Exposición sobre Registros en tuberias para transporte de crudoFull description
Modelos de flujo multifásicoDescripción completa
Descripción completa
Exposición sobre Registros en tuberias para transporte de crudoDescripción completa
Descripción completa
Descripción completa
flujo multifasicoDescripción completa
Trabajo sobre flujo multifasico en tuberiasDescripción completa
Descripción: El flujo multifasico en tuberías , a travez de patrones de flujo y las correlaciones para calculo de caídas de presión ingeniería de petróleo, trasporte de fluidos a través de tuberías
Tuberías VertDescripción completa
Escuela Politécnica Nacional Ingeniería en Petróleos Flujo Multifásico Definición: Es el movimiento simultáneo de 2 fases, 2 fluidos
(petróleo y agua) y gas
Pb = presión de burbuja Pr = presión de reservorio Pr > Pb yacimiento saturado Pb < Pr yacimiento subsaturado Subsaturado quiere decir que en la misma formación ya tengo gas Cuando la P columna es igual a Pb ya tenemos un flujo multifásico La Pb también puede cambiar Se entiende por flujo multifásico de tubería al movimiento coexistente entre líquido (petróleo y agua) y gases libres El líquido y el gas pueden coexistir como una mezcla homogénea o el líquido puede presentarse en forma de tapones empujados por el gas
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Otra posibilidad es que tanto el líquido como el gas fluyan paralelamente o se presenten en otro modelo de combinación de flujo Los líquidos (agua y petróleo) pueden o no estar formando una emulsión Tipos de flujo multifásico
Se definen 5 categorías de flujo multifásico FM vertical FM horizontal FM inclinado FM direccional FM a través de restricciones
FM a través de restricciones cuando tengo un choque de válvulas
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Patrones de Flujo Multifásico
Patrón de flujo se refiere a la distribución de cada clase (fase) en la tubería respecto a la fase
El líquido se mueve a una velocidad uniforme y llevan prácticamente todo el espacio interno de la tubería por lo que entra en contacto con sus paredes. El gas libre está presente en pequeñas burbujas que se mueven a diferente velocidad respecto a la fase líquida dependiendo de su diámetro. (> diámetro > rozamiento) La cantidad de gas presente tiene poca incidencia en el gradiente de presión total del pozo. En este flujo predomina la fase líquida.
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Flujo Bache
En este flujo la fase gaseosa es considerable respecto al petróleo de flujo de burbuja y las gotas de gas se mueven formando un bache que ocupa casi toda la sección de la tubería.
Predomina la fase líquida. La velocidad de las burbujas de gas en los baches es mayor a la velocidad de la fase líquida. Una película de líquido rodea a las burbujas de gas moviéndose a velocidades pequeñas que algunos casos puede tener una dirección contraria a la del flujo. Tanto el líquido como el gas tienen un efecto significativo para el cálculo del gradiente de presión total. Flujo Transitorio o de Transición
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Este patrón de flujo se inicia cuando se produce el cambio de gas a fase continua. Prácticamente desaparecen los tapones de líquido entre las grandes burbujas de gas que se juntan y el líquido se queda atrapado entre ellas. Aquí los efectos del gas son significativos o predominantes para el cálculo del gradiente aunque la cantidad de líquido también es significativo para el cálculo del gradiente de presión. Flujo Niebla
La fase gaseosa es continua y el líquido se encuentra como gotitas en medio del gas. Las partículas de líquido que están en contacto con las paredes internas de la tubería son muy finas, es por esto que los efectos del gas influyen directamente en el cálculo del gradiente de presión total del pozo. Patrones de Flujo Multifásico Horizontal
a) Flujo burbuja b) Flujo tapón de gas c) Flujo estratificado d) Flujo ondulado e) Flujo tapón de líquido f) Flujo anular g) Flujo niebla Pero se los puede agrupar en: Distribuido
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Flujo Burbuja
La burbuja de gas se mueve a lo largo de la parte superior de la tubería con una velocidad aproximadamente igual a la del líquido. La fase continua es el líquido y también transporta burbujas de gas. Flujo Tapón de Gas
Se caracteriza porque las burbujas de gas aumentan de tamaño hasta llenar prácticamente la parte superior de la tubería. Flujo Estratificado
El gas viaja por la parte superior de la tubería y el líquido por la inferior. Existe una interfase prácticamente líquida. Flujo Ondulado
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Se origina a partir del flujo estratificado cuando se rompe la continuidad de la interfase por ondulaciones en la superficie del líquido. Flujo Tapón de Líquido
Se origina a partir del flujo ondulado cuando las crestas de las ondulaciones del líquido llegan prácticamente hasta la parte superior de la tubería y por lo tanto ocasionan grandes turbulencias. Las consecuencias de este régimen de flujo es el incremento de la velocidad del gas. Flujo Anular
Una película de líquido está en contacto con las paredes de la tubería y el gas fluye con altas velocidades por el interior como si se tratase de un core central. A su vez, el gas transporta gotas de líquido en suspensión.
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Colgamiento del líquido con resbalamiento (Hold up) H L
Se lo define como la relación del volumen del líquido en un segmento de tubería para el volumen de ese segmento de tubería.
Se define como la relación del volumen ocupado por el líquido en un segmento de tubería para el volumen del segmento de tubería, pero en el caso que tanto el gas como el líquido viajen a iguales velocidades. L
qG
q L q L
qG
Velocidad
G
q L qG
L
G
1
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2. Real
Es determinada para el área real transversal ocupada por el fluido. V G
qG A H G
V SG H G
Velocidad real del líquido V L
q L A H L
V SL H L
Velocidad real del gas
V SG 1 H L
3. De resbalamiento
Es la diferencia entre las velocidades reales del gas y del líquido. V S V G V L V S
V SG V SL 1 H L H L
4. Del fluido bifásico
Corresponde a la velocidad de la mezcla petróleo con agua y gas. V m
V SL V SG
V m
q L A
qG A
q L
qG
V m
A
Redefinimos: L
V SL V m
G
V SG V m
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Densidad del líquido (petróleo + agua) L
f o
f
f
o o
w w
qo
1
qo q w
w
WOR WOR
1
o
GOR = Relación gas-petróleo pcs pcs / BF BF RS = Relación gas disuelto en petróleo WOR = Relación agua-petróleo qw
f w 1 f o
qo q w qo
L
o
qw w
qo q w
qo q w
Para calcular la densidad se puede considerar lo siguiente: Considerando resbalamiento S S
H L o f o
H L w f w H L
L
G
1
G
1
H L
Gravedad específica del petróleo 141.5 o
131.5
API
o
o
w
w
62.4 lbm / pc 62.4 lbm / pc
Considerando que no colgamiento (sin resbalamiento) h
L L
G G
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Viscosidades
Viscosidad del líquido (oil + water) L
f
o o
f
w w
Viscosidad del fluido bifásico - Con resbalamiento: H L S
-
H G
L
G
Sin resbalamiento n
L L
G G
Tensión superficial L
f
o o
f
w w
Correlaciones para las propiedades de los fluidos
Estas propiedades se las obtiene para el análisis PVT. Otras de estas propiedades se las obtiene de correlaciones Relación gas-petróleo en solución RS
Representa el volumen de gas, disuelto en el petróleo a condiciones de yacimiento. Correlación de Lasater (ºAPI>15) R
379.4 350
OCS
Y G
C
BF / BF
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Correlación de Standing (ºAPI<15) 1
RS
GCS
C
P b 10
0.0125 º API
0.83
18 10 0.00091T
C Idéntico que el caso anterior
Para cálculos directos de RS se obtiene de la figura 2.4.1.2 P B 18
RS GCS
ob
0.83
100.00091T 100.0125 º API
0.972 0.000147F 1.175
F RS
GCS OCS
1.25T
T º F
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Factor volumétrico de formación del petróleo
O
Es el volumen que ocupa a las condiciones del yacimiento 1bl de petróleo a condiciones estándar. El decremento del petróleo al pasar de condiciones de yacimiento a estándar se debe al desprendimiento de gas y a la expansión térmica que sufre este.
O
BF 1.12blsy / BF
Depende (en cuanto a su cálculo) del tipo de yacimiento que se tiene (ya sea yacimiento saturado o subsaturado) O
Correlación de Standing para
Si o
O
1 cuando ob
es petróleo muerto
0.972 0.000147 F 1.175
F RS
O
GCS
1.25T
OCS
C Si no hay datos C=0
C
T º F
en crudos saturados, P P b
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Correlación de Vázquez subsaturados, P P b O
C O
Ob
y
Brill
para
O
en
crudos
Exp C O P b P
Compresibilidad del petróleo
Presión del Pb para RS R p con las correlaciones de Vázquez y Brill para RS
P b
Ob
Cuando RS R p en la correlación de Vázquez y Brill para
O
RS Relación gas-petróleo en solución = pcn/Bn, donde n=normal RS puede entrar en pc/BF o pcs/bl Blyac Blyac BF Fundamentos de flujo a través de tuberías
Se parte de la ecuación general de la energía
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P p V V g C g h g C
W F
Energía compresible o expandible del fluido Energía cinética Energía potencial Trabajo por fricción
g C Constante de gravedad
Gradiente de presión en una tubería P V V g L g C L g C
h L
W F L
Cuando es perforación vertical h=L P h
V V g g C h g C
h1 h
W F h
Cuando es perforación horizontal h=0
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Pérdidas de presión debido a la fricción
Darcy, Weisbach y otros en 1958 introdujeron la fórmula. P L
f V 2 2 g C d
f
Para tuberías circulares de
d Diámetro
V Velocidad f Factor de fricción
Densidad del fluido f f (Número de Reynolds, rugosidad) ( NRe , e )
NRe
dV
Flujo Laminar:
NRe
2000
Flujo Turbulento: NRe
4000
Flujo Transición:
NRe
Para flujo Laminar f
64
NRe
2000
4000
constantes
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Ejercicio para el cálculo de
P h F
Calcular la caída de presión por fricción en un tramo de tubería tub ería lisa de 3.937in (diámetro interno) donde fluye un fluido con una 3000ft y gravedad específica de una viscosidad de 0.9 y O 0.03095lbm / ft . seg . Si la velocidad media es: O a) V
1.968 ft / seg
b) V
9.84 ft / seg
Desarrollo: a)
P h F 1
f V 2 2 g C d
P h F 1
P h F 2
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3.937
NRe
12
9.84 56.16 5858
0.03095 0.32
f 0.0056 0.5 NRe
f 0.0056 0.5 5858 0.32 0.0367 2 P 0.0367 56.16 9.84 2 9.453lbm / ft / ft 3.937 h F 2 2 32.174 12
P F
P h F 2
P F 196.94 psia psia
h
9.453lbm / ft / ft 2
1 144
3000 ft
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Sea f 1
2 log
f f C
0.05
0.004
2.51
3.71
32185 0.05
0.03087
f C f A
1 10
0.0193 1 10
Sea f C 1
5
5
f A
2 log
f f C
5.6911
0.03087 0.004
2.51
3.71
32185 0.03087
0.03149
f C f A
1 10
0.00062 1 10
Sea f C
f A
5 5
0 03149
5.6351
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Método de Poettmann y Carpenter
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Partiendo de la ecuación de la energía P L
TOTAL
P L AC
P L POSICIÓN
P L FRICCIÓN FRICCIÓN
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P H
Gradiente de presión (psia/ft) TOTAL
Gasto de masa
Es el caudal pero expresado en masa Gasto de masa = W qO M lbm / dia P
1
f W 2
psia / ft
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3. Gasto de masa W(lbm/día) W qO M
4. Cálculo de f (f es un factor de pérdidas de energía que se obtiene del diagrama de Moody, para el método de Poettmann y Carpenter se tiene su propio diagrama) Para ir al diagrama se calcula el valor de:
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qO
150m / dia
qO
0.01092bls / seg 0.06126 ft / seg
3
1dia / 84600 seg
6.29bls / 1m
3
R 200m 3 / m 3 5.61 1122 ft 3 / bl P whf 67.5kg / cm 2 14.22 14.7 974.5 psia T C 153º F 460 613º R T F 240º F 460 700º R G
0.65
3
5.61 ft / 1bl 3
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P bY G T P bY G T P b
figura.2.4.1.1 a
Y G
4.1 4.1 613 0.7357 psia 974.5 psia
P trab P trab P b
psia 3416 psia
yacimiento yacimiento. saturado
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P
1
f W 2
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P
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ZT
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W q M
q
bls / dia
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0 972 0 000147 F
1.175
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