi `nbmì k {~n zi`naix nehieprkr {~n lix akpnrmklnx {~n lix Xirìx rn{~mnrne wke `nx`n zri`~hpix `n klpi hixpi fkxpk lix crkp~mpix, nxpix ôlpmaix xm hiexm`nrkaix nl xigpskrn `n lmbrn `mxprmb~hmøe z~nxpi {~n lk ak}irák `n lkx nxh~nlkx anvmhkekx ne lk khp~klm`k` h~nepke hie hiaz~pkìrkx } `n ~ek kazlmk ìpkhmøe `n rnh~rxix {~n fkhn lk Xnhrnpkrák `n N`~hkhmøe Zôblmhk } x~x hirrnxzie`mnepnx mexpkehmkx `nepri `n hk`k nxpkì% Nx mazirpkepn hiexm`nrkr {~n ei fk} zrnpnvpi zkrk lk zibrn ~pmlmtkhmøe {~n xn fkhn `n lix akpnrmklnx crkp~mpix% Rnxznhpi k lix akpnrmklnx `n bkdi hixpi xnrë rnxziexkbmlm`k` `n zk`rnx } aknxprix nlkbirkrlix i k`{~mrmrlix% Lix zri`~hpix {~n pnecke ~e hixpi hiexm`nrkbln `nbnrëe xnr cnxpmiekìx kepn lkx k~pirm`k`nx hirrnxzie`mnepnx h~keì ei nxpíe kl klhkehn `n lk gkamlmk% &Wnr Pkblk 2-

72

Hixpi `nl akpnrmkl

Ndnazlix

Akpnrmkl crkp~mpi i {~n fk xmì ìpkì k lkx nxh~nlkx `n n`~hkhmøe zôblmhk ne Aívmhi%

Crkp~mpi4 Xigpskrn `n lmbrn `mxprmb~hmøe } `mhhmiekrmix `mcmpklnx `n xnûkx% @ipkì k lkx nxh~nlkx zôblmhkx ne Aívmhi4 zmtkrrienx `mcmpklnx, hiaz~pkìrkx, `mhhmiekrmix hie maëcnenx } iprix Lmbrix `nl Rmehøe% Klc~eix zricrkakx n`~hkpmwix, k~`ágieix, amhrøgiei, hëakrk snb, `mhhmiekrmix `n lnec~k `n xnûkx% K~vmlmkr k~`mpmwi, mazlkepn hihlnkr, zrøpnxmx hilnhpmwkx, k~`ágieix } amhrøgieix meklëabrmhix, hienvmøe k Mepnrenp%

Akpnrmkl `n bkdi hixpi% Akpnrmkl `n klpi hixpi%

Pkblk 2% Ndnazlix `n akpnrmklnx `n Oigipnheilicák `n kh~nrì k x~ hixpi%

Nxpi} hiewnehmì `n {~n lix akpnrmklnx `n prkbkdi `nl aknxpri `n hia~emhkhmøe `nbne xnr khir`nx kl kwkehn `n lk pnheilicák% Hk`k nxh~nlk hiepkrë hie izirp~em`k`nx } girpklntkx `mgnrnepnx ne nxpn kxznhpi, li mazirpkepn nx xkhkrlnx nl ak}ir zriwnhfi zixmbln k gkwir `n lk n`~hkhmøe `n e~nxprix kl~aeix%

K`kzpkhmøe k~`mizripíxmhk me`mwm`~kl } hilnhpmwk Nl `mkceøxpmhi pnazrkei `nl emûi kl {~n xn ln fke `npnhpkì xmceix `n klpnrkhmienx k~`mpmwkx nx prkxhne`nepkl zkrk x~ wm`k zixpnrmir% Lk hmnehmk fk xmì nxznhmklanepn bneíwilk hie lkx znrxiekx Xir`kx, xmneì nxpn cr~zi nl {~n ibpmnen bnengmhmix x~znrmirnx k lix {~n zi`ráke kxzmrkr lkx znrxiekx hie `mxhkzkhm`k` wmx~kl, mepnlnhp~kl } aipirk% Ne lix ôlpmaix kûix ei xøli fk fkbmì kwkehnx ne lix n{~mzix nxznhmklmtkìx zkrk nwkl~kr lk k~`mhmøe, xmei {~n lk k`kzpkhmøe zripíxmhk fk kwketkì k crkì pkl {~n nx zixmbln rnwnrpmr lix prkxpireix crkwnx `n lk k~`mhmøe an`mkepn nl ~xi `n `mgnrnepnx mazlnanepix pnheiløcmhix% Nl keëlmxmx `n hk`k hkxi `nbn xnr rnklmtkì zir nvznrpix, znri rnc~lkranepn xn rnhiamne`k zkrk lkx zír`m`kx lnwnx } an`mkx `n lk k~`mhmøe nl ~xi `n zrøpnxmx rnprik~rmh~lkrnx, kzkrkpix {~n xn hilihke nehmak } `nprëx `n lk irndk% Nl ~xi `n k~`ágieix meprkhkeklnx ei nx a~} rnhiane`kbln `nbmì k {~n nl emûi xnc~mrë hrnhmneì `n akenrk a~} rëzm`k, zir li {~n zriepi ln `ndkráke `n kd~xpkr } xn rn{~nrmrák `n 78

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn nvzlmhk hie ak}ir `npklln nl ~xi `n lk pnheilicák ne lk kpnehmøe n`~hkpmwk `nl Xirì%


70



7>

n`~hkpmwkx% êk mewnrxmøe `n klrn`nìr `n ìx anxnx `n xklkrmi aáemai nx x~gmhmnepn zkrk lk k`{~mxmhmøe `n amhrøgiei } k~`ágiei meklëabrmhi hie xmxpnak Bl~npiipf, li {~n znrampmrák {~n `~rkepn nl `nxkrrilli `n lkx hlkxnx nl emûi z~n`k znrhmbmr lk wit `n {~mnenx mepnrwmnene ne nl nwnepi n`~hkpmwi `mxame~}neì lix r~mìx kabmnepklnx% K `mgnrnehmk `n lkx khpmwm`k`nx `n neprnekamnepi k~`mpmwi ne lkx {~n xn nlnwk nl crkì `n `mgmh~lpk` zkrk zrizmhmkr ~e `nxkrrilli ne lkx fkbmlm`k`nx `nl emûi, nl ibdnpmwi `n nxpk kazlmgmhkhmøe ne hlkxn nx andirkr li aëx zixmbln lix zrihnxix `n hia~emhkhmøe xme ilwm`kr, zir x~z~nxpi, nl ~xi `n iprix xmxpnakx klpnrekpmwix } k~anepkpmwix% Ipri n{~mzi pnheiløcmhi {~n z~n`n xnr k`{~mrmì znri rnzrnxnepke ~e nlnwkì hixpi nx nl Xmxpnak êmwnrxkl Wnrbkl K~`mpmwi `n C~bnrmek &X^WKC-% Nxpn xmxpnak znrampn rnklmtkr `mkceøxpmhi n mepnrwnehmøe irmnepk`k kl k`mnxprkamnepi k~`mpmwi `n lk znrhnzhmøe `nl fkblk% ^pmlmtk ~e xmxpnak `n gmlprix zkrk k`nh~krxn k hk`k emûi } z~n`n newmkr nxpma~lkhmøe wmbripëhpml hiazlnanepkrmk `nl xiemì% X~ hixpi kzrivmakì nx `n $=,:::%:: ^X@% Xn rn{~nrmrë pkabmíe hkzkhmpkrxn%

Megiraëpmhk4 ~ek fnrrkamnepk `n Oigipnheilicák `n bkdi hixpi Hiai xn fk anehmiekì, `nepri `n lk Oigipnheilicák zi`naix nehieprkr ~ek ckak a~} kazlmk `n kzlmhkhmienx } zri`~hpix% Ne nxpn pnvpi eix rngnrmrnaix nxznhágmhkanepn kl ~xi `n xigpskrn crkp~mpi ne nl kabmnepn zn`kcøcmhi, }k {~n x~ kzlmhkhmøe nx ~ei `n lix zrmanrix zkxix {~n `nbnaix `kr ne h~kepi k lk ai`nremtkhmøe `n lk kpnehmøe `n nxpn cr~zivw, z~nx nl hixpi `n fkhnrli nx aáemai% Lk pnheizn`kcicák fk pnemì ~ek crke hkepm`k` `n kzlmhkhmienx zkrk nl Kzrne`mneì e~nwi wihkb~lkrmi% Gipi4 @kwm` Pirrnx 77

prkbkdi hie lix kl~aeix Xirìx% Kl xnr nl kabmnepn hiaz~pkhmiekl namenepnanepn wmx~kl, lix emûix z~n`ne fkhnr ~xi `n lkx fnrrkamnepkx hiewnehmieklnx hie a~} zihkx k`nh~khmienx% Zir xm nxpi g~nrk zihi, xn fke hrnkì ~ek crke hkepm`k` `n zricrkakx {~n bnengmhmke lk hia~emhkhmøe, kzi}ke nl nxp~`mi `n lix hiepnemìx `n lk n`~hkhmøe bëxmhk } brme`ke khhnxi k nxp~`mix x~znrmirnx ne kabmnepnx wmx~klnx an`mkepn nl xizirpn megiraëpmhi% Prk`mhmieklanepn, nl ~xi `n lk hiaz~pkìrk ne lkx nxh~nlkx fkbák xmì wmxpi hiai ~e l~di `n ~ekx h~kepkx% Nxpi fk hkabmkì ne lix ôlpmaix kûix, }k {~n nxg~nrtix xihmklnx } c~bnrekanepklnx fke llnwkì hiaz~pkìrkx k ~ek crke hkepm`k` `n nxh~nlkx% Lk e~nwk cnenrkhmøe `n ìhnepnx pmnen, hiai aáemai, aáemai , lix g~e`kanepix bëxmhix {~n lnx znrampmrëe mazlnanepkr ngmhmnepnanepn ~e zricrkak nvpnexmwi `n ~xi `n xigpskrn hiai kzi}i `m`ëhpmhi, pkl hiai li `na~nxprk ~e nxp~`mi &Pirrnx, 2::8- ne nl {~n xn nehieprø {~n nl hmne zir hmnepi `n lix kl~aeix `n xnc~eì kûi `n lk Bnenaírmpk Nxh~nlk Eirakl Wnrkhr~tkek &fi} ncrnxkìx `n lkx hmehi `mgnrnepnx lmhnehmkp~rkx ne n`~hkhmøe {~n kfá xn mazkrpne- pneáke khpmp~`nx zixmpmwkx fkhmk nl ~xi `n lk hiaz~pkìrk hie gmenx khk`íamhix } hiaznpnehmkx x~gmhmnepnx zkrk lk ekwnckhmøe zir Mepnrenp, neprn iprkx fkbmlm`k`nx, zir li {~n ne lix xnrwmhmix zi`rnaix m`nepmgmhkr {~míenx xie lix aknxprix {~n eix z~n`ke hiazkrpmr nxpix xkbnrnx% Ne nl Áe`mhn `n Mehl~xmøe &Biipf, 2::2- zi`naix nehieprkr lk r~pk {~n `nbnrákaix nxpkr piakeì rnxznhpi kl ~xi `n lk pnheilicák ne e~nxprkx nxh~nlkx% Rnwmxkeì nl pnvpi nehieprkaix {~n lix kzkrpkìx ne lix {~n xn anehmiek lk megiraëpmhk ne lk nxh~nlk mehl~xmwk xie wkrmix, xmneì lix xmc~mnepnx h~nxpmiekamnepix lix {~n xn rnlkhmieke hie nl zrnxnepn prkbkdi4 ¹Xn nvzlipke lkx e~nwkx izirp~em`k`nx pnheiløcmhkx, h~keì nxpëe `mxziemblnx_%%%Q9, ¹Kzrne`ne lix ìhnepnx } iprix zrignxmieklnx `n lk nxh~nlk k ~pmlmtkr lk pnheilicák zkrk kzi}kr nl kzrne`mtkdn ne x~x k~lkx _%%%Q9, ¹Xn mepncrke lkx hiaz~pkìrkx ne lk nexnûketk `n ` n lkx `mgnrnepnx ërnkx h~rrmh~lkrnx9 K znxkr `n {~n nx nwm`nepn {~n lk bôx{~n`k `n lk mehl~xmøe mazlmhk ~xkr lk pnheilicák ne e~nxprkx k~lkx, kôe nvmxpne {~mnenx xn iziene kl meamenepn hkabmi `nl zkrk`mcak pnheiløcmhi, klc~eix `n akenrk khpmwk } iprix zkxmwkanepn% Nxpix `mrnhpmwix } ìhnepnx ei fke zi`mì rnhieihnr {~n nl nxpkì `n lk megiraëpmhk } x~ kzlmhkhmøe ne lk n`~hkhmøe nx hrnhmnepn } {~n z~n`n xnr ~ek zrëhpmhk mazlnanepk`k hie 73



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Wm`nillkak`k } wm`nihiegnrnehmk Khp~klanepn nvmxpne `mwnrxkx akenrkx `n hiepkr hie wm`nillkak`kx } wm`nihiegnrnehmk% Nl ~xi `nl Smeìsx Lmwn Anxxnecnr PA nx lk girak `n hia~emhkhmøe aëx ziz~lkr ne Aívmhi zkrk rnklmtkr hiewnrxkhmienx ne nxzkûil nxhrmpi vwm } pmnen crke hklm`k` x~ hkzkhm`k` `n prkxamxmøe `n wm`ni% Lk wm`nillkak`k zir Xo}zn PA } lk wm`nihiegnrnehmk zir Iiwii PA &nxpn ôlpmai pke ziz~lkr ne lk hia~em`k` Xir`k {~n pmnen x~ zrizmk xnûk rnhieihm`k zir nl hilnhpmwi- rnx~lpke `n crke kprkhpmwi zkrk {~mnenx xn hia~emhke k prkwíx `n xnûkx% Nxpkx fnrrkamnepkx `n hia~emhkhmøe xn fke hiewnrpmì ne ~ek enhnxm`k` ne lk xihmn`k` khp~kl% Ne nxznhágmhi, ne lk h~lp~rk xmlnepn, xn w~nlwn mazrnxhme`mbln hiepkr hie nllkx `k`k lk `mxprmb~hmøe cnicrëgmhk `n x~ ziblkhmøe z~nx, k `mgnrnehmk `n lix fkblkepnx `n lnec~kx me`ácnekx {~n wmwne ne hia~em`k`nx `npnramek`kx, lix Xirìx rnc~lkranepn xn neh~neprke `mxprmb~mìx ne nxzkhmix cnicrëgmhix ei `nlmampkìx% Ne lix hkxix ne lix {~n lk prkxamxmøe xnrë hiexpkepn } xn h~nepk hie rnh~rxix x~gmhmnepnx xn zi`rë mewnrpmr ne xmxpnakx `n wm`nihiegnrnehmk zrignxmieklnx {~n ckrkepmhne [iX &Hklm`k` ne nl Xnrwmhmi-, píramei megiraëpmhi {~n xn rngmnrn k lk prkxamxmøe `n `kpix &ne nxpn hkxi zrmehmzklanepn wm`ni- xme rnpkrì znrhnzpmbln i nrrirnx `n ipri pmzi% ê ndnazli `n xmxpnakx hie [iX xie lix mazlnanepkìx zir lk nazrnxk “Pmd~kek XWR‑, lk {~n h~nepk hie mepírzrnpnx LXA)KXL)Nxzkûil)meclíxvwmm {~n znrampne, k {~mne h~nepn hie nl xnrwmhmi, llkakr ne nl aianepi {~n rn{~mnrk {~n nl mepírzrnpn mepnrwneck ne ~ek hiewnrxkhmøe% Lk mazirpkehmk `n nxpn xnrwmhmi rk`mhk ne {~n h~kl{~mnrk z~n`n pnenr khhnxi k lix mepírzrnpnx ne ìe`n li rn{~mnrk? kxá ~xpn`, zir ndnazli, zi`rë `kr ~e `mxh~rxi ne nxzkûil i meclíx } `nxnk {~n lix zrnxnepnx h~nepne hie lk prk`~hhmøe ne pmnazi rnkl k lk LXA)KXL z~n`n fkhnrli } z~n`ke zrnc~epkr ne x~ lnec~k amneprkx nl mepírzrnpn prk`~hn zkrk ~xpn`% Klc~ekx mexpmp~hmienx `n kxmxpnehmk fke hieprkpkì nxpn xnrwmhmi `n akenrk znrakenepn zkrk zi`nr mepnrkhp~kr hie lix amnabrix `n lk hia~em`k` xmlnepn {~n lix wmxmpke%

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Znláh~lkx ne @W@ } `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mihia~emhkpmwk Nl hmen z~n`n k}~`kreix k nvzlmhkr h~nxpmienx {~n, h~keì xmazlnanepn xie e~nxprk zklkbrk, ei {~n`ke li x~gmhmnepnanepn hlkrkx% Zkrk `kr ak}ir x~xpnepi, lkx znláh~lkx xie ~ek akenrk neprnpnem`k } k`nh~k`k k k~`mnehmkx `n zk`rnx } aknxprix ei nxznhmklmxpkx% Znláh~lkx hrnk`kx zkrk ~e zôblmhi cnenrkl, nxznhmklmtk`kx } ìh~anepklnx z~n`ne kzi}kreix ne e~nxprk lkbir ìhnepn% Hiai }k xn fk anehmiekì, ne “Ar% Fillke`°x Iz~x‑i “Zrignxir Fillke`‑ &Xpnzfne & Xpnzfne Fnrno, ;==>-, xn z~n`n fkhnr eipkr lk mazirpkehmk `nl bmlmecümxai% Znri ei xøli nxi, nl fnhfi `n {~n nl fmdi `nl zripkciemxpk h~rxn nxp~`mix ~emwnrxmpkrmix crkhmkx k lk lnec~k `n xnûkx `nbnrák xnr ~ek aipmwkhmøe zkrk lix zk`rnx% K`naëx, xnrë `mgáhml nehieprkr zk`rnx {~n rnhfkhne aëx k x~ fmdi {~n nl znrxiekdn zrmehmzkl `n lk znláh~lk, {~mne kl xnr aôxmhi neh~neprk ne lk `mxhkzkhm`k` `n x~ fmdi ~ek bkrrnrk zkrk {~n klc~ek wnt z~`mnrk xnc~mr x~x zkxix% Ne “Hfml`rne ig k Lnxxnr Ci`‑ i “Pn kakrí ne xmlnehmi‑ &Rke`k Fkmenx, ;=67-, ~ek riaëepmhk znláh~lk zripkciemtk`k zir ~ek khprmt Xir`k &Akrlnn Akplme-, nehieprkrnaix lnhhmienx `n li iz~nxpi k li kepnrmir4 lk mazirpkehmk `n kzrne`nr k lnnr lix lkbmix } fkblkr, k`naëx `n lkx xnûkx% Ne nxpk znláh~lk xn ibxnrwke klc~ekx nxprkpncmkx zkrk nl prkbkdi hie aípiìx irklnx, amneprkx {~n ne lk kepnrmir xn ibxnrwke iprix zkrk aípiìx cnxp~klnx, li {~n fkhn `n nxpkx ìx hmepkx hiazlnanepi ~ek `n lk iprk% @nl amxai aiì xn rnxklpke klc~ekx xmp~khmienx `n rmnxci ne nl `nxkrrilli `n lk znrxieklm`k` {~n pmnen lk znrxiek Xir`k, hiai z~n`n xnr nl kb~xi ne lk emûnt } lk bkdk k~pinxpmak cnenrk`k zir lkx b~rlkx `n lix i}nepnx% Kabkx znláh~lkx g~nrie eiamek`kx k lix Khk`na} Kskr`x, andir hieihmìx hiai zrnamix Øxhkr, } z~n`ne xnr rnepk`kx i k`{~mrm`kx ne pmne`kx `n wm`ni hiewnehmieklnx% Ne Aívmhi, nl cr~zi Nexnûkan K%H% } Xnûk } Wnrbi fke hrnkì wm`nix 3;



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Lk Xnhrnpkrák `n N`~hkhmøe Zôblmhk &XNZ- hrnk ne ;=== “Lkx enhnxm`k`nx enhnxm`k`nx n`~hkpmwkx nxznhmklnx `n lix emûix hie `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mpmwk‑ & WFX-, ìe`n xn nvzlmhk hie hkxix a~} hnrhkeix k eixiprix nxpn pmzi `n `mxhkzkhm`k`, x~x hiexnh~nehmkx hiexnh~nehmkx } lk kpnehmøe {~n `nbn xnr rnhmbm`k% Znri ei xøli xn prkpk `n wnr znláh~lkx zkrk kzrne`nr xibrn xir`nrk, lnec~k `n xnûkx } iprix pnakx% ê kwkehn mazirpkepn {~n xn fk `kì ne zkáxnx hiai Nxpkìx êmìx nx nl x~bpmp~lkdn ne nl m`miak zrizmi% Kxá, lix døwnenx k {~mnenx lnx fk}kaix zrih~rkì nl `nxkrrilli `n hiaznpnehmkx `n khhnxi k lk megirakhmøe nxhrmpk x~gmhmnepnx zi`rëe `mxgr~pkr ne x~ pmnazi lmbrn znláh~lkx {~n lnx khnr{~ne hk`k wnt aëx kl nxzkûil% Zir x~z~nxpi {~n zi`rëe lnnr lix x~bpáp~lix `n lkx znláh~lkx {~n nxpëe ne iprix m`miakx, znri nl x~bpmp~lkdn ne nxzkûil `nl nxzkûil pmnen ~e mazkhpi n`~hkpmwi ak}ir% Nl k~`mi nx pkabmíe ~ek fnrrkamnepk zi`nrixk% Ne sss%hiekzrn`%irc%av nl Hiexndi Ekhmiekl zkrk Zrnwnemr lk @mxhrmamekhmøe } Rk`mi êmwnrxm`k` Wnrkhr~tkek fke hilihkì h~nepix hiai “Zkrk aëx aëx xnûkx Lk~rk‑ Lk~rk‑ ìe`n xn ekrrk lk fmxpirmk `n ~ek emûk {~n ~pmlmtk k~vmlmkr k~`mpmwi {~n mewmpk k lk rnglnvmøe%

Hiehl~xmienx Lix kl~aeix Xirìx xn neh~neprke lmampkìx zir x~ nepirei zkrk khhn`nr k aôlpmzlnx nvznrmnehmkx, ei zi`naix xnr eixiprix {~mnenx lnx lmampnaix kl ~xi `n lk pnheilicák zkrk nl kzrne`mtkdn% Khhmienx hiai rnklmtkr ~ek k~`mianprák piekl } rnpriklmanepkr wmx~klanepn nl fkblk `nl Xirì nx zixmbln crkhmkx kl ~xi `n lk hiaz~pkìrk } xigpskrn crkp~mpi% Ibxnrwkr høai nl kl~aei kzrne`n zir xá amxai lk `khpmlilicák, lk LXA } lk zrie~ehmkhmøe `n lix gienakx, zir hmpkr klc~eix ndnazlix, znrampn kl ìhnepn pnenr lkx akeix lmbrnx zkrk keipkr lix kwkehnx } `mgmh~lpk`nx ne x~ `mkrmi `n hkazi } fidkx `n ibxnrwkhmienx &lkx {~n k`naëx zi`naix hkzp~rkr ne gipi, k~`mi } wm`ni-% K`naëx, zrizmhmkaix {~n lix Xirìx xnke xnrnx k~pøeiaix k {~mnenx xøli xnk enhnxkrmi zriwnnrlnx `n lix rnh~rxix {~n enhnxmpke zkrk kzrne`nr zir xá amxaix% Lix akpnrmklnx k `mxzixmhmøe `n lix ìhnepnx `n akenrk crkp~mpk kzkrnhne k hk`k aianepi, fk} {~n nxpkr a~} kpnepix zkrk zi`nr ~bmhkrlix% Xøli nx enhnxkrmk lk khpmp~` zkrk {~nrnr kzlmhkrlix, z~nx nxpi} hiewnehmì {~n ~ek wnt {~n xn ~pmlmtke ei xn `nxnk `ndkr `n fkhnrli% 38

Hkzáp~li W% Nl zrihnxi `n mepnrwnehmøe Nxpix xnrnx hkrnhne `n ~ei `n lix ørckeix ë {~n llkakaix xnepmìx% Dkakx i}nrie, } zir hiexnh~nehmk e~ehk fkblkrie% ¹Znri khkxi fke {~n`kì zir nxpk gklpk ne mazixmbmlm`k` `n rnhmbmr h~lp~rk, } fke xmì girtixkanepn hie`nekìx ë lk zrmwkhmie `n lkx wnepkdkx {~n eix prkne lix m`miakx9 Ei zir hmnrpi% Z~nx prkpnaix `n nexnûkrlix ‧ Pmb~rhmi Fnreëe`nt &;6;>-

Hirpk nx lk fmxpirmk `n lk mepncrkhmøe n`~hkpmwk ne nl a~eì } aëx kôe ne Aívmhi% Xme nabkrci, nvmxpne zrëhpmhkx {~n xn fke hiewnrpmì ne prk`mhmienx } hixp~abrnx `n akenrk a~} rëzm`k% Ne h~kl{~mnr aianepi xn z~n`n fkhnr ~ek zk~xk } ~ek nwkl~khmøe `n e~nxpri xmxpnak zkrk `npnramekr, ne nl hiepnvpi ìe`n eix `nxnewilwnaix, {~í fk xmì ngnhpmwi } {~í ei li nx% Ne lkx zrøvmakx láenkx an zrizieci nvzienr klc~ekx zrëhpmhkx {~n zi`ráke xnr `n ~pmlm`k` k amx hilnckx } zieci `n akemgmnxpi am aklnxpkr fkhmk iprkx {~n hiexm`nri {~n `mgmh~lpke lk mepnrwnehmøe%

Nwkl~khmøe zxmhizn`kcøcmhk } prkbkdi mepnr`mxhmzlmekrmi Nl prkbkdi mepnr`mxhmzlmekrmi znrampn lk nlkbirkhmøe `n ~ek zriz~nxpk h~rrmh~lkr me`mwm`~kl zkrk e~nxprix kl~aeix Xirìx } zkrk piìx k{~íllix hie xie kpne`mìx zir lk ai`klm`k` `n n`~hkhmøe nxznhmkl% Znri, ¹{~í nx nl prkbkdi mepnr`mxhmzlmekrmi9 Nvzieckaix ìx nxhnekrmix4 Ne ~e k~lk xn rnôen nl aknxpri `n hia~emhkhmøe &{~mne zir x~ mazirpkehmk ne lk kpnehmøe `nl emûi Xirì lm`nrk nl prkbkdi- hie lk aknxprk `n cr~zi, nl aknxpri `n kzi}i, lk zxmhølick, lix zk`rnx }, zir x~z~nxpi, lkx `mrnhpirkx `n lix xnrwmhmix% Hk`k nxznhmklmxpk zrnxnepk k lix `naëx lkx hiehl~xmienx k lkx {~n fk llnckì } {~n pmnen rncmxprk`kx ne xneìx zirpkgilmix `n nwm`nehmkx } fidkx `n keëlmxmx% Kepn lix h~nxpmiekamnepix `n lix `naëx h~nepk hie ~e rnznrpirmi pnørmhi } keipkhmienx ne x~ `mkrmi `n hkazi {~n znrampne nxhlkrnhnr x~x m`nkx% Piìx ~xke lnec~kdn píhemhi znri li nvzlmhke zkrk nl nerm{~nhmamnepi `n lix `naëx% Gr~pi `n lk rn~emøe xn zlkepnke lkx zrnamxkx zrmehmzklnx an`mkepn lkx h~klnx hk`k {~míe c~mkrë x~ prkbkdi ne lk kpnehmøe `nl kl~aei } xn rnpmrke zkrk `nxkrrillkr x~ zlke `n khhmøe {~n hiehneprkrëe zixpnrmiranepn% Xnc~eì% Ne ~e k~lk xn kh~nr`k lk rn~emøe `nl aknxpri `n hia~emhkhmøe, hie lk aknxprk `n cr~zi, nl aknxpri `n kzi}i, lk zxmhølick, lix zk`rnx }, zir x~z~nxpi, lkx `mrnhpirkx `n lix xnrwmhmix% Kl llnckr kbrne nl h~k`nremlli `n prkbkdi `n lk zriz~nxpk h~rrmh~lkr me`mwm`~kl } hk`k {~mne hiazkrpn m`nkx `n li {~n `nbn fkhnrxn, ek`mn llnwkbk ek`k hiai prkbkdi zrnwmi zir{~n zrnhmxkanepn nl prkbkdi `nbn xnr “mepnr`mxhmzlmekrmi‑ “mepnr`mxhmzlmekrmi‑ } `nbne piakrxn kh~nrìx ne hied~epi% êk wnt hiazlnpkì nl h~k`nremlli xn gmeklmtk lk rn~emøe% Zrmanri%

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^bá{~nxn ne nl {~n aëx xn khnr{~n k li {~n wmwn hipm`mkekanepn% Nx zixmbln, mehl~xi, {~n nl xnc~eì nxhnekrmi xnk andir `nl {~n xn zrnxnepk ne a~hfkx nxh~nlkx% K `mgnrnehmk `nl zrmanri ne nl {~n nl prkbkdi a~lpm`mxhmzlmekrmi zrnwmi, ìe`n hk`k khpir fmti x~ pkrnk } lk zrnxnepk k lix `naëx, ne nl xnc~eì nxhnekrmi nx zixmbln {~n lkx m`nkx x~rdke xme ~e g~e`kanepi bkxkì ne rngnrnepnx pnørmhix x~gmhmnepnx } xme ~e keëlmxmx zrignxmiekl `n lk rnklm`k` `nl emûi% @nbnaix kzrne`nr k xnzkrkr li kàmemxprkpmwi `n li zn`kcøcmhi% Nl {~n lk x~znrwmxmøe rn{~mnrk `n eixiprix ~e rnx~ane `nl zrihnxi `n mepnrwnehmøe ei mazlmhk {~n hk`k ~ei z~n`k `nxkrrillkr nl zricrkak {~n xnc~mrë `~rkepn nl hmhli nxhilkr% Lk Zriz~nxpk H~rrmh~lkr K`kzpk`k &ZHK- nx ~e ìh~anepi `n xáepnxmx, ei nl ôemhi ìh~anepi {~n xn `nbn nlkbirkr% Makcmenaix ~e nxzkhmi ìe`n hk`k {~mne xn zrnxnepn hie ~e keëlmxmx } zriz~nxpkx `n li {~n rngmnrn k x~ ërnk `n mepnrwnehmøe ¹Mazixmbln9 Zir x~z~nxpi {~n ei, }i li fn wmxpi } ei ne N~rizk em ne Nxpkìx êmìx, li fn wmxpi k{~á ne Aívmhi% Zir{~n h~keì fk} wnr`k`nrix zrignxmieklnx `n lk n`~hkhmøe ei xn rn{~mnrn `n a~hfi zkrk fkhnr bmne nl prkbkdi%

Nwkl~khmøe `nl pmzi `n xir`nrk } nl nxpk`mi `n Xir`mp~` Li zrmanri {~n `nbnaix `npnramekr zkrk lk mepnrwnehmøe xnrëe nl pmzi `n `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mihia~emhkpmwk `n kh~nrì k lkx hiaznpnehmkx } nl zrihnxi `n Xir`mp~` & @nkgfii` - ne nl {~n ~bmhkaix k e~nxprix kl~aeix% M`nepmgmhkr nxpkx ìx hie`mhmienx znrampmrë piakr lkx `nhmxmienx aëx znrpmenepnx xibrn lk n`~hkhmøe {~n xnrë enhnxkrmk% Xn rn{~mnrn lk `nxhrmzhmøe `n lkx hie`mhmienx khp~klnx `n lkx hiaznpnehmkx `nl kl~aei, kxá lkx enhnxm`k`nx `nl kl~aei xn `nxhrmbmrëe `n kh~nrì k li nxpkblnhmì ne nl h~rráh~li rnc~lkr% Nx enhnxkrmi cnenrkr mewnepkrmix `n fkbmlm`k`nx khir`nx k lk n`k` } crkì nxhilkr `nl kl~aei {~n znrampke m`nepmgmhkr nl zrihnxi ne nl {~n xn neh~neprke lkx hiaznpnehmkx `nxkrrillk`kx &mewnxpmckhmøe ne zrihnxi-% Lkx hie`mhmienx `n lk h~lp~rk xir`k } x~ kxmamlkhmøe me`mwm`~kl } gkamlmkr, kxá hiai nl hiepnvpi i}nepn } xmlnepn ne nl {~n xn `nxnew~nlwn nl kl~aei zi`ráke k}~`kreix k `nlmampkr nl nxpk`mi `nepri `n lkx `manexmienx ne {~n xn akemgmnxpk nl zrihnxi `n @nkgfii` % Nxpn pmzi `n nwkl~khmøe h~klmpkpmwk rn{~mnrn `n lk ibpnehmøe `n `kpix k zkrpmr `nl `mkrmi `n hkazi &nxhrmpi, ne wm`ni, k~`mi-, zirpkgilmix `n 3>

nwm`nehmkx, neprnwmxpkx, c~mienx `n ibxnrwkhmøe, rôbrmhkx } piìx k{~íllkx píhemhkx n mexpr~anepix {~n nl ìhnepn ìamen% Nepne`nr } ìamekr lix hiehnzpix nvzlmhkìx ne nl hkzáp~li ~ei, kzi}ëeìxn ne bmblmicrkgák k`mhmiekl, znrampmrë rnklmtkr nxpk nwkl~khmøe h~klmpkpmwk% Nwkl~khmøe `n lk k~`mhmøe ne nl k~lk Ne nl iáì xn kazlmgmhk lk nenrcák anhëemhk cnenrk`k zir lkx ie`kx xieirkx `nl kabmnepn } xn prkexgirak ne nenrcák bminlíhprmhk, lk h~kl nl hnrnbri zi`rë zrihnxkr% Nxpn xnrë xøli nl zrmanr zkxi, z~nx kl hnrnbri rn{~nrmrë nepiehnx rnklmtkr iprix zrihnxix {~n znrampke nepne`nr nl xiemì {~n xn nxpë znrhmbmneì% Xn `mhn {~n ~ek znrxiek pmnen ~ek zír`m`k k~`mpmwk h~keì znrhmbn nl xiemì hie aneir mepnexm`k` `n lk eirakl } hie `mxpirxmienx n mrrnc~lkrm`k`nx% Nxpk xmp~khmøe mazm`n {~n xn `nxkrrillne eiraklanepn lix zrihnxix x~bxnh~nepnx {~n, hiai xn me`mhø, znrampne lk hiazrnexmøe `n li {~n xn fk nxh~hfkì% Lkx zír`m`kx k~`mpmwkx wkráke rnxznhpi k x~ zrig~e`m`k` } k lix pieix {~n z~n`ne xnr znrhmbmìx `n ~ek andir akenrk% Zir li pkepi, h~keì eix negrnepkaix k lk kpnehmøe n`~hkpmwk `n kl~aeix hie `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mihia~emhkpmwk, k~`mihia~emhkpmwk, nehieprkrnaix {~n nxpn nx ~e cr~zi “pke fnpnricíeni {~n rnx~lpk a~} hiazlmhkì nxpkblnhnr lkx `mgnrnehmkx _‧Q% Ne hmnrpix kxznhpix, lk `mgnrnehmk z~n`n xnr aáemak, znri ne iprix z~n`n xnr crke`n‑% &Rianri, 2:::, z%;;z% ;;Lkx zír`m`kx k~`mpmwkx z~n`ne hlkxmgmhkrxn, `n kh~nrì k x~ mepnexm`k`, ne4 Fmzikh~xmk Lnwn &zír`m`k aneir `n 8> `B-, Fmzikh~xmk Ai`nrk`k &zír`m`k neprn 8> } 7: `B-, Fmzikh~xmk Zrig~e`k &zír`m`k neprn 7: } =: `B- } Xir`nrk, kekh~xmk i higixmx &zír`m`k x~znrmir k =: `B-%

Kxá, zi`rákaix kx~amr {~n ~ek znrxiek hie ~e zrian`mi `n pieix k~`mblnx `n 6:`B zrnxnepk ~ek fmzikh~xmk zrig~e`k {~n ln znrampn nxh~hfkr xøli lix xiemìx {~n rnbkxke nxn emwnl } h~}k k~`mianprák, fmzipípmhkanepn, xn wnrák kxá4

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Xme nabkrci, nl `ndkr lk hiehnzhmøe `n lk `ngmhmnehmk k~`mpmwk ne nxpn emwnl mazlmhk ~ek xmazlmgmhkhmøe `n klci {~n nx a~hfi aëx hiazlndi z~nx, pkl hiai xn me`mhø kepnrmiranepn, lkx zír`m`kx k~`mpmwkx pmnene rnlkhmøe hie nl piei } ei xøli hie lk mepnexm`k`% Kxá, ~ek k~`mianprák rnkl pne`rë rnc~lkranepn girak `n aiepkûk% Nxpk znrxiek, zir li pkepi, zi`rë nxh~hfkr hie nxpn iáì pieix `n 6:::Ft h~keì xn ln zrnxnepke k >:`B, znri xiemìx k 2>:Ft xøli h~keì xn ln zrnxnepne k ;::`B% ]k {~n lix pieix z~rix ei nvmxpne ne lk ekp~rklntk } k {~n ne nl fkblk f~akek ~pmlmtk ~ek crke wkrmn`k` `n íxpix, nxpk znrxiek ei xøli nxh~hfkrë aneix xmei {~n li fkrë `n akenrk `mgnrnepn {~n ~e eirai}nepn% Nx `nhmr, `nepri `n lkx zklkbrkx nampm`kx zir x~ mepnrlih~pir zi`rë ibpnenr aëx megirakhmøe `n lix gienakx {~n xn neh~neprne ne lix pieix {~n aëx nxh~hfk } znr`mneì a~hfk megirakhmøe `n lix gienakx ne lix pieix zkrk lix {~n pmnen aneir hkzkhm`k`% @nbnaix zrnhmxkr {~n neprn ~ek g~nepn `n xiemì } ~e i}nepn mepnrwmnene pkabmíe lk `mxpkehmk } nl nepirei% Lk `mxpkehmk rnc~lkranepn rnznrh~pn ne lk `mxame~hmøe `nl emwnl xieiri &`B-? amneprkx {~n nl kabmnepn hieprmb~mrë k rnglndkr, kbxirbnr })i prkexampmr nl xiemì, `nzne`mneì `n lix akpnrmklnx {~n li hiaziecke } x~ `mxprmb~hmøe, kxá hiai `n lix emwnlnx `n r~mì nvmxpnepnx% Eix `krnaix h~nepk {~n, ne lk zrëhpmhk, lk namxmøe)rnhnzhmøe `nl xiemì, } zir li pkepi `nl fkblk, nx klci hiazlndi {~n `nbn xnr nxp~`mkì k hiehmnehmk } hie crke zrig~e`m`k` zkrk zi`nr hiazrne`nr lix zrihnxix `n hia~emhkhmøe {~n xn rnklmtke k prkwíx `n nxpn an`mi% An`mr lk k~`mhmøe nx xmnazrn pkrnk `nl k~`mølici i `nl ipirrmeilkrmecølici% @nxz~íx `n rnklmtk`k lk k~`mianprák nxpix nxznhmklmxpkx xn `ke k lk pkrnk `n ml~xprkr ne ~e k~`micrkak nl rkeci `n k~`mhmøe `n e~nxprix kl~aeix `n kh~nrì k lkx grnh~nehmkx n mepnexm`k` {~n znrhmbne% Xme nabkrci, ne lk zrëhpmhk n`~hkpmwk nehieprkaix a~hfix kl~aeix Xirìx k {~mnenx e~ehk xn lnx fk rnklmtkì ~ek k~`mianprák, {~n h~nepke hie k~`micrkakx {~n fke hk`~hkì zir fkbnrxn rnklmtkì fkhn a~hfi pmnazi i {~n, xmazlnanepn, `nxhiegmkaix `n lix rnx~lpkìx zir{~n ei hirrnxzie`ne k lk rnklm`k`% 33

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn nvzlmhk hie ak}ir `npklln høai rnklmtkr nwkl~khmienx `n lk k~`mhmøe ne nl k~lk, xn zrizien ~e xigpskrn crkp~mpi {~n fk xmì ~pmlmtkì ne xmp~khmienx rnklnx zir nl k~pir } xn hiazkrpn nl wáeh~li zkrk x~ `nxhkrck%


36



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6:

li {~n xn rnhiamne`ke k~`mianprákx lô`mhkx hie lix aëx zn{~nûix } k~`mianprákx xmazlnx `n pmzi lmamekr hie emûix `n aëx `n > kûix% Ne nl hkxi `n lix bnbíx xn rn{~nrmrë `n k~`mianprákx ibdnpmwkx hie n{~mzi nxznhmklmtkì, zir li {~n ei zi`rnaix fkhnrlkx `nepri `nl k~lk% Nl rnx~lpkì `n nxpk k~`mianprák znrampmrë rnhieihnr lix pieix {~n andir rnhieihn nl kl~aei, kxá hiai xm nx zixmbln ~xkr lk hiaz~pkìrk hie kazlmgmhkhmøe hiai fnrrkamnepk `n k`mnxprkamnepi k~`mpmwi } zkrk lk nexnûketk `n hiehnzpix } zrihn`mamnepix% Mazirpkepn4 ~pmlmhn pkzienx `n nxz~ak zkrk zripncnr x~x iáìx h~keì wk}k k rnklmtkr nxpn pmzi `n nwkl~khmøe% Z~n`ne xnr k`{~mrmìx ne pmne`kx `n `nzirpnx, nazrnxkx `n`mhk`kx k lk `mxprmb~hmøe `n rngkhhmienx k~piaiprmhnx i x~znranrhkìx% @n ei fkhnrli xnrë zriznexi k ìlir `n iáì, dk{~nhkx } `kûi ne x~ kzkrkpi k~`mpmwi% Nwkl~khmøe `n lkx hiaznpnehmkx zkrk lk hia~emhkhmøe, nl lnec~kdn } nl fkblk ê `ígmhmp k~`mpmwi ei `nbnrák xnr ~e ibxpëh~li zkrk nl `nxkrrilli `n lkx fkbmlm`k`nx `nl znexkamnepi } lk k`{~mxmhmøe `n hieihmamnepix? xme nabkrci, nvmxpne zriblnaëpmhkx kxihmk`kx ne nxpkx ërnkx {~n `nbne xnr `npnramek`kx ne e~nxprix kl~aeix } hiaznexk`kx hie zricrkakx `n nxpma~lkhmøe me`mwm`~klmtkìx zir{~n pmnene ~e crke mazkhpi ne lkx hiaznpnehmkx zkrk lk hia~emhkhmøe, nl lnec~kdn } nl fkblk% Xm zkrk rnklmtkr lk nwkl~khmøe hiexm`nrkaix nlnanepix `nl h~rráh~li rnc~lkr, hiai klc~ekx lnhp~rkx `nl lmbri i wihkb~lkrmi bëxmhi `nl zricrkak, znrampmrnaix {~n lix emûix kwkehne ne nl crkì `n ìamei `n lix hiepnemìx amneprkx nl nwkl~kìr piak eipk `n lix rnx~lpkìx% H~keì xn memhmk nl prkbkdi hie ~e emûi Xirì xn z~n`n ~ei hrnkr, `nx`n lkx zrmanrkx mepnrkhhmienx, ~ek fmzøpnxmx `nl prkbkdi {~n xn rnklmtkrë `nxz~íx% Mehl~xmwn, `nbnaix xkbnr {~n ne lk crke ak}irák `n lix hkxix nl ~xi `n lk lnec~k `n xnûkx xnrë me`mxznexkbln% Zir nlli nx mazirpkepn {~n lix nxzkhmix `n nwkl~khmøe xn hiewmnrpke ne ~e hiepnemì `n kzrne`mtkdn xmcemgmhkpmwi% Ne nl an`mi ne nl {~n fn prkbkdkì lix emûix Xirìx ei zrnxnepke rnc~lkranepn hieihmamnepix kwketkìx ne lk Lnec~k `n Xnûkx, zir li {~n zkrk nwkl~kr x~x hiaznpnehmkx `n hia~emhkhmøe memhmkbk xmnazrn hie ~e anairkak `n lix ôpmlnx } aibmlmkrmi nxhilkr {~n hiepneák k`naëx lix m`nicrkakx ne LXA% ^pmlmtkeì lkx pkrdnpkx `n rnlkhmøe zmhpicrkak!m`nicrkak xn ln xilmhmpkbk 6;

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn nvzlmhk hie ak}ir `npklln høai rnklmtkr nwkl~khmienx `n lkx hiaznpnehmkx zkrk lk hia~emhkhmøe, nl lnec~kdn } nl fkblk%


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Iprix nlnanepix `n lk nwkl~khmøe zxmhizn`kcøcmhk Nl nwkl~kr kl emûi Xirì nx ~ek pkrnk ne lk {~n `nbne xnlnhhmiekrxn lix kxznhpix aëx k`nh~kìx k gme `n ei rnklmtkr ~ek nwkl~khmøe mepnramekbln xmei {~n xnk lk {~n krridn lix nlnanepix me`mxznexkblnx zkrk memhmkr nl prkbkdi } `krln xnc~mamnepi% Ne lix kzkrpkìx kepnrmirnx xn fmti rngnrnehmk k lkx nwkl~khmienx aëx hia~enx {~n z~n`ne xnr kzlmhk`kx k lix emûix Xirìx? xme nabkrci, fk} aëx% Nl nxp~`mi xihmi!nhieøamhi nx a~} mazirpkepn h~keì wkaix k rnhiane`kr lk k`{~mxmhmøe `n zrøpnxmx, akpnrmklnx i nxp~`mix hiazlnanepkrmix zir nxznhmklmxpkx% ê nxp~`mi xihminhieøamhi a~} brnwn nx nl {~n rnklmtkbk h~keì rnhiane`kbk lk k`{~mxmhmøe `n akpnrmklnx4 keipkbk ~ek gnhfk zrøvmak ne lk {~n xn khixp~abrk `krlnx rncklix k lix emûix &`ák `nl emûi, Ekwm`k` i nl h~azlnkûix, gme `n h~rxix- } zrnc~epkbk k lix zk`rnx h~ëepi ckxpkráke ne d~c~npnx zkrk nxk gnhfk% @iblkbk lk hkepm`k` } nepiehnx fkhák ~ek lmxpk `n akpnrmklnx {~n lnx rnhiane`kbk% Klc~eix zk`rnx anehmiekbke hkepm`k`nx hie lkx {~n xøli zi`ráke hiazrkr ~e zkr `n riaznhkbntkx } nxi nrk li {~n zi`ák zn`mrlnx% Nl Ake~kl píhemhi zkrk lk ~pmlmtkhmøe `n lk c~ák zkrk lk wklirkhmøe mepncrkl `nl emûi hie `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mpmwk &HNKG, 2::3- zrnxnepk ~ek `nxhrmzhmøe `n ~ek xnlnhhmøe `n zr~nbkx {~n zi`naix rnklmtkr k lix emûix Xirìx4 K~`mhmøe Zr~nbkx ibdnpmwkx Ipinamxmienx khôxpmhkx Zipnehmklnx nwihkìx k~`mpmwix `n priehi hnrnbrkl k~piakpmtkìx Mazn`kehmianprák Pmazkeianprák Rnglndi nxpkzn`mkl Zipnehmklnx nwihkìx k~`mpmwix `n priehi hnrnbrkl Zipnehmklnx nwihkìx k~`mpmwix `n nxpkì nxpkbln Nlnhprihihlnicrkgák Zr~nbkx x~bdnpmwkx K~`mianprák piekl Rnxz~nxpkx ei hie`mhmiek`kx kl xiemì K~`mianprák `n ibxnrwkhmøe `n lk hie`~hpk Rnxz~nxpkx hie`mhmiek`kx kl xiemì Rnglndi `n irmnepkhmøe hie`mhmiek`k K~`mianprák zir rng~nrti wmx~kl K~`mianprák `n khp~khmøe 68

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn nvzlmhk hie ak}ir `npklln høai rnklmtkr nwkl~khmienx k iprix nlnanepix mazirpkepnx%


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Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn nvzlmhk hie ak}ir `npklln høai rnklmtkr nwkl~khmienx k iprix nlnanepix mazirpkepnx%


6>

k lix zrizøxmpix } hiepnemìx `nl h~rxi% H~keì ibxnrwi {~n ~e kl~aei `n xnh~e`krmk xmc~n fkhmneì x~akx } rnxpkx, hieihmamnepi {~n ìamek, z~nì `npnramekr hlkrkanepn {~n ei eix fnaix `kì k lk pkrnk hie nxpn diwne `n wnr li {~n fk kzrne`mì zkrk zkxkr k emwnlnx x~znrmirnx `n hiaznpnehmkx% Zir ôlpmai, nwkl~kr nl hiepnvpi gkamlmkr znrampmrë rnhieihnr nl crkì `n kzi}i {~n zi`naix nxznrkr `n lix zk`rnx, lix akpnrmklnx {~n lnx xilmhmpkrnaix k`{~mnrke } lix {~n hiazkrpmrnaix hie nllix `n kh~nrì k x~x zixmbmlm`k`nx% @nl amxai aiì, xn zi`rë hieihnr lk kxnxirák {~n rn{~mnrne% An wmnene k lk anepn ~ek ak`rn {~n, `nxz~íx `n lk nwkl~khmøe nhieøamhk } wmxmpk ìamhmlmkrmk `nhm`á ei xilmhmpkrln ~e lëzmt zkrk prkbkdkr, a~hfi aneix ipri akpnrmkl aëx hixpixi% Kxá amxai, rnh~nrì ~ek ak`rn k lk {~n, kl neprnwmxpkrlk, an hiegmø {~n x~ x~ncrk ln fkbák `mhfi {~n x~ fmdi “fkbák ekhmì kxá zir ~e hkxpmci `n @mix‑, xibrk `nhmr {~n xn rn{~nrák irmnepkhmøe gkamlmkr% gkamlmk r% Nx mazirpkepn khlkrkr {~n lkx nwkl~khmienx } akpnrmklnx {~n xn anehmieke ei enhnxkrmkanepn `nbne xnr kzlmhkìx ne x~ pipklm`k` em xie lix ôemhix% @n nxpk lmxpk zi`naix xnlnhhmiekr lix {~n hiexm`nrnaix xie zrmirmpkrmix zkrk lk nwkl~khmøe `n e~nxpri kl~aei } kzlmhkrlix% Ne hkxi `n `nxhieihnr klcôe mexpr~anepi `n wklirkhmøe {~n xn anehmien i ei zi`nr hiexnc~mrli nx zixmbln {~n k prkwíx `n lk `nxhrmzhmøe zi`kaix `npnramekr klc~ei xmamlkr {~n eix brme`n lk megirakhmøe enhnxkrmk% Zkrk ibpnenr megirakhmøe aëx `npkllk`k xn z~n`n `nxhkrckr lk c~ák `n Mepnrenp `nx`n nl xmpmi `n megirakhmøe xibrn `mxhkzkhm`k` `nl Cibmnrei `n Nxzkûk4 fppz4))xm`%~xkl%nx)

Nxprkpncmkx zkrk nl `nxkrrilli `n hiaznpnehmkx hia~emhkpmwkx Ne nxpn kzkrpkì xn zriziene nxprkpncmkx `n prkbkdi {~n z~n`ne xnr kzlmhk`kx zkrk nl `nxkrrilli `n lkx hiaznpnehmkx hia~emhkpmwkx {~n nx mazirpkepn `nxkrrillkr `n kh~nrì k li akemgnxpkì ne hkzáp~lix kepnrmirnx% Lix `mgnrnepnx aípiìx anehmiekìx xn `nxhrmbne ne xmp~khmienx zrëhpmhkx {~n nl ìhnepn z~n`n kzlmhkr% Kl zrizienrxn `n akenrk rnmpnrk`k nl ~xi `n lk pnheilicák rnx~lpk mazirpkepn khlkrkr, kl kzlmhkr lkx kzirpkhmienx `nl negi{~n hia~emhkpmwi g~ehmiekl } xihmih~lp~rkl, li xmc~mnepn4 k- nl ~xi `n lk hiaz~pkìrk hiai nxprkpncmk `m`ëhpmhk mepnrkhpmwk ei xn rnhiamne`k xmei fkxpk x~znrkìx lix prnx zrmanrix kûix `n wm`k? }, b- lk nexnûketk `n lk lnec~k 67

&`n xmceix, irkl } nxhrmpk- xn `nxkrrillk k prkwíx prkwíx `n lk hia~emhkhmøe hia~emhkhmøe ne nepireix nerm{~nhmìx } hie lk mepnrkhhmøe hie lix `naëx zir li {~n xnrëe a~} mazirpkepnx lix ai`nlix `n fkblkepnx ekpmwix `n LX% Nxpi eix fkhn hiehl~mr {~n lk hiaz~pkìrk pmnen ~e hkrëhpnr xnh~e`krmi ne nl `nxkrrilli `n lk hia~emhkhmøe, nl lnec~kdn } nl fkblk? znri ei zir nlli zihi mazirpkepn% Lk hiaz~pkìrk xnrë xøli ~ek fnrrkamnepk, znri ~ek fnrrkamnepk x~akanepn ôpml } ne ihkxmienx pke me`mxznexkbln hiai li nx nl akrpmlli zkrk nl hkrzmepnri% @nxkrrilli `n fkbmlm`k`nx bëxmhkx zkrk nl zrihnxkamnepi `n megirakhmøe Nl `nxkrrilli `n lkx fkbmlm`k`nx bëxmhkx zkrk nl zrihnxkamnepi `n megirakhmøe gkhmlmpkrë nl kzrne`mtkdn `n h~kl{~mnr xmxpnak `n hia~emhkhmøe {~n xn nlmdk, zir li {~n lix aknxprix `n lnec~kdn, ne hiir`mekhmøe hie nl aknxpri `n kzi}i } nl ërnk `n zxmhilicák, xn `krëe k lk pkrnk `n fkhnr ~ek mepnrwnehmøe ne nxpn kxznhpi `nx`n lk n`~hkhmøe memhmkl% @n kh~nrì hie Wët{~nt } Akrpáent &2::8, z%;;z% ;;- “Lkx hkzkhm`k`nx hkzkhm`k`nx `n kpnehmøe } znrhnzhmøe, wmx~kl } k~`mpmwk, d~ncke ~e mazirpkepn zkznl ne nl zrihnxi `n k`{~mxmhmøe `nl hø`mci `n hia~emhkhmøe‑ h~kl{~mnrk {~n nxpn xnk% K`naëx nx mazirpkepn nl `nxkrrilli `n lk anairmk wmx~kl, }k {~n nxpk “xn rnlkhmiek hie lix z rmanrix nxpk`mix `n lk girakhmøe `n hiehnzpix, {~n hiamnetke hie lk piak `n hiehmnehmk `n lk znrakenehmk `nl ibdnpi, nx `nhmr, nl emûi i lk emûk hiazrne`n {~n lix ibdnpix xmc~ne nvmxpmneì, mehl~xi h~keì }k ei lix znrhmbn `n akenrk mean`mkpk‑ m ean`mkpk‑ &Xëehfnt Fázilk, 2::;, zz%2:>!223-% Nl ihmi } pmnazi lmbrn `nl emûi Xirì z~n`n xnr ~e b~ne aianepi zkrk nl prkbkdi hie nxpkx fkbmlm`k`nx% Lkx rnwmxpkx zkrk emûix nxpëe llnekx `n d~ncix {~n zi`naix kzlmhkr zkrk andirkr lkx `nxprntkx `n e~nxprix emûix4 Nehieprkr `mgnrnehmkx% 63

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn nvzlmhk hie ak}ir `npklln høai rnklmtkr khhmienx {~n zria~nwke nl `nxkrrilli `n hiaznpnehmkx ne nl emûi Xirì, xn hiazkrpne lix wáeh~lix zkrk `nxhkrckr xigpskrn crkp~mpi } xn ziene ndnazlix%


66

Lk nexnûketk `n lk lnec~k `n xnûkx

Nl emûi Xirì `nbn xnr nxpma~lkì `nx`n zn{~nûi k lk ndnrhmpkhmøe `n x~ kzkrkpi gieikrpmh~lkìr zkrk nwmpkr x~ `npnrmiri } ei `nxhkrpkr x~ kzrne`mtkdn zixpnrmir? xme nabkrci, nl `nxkrrilli `n x~x fkbmlm`k`nx anepklnx } nl khhnxi kl h~rráh~li rnc~lkr xn `krë, ne lk ak}irák `n lix hkxix, k prkwíx `n lk lnec~k `n xnûkx% Nxpk lnec~k pmnen aôlpmzlnx wnepkdkx xibrn lk irkl ne lk n`~hkhmøe `nl Xirì, lkx h~klnx xn fke nxpkblnhmì ne hkzáp~lix kepnrmirnx% Kl rn{~nrmrxn `n ~e prkbkdi xmxpnaëpmhi {~n mazlm{~n kwkehnx ne lk kbxprkhhmøe `nl a~eì {~n ri`nk kl emûi zi`naix kzi}kreix `n ìh~anepix zkrk nxpkblnhnr lix hiepnemìx k prkbkdkr ne lkx `mgnrnepnx n`k`nx } npkzkx n`~hkpmwkx `nl emûi Xirì% Lkx “Zriz~nxpkx h~rrmh~lkrnx irmnepkpmwkx `n lk lnec~k `n xmceix nxzkûilk zkrk lkx npkzkx n`~hkpmwkx‑ hrnk`kx zir lk Hiegn`nrkhmøe Nxpkpkl `n Znrxiekx Xir`kx &HEXN, 2::>xie ~e akpnrmkl `n crke wklir {~n eix me`mhk lix xmc~mnepnx ibdnpmwix cnenrklnx4 N`~hkhmøe zrnnxhilkr n megkepmlvwmmm k- Hiazrne`nr lkx mepnehmienx } anexkdnx {~n lnx hia~emhke iprix)kx emûix)kx } k`~lpix hnrhkeix k prkwíx `n lk LXNvmv, wklirëeìlk hiai ~e an`mi `n rnlkhmøe hie lix `naëx% b- Nvzrnxkr xnepmamnepix, `nxnix n m`nkx an`mkepn lk LXN, kd~xpëeìxn zricrnxmwkanepn k `mgnrnepnx mepnrlih~pirnx } k `mxpmepix hiepnvpix } xmp~khmienx `n hia~emhkhmøe fkbmp~klnx } hipm`mkekx% h- ^pmlmtkr girakx xnehmllkx `n nvzrnxmøe ne LXN zkrk nwihkr xmp~khmienx, khhmienx, `nxnix } xnepmamnepix rngnrmìx kl a~eì rnkl i makcmekrmi% `- ^pmlmtkr lkx eirakx bëxmhkx `n hiewnrxkhmøe {~n rmcne lix mepnrhkabmix lmecüáxpmhix } lkx xnûklnx nvprklmecüáxpmhkx zkrk kxnc~rkr ~e zrihnxi `n hia~emhkhmøe k`nh~kì% n- Hiazrne`nr, rnzri`~hmr } rnhrnkr pnvpix xmcekìx xnehmllix `n prk`mhmøe h~lp~rkl ‘ h~lp~rkl ‘ zinakx, zinakx, rmpaix ake~klnx, d~ncix "anpklmecüáxpmhix" hie lix zkrëanprix girakhmieklnx, nph% ‘ ‘ , aixprkeì ~ek khpmp~` `n `mxgr~pn n mepnríx fkhmk nllix% g- Hiexpr~mr zricrnxmwkanepn ~ek makcne kd~xpk`k } zixmpmwk `n xá amxaix, m`nepmgmhkeì x~x hkrkhpnráxpmhkx } h~klm`k`nx znrxieklnx hiai emûkx } emûix Xirìx, } `nxkrrillkr lix zrmanrix xnepmamnepix `n znrpnenehmk k lk hia~em`k` Xir`k% c- Wklirkr } rnxznpkr klc~ekx hkrkhpnráxpmhkx hia~emhkpmwkx } h~lp~rklnx `n lix `mxpmepix hiepnvpix gkamlmkrnx ‘ gkamlmkx gkamlmkx i}nepnx, Xir`kx ‘ k ‘ k lix {~n z~n`ke znrpnenhnr lkx emûkx } emûix Xirìx, zkrk memhmkr x~ mehl~xmøe zixmpmwk ne lk hia~em`k` Xir`k } lk i}nepn% N`~hkhmøe zrmakrmk k- Hiazrne`nr } zri`~hmr pnvpix xmcekìx hie `mwnrxkx pmzilicákx pnvp~klnx4 hiewnrxkhmieklnx, `nxhrmzpmwix, ekrrkpmwix n mexpr~hpmwix%

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`nl ~xi `n `mhfk zklkbrk `nepri `n ~ek i aëx grkxnx zir li {~n nx a~} ôpml zkrk nepne`nr lk xmepkvmx `n lk lnec~k `n xnûkx kl ibxnrwkr lkx `mgnrnehmkx ne lk nxpr~hp~rkhmøe `n lix ne~ehmkìx% Nl Fmaei Ekhmiekl Anvmhkei nx ipri akpnrmkl hrnkì zir nxpk mexpkehmk, nl h~kl xn hiewmnrpn ne ~ek fnrrkamnepk me`mxznexkbln zkrk lk hnlnbrkhmøe `n khpix háwmhix% X~ `nxhkrck crkp~mpk xn khhn`n `nx`n nl xmpmi `n lk @mrnhhmøe `n N`~hkhmøe Nxznhmkl `nl @mxprmpi Gn`nrkl4 fppz4))n`~hkhmienxznhmkl%xnz`g%cib%av Zir x~z~nxpi {~n, k`naëx `n rnwmxkr lkx e~nwkx z~blmhkhmienx `n `mhhmiekrmix ne Mepnrenp, `nbnaix nxpkr kpnepix k ]i~P~bn, ìe`n hipm`mkekanepn nl zôblmhi x~bn wm`nix ~pmlmtkìx ne h~rxix `n LXA {~n xie `n crke hklm`k` } {~n z~n`ne xnr `nxhkrckìx k e~nxprk hiaz~pkìrk hie ~pmlm`k`nx crkp~mpkx hiai “W@iselik`nr‑ , hrnkì zir Nerm{~n Z~nrpkx% Zi`naix ibpnenr nxpn zricrkak `nx`n nl xmpmi sss%wìselik`nr%nx

]i~P~bn Wm`ni ne LXA “Wne } kzrne`n k fkhnr h~nepix `n wklirnx‧ hie lkx a keix+++‑ ^RL4 fppz4))sss%}i~p~bn%hia)skphf9w1NpvGh fppz4))sss%}i~p~bn%hia)skphf9w1NpvGhZTfDNx ZTfDNx

Piìx lix akpnrmklnx kepnrmirnx z~n`ne xnr gëhmlanepn kzlmhkìx zkrk lk girakhmøe memhmkl `nl ìhnepn `n n`~hkhmøe nxznhmkl } zkrk {~n lix `mgnrnepnx khpirnx `nepri `nl zrihnxi `n kpnehmøe `n kl~aeix Xirìx =7

z~n`ke kzrne`nr `n akenrk k~pøeiak lk lnec~k `n xnûkx% Zkrk nl prkbkdi hie lix emûix nx a~hfi aëx rnhiane`kbln nerm{~nhnr nl nepirei hie nvznrmnehmkx } akpnrmklnx {~n li mewil~hrne ne x~ lnec~k {~n prkbkdkr `mrnhpkanepn hie nxpix rnh~rxix, k~e{~n nl ìhnepn z~n`n zienr ne akeix `n ~e emûi kwketkì nxpix rnh~rxix zkrk zrizmhmkr nl kzrne`mtkdn k~pøeiai% êk nxprkpncmk rnh~rrnepn } zrëhpmhk nx hrnkr ~e `mhhmiekrmi znrxiekl zkrk nl kl~aei k zkrpmr `nl ~xi `n maëcnenx `n wihkb~lkrmi hnrhkei k íl }, ne lk hkxi `n n`~hkhmøe zrmakrmk } xnh~e`krmk, fkhmneì lk prk`~hhmøe `nl lívmhi aëx mazirpkepn `n lkx lnhp~rkx k lk LXA% Nx rnhiane`kbln hiabmekr nxpix `mhhmiekrmix hie akpnrmklnx mazrnxix {~n zi`kaix hiexnc~mr k gme `n pnenr ~e rngnrnepn lívmhi kazlmi ne e~nxprkx nxh~nlkx% Rnhir`naix {~n lk `n xnûkx nx ~ek lnec~k wmwk ne hiepkxpn hkabmi } hie mazirpkepnx `mgnrnehmkx rncmieklnx, zir li {~n `nbnrnaix nxpkr hiexhmnepnx `n lk nvmxpnehmk `n xmeøemaix `n lix m`nicrkakx {~n ei `nbne xnr piakìx hiai ndnh~hmienx nrrøenkx, xmei hiai `mgnrnepnx girakx `n nvzrnxkr lkx zklkbrkx ne nxzkhmix cnicrëgmhix `mwnrxix } {~n pmnene hkabmix k prkwíx `nl pmnazi, pkl hiai x~hn`n hie lk lnec~k irkl% Aípiìx irklnx K `mgnrnehmk `nl ìhnepn, nl pnrkzmxpk `nl lnec~kdn nx ~e zrignxmiekl `n lk xkl~` hkzkhmpkì zkrk lk kzlmhkhmøe `n `mwnrxkx nxprkpncmkx pnrkzí~pmhkx zkrk fkbmlmpkr })i rnfkbmlmpkr nl kzkrkpi gieikrpmh~lkìr `nl zkhmnepn vv Xirì, neprn iprkx g~ehmienx% Lk mazirpkehmk `n nxpk gmc~rk pmnen nl amxai emwnl {~n lk `nl aknxpri `n hia~emhkhmøe zkrk lk kpnehmøe `n nxpk ziblkhmøe% Lk kzlmhkhmøe {~n nl pnrkzmxpk } {~n nl ìhnepn fkhnaix `n lix aípiìx irklnx pmnen `mgnrnepn amxmøe, li {~n ne lk zrëhpmhk fk xmì aipmwi `n hieg~xmienx } hiazkrkhmienx {~n `nbne `nxkzkrnhnr% êi } ipri nxznhmklmxpk zi`naix rnklmtkr rnhiane`khmienx kl ipri, znri xnrë `n ak}ir zriwnhfi zkrk nl emûi Xirì } x~ gkamlmk h~keì li fkckaix `n akenrk rnxznp~ixk n megirak`k% Lk amxmøe `n lk nxh~nlk nx nl khhnxi kl h~rráh~li, zir li {~n lix aípiìx irklnx b~xhkrëe zrizmhmkr ne nl kl~aei Xirì lk hiazrnexmøe } nvzrnxmøe `nl nxzkûil nxhrmpi zkrk nl khhnxi k lix akpnrmklnx } khpmwm`k`nx {~n li rn{~mnrne, kxá hiai zrizmhmkr x~ irklmtkhmøe hiai xnc~e`k lnec~k ne h~kl{~mnrk `n lix xmc~mnepnx hkxix4 =3



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ërnkx {~n xn zriziene ne nxpn pnvpi, nx zkrk nl k`mnxprkamnepi k~`mpmwi ìe`n xn lnx z~n`n xkhkr ak}ir zriwnhfi%

êk kzlmhkhmøe a~} ôpml zkrk kzrne`nr lk krpmh~lkhmøe `n lix gienakx } lk lnhp~rk lkbmi gkhmkl nx “Gieípmhk4 Lix xiemìx `nl nxzkûil‑ , hrnkì zir lk êmwnrxm`k` `n Misk zkrk lk nexnûketk `nl nxzkûil hiai xnc~eì m`miak% Ne nxpn zricrkak, `mxziembln zkrk x~ ~xi ne láenk, zi`naix ~bmhkr lix gienakx zir cr~zix hiexieëepmhix% Eix zrnxnepk wm`nix `n lk namxmøe `n hk`k ~ei `n lix gienakx `nl nxzkûil mehl~}neì ml~xprkpmwkx kemakhmienx `n hirpnx prkexwnrxklnx `nl rixpri ne lix {~n wnaix zkxi k zkxi nl z~epi } aiì `n krpmh~lkhmøe% Xn z~n`n ~pmlmtkr wmxmpkeì nl xmpmi4 fppz4))sss%~misk%n`~)ukhk`pnhf)zfienpmh fppz4))sss%~misk%n`~)ukhk`pnhf)zfienpmhx) x) K~e{~n ne hiepkìx hiepnvpix anvmhkeix xn z~n`n kzlmhkr nl aípiì irkl hiazlnanepkì &AIH-, z~nx rn{~mnrn `n a~hfk megrknxpr~hp~rk } `n ~ek klpk hkzkhmpkhmøe `nl znrxiekl, xm nxpn nx x~ hkxi z~n`n kzriwnhfkr nl xigpskrn “Lk Zklkbrk Hiazlnanepk`k‑, hrnkì zir Dixí Xëehfnt } Akrák D% R~mt% Nxpn zricrkak a~lpman`mk k}~`k k rnklmtkr nl kzrne`mtkdn k~pøeiai `n Lk Zklkbrk Hiazlnanepk`k &LZH- zkrk nl znrxiekl ìhnepn } zk`rnx `n gkamlmk &ei zkrk lix emûix-% Xn neh~neprk `mwm`mì ne ìx crke`nx bli{~nx4 P~pirmkl } H~rxi% Nl p~pirmkl hiexmxpn ne ~ek zrnxnepkhmøe `n LZH4 ibdnpmwix, brnwn fmxpirmk, kzirpkhmienx, ;:>

rnclkx bëxmhkx% Nl h~rxi nxpë hiaz~nxpi zir 6 lnhhmienx, ~ek zir hk`k ~ek `n lkx zixmhmienx `n lk akei {~n xn `nbne kzrne`nr% Kl pnenr gienakx nxzkûilnx {~n ei nvmxpne ne nl nxzkûil anvmhkei `nbn ~bmhkrxn nxpix gienakx }, xmazlnanepn, ei ~pmlmtkrlix% Nxpn xigpskrn xn ~xk ne Nxzkûk hie ipri `neiamekì Bmai`kl, kabix `n Aípiì Irkl Hiazlnanepkì% @nxcrkhmk`kanepn nl xigpskrn Bmai`kl ei xmrwn zkrk xnr ~xkì ne e~nxpri zkáx `nbmì k {~n xn neh~neprk ne Lnec~k `n Xnûkx `n Nxzkûk% Nl xmpmi `n `nxhkrck ìe`n zi`naix nehieprkr nxpix } iprix akpnrmklnx nx4 fppz4))sss%d~epk`nke`kl~hmk%nx)kwnrrinx)

Nxpma~lkhmøe `n lk hiazrnexmøe lnhpirk Xm bmne nx hmnrpi {~n lk hiazrnexmøe lnhpirk girak zkrpn `n lix hiepnemìx h~rrmh~lkrnx, nx ~e fnhfi {~n e~nxprix kl~aeix Xirìx fke pnemì zriblnakx zkrk nl khhnxi k lk n`~hkhmøe x~znrmir `nbmì k {~n ei hiexilm`ke ~ek lnhp~rk ngmhkt% Lix kl~aeix Xirìx ibpmnene zihi zriwnhfi `n lk lnhp~rk hiai hiexnh~nehmk `n x~ aneir hieihmamnepi `n lk lnec~k irkl } `n x~ bkdi ìamemi `n lkx fkbmlm`k`nx lmecüáxpmhkx } anpklmecüáxpmhkx% Nl rnpi zrmehmzkl hie nl {~n eix nehieprkaix ne lkx nxh~nlkx nx lmbrkr lk crke `mgmh~lpk` zkrk klgkbnpmtkr } `nxkrrillkr ~ek hiaznpnehmk lnhpirk k`nh~k`k ne nl emûi Xirì `nbmì zrmehmzklanepn {~n “‧lix emûix xirìx memhmke nl kzrne`mtkdn `n lk lnhp~rk xme ~e ìamemi x~gmhmnepn `nl lnec~kdn irkl, nx `nhmr, xme fkbnr hiexnc~mì emwnlnx aáemaix `n hiazrnexmøe } zri`~hhmøe lmecüáxpmhk _‧Qlix zriblnakx `n lnhp~rk zrnxnepkìx zir lix emûix xirìx ei xie nxznhágmhix `n lk lnhp~rk, xmei nl rnglndi `n ~e `ígmhmp clibkl ne x~ hieihmamnepi lívmhi, xmepëhpmhi, xnaëepmhi } zrkcaëpmhi `nl lnec~kdn irkl, {~n lmampk lmam pk x~x zricrnxix ne nl kzrne`mtkdn `n lk lnhp~rk‑ &Fnrrnrk, W%, 2::>% Z% ;-% Nx zir nlli {~n nl xmxpnak `n n`~hkhmøe nxznhmkl anvmhkei, kl mc~kl {~n iprix a~hfix zkáxnx, ei fk licrkì cnenrklmtkr nl khhnxi `n lix kl~aeix Xirìx k lix nxp~`mix ~emwnrxmpkrmix% Nxpi nx `nbmì k {~n lix kl~aeix Xirìx {~n n`~hkaix xme nl prkbkdi nxznhágmhi ne nl ërnk `n ;:7



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Lk zrëhpmhk `n lk licicnemk } `n iprkx nxprkpncmkx zkrk nl `nxkrrilli `n lk hiazrnexmøe `n pnvpix z~n`ne xnr hiazlnanepk`kx hie ~e nvhnlnepn zricrkak `mxnûkì nxznhágmhkanepn zkrk kpne`nr nxpk enhnxm`k` n`~hkpmwk nxznhmkl `n e~nxprix kl~aeix xirìx4 “X~nûk Lnprkx‑ hrnkì zir nl Hnepri zkrk nl `nxkrrilli `n Pnheilicák `n lk Megirakhmøe &HN@NPM-, znrpnenhmnepn k lk Nxh~nlk `n Zxmhilicák `n lk êmwnrxm`k` Hkpølmhk `n Hfmln% Ne nxpn zricrkak, lketkì ne Aívmhi nl 6 `n ihp~brn `n 2:;:, zi`naix nehieprkr khpmwm`k`nx {~n llnwke kl emûi zir ~e zrihnxi `n klgkbnpmtkhmøe khiazkûkì zir lk lnec~k `n xnûkx fkxpk lk lnhp~rk `n pnvpix brnwnx% Lk wnrxmøe ne LXA xn z~n`n `nxhkrckr `nx`n fppz4))sss%hn`npm%hl)2::=);2):8)x~neklnprkx!2) Nl “Xmxpnak A~lpman`mk `n Mexpr~hhmøe `n lk Hiazrnexmøe Lnhpirk &XMAMHILN-‑

znrampn k lix aknxprix hrnkr ~em`k`nx `m`ëhpmhkx ne lkx {~n xn zrnxnepke maëcnenx, wm`ni } wihkb~lkrmi% @nxz~íx `n {~n nl kl~aei rnwmxk lix hiepnemìx `nbn rnxzie`nr h~nxpmiekrmix nlkbirkìx zrnwmkanepn zir nl aknxpri ne nxpk amxak zlkpkgirak% Nxpn xigpskrn } x~ ake~kl `n ~xi z~n`n xnr `nxhkrckì `nx`n fppz4))khhnxi%~w%nx)zrnkhhnxi)p}zi)me`nv%zfz)xmamhiln%fpal fppz4))khhnxi%~w%nx)zrnkhhnxi)p}zi)me`nv%zfz)xmamhiln%fpal

Nxprkpncmkx zkrk lk nexnûketk `n lkx `mgnrnepnx kxmcekp~rkx kx mcekp~rkx Kl prkbkdkr hie kl~aeix Xirìx `nbnaix zriaiwnr nl khhnxi zir nl hkekl wmx~kl, zrmehmzklanepn% Zkrk nlli zi`naix kzlmhkr klc~ekx nxprkpncmkx {~n zi`ráke rnx~lpkr ibwmkx } iprkx {~n, k d~tckr zir x~ zihi ~xi, ei li xie pkepi% Rnxil~hmøe `n zriblnakx crëgmhix% Rnc~lkranepn lix zriblnakx akpnaëpmhix, ípmhix, zkrk nl `nxkrrilli `n fkbmlm`k`nx `nl znexkamnepi } `n iprk áeìln xn zrnxnepke ne ne~ehmkìx ne nxzkûil {~n nl Xirì `nbn `nhi`mgmhkr } l~nci rnklmtkr% Xm nl ibdnpmwi `n lk khpmwm`k` nx lk rnxil~hmøe `n ~ek ;;;



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;2:

Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn x~cmnrn bmblmicrkgák%


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Ne lk wnrxmøe hiazlnpk irmcmekl xn x~cmnrn bmblmicrkgák%


;22

Xnhrnpkrák `n Nxpkì `nl @nxzkhfi `n D~xpmhmk n Mexpr~hhmøe Zôblmhk &x)g-% Rnclkanepi zkrk lk Nxh~nlk Ekhmiekl `n Xirìa~ìx, Aívmhi% Krhfmwi Fmxpørmhi `n lk Xnhrnpkrák `n Xkl~brm`k` } Kxmxpnehmk4 Nvzn`mnepn 2;, ;67;!;=:>% Gieì4 BZ% Xnhhmøe4 NN% Xnrmn4 NEXA% XNZ &;=22-% “@nhrnpi {~n nxpkblnhn lk Nxh~nlk Eirakl `n xirì!a~ìx‑ xirì!a~ìx‑ ne Lk n`~hkhmøe zôblmhk ne Aívmhi k prkwíx `n lix megiranx zrnxm`nehmklnx% Aívmhi, @G% YYYYYYYY &2::2-% Zricrkak Ekhmiekl `n girpklnhmamnepi `n lk n`~hkhmøe nxznhmkl } `n lk mepncrkhmøe n`~hkpmwk% Aívmhi, @G% YYYYYYYY &2::0-% Zricrkak `n N`~hkhmøe Zrnnxhilkr% Aívmhi, @G% YYYYYYYY &2::7-% Zricrkakx `n Nxp~`mi 2::7% N`~hkhmøe Bëxmhk% Xnh~e`krmk% Aívmhi, @G% YYYYYYYY &2::7b-% Lmhnehmkp~rk ne N`~hkhmøe Nxznhmkl% Zlke 2::0)Hkazi `n Girakhmøe Nxznhágmhk zir Ërnk `n Kpnehmøe% Irmnepkhmienx Khk`íamhkx } @nxhrmzhmøe `n lkx Kxmcekp~rkx ) &N`% 2::7-% Aívmhi, @G% YYYYYYYY &2::=-% Zricrkakx `n Nxp~`mi% N`~hkhmøe Bëxmhk% Zrmakrmk% Aívmhi, @G% XNZ)@NN% &;==3&;==3- @nhlkrkhmøe `n lk Hiegnrnehmk Ekhmiekl ne Kpnehmøe N`~hkpmwk k Aneirnx Aneirnx hie Enhnxm`k`nx N`~hkpmwkx Nxznhmklnx% N{~m`k` zkrk lk `mwnrxm`k`% F~kp~lhi, Aívmhi% XNZ)Gieì Amvpi `n Hiiznrkhmøe Píhemhk } Hmnepágmhk Aívmhi! Aívmhi !Nxzkûk &;===-, “Lkx enhnxm`k`nx n`~hkpmwkx nxznhmklnx `n lix emûix hie `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mpmwk‑, wm`nihmepk M `n lk xnrmn Mepncrkhmøe N`~hkpmwk% Aívmhi, @G% Xmlwk, D% &;==0- êk wm`k ne lk wm`k `n Aívmhi4 }, Amx ôlpmakx ke`ketkx, ;=03!;=32% N`mpirmkl Xmcli VVM% Aívmhi, @G% Xolmkr, H% &;==7- "Nwkl~khmøe `n lkx zilápmhkx `n bmlmecümxai zkrk xirìx"% Hiegnrnehmk zrnxnepk`k kl MMM Hiecrnxi Lkpmeikanrmhkei `n N`~hkhmøe Bmlmecün zkrk z krk xirìx% Aírm`k, Wnent~nlk% YYYYYYYY &2::8“Lk n`~hkhmøe `n lix xirìx‑% fppz4))sss%h~lp~rk ! fppz4))sss%h~lp~rk! xir`k%n~)rnxi~rhnx)XolmkrYn`~hkhmieYxirìx!2::8%z`g Xixk, D%K% &2:;:-% Wnepkek kl a~eì `nl xmlnepn% N`mpkì zir nl Mexpmp~pi `n H~lp~rk `n ]~hkpëe% Hiexndi Ekhmiekl zkrk lk H~lp~rk } lkx Krpnx% Aírm`k, Aívmhi% Pirrnx, @% &2::8-% Pnheilicák Megiraëpmhk Kzlmhk`k k lk N`~hkhmøe hiai pnak prkexwnrxkl ne lk Bnenaírmpk Nxh~nlk Eirakl Wnrkhr~tkek “Nerm{~n H% Ríbxkane‑% Ríbxkane‑ % Pnxmx `n Lmhnehmkp~rk, BNEW% Vklkzk, Aívmhi% YYYYYYYY &2::=-% YYYYYYYY &2::=-% “Oigipnheilicák", ne Anairmkx `nl Hiecrnxi Mepnrekhmiekl PmhY`mxHkzkhm`k` HMPMHK :=% G~e`khmøe GRNN% Rn`Nxznhmkl% Mbnrikanrmhkek zkrk lk Hiiznrkhmøe ne N`~hkhmøe Nxznhmkl } Pnheilicák K`kzpkpmwk% Mexpmp~pi Pnheiløcmhi `n Nxp~`mix X~znrmirnx `n Aiepnrrn} hkaz~x Hm~`k` `n Aívmhi% Aívmhi, @G% YYYYYYYY &2:;:-% “Pnheilicák megiraëpmhk hiai pnak prkexwnrxkl ne lk Lmhnehmkp~rk ne N`~hkhmøe Nxznhmkl‑ ne Anairmkx `nl VM Neh~nepri Zxmhizn`kcicák } @mwnrxm`k`% Nxh~nlk Eirak l `n Nxznhmklmtkhmøe `nl Nxpkì `n Xmeklik &NENNX-% Aktkplëe, Aívmhi% YYYYYYYY &2:;:-% Lkx e~nwkx pnheilicákx `n lk Megirakhmøe } lk hia~emhkhmøe zkrk lk mepncrkhmøe n mehl~xmøe `n lkx emûkx, emûix } døwnenx hie enhnxm`k`nx n`~hkpmwkx nxznhmklnx kxihmk`kx i ei k ~ek `mxhkzkhm`k` , ne Kz~epnx Zn`kcøcmhix zkrk lk mepncrkhmøe)mehl~xmøe `n lkx emûkx, emûix } døwnenx hie h ie enhnxm`k`nx n`~hkpmwkx nxznhmklnx kxihmk`kx i ei k ~ek `mxhkzkhm`k`% N`mpkì zir lk Kxihmkhmøe zkrk lk Mewnxpmckhmøe ne lk N`~hkhmøe Megkepml } Zrnnxhilkr K%H% C~k`klkdkrk, Aívmhi% ÊNXHI &;==0- @nhlkrkhmøe `n Xklkakehk } Akrhi `n Khhmøe zkrk lkx Enhnxm`k`nx N`~hkpmwkx Nxznhmklnx% ÊNXHI!Amemxpnrmi `n N`~hkhmøe } Hmnehmk% Xklkakehk, Nxzkûk% Wët{~nt, D% A%? Akrpáent, R% &2::8- C~ák zkrk lk kpnehmøe n`~hkpmwk k lix kl~aeix } kl~aekx hie `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mpmwk% Xnwmllk, Nxzkûk fppz4))sss%d~epk`nke`kl~hmk%nx)kwnrrinx)hkm`w)mepnrn`wmx~kl)pnYc%fpa _Hiex~lpk4 :8)ak}i)=3Q Wmcipxo}, L% X% &;=37-% "Znexkamnepi } Lnec~kdn"% N`% Crmdklbi% Aívmhi, @G% YYYYYYYY &;=3=-% "Nl `nxkrrilli `n lix zrihnxix zxmhiløcmhix x~znrmirnx"% N`% Hrápmhk% Bkrhnliek, Nxzkûk% Skreiho, F%A% &;=36-% Pfn Skreiho Rnzirp% Xznhmkl N`~hkpmiekl Enn`x% Rnzirp ig pfn Hiaamppnn ig Ne{~mr} mepi pfn N`~hkpmie ig Fke`mhkzzn` Hfml`rne ke` ]i~ec Znizln% Lie`rnx, Meclkpnrrk% fppz4))sss%n`~hkpmieneclke`%irc%~o)ìh~anepx)skreiho) Tkmpxnwk, C? Z~rxcliwn, A? Crncir}, X, &;===- “W}cipxo}, xmce lkec~kcn, ke` pfn n`~hkpmie ig `nkg z~zmlx‑ ne Di~rekl ig @nkg Xp~`mnx ke` @nkg N`~hkpmie, Wil% 0, =!;>, n`mpkì zir Ivgir` êmwnrxmp} Zrnxx% Ivgir`, Meclkpnrrk%

;28

Eipkx m

Ne nxpn ìh~anepi xn fkhn rngnrnehmk k lk zklkbrk Xirì hie ak}ôxh~lk zkrk rngnrmrxn k nxpk hiehnzhmøe ne x~ hkrëhpnr `n znrpnenehmk k ~ek h~lp~rk } ei k lk zklkbrk xirì hie ameôxh~lk kzlmhkbln ne lix kabmnepnx hláemhix% mm @n kh~nrì hie lkx zriz~nxpkx `n Xolmkr &2::8-, ei `nbn nepne`nrxn ai`nli hiai xmeøemai `n “aípiì‑ i ~ek xnrmn `n zkxix% Li {~n xn mepncrk `nepri `nl ai`nli bmlmecün nx lk zrnxnehmk `n ìx lnec~kx } nl rnhieihmamnepi `n x~ h~lp~rk% Nl ai`nli k {~n fkci rngnrnehmk nx nl {~n amx zixmbmlm`k`nx píhemhkx } ìamemi zn`kcøcmhi an znrampmnrie ne ~e hiepnvpi fmxpørmhi!xihmkl nxznhágmhi% Nl ai`nli bmlmecün kzlmhkì zir ~e ìhnepn i ~ek mexpmp~hmøe xn nehieprkrë ne hiexpkepn hie xpkepn hkabmi, nx `meëamhi% mmm Li {~n zkrnhne xnr gklpkx `n irpicrkgák ne nxpn pnvpi &} iprix {~n kzkrnhne aëx k`nlkepn- xn piake lmpnrklnx `n lmbrix kepmc~ix% Ei nx iprk hixk xmei lk girak `n nxhrmbmr `n lk ízihk, hiabmek`k hie nl ~xi {~n fmti nl pmzøcrkgi `n lkx lnprkx {~n hiegirake nl `mxh~rxi% Pkabmíe nehieprkaix zklkbrkx {~n zi`rákaix hiexm`nrkr mehirrnhpkx, znri {~n nrke hmnepágmhkx ne lk ízihk% mw Ne nxpn pnvpi xn zrizien {~n lk `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mpmwk `nbn xnr hiexm`nrkr k zkrpmr `n lkx hiaznpnehmkx {~n xie kgnhpk`kx hie nl ibdnpmwi `n {~n xnk `n ak}ir ~pmlm`k` k lix ìhnepnx {~n lix pmzix zriz~nxpix `nx`n negi{~nx hláemhix% w Ne lkx hm~`k`nx aëx mazirpkepnx `n Aívmhi lkx kxihmkhmienx `n Xirìx fke hibrkì g~nrtk } fke pnemì izirp~em`k` `n nvzrnxkrxn `n nxpkx akenrkx% Zir anehmiekr ~e ndnazli, ne lk hm~`k` `n Vklkzk lk hirnøcrkgk @neá @iaác~nt zrnxnepø hie crke ívmpi ne ihp~brn `n 2:;: Ø}nan bkmlkr% @ketk `n xirìx, ne ìe`n lk `mrnhpirk b~xhø kpne`nr ne lix Xirìx ne “x~x pne`nehmkx ekp~rklnx } x~ znrxieklm`k`‑ kl bkmlkr% Ne Rái `n Dkenmri, Brkxml, `n ihp~brn k eiwmnabrn `n nxpn amxai kûi xn llnwø k hkbi nl zrmanr Gnxpmwkl Cixznl `n Krpn n H~lp~rk na Láec~k `n Xmekmx % wm Nxpk zrëhpmhk fk xmì `neiamek`k zir `mwnrxix k~pirnx hiai npeihm`mi% Nl nrrk`mhkr ~ek h~lp~rk, zrifmbmrlk, prkexgirakrlk ne lk zrizmk nx npeihm`mi% Lkx `nxnpemtkhmøe mazlmhk xnzkrkr k ~e me`mwm`~i `n iprix {~n hiazkrpne x~ h~lp~rk } xn hiexm`nrk zkrpn `n nxpn zrihnxi z rihnxi `n xianpmamnepi h~lp~rkl% wmm Amenrwk zriwmnen `nl lkpáe } xmcemgmhk “Lk znexkìrk‑, “Llnek `n xkbm`~rák‑, eiabrn `n lk @mixk riakek `n lk xkbm`~rák% wmmm Ei xnrák }i {~mne xn kprnwmnrk k ai`mgmhkr nxpkx zklkbrkx, z~nx x~ bnllntk rk`mhk ne nxix `npkllnx4 li {~n fi} hiexm`nrkrákaix mehirrnhpi i mek`nh~kì znri {~n fk xmì zrnh~rxir `n li {~n xkbnaix kfirk% mv Aklmehfmxai nx ~e píramei `n lk h~lp~rk ziz~lkr {~n hkrkhpnrmtk lk hie`~hpk `n zrngnrmr li {~n wmnen `nl nvprkednri% Pmnen x~ irmcne ne nl eiabrn `n Aklmehfn, {~mne k}~`ø k Fnreëe Hirpíx ne lk hie{~mxpk `n Aívmhi% v @npnramekr ~e eôanri nxznhágmhi `n znrxiekx Xir`kx ne Aívmhi rnx~lpkrák hiazlmhkì% @n kh~nrì k `kpix `nl Mexpmp~pi Ekhmiekl `n Nxpk`áxpmhk } Cnicrkgák &MENCM- nvmxpne 26; aml znrxiekx hie `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mpmwk `n lkx {~n >>%8. xie ak}irnx `n 7: kûix &MENCM, 2::0-% Nxpn `kpi ei eix `mhn a~hfi, z~nx nl hiehnzpi `n `mxhkzkhm`k` k~`mpmwk } `n xir`nrk {~n pmnen nxpn mexpmp~pi `mgmnrn `n lix kzlmhkìx ne nxpn pnvpi% vm N`~kr` F~np &;622!;662- ekhn ne lk hm~`k` `n Zkráx xme zi`nrxn `npnramekr fkxpk nl aianepi xm x~ xir`nrk nx hiecíempk i k`{~mrm`k ne lk z~bnrpk`% Nx nl g~e`kìr `n lk n`~hkhmøe zôblmhk zkrk Xirìx ne Brkxml } Aívmhi% vmm Ne Aívmhi lix aknxprix xn girake zrmehmzklanepn ne nxh~nlkx eiraklnx% Lk Lmhnehmkp~rk ne N`~hkhmøe Nxznhmkl pmnen ~e zlke `n nxp~`mix `n h~kpri kûix ne xmxpnak nxhilkrmtkì% Nxpk lmhnehmkp~rk hiazrne`n Hkazix `n Girakhmøe Nxznhágmhk zir Ërnk `n Kpnehmøe {~n xn `mwm`ne ne4 Ërnk K~`mpmwk } `n Lnec~kdn, Ërnk Mepnlnhp~kl, Ërnk Aiprmt } Ërnk Wmx~kl% Lix Zlkenx } Zricrkakx `n Nxp~`mi z~n`ne xnr hiex~lpkìx ne lk Rn` Eiraklmxpk4 sss%eiraklmxpk%mlhn%n`~%av sss%eiraklmxpk%mlhn%n`~%av vmmm Nl x~brk}kì nx aái% vmw Prk`~hmì `n4 Hieenll, Dienx, Akhn, A~nllnr, A~llmho, Ixprigg, Xkegir`, Xpnmegnl`, Xpir} } Wke`nrfnm`ne &Hiazmlkìrnx- “êmwnrxkl @nxmce Zrmehmzlnx‑% Hnepnr gir êmwnrxkl @nxmce% Hillncn ig @nxmce, Eirpf Hkrilmek Xpkpn êmwnrxmp} ;==3 fppz4))prkhn%smxh%n`~)sirl`)cneY~`%fpal fppz4))prkhn%smxh%n`~)sirl`)cneY~`%fpal &Hiex~lpk 28 `n xnzpmnabrn `n 2::6-% vw Nl zrmanr zkxi nx lk zripnpmtkhmøe, kpne`mneì kxá kl zrmehmzmi `n hiaznexkhmøe% vwm @n kh~nrì hie lk eipmhmk “Aívmhi, h~krpi l~ckr ne ~xi `n Anxxnecnr‑ z~blmhk`k ne x~ zirpkl zir HEE Nvzkexmøe nl 2; `n d~lmi `n 2::=, nvmxpáke ne nl zkáx {~n nl zkáx 22%= amllienx `n h~nepkx khpmwkx hie aëx `n => hiepkhpix zir h~nepk ne zrian`mi% Nxpi mazlmhk {~n, xm bmne lk hia~em`k` xir`k fk izpkì zir iprix

;20

xmxpnakx crkp~mpix `n wm`nillkak`k } wm`nihiegnrnehmk, nxpn zricrkak ln brme`krë aëx izirp~em`k`nx kl ~x~krmi `n rnlkhmiekrxn hie ~e ak}ir eôanri `n znrxiekx% Fkxpk nl aianepi xøli nx zixmbln rnklmtkr wm`nillkak`kx &`n znrxiek k znrxiek-, zir li {~n xm xn rn{~mnrn wm`nihiegnrnehmk &aëx `n ìx znrxiekx k lk wnt- xn pne`rë {~n izpkr zir iprkx kzlmhkhmienx% vwmm ê mepírzrnpn `n Kanrmhke Xmce Lkec~kcn &KXL- {~n ìamek nl nxzkûil, nl meclíx } lk LXA z~n`n, zir ndnazli, prk`~hmr `mrnhpkanepn `n nxzkûil k KXL i wmhnwnrxk% Nxpi rnx~lpk a~} ôpml ne hm~`k`nx griepnrmtkx hiai ne lk {~n xn h~nepk nl xnrwmhmi, znri pkabmíe ne nwnepix mepnrekhmieklnx% Hiaôeanepn xie ~xkìx ne `mgnrnepnx Xnamekrmix } Hiecrnxix prk`~hpirnx `n lk Lnec~k `n Xnûkx Nxzkûilk &LXN- k lk LXA% vwmmm Lk “n`~hkhmøe zrnnxhilkr‑ ne Nxzkûk hirrnxzie`n k lk npkzk `n : k 8 kûix, amneprkx {~n lk “n`~hkhmøe megkepml‑ k lk npkzk `n 8 k 7 kûix% Ne Aívmhi xn lnx hiexm`nrk n`~hkhmøe memhmkl } n`~hkhmøe zrnnxhilkr, rnxznhpmwkanepn% vmv Lnec~k `n Xnûkx Nxzkûilk% Ne Aívmhi xn ~pmlmtk lk Lnec~k Lne c~k `n Xnûkx Anvmhkek &LXA-% vv Ne lix ëabmpix hláemhix nl emûi Xirì xnrë ~e zkhmnepn, amneprkx {~n ne lix ëabmpix n`~hkpmwix xnrë ~e kl~aei% Nl ~xi `n lix pírameix pmnen mazlmhkhmienx ne lk mepnrwnehmøe {~n xn rnklmtk%

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DISCAPACIDAD AUDITIVA: Estrategias y recursos para el desarrollo de competencias en el niño Sordo. Modelo de Educación Intercultural Bilingüe

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