CRIMINALIDAD CRIMINALIDAD ORGANIZADA
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ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE DERECHO MONOGRAFÍA:
CRIMINALIDAD ORGANIZADA LÍNEA DE INVESTIGACIÓN: DERECHO PENAL III AUTORES:
ACUÑA PIZARRO, LIZBETH CAHUAYA LOPEZ, SUSAN GOMEZ VALDIVIA, SONIA LAUREANO VARGAS, RUTH RODRIGUEZ SANCHEZ, NAYLA AULA: 501 501 “A”
TURNO: MAÑANA
ASESOR: RUBEN DARIO LINARES ROCA
SAN JUAN DE LURIGANCHO, JULIO DE 2014
UNIVERSIDAD CESAR VALLEJO- DERECHO IV
1
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no habría tiempo material de infringirlas” Johann Wolfgang Goethe
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CRIMINALIDAD CRIMINALIDAD ORGANIZADA
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En primer lugar agradecer a Dios por habernos permitido Culminar este trabajo satisfactoriamente y brindarnos lo necesario para seguir logrando nuestros objetivos. Además a mis compañeros y docente, Por su gran apoyo y motivación.
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"La libertad es el derecho de hacer lo que no perjudique a los demás” Herni Dominique Lacordaire
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CRIMINALIDAD CRIMINALIDAD ORGANIZADA
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INTRODUCCION
¿
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CRIMINALIDAD CRIMINALIDAD ORGANIZADA
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Índice I.
Epígrafe
II. Dedicatoria III. Agradecimiento IV. Introducción
CAPÍTULO I CRIMINALIDAD ORGANIZADA Pág. 1. Criminalidad Organizada 1.1.
Definición……………………………………………………………….09
1.2.
Características…………………………………………………………10
1.2.1. Permanencia……………………………………………………….10 1.2.2. La estructura………………………………………………………..11 1.2.3. Los negocio ilícitos ………………………………………………....12 1.2.4. La planificación …………………………………………………….12 1.2.5. Las redes de protección …………………………………………...13
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CRIMINALIDAD CRIMINALIDAD ORGANIZADA
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1.3.3. función de las tipologías …………………………………………..13 1.3.4 Elementos de la tipología …………………………………………..14 1.4. Clases de tipología ……………………………………………………14 1.5 La jerarquía estándar tipología 1 ………………………….................15 1.6 La jerarquía regional tipología 2 …………………………………..….17 1.7. La agrupación jerárquica…………………………………………….18 1.8 El grupo central ………………………………………………………..19 1.9 La red criminal …………………………………………………………21
CAPITULO II 2. La Criminalidad Organizada en el Perú. 2.1. Antecedentes …………………………………………………………24 2.2.
Tipo penal. ……………………………….. ………………………….25
2.3.
Bien Jurídico Protegido. …………………………………………….26
2.3.1. El bien jurídico protegido y el objeto de acción ………………26 2.3.2. La lesión del bien jurídico protegido como c omo fundamento ilícito …27 2.3.3. Titularidad del bien jurídico protegido…………………………… 27 3. Asociación Ilícita para delinquir………………………………………………31 3.1. Elementos 4. La acción de tomar parte en una asociación o banda. …………………...32 5. Propósito colectivo de cometer delitos ………………………………………33
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CRIMINALIDAD CRIMINALIDAD ORGANIZADA
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CAPITULO I CRIMINALIDAD ORGANIZADA
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CRIMINALIDAD CRIMINALIDAD ORGANIZADA
1.1.
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Definición de criminalidad Al hablar h ablar de criminalidad, es indudable no menciona al delito y crimen, cri men, ya que estos son dos conceptos, tanto legales como morales cuya relación ha sido profusamente estudiada desde diversos puntos de vista; salvo contadísimas excepciones, así vemos que todo crimen involucra cierto grado de organización y, en consecuencia, es organizado por naturaleza. Como escribe Albanese, "el crimen organizado no existe como tipo ideal, sino como un 'grado' de actividad criminal o como un punto del 'espectro de legitimidad". Por otra parte, las configuraciones teóricas sobre el crimen organizado, en su gran mayoría, difieren precisamente como consecuencia del punto a partir del que se realiza esta división. Pero, además, la propia configuración del estudio académico del crimen organizado ha implicado una influencia importante de las definiciones legales del crimen organizado. Éstas suelen tener una mayor eficacia a la hora de inscribir el fenómeno en un marco sistemático dado que al definir los tipos de delitos como norma legal en cierta manera configuran los resultados a ojos de la opinión pública. Según Manuel Espinoza, en su obra criminología, manifiesta que la criminología, proviene de dos vocablos del latín “criminos” que significa
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Siendo la criminalidad organizada una amenaza transnacional a la seguridad jurídica, aludiéndolo a los problemas transfronterizos, de propiedad común y simultánea, características éstas que atañen al terrorismo, al narcotráfico y a la criminalidad organizada entre otros delitos, que pueden poner en peligro la seguridad de la sociedad y por ende del Estado.
1.2.
Características Veremos las principales características de la criminalidad organizada contemporánea, desde un enfoque estructural, de su modus operandi, de su actividad delictiva no convencional, a su modalidad geografía y a sus fines existenciales:
1.2.1. Permanencia Las organizaciones criminales son creadas con el fin de mantenerse operativas y rentables durante un largo periodo o perpetuar su existencia sin límite temporal alguno con independencia de intereses individuales y vicisitudes externas. La permanencia pues indica que la fundación y la vigencia operativa de los grupos criminales es por su propia naturaleza indefinida; sin embargo,
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“mantener su presencia requiere desarrollar una series continua y
permanente de actividades. Es más, necesita ampliar sus operaciones para no dejarse avasallar por otros grupos criminales, que entre si tratan de desplazar sus actividades y alcanzar el dominio de determinados mercados”
1.2.2. La estructura Representa un intento deliberado por establecer patrones de relación entre los componentes encargados de alcanzar los objetivos de manera efectiva. La criminalidad organizada requiere la configuración de estructura o diseño organizacional, esto permite ordenar las actividades y mantiene la cohesion de los grupos criminales; criminales; pudiendo ser rigida o flexible, vertical u horizontal, cerrada o abierta, jerarquizada o descentralizada. Se configura un sistema de roles, mandos, funciones y jerarquías que permiten al grupo criminal lograr una distribución adecuada de las responsabilidades estratégicas y tácticas, adaptándolas a los objetivos del proyecto criminal asumido. Actualmente predominan las estructuras flexibles o descentralizadas Prieto Palma refiere lo siguiente:
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embargo, los miembros intercambian diversos beneficios en los que se destaca el aspecto económico.
Se puede distinguir otros dos modelos de organización, usuales en las mafias;
Modelo vertical; de tipo tipo eclesial: centralización, disciplina disciplina estricta, monolitismo, homogeneidad y estabilidad.
Modelo horizontal; de tipo red: agrupaciones puntuales, autonomía en la ejecución y estructuras inestables.
1.2.3. Los negocios ilícitos La criminalidad es de mercado, o sea, la organización de la oferta de servicios ilícitos en el mercado. Esta característica la diferencia claramente claramente
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1.2.5. Las redes de protección protección As funciones de protección externas de las organizaciones delictivas alcanzan mayor eficiencia con la intervención de las denominadas células de infiltración, cuyo objetivo es que miembros de las organizaciones criminales se introduzcan principalmente en las agencias encargadas de combatirlas o en las áreas sensibles de los órganos centrales del estado, o de organismos descentralizados o en empresas privadas con el propósito de conseguir información secreta o ilícitos, e ilícitamente dañar, deteriorar la imagen, las tareas, las acciones para entorpeces las funciones de las dependencias
del
estado;
organismos
públicos
descentralizados,
trastornando o afectando la capacidad de reacción, prevención y penalización del estado.
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CRIMINALIDAD CRIMINALIDAD ORGANIZADA
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II.
Industria o Empresa Criminal
III.
Crimen Organizado
IV.
Asociación Ilícita o Bandas Bandas
V.
Concierto Criminal o Delincuentes Organizados
1.3.2. LA TIPOLOGIA DE LA CRIMINALIDAD CRIMINALID AD ORGANIZADA El
concepto
de
criminalidad
organizada
identifica
una
amplia
variedad
de
ESTRUCTURAS, ACTIVIDADES Y ACTORES. Por tal razón, la recopilación y el análisis de inteligencia sobre los grupos de criminalidad organizada es esencial para entender cuál es la mejor estrategia y oportunidad para hacerle frente. El CICIP y la UNICRI ( Organismos técnicos de naciones unidad) realizaron una investigación en 16 países y recopilaron información sobre 40 grupos criminales. Se lograron sistematizar similitudes y se construyeron 5 tipologías de grupos criminales.
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CRIMINALIDAD CRIMINALIDAD ORGANIZADA
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Conducción o Liderazgo Único o Plural de La Organización
Jerarquía Definida o Difusa Para La Toma y Ejecución De Las Decisiones
Existencia De Nombres o Rasgos Característicos de Integración (Identidad Familiar, Étnica o Social De Violencia)
1.4.
Uso De Medios Violentos En El Accionar De La Organización
Modus Operandi De La Organización
CLASES DE TIPOLOGIAS TIPOLOGIAS
Las 5 Tipologías Definidas por CICIP-UNICRI son las siguientes: 1. Jerarquía estándar 2. Jerarquía regional 3. Agrupación Agrupación jerarquía jerarquía 4. Grupo central (empresas criminales flexibles) 5. Red criminal Las cinco tipologías definidas por la CICIP y el UNICRI son las siguientes:
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En la manera de operar es decir “modus operandi” se recurre con frecuencia a la
corrupción, el chantaje y la violencia.
Ejemplo:
Tenemos a los grupos criminales que operan en china y en Europa del este , según las investigaciones que se dieron estos grupos han sido creados por un solo individuo, los grupos son de tamaño mediano de 5º a 200 personas y tiene una estructura jerárquica estricta con un código de honor, reglas internas y absoluta lealtad al jefe, estos miembros son reclutados en el bajo mundo criminal y en el de los ex convictos, pero también entre los oficiales gubernamentales y servidores públicos, estos destacan por presentar el uso de la violencia ya que este es una clave para sus actividades que realizan. Muchos de los grupos de estos empiezan sus operaciones con la extorsión y frecuentemente hace uso de la violencia. En el Perú las firmas del tráfico de drogas y las bandas dedicadas a delitos violentos como el robo y el secuestro extorsivo adoptan una estructura que
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Ejemplo:
Según las investigaciones de las naciones unidas se ubican como organización criminal, son las siguientes:
a. Banda Australiana De Los Motociclistas Fuera De La Ley(Austria) Tenemos en cuenta lo siguiente:
Estas bandas tienen una estructura jerárquica claramente definida
Se dividen en dos sub-grupos, sub-grupo s, cada uno opera en regiones geográficas especificas
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Este individuo tiene poder absoluto sobre el Capítulo en términos de toma de decisiones y frecuentemente reglas con poder dictatorial.
Cada Capitulo tiene un grado de independencia de los otros.
b. Las Organizaciones Criminales Japonesas Japonesas Como La Yakuza O La Yamaguchi-Gumi(Austria) Yamaguchi-Gumi(Austria) c. La Banda Fuk Ching (Estados Unidos)
1.7.
LA AGRUPACIÓN JERÁRQUICA JERÁRQUIC A o TIPOLOGÍA 3
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CRIMINALIDAD CRIMINALIDAD ORGANIZADA a.
Grupo Ruso Ziberman
b.
La Banda Sudafricana “28s Prison Gang”.
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Con referencia a la primera agrupación jerárquica se refieren a lo siguiente:
“El grupo Ziberman consiste en seis grupos criminales separados, cada
uno con estructura jerárquica y roles definidos para cada miembro. La coordinación entre los seis grupos, que forman el grupo principal se da por una estructura compuesta por cuatro individuos. Existe un estricto código de conducta en el grupo y el proceso para lograr la disciplina interna se caracteriza por altos niveles de violencia. El grupo Ziberman primero se estableció debido al comercio ilegal de tabaco antes de
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En la periferia del grupo central se encuentra un número importante de “miembros asociados” los cuales sólo son requeridos por la organización
para la realización de actividades específicas que acuerda el grupo central.
También cuentan con colectivos especializados que tienen por función arreglar los conflictos que puedan darse con otras organizaciones criminales, y a los que algunos grupos centrales denominan “enforcer”.
Entre los integrantes del grupo central no hay vínculos de identidad como en las otras tipologías. Si bien puede darse una división funcional de actividades entre sus miembros, ella se adecuará a la alta especialización que éstos poseen.
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oportunidades. Claramente, los requerimientos más importantes de los miembros del sindicato es la habilidad para que los demás miembros confine en la persona en cuestión. Sólo un pequeño número de miembros principales del sindicato permanecen tiempo completo comprometido con los objetivos de la organización. Las relaciones entre estos miembros principales están cimentadas en la confianza y el entendimiento mutuo establecido a través de muchos años de participar juntos en negocios ilícitos. Todos ellos tienen un alto grado de conocimiento profesional en su área de trabajo- la importación ilegal de cannabis en Australia y otros países. El grupo está formado por un número de diferentes células
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CRIMINALIDAD CRIMINALIDAD ORGANIZADA
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exitoso de la red como estructura criminal. No obstante, no todos los componentes de la red poseen igual nivel de relevancia para el desarrollo de sus actividades delictivas. o
Por Ejemplo
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CRIMINALIDAD CRIMINALIDAD ORGANIZADA
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1. El caso Meij en el Caribe involucra a un sospechoso, rodeado de una red de individuos que lo ayudan en sus actividades de fraude y falsificación a gran escala. Las redes criminales examinadas en el estudio están involucradas principalmente en una sola actividad (a pesar de que este no
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19. Delitos contra la administración pública p ública (artículos 382, 383, 384, 387, 393, 3 93, 393-A, 394, 395, 396, 397, 397-A, 398, 399, 400 y 401 del CP). 20. Delito de falsificación de documentos.
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