Delincuencia organizada

LAJHPA SFDVZG@H@ Cfkpza `f Fspv`gas ~hzh lh Sfdvzg`h` ^ýjlgch w ^zgyh`h

@flgkcvfkcgh azdhkg}h`h Fspv`ga czgegkalódgca, ~algcghl w mvzå`gca+

Hkpakga Lajhpa Za`zådvf} Fr~fzpa fk czgegkaladåh w sfdvzg`h` ~ýjlgch ~az lh Vkgyfzsg`h` `f Bvflyh w Sfygllh+ Izhkcgsca Dvfzzh Jfpbhkcavz @acpaz fk czgegkaladåh ~az lh Vkgyfzsg`h` `f Bvflyh+

Calhjazh= Masç Hlfrgs Akpgyfzas, ~zaifsgakhl `f lh sfdvzg`h` ~zgyh`h+

Lh ~zfsfkpf ajzh “@flgkcvfkcgh azdhkg}h`h―, lh ehzch Lajhpa Sfdvzg`h` w sv ladapg~a sak ~za~gf`h` gkpflfcpvhl `f ttt+lajhpasfdvzg`h`+cae Cvhlxvgfz ca~gh, ea`gigchcgók a `gspzgjvcgók `fl ~zfsfkpf ehpfzghl sgk fl caksfkpgegfkpa fr~zfsa `f lh fe~zfsh cakspgpvwf vk `flgpa `f ~gzhpfzåh w caea phl, sfzè `fkvkcghà hkpf las pzgjvkhlfs ~fzpgkfkpfs sgk ~zfyga hygsa+ ^vf`f `gzgdgzsf h gkiaNlajhpasfdvzg`h`+cae ~hzh eès gkiazehcgók+

§ :>8>+ Lajhpa Sfdvzg`h`+

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Lajhpa Sfdvzg`h` | Pflçiaka= 984 04> 399

gkiaNlajhpasfdvzg`h`+cae | ttt+lajhpasfdvzg`h`+cae

Cakpfkgà

Pfeh 8+ Cakcf~pa `f jhk`h azdhkg}h`h+ Zfxvgsgpas+ Cakcf~pa `flgkcvfkcgh azdhkg}h`h+ Có`gda ~fkhl+ Pfeh :+ Fspv`ga czgefk azdhkg}hà fk Fs~høh sfdýk efeazgh `f igschlåh+ Chzhcpfzåspgchs w hcpgyg`h`fs izfcvfkpfs+ Pfeh 3+ Ihlsgigchcgók w vpglg}hcgók izhv`vlfkph `f phzmfphs `f czç`gpa w cbfxvfs+ Pfeh 0+ @flgpas eès izfcvfkpfs `f lh czgegkhlg`h` azdhkg}h`h fk Fs~høh+ Pfeh 6+ Fspv`ga `f lhs jhk`hs azdhkg}h`hs xvf a~fzhk fk Fs~høh w ea`vs a~fzhk`gs+ Pfeh 9+ Salvcgakfs h lh ~zajlfeèpgch `fs`f lh czgegkaladåh+

3



PFEH 8+% CAKCF^PA JHK@H AZDHKG]H@H+ ZFXVGSGPAS+

Ch`h høa lh ~algcåh fs~høalh gkyfspgdh hlzf`fàz `f 3>> dzv~as czgegkhlfs `f`gchàs hl pzèigca `f `zadhs, fl jlhkxvfa, lh ~zaspgpvcgók w lh gkegdzhcgók+ Hcpýhk fk lhs dzhk`fs cgv`h`fs w sf chzhcpfzg}hk ~az sv azdhkg}hcgók w ~flgdzasg`h`+ ^hzh caksfdvgz vk eh~h `f `flgkcvfkcgh `f hlpa kgyfl hmvsphà h lh zfhlg`h`, las zfs~akshjlfs ~algcghlfs ~vsgfzak fk ehzcbh, vkas czgpfzgas eès `f~vzhàs xvf `fjfk cve~lgz las dzv~as ~hzh sfz caksg`fzhàs `fkpza `f fsph chpfdazåh+ Las zfxvgsgpas dgzhk fk pazka h las akcf igmhàs `fs`f bhcf pgfe~a ~az Gkpfz~al `f las xvf hbazh kfcfshzghefkpf sf bhk `f cve~lgz las cvhpza ~zgefzas w às eès, fkpzf fl zfspa, xvf sak a~cgakhlfs+ Las ivk`hefkpas sak= xvf fl dzv~a fspç iazehà ~az eès `f pzfs ~fzsakhs? xvf pfkdh vkh hcpvhcgók fk fl pgfe~a, hl efkas `vzhkpf sfgs efsfs w cakpgkvg`h` fk svs hccgakfs? xvf caefphk `flgpas dzhyfs w ajpfkdhk jfkfigcgas, ~a`fz a gkilvfkcgh+ Las sgfpf hlpfzkhpgyas sfzåhk= xvf frgsph vk zf~hzpa fs~fcåigca `f phzfhs? vkh mfzhzxvåh a cakpzal gkpfzka? xvf pfkdhk vk èejgpa gkpfzkhcgakhl `f hcpvhcgók? xvf vpglgcfk ygalfkcgh f gkpgeg`hcgók? xvf vsfk fspzvcpvzhs caefzcghlfs a fe~zfshzghlfs? xvf jlhkxvffk `gkfza w vsfk lh gkilvfkcgh a cazzv~cgók+ Có`gda ~fkhl+ Hzpåcvla :2: jgs+ 8+ H las igkfs ~zfygspas fk fl hzpåcvla hkpfzgaz w cvhkà sf pzhpf `f gkyfspgdhcgakfs xvf hifcpfk h hcpgyg`h`fs ~za~ghs `f lh `flgkcvfkcgh azdhkg}h`h, fl Mvf} `f Gkspzvccgók cae~fpfkpf a fl Egkgspfzga Igschl `hkà cvfkph gkef`ghph hl Mvf}, ~a`zèk hvpazg}hz h ivkcgakhzgas `f lh âlgcåh Mv`gcghl, ef`ghkpf zfsalvcgók ivk`h`h w pfkgfkà fk cvfkph sv kfcfsg`h` h las igkfs `f lh gkyfspgdhcgók, h hcpvhz jhma g`fkpg`h` sv~vfsph w h h`xvgzgz w pzhks~azphz las ajmfpas, fifcpas f gkspzvefkpas `fl `flgpa w `gifzgz lh gkchvphcgók `f las egseas+ Lh g`fkpg`h` sv~vfsph sfzè apazdh`h ~az fl Egkgspfzga `fl Gkpfzgaz ~az fl ~lh}a `f sfgs efsfs ~zazzadhjlfs ~az ~fzåaàs `f gdvhl `vzhcgók, xvf`hkà lfdåpgehefkpf bhjglgphàs ~hzh hcpvhz fk paà la zflhcgakhà cak lh gkyfspgdhcgók cakczfph w h ~hzpgcg~hz fk fl pzèigca mvzå`gca w sacghl jhma phl g`fkpg`h`+ 0+ H las fifcpas sføhlhàs fk fl h~hzphà 8 `f fspf hzpåcvla, sf caksg`fzhzè caea `flgkcvfkcgh azdhkg}h`h lh hsacghcgók `f pzfs a eès ~fzsakhs ~hzh zfhlg}hz, `f iazeh ~fzehkfkpf a zfgpfzh`h, cak`vcphs xvf pfkdhk caea igk caefpfz hldvka a hldvkas `f las `flgpas sgdvgfkpfs= h' @flgpa `f sfcvfspza `f ~fzsakhs ~zfygspa fk las hzpåcvlas 890 h 899 `fl Có`gda ^fkhl+ j' @flgpas zflhpgyas h lh ~zaspgpvcgók ~zfygspas fk las hzpåcvlas 824 h 827 `fl Có`gda ^fkhl+ 0



c' @flgpas cakpzh fl ~hpzgeakga w cakpzh fl az`fk sacgafcakóegca ~zfygspas fk las hzpåcvlas :34, :03, :00, :02 w 3>8 `fl Có`gda ^fkhl+ `' @flgpas zflhpgyas h lh ~za~gf`h` gkpflfcpvhl a gk`vspzghl ~zfygspas fk las hzpåcvlas :4> h :44 `fl Có`gda ^fkhl+ "^èzzhia høh`gà ~az lh Lfw Azdèkgch 86!:>>3, `f :6 `f kaygfejzf' f' @flgpas cakpzh las `fzfcbas `f las pzhjhmhàzfs ~zfygspas fk las hzpåcvlas 38: w 383 `fl Có`gda ^fkhl+ i' @flgpas `f pzèigca `f fs~fcgfs `f ilazh a ihvkh hefkh}h`h ~zfygspas fk las hzpåcvlas 33: w 330 `fl Có`gda ^fkhl+ d' @flgpas `f pzèigca `f ehpfzghl kvclfhz w zh`ghcpgya ~zfygspas fk fl hzpåcvla 306 `fl Có`gda ^fkhl+ b' @flgpas cakpzh lh shlv` ~ýjlgch ~zfygspas fk las hzpåcvlas 392 h 343 `fl Có`gda ^fkhl+ g' @flgpas `f ihlsgigchcgók `f eakf`h ~zfygspas fk fl hzpåcvla 329 `fl Có`gda ^fkhl+ m' @flgpas `f pzèigca w `f~ósgpa `f hzehs, evkgcgakfs a fr~lasgyas ~zfygspas fk las hzpåcvlas 699 h 692 `fl Có`gda ^fkhl+ o' @flgpas `f pfzzazgsea ~zfygspas fk las hzpåcvlas 648 h 642 `fl Có`gda ^fkhl+ l' @flgpas cakpzh fl ^hpzgeakga Bgspózgca ~zfygspas fk fl hzpåcvlas :+8+f' `f lh Lfw Azdèkgch 8:!8776, `f 8: `f `gcgfejzf, `f zf~zfsgók `fl cakpzhjhkà+

Igd+ 8+ Zfygsgók `f ehpfzghl gkchvphà+ 6



PFEH :+% FSPV@GA CZGEFK AZDHKG]H@A FK FS^HØH SFDÝK EFEAZGH @F IGSCHLGH+ CHZHCPFZGSPGCHS W HCPGYG@H@FS IZFCVFKPFS+

Gkiazefs ~algcghlfs cgphàs ~az lh Igschlåh Hkpg`zadh "cakczfphefkpf, fl fspv`ga zfhlg}hà ~az lh Vkg`h` Cfkpzhl `f Gkpflgdfkcgh Czgegkhl `fl Cvfz~a Khcgakhl `f âlgcåh', cvhkpgigchk fk 33: fl kýefza `f dzv~as `f `flgkcvfkcgh azdhkg}h`h `fpfcphàs fk fl cakmvkpa `f Fs~høh fk :>>4, `f las cvhlfs :32 bhjåhk sgà wh cfkshàs fl høa ~hshà, w cvwh hcpgyg`h` –sfdýk las egseas gkiazefs– ~a`zåh frpfk`fzsf h vkh cvhzfkpfkh `f ea`hlg`h`fs `flgcpgyhs+

Igd+ :+ Ehpfzghl gkchvphà h azdhkg}hcgók czgegkhl+ c zgegkhl+ ^fza mvkpa h fspas `hpas cvhkpgphpgyas, bhw xvf hclhzhz xvf vka `f las zhsdas `figkgàzfs `f fspf pg~a `f hcpgyg`h` czgegkhl fs ~zfcgshefkpf sv ch~glhzg`h`+ Sv ~zawfccgók pfkphcvlhz sf zfilfmh fk lhs `gspgkphs Efeazghs `f ehkfzh fk cgfzpa eaà ~hzh`ómgca+ @gcba `f apza eaà, mvkpa h Igschlåhs caea lh `f Eh`zg`, lh `f Dhlgcgh, Chphlvøh, lhs `fl hzca ef`gpfzzèkfa, xvf ~zfsfkphk cgizhs caksg`fzhjlfefkpf flfyh`hs `f hsvkpas `f fsph khpvzhlf}h w, ~az phkpa, `f gkpfzyfkcgakfs `fl Igschl, apzhs cfzpgigchk lh ~zècpgch gkfrgspfkcgh `fl ifkóefka fk sv pfzzgpazga+ Sgk fejhzda, fsph ýlpgeh higzehcgók frgdf hldvkas ehpgcfs+ Fk ~zgefz lvdhz bhw xvf sføhlhz xvf, caea eåkgea, bhw às hcpgyg`h`fs chzhcpfzåspgchefkpf gkclvg`hs fk fl èejgpa `f lh `flgkcvfkcgh azdhkg}h`h xvf sf `fpfcphk cak ehwaz a efkaz gkpfksg`h` fk paàs las pfzzgpazgas, sgk frcf~cgók= fl pzèigca `f `zadhs w lh fr~laphcgók sfrvhl –dfkfzhlefkpf ygkcvlh`h h ifkóefkas `f pzèigca `f ~fzsakhs– h pzhyçs `f pzhehs `f ~zaspgpvcgók+ 9



Fl ~zgefza fs ajmfpa `f fspv`ga eès `figkgà, `fkpza `f lh ~zfsfkpf Efeazgh, fk fl h~hzphà xvf fs~fcåigchefkpf sf lf zfsfzyh fk fl Ch~åpvla GG? w fl sfdvkà ajpgfkf phejgçk vk pzhphegfkpa eès cakczfpa fk lh ózjgph `f lh fs~fcghlg`h` `f Frpzhkmfzåh, xvf sf bh gkcaz~azhà caea vkh `f lhs kvfyhs hcpgyg`h`fs fk zf` `fl Egkgspfzga Igschl, h ~hzpgz `fl kaejzhegfkpa `f vk Igschl `f Shlh Caaz`gkhàz+ ^fza, fk sfdvkà lvdhz, gkpfzfsh `fsphchz fk fspf ~vkpa xvf hejhs ehkgifsphcgakfs `flgcpgyhs ~fzegpfk zfcakacfz, caea sf `fcåh, vka `f las zhsdas eès chzhcpfzåspgcas `f lh `flgkcvfkcgh azdhkg}h`h= lhs Efeazghs `f lhs `gspgkphs Igschlåhs ~fzegpfk `gspgkdvgz fkpzf hxvfllas pfzzgpazgas fk xvf pgfkfk –~az `fcgzla `f hldýk eaà% sv sf`f a cfkpza `f a~fzhcgakfs lhs azdhkg}hcgakfs `flgcpgyhs, w hxvfllas apzas xvf, sge~lfefkpf, svizfk lh hcpvhcgók `f fspas dzv~as, sfh ~azxvf svs cae~akfkpfs sf `fs~lh}hk cak fl ~za~ósgpa `flgjfzhà `f `flgkxvgz, w lvfda yalyfz h svs jhsfs, sgpvh`hs gkclvsa fk ~håsfs frpzhkmfzas, sfh ~azxvf –chsa på~gca fs fl `f lh ~zaspgpvcgók– sf pzhph `f sgpvhcgakfs dfkfzh`hs ~az hcpvhcgakfs llfyh`hs h chja fk apza lvdhz "~az fmfe~la, fk fl ~hås `f azgdfk `f lhs evmfzfs, xvf fkdhøh`hs sajzf sv `fspgka sak saefpg`hs h fr~laphcgók fcakóegch

Igd+ 3+ @fpfkcgók zf` `f ~zaspgpvcgók Hlcaw "Yhlfkcgh'+ fk cvhlxvgfz zfeapa lvdhz `f lh dfadzhiåh fs~høalh' w caksveh`hs fk svs ýlpgehs caksfcvfkcghs fk vk pfzzgpazga `gspgkpa h pzhyçs `f frpfksgakfs a pfkpècvlas `f lh azdhkg}hcgók, ka g`fkpgigchjlf caea phl `fkpza `f fsf pfzzgpazga cakczfpa+ W çsf fs vk fsxvfeh xvf sf zf~za`vcf fk vk sgkkýefza `f hcpgyg`h`fs `flgcpgyhs+ H fspf egsea ifkóefka sf zfigfzf fl Igschl `f Llfg`h, xvf efkcgakh ¯lhs jhk`hs `f cgv`h`hkas frpzhkmfzas xvf cak vkh eåkgeh azdhkg}hcgók a~fzhk cak kaphjlf figchcgh w cakllfyhk sgpvhcgakfs `f ~flgdza ~hzh lh ~ajlhcgók+ Kazehlefkpf zfsg`fk fk apzh ~ajlhcgók w sf `fs~lh}hk bhsph Llfg`h a svs hlzf`fàzfs ~hzh caefpfz svs ifcbazåhs, zfdzfshkà `fs~vçs cak fl japåk h sv ~vkpa `f ~hzpg`h+ Lhs jhk`hs eès fr~fzphs a~fzhk cak ajmfpgyas 4



sflfccgakhàs w cak ef`gas pçckgcas h`fcvhàs, hl pgfe~a xvf ka `fmhk bvfllhs xvf ~fzegphk g`fkpgigchzlas¿+ W fl egsea ~hkazheh sf zf~za`vcf, ~az fmfe~la, fk lhs Efeazghs `f Cècfzfs, Mhçk a Sfdaygh "xvf efkcgakhk fl pzèigca `f `zadhs', a fk lh `f Shlhehkch, xvf h~hzpf `f `gcba pzèigca, zfigfzf vk zf~vkpf fk las bvzpas hl `fscvgà fk fsphjlfcgegfkpas `f lh ch~gphl w zajas fk cbhlfs `f svs hlzf`fàzfs ~az ~hzpf `f jhk`hs a dzv~as `f `flgkcvfkpfs frpzhkmfzas `fs~lh}hàs fr ~zaifsa `fs`f Eh`zg`+ Sf pzhph, fk zfsvefk, `f vkh hvpçkpgch cakspflhcgók `f bfcbas xvf sgk lh caksg`fzhcgók `f ¯sgpvhcgakfs fs~fcghlefkpf ~zfacv~hkpfs¿ fk fl pfzzfka ~za~ghefkpf `gcba `f lh czgegkhlg`h` azdhkg}h`h, caea `gcf lh Igschlåh `f Dzhkh`h, mvspgigchk lh ¯evcbh hpfkcgók xvf `fjf sfdvgz ~zfspèkàsf h jhk`hs a dzv~as czgegkhlfs azdhkg}hàs xvf fspèk ygkcvlhàs hl zaja cak ivfz}h fk ygygfk`hs, }akhs `f `fschksa `f hvpayåhs w fk dzhk`fs sv~fzigcgfs caefzcghlfs, hl pzèigca `f yfbåcvlas zajhàs, pzèigca `f cachåkh w bhcbås, gk`vccgók cahcpgyh h lh ~zaspgpvcgók `f evmfzfs frpzhkmfzhs fk sgpvhcgók gzzfdvlhz, jlhkxvfa `f ch~gphlfs, pzèigca glfdhl `f ehka `f ajzh a fl pzèigca `f sfzfs bvehkas xvf sg `fshzzallhk, fk ehwaz a efkaz ef`g`h, sv hcpgyg`h` czgegkhl¿ fk lh ~zècpgch paphlg`h` `f lhs ~zaygkcghs+

Igd+ 0+ Cacbfs zajhàs+ @f bfcba, bhw fmfe~las sgdkgigchpgyas, caea fl xvf h~azph lh Efeazgh `f lh Igschlåh `f Hzhdók, fk lh xvf sf ~hzpf `f lh `gspgkcgók `f hcpgyg`h`fs `f czgegkhlg`h` azdhkg}h`h hpfk`gfkà hl ef`ga vzjhka a zvzhl+ Las `hpas sak sgk fejhzda evw llhehpgyas= fk fl èejgpa vzjhka sføhlh caea bfcbas eès zflfyhkpfs `fl høa :>>4 lh `fpfkcgók `f àcf gk`gyg`vas ~hxvgsphkåfs `f`gchàs hl pzèigca `f ehka `f ajzh, lh `f sfgs gk`gyg`vas `f`gchàs h lh fr~laphcgók sfrvhl `f evmfzfs pzhå`hs `f Jzhsgl, lh `f pzfs gk`gyg`vas xvf fr~laphjhk h vkh efkaz zvehkh fk clvjfs `f hlpfzkf `f ]hzhda}h, lh `f apzas pzfs ~fzpfkfcgfkpfs h vkh zf` `f`gch`h hl pzèigca `f àcvefkpas `f g`fkpg`h` ihlsas w lh `f às fs~høalfs ~az `flgpas `f fsphih, cakpzh las 2



`fzfcbas `f las pzhjhmhàzfs w cakpzh las `fzfcbas `f las cgv`h`hkas frpzhkmfzas? egfkpzhs xvf fk fl èejgpa zvzhl vjgch lhs sgdvgfkpfs gkpfzyfkcgakfs= `fpfkcgók `f às dzv~as `f sfgs w akcf ~fzsakhs zfs~fcpgyhefkpf xvf iazehjhk ~hzpf `f sfk`hs azdhkg}hcgakfs `f`gch`hs h zajas fk fe~zfshs, `fpfkcgók `f yfgkpg`ós ~fzsakhs `f`gchs hl h l pzèigca `f `zadhs, lh ehwazåh `f fllas àegkgchkas? w `fpfkcgók `f akcf ~fzsakhs sv`hefzgchkhs gkpfdzhkpfs `f vk dzv~a azdhkg}hà `f`gchà hl pzèigca `f `zadhs+ Fs fyg`fkpf xvf bhjzåh sgà `giåcgl, ehkfmhkà yhzghjlfs `f pg~a czgegkalódgca a sacgalódgca, fsphjlfcfz vk ~fzigl `gifzfkcghàz `g ifzfkcghàz h~pa ~hzh ~zakaspgchz h ~zgazg fsh `gspzgjvcgók `f hcpgyg`h`fs fk ivkcgók `fl lvdhz fk xvf sf `fshzzallhk+

Igd+ 6+ Ehighs gkegdzhcgók+

Fk sveh, caea zfgpfzh`hefkpf bh ~vfspa `f ehkgigfspa fl Igschl Dfkfzhl `fl Fsphà fk `gyfzshs gkpfzyfkcgakfs ~ýjlgchs, fspf pg~a `f hcpgyg`h` czgegkhl azdhkg}h`h ka sóla gkpfkph ~hzhsgphz w `fspzvgz lhs fspzvcpvzhs fcakóegchs w igkhkcgfzhs w lhs ivfkpfs `f zgxvf}h `f kvfspzhs fcakaeåhs, sgka xvf phejgçk ~akf fk cvfspgók lhs jhsfs `f lh azdhkg}hcgók sacghl w ~alåpgch xvf g`fkpgigcheas cak fl cakcf~pa egsea `f sgspfeh `feaczèpgca, w bhsph cak fl ea`fla `f cgyglg}hcgók xvf zf~zfsfkph+ Sfkph`hs fshs cakclvsgakfs dfkfzhlfs, lh chzhcpfzåspgch `figkgàzh `fl czgefk azdhkg}hà fk Fs~høh, sg sf paeh caea ivfkpf `f zfifzfkcgh lh gkiazehcgók xvf ihcglgphk las Igschlfs Mfifs, fs, ~zfcgshefkpf, sv khpvzhlf}h ~zapfgch w lh dzhk `gyfzsg`h` `flgcpgyh fk xvf sf cakczfph+ Bhcf, fl Igschl `f Dhlgcgh, vkh ~hzpgcvlhz zfilfrgók sajzf vk ef`ga xvf evcbhs Igschlåhs "Evzcgh a Phzzhdakh, ~+ fm+' efkcgakhk caea `f las eès bhjgpvhlfs ~hzh fl jlhkxvfa `f iakàs ~zacf`fkpfs `f lh hcpgyg`h` `flgcpgyh= 7



las lacvpazgas+ ¯Las lacvpazgas pflfiókgcas –higzeh lh Efeazgh `f lh Igschlåh dhllfdh ka sak zfkphjlfs caea kfdacga+ Sak lhs azdhkg}hcgakfs czgegkhlfs lhs xvf ~za~azcgakhk pa`h lh gkizhfspzvcpvzh kfcfshzgh ~hzh fl eakphmf `f lh hcpgyg`h`= ef`gas pçckgcas w ehpfzghlfs+ Fl lacvpazga jvsch zfegpfkpfs jgfk `f clgfkpfs yfz`h`fzas, jgfk `f lgsphs `f clgfkpfs `f apzas lacvpazgas w sf gkclvwfk svs kaejzfs sgk sv cakacgegfkpa+ Las `fspgkhphzgas `fl `gkfza sak ~fzsakhs xvf ~za~azcgakh lh azdhkg}hcgók w lh ehwazåh `f fllas fspèk cakpzalhàs ~az calaejghkas+ Fspas dzv~as svflfk vpglg}hz, ~hzh zfhlg}hz fsphs a~fzhcgakfs, las sfzygcgas `f `fs~hcbas `f hjadhàs w `f fcakaegsphs, hvkxvf fspas ~zaifsgakhlfs, hcpvhlefkpf, w cakiazef h lh ýlpgeh zfiazeh lfdgslhpgyh sajzf `fpfzegkh`hs Ef`g`hs `f ^zfyfkcgók `fl Jlhkxvfa `f Ch~gphlfs fspèk svmfpas h lh ajlgdhcgók `f caevkgchz lhs a~fzhcgakfs sas~fcbashs `f jlhkxvfa `f `gkfza+ ^hzh flla, fspas ~zaifsgakhlfs cakspgpvwfk lhs `fkaegkh`hs sacgf`h`fs `f hlxvglfz, pa`hs fllhs cak àegcglga sacghl fk fl ~za~ga `fs~hcba, w xvf lvfda hlxvglhk h `gyfzshs ~fzsakhs+ âz fsa, lh saigspgchcgók `f lh fmfcvcgók `f fsph hcpgyg`h` `flgcpgyh ygfkf `h`h ~az lh cae~lgchcgók `f lhs fspzvcpvzhs fe~zfshzghlfs xvf `gigcvlph lh gkyfspgdhcgók, sajzf paà cvhkà gkpfzygfkfk ~hzhåsas igschlfs+¿ Vk fmfe~la dzèigca `fl fkpzhehà ~az fschlakfs fk xvf ~vf`f llfdhz h hzpgcvlhzsf vkh azdhkg}hcgók czgegkhl+

Igd+ 9+ Jlhkxvfa `f ch~gphlfs fk lacvpazga+

@zadhs w jlhkxvfa `f ch~gphlfs cakspgpvwfk, fk `figkgpgyh, caea wh bh h`flhkphà, fl cfkpza `f lh hcpgyg`h` `flgcpgyh azdhkg}h`h fk kvfspza ~hås+

8>



Igd+ 4+ Fifcpas zajhàs+

88



PFEH 3+% IHLSGIGCHCGÓK W VPGLG]HCGÓK IZHV@VLFKPH @F PHZMFPHS @F CZÇ@GPA W CBFXVFS

Vkh `f lhs cak`vcphs eès frpfk`g`hs fk fl pfzzfka `f lh `flgkcvfkcgh azdhkg}h`h fs lh xvf hifcph h lhs phzmfphs `f czç`gpa w `çjgpa+ âz sóla ~akfz hldvkas fmfe~las, lh Igschlåh `f Èlhyh sf zfigfzf hl `v~lgchà `f phzmfphs, phejgçk cakacgà caea ¯Sogegkd¿, caksgspf fk lh ehkg~vlhcgók `f chmfzas hvpaeèpgcas ~hzh fl `v~lgchà a ca~gh `f lhs phzmfphs `f czç`gpa `f las vsvhzgas `f las egseas, paà flla sgk svspzhfz lh egseh h sv pgpvlhz, `f phl ehkfzh xvf sf ~vf`f ~zacf`fz h vpglg}hz las `hpas `f lh phzmfph ¯ca~gh`h¿+ @gcf xvf fk fsph ea`hlg`h` `flgcpgyh sf bh h~zfcghà vkh fyalvcgók fk las eçpaàs vpglg}hàs ~az las `flgkcvfkpfs ~hzh lh ca~gh+

Igd+ 2+ Phzmfph ihlsgigch`h+

Cakclvwf sføhlhkà xvf fk høas hkpfzgazfs sf bhjåh `fpfcphà xvf h fsph hcpgyg`h` sf `f`gchjhk ~zgkcg~hlefkpf ~fzsakhs `f khcgakhlg`h` zvehkh w jýldhzh, ~fza h la lhzda `fl høa :>>4 sf bh lgegphà h ~fzsakhs `f khcgakhlg`h` zvehkh, xvf hcpýhk fk paà fl pfzzgpazga khcgakhl+ ^hzh pfzegkhz fl h~hzphà `f lhs phzmfphs `f czç`gpa ~vf`f zf~za`vcgzsf lh Efeazgh `f lh Igschlåh `f Phzzhdakh, xvf zfilfmh evw fr~zfsgyhefkpf lh khpvzhlf}h azdhkg}h`h `fl `flgpa= ¯Zfs~fcpa `f lh ihlsgigchcgók `f phzmfphs `f czç`gpa –`gcf, fk cakczfpa fl “àjlhmf― w hlpfzhcgók `f lhs egsehs xvf fspè sgfkà caefpgà ~az dzv~as azdhkg}hàs `f gk`gyg`vas `f khcgakhlg`h` zvehkh, chjf `fsphchz xvf `fkpza `f `gcbas dzv~as bhw vkh fspzvcpvzh mfzèzxvgch w vk zf~hzpa `f ivkcgakfs+ Ivkcgakhk caea cçlvlhs hgslh`hs, fk lhs xvf frgspf vk ýkgca cakphcpa xvf zf~hzpf phzfhs h las l as xvf caefpfk las `flgpas, ~hzh xvf sg çspas ivfzhk `fpfkgàs a saz~zfk`gàs “gk izhdhkpg―, ka ~v`gfzhk `flhphz hl zfspa `f lh azdhkg}hcgók+ Fsphs cçlvlhs fspèk cae~vfsphs ~az dzv~as `f fkpzf às w cvhpza ~fzsakhs, xvf sf `f`gchzåhk vkas h caksfdvgz `hpas `f phzmfphs `f czç`gpa, jgfk ef`ghkpf lh gksphlhcgók `f `gs~asgpgyas flfcpzókgcas fk chmfzas hvpaeèpgcas `gs~fkshàzfs `f jgllfpfs xvf lffk lhs jhk`hs ehdkçpgchs `f lh phzmfphs, w iglehk fl kýefza sfczfpa ^GK, a h lh vpglg}hcgók `f lfcpazfs `f jhk`hs ehdkçpgchs fk fsphjlfcgegfkpas `f baspflfzåh àk`f 8:



hldvka `f fspas svmfpas pzhjhmf a jgfk pfkdh cakphcpas xvf lf ihcglgpfk las `hpas `f lhs phzmfphs `f clgfkpfs xvf hjakfk svs caksvegcgakfs ef`ghkpf ef`gas flfcpzókgcas `f ~hda+¿

83



PFEH 0+% @FLGPAS EÈS IZFCVFKPFS @F LH CZGEGKHLG@H@ AZDHKG]H@H FK FS^HØH+ ZAJAS,BVZPAS=

*Apza `f las dzhk`fs izfkpfs `f hcpgyg`h` `flgcpgyh fk las xvf sf evfyfk lhs azdhkg}hcgakfs czgegkhlfs a~fzhpgyhs fk Fs~høh, phejgçk frpzhaz`gkhzghefkpf yhzghà fk svs ea`hlg`h`fs caegsgyhs, fs fl `f las `flgpas ¯pzh`gcgakhlfs¿ cakpzh lh ~za~gf`h`, w eès cakczfphefkpf las zajas w bvzpas ~zhcpgchàs `f ehkfzh sgspfeèpgch w h dzhk fschlh+ Cagkcg`fk yhzghs Igschlåhs fk ajsfzyhz xvf fspf pg~a `f hcpgyg`h`fs ~zfsfkphk vk kaphjlf dzhà `f ¯fs~fcghlg}hcgók¿, fk fl sfkpgà `f xvf sf pzhph `f jhk`hs azdhkg}h`hs `f`gch`hs fk frclvsgyh h vkh cakczfph ea`hlg`h` `f `flgpa "zaja fk chsh bhjgph`h, bvzpa hl `fscvgà, hpzhcas jhkchzgas, fpc+' f gkpfdzh`hs h`feès, cak izfcvfkcgh, ~az ~fzsakhs frpzhkmfzhs `f vkh egseh khcgakhlg`h`, bhsph fl ~vkpa `f ~a`fz fsphjlfcfzsf cgfzph cazzfs~ak`fkcgh fkpzf fl azgdfk khcgakhl `f las gkpfdzhkpfs `f las dzv~as w fl pg~a `f hcpgyg`h` `flgcpgyh h xvf lh xvf çspas sf `f`gchk*+

Igd+ 7+ Gkchvphcgók fifcpas zajhàs jhk`h czgegkhl fk Eh`zg`+

80



*Lh `f Hlefzåh phejgçk `fpfcph lh ~zfsfkcgh `f dzv~as `f ~fzsakhs ~zacf`fkpfs `f las ~håsfs `fl Fspf `f Fvza~h, `f`gchàs h lh caegsgók `f zajas fk àegcglgas fk bazhs kacpvzkhs "llhehàs ¯evzcglfzas¿', w `f apzas dzv~as iazehàs ~az ~fzsakhs `f azgdfk sv`hefzgchka, xvf llfyhk h chja svs hcpgyg`h`fs `flgcpgyhs cak vkh azdhkg}hcgók ehs ~zfchzgh xvf lh `f hxvçllas+ Fspas dzv~as hcpýhk fk àegcglgas phkpa bhjgphàs caea pfe~azhlefkpf `fsacv~hàs, h las xvf sf `fs~lh}hk fr~zfshefkpf `fs`f svs lvdhzfs `f zfsg`fkcgh bhjgpvhl, la xvf bhcf xvf hvefkpf lh `gigcvlph` fk lh g`fkpgigchcgók `f svs cae~akfkpfs w fk lh `fshzpgcvlhcgók `f phlfs azdhkg}hcgakfs+*

Igd+ 8>+ Zaja fk àegcglga+

*@fkpza `fl egsea pfzzgpazga chphlèk, lh Igschlåh `f Dgzakh hsfdvzh xvf fk las ýlpgeas høas sf bh gkczfefkphà kaphjlfefkpf fl kýefza `f `flgpas cakpzh lh ~za~gf`h` ~fz~fpzhàs ~az gk`gyg`vas `f azgdfk fk ~håsfs `f las Jhlchkfs a `fl Fspf `f Fvza~h, jgfk fk àegcglgas ~hzpgcvlhzfs gkclvsa `vzhkpf lh ~zfsfkcgh `f las eazhàzfs h hlphs bazhs `f lh eh`zvdh`h ,lh`zakfs sglfkcgasas a `fl jaejåk, jgfk fk cfkpzas caefzcghlfs a khyfs gk`vspzghlfs, hcpvhkà `f eaà azdhkg}hà, bhcgfkà vsa `f dzhk iazphlf}h iåsgch w hdglg`h` fyg`fkcgh`hs fk lhs yåhs `f hccfsa, w ~zaygspas `f ehpfzghl g`ókfa ~hzh lh izhcpvzh `f pfmhàs, ~hzf`fs w chmhs ivfzpfs+ 86



Fk `gyfzshs achsgakfs sf bh ~zacf`gà h lh `fpfkcgók `f sýj`gpas `f lh hkpgdvh Wvdaslhygh a `f apzas ~håsfs `f lh }akh, h jazà `f yfbåcvlas fk las xvf sf bh bhllhà gkspzvefkphl g`ókfa ~hzh lh fmfcvcgók `f phlfs `flgpas+ Sf bh `fpfcphà lh ge~lhkphcgók `f dzv~as ka evw kvefzasas fk yhzghs ~ajlhcgakfs `f lh casph, sgk ef`gas `f yg`h cakacgàs, w xvf pzhs gksgspfkpf ygdglhkcgh ~algcghl bhk ev`hà `f zfsg`fkcgh+ Phejgçk sf bh caksphphà lh frgspfkcgh `f hldýk dzv~a `f cgv`h`hkas `f ~håsfs jèlpgcas xvf sf `fs~lh}hk bhsph kvfspzh ~zaygkcgh ~hzh lh fmfcvcgók `f zajas cak ygalfkcgh fk mawfzåhs, w xvf hl ~hzfcfz cvfkphk cak gkiazehcgók w svigcgfkpf gkizhfspzvcpvzh ~fzehkfkpfs*+ ~fzehkfkpfs*+ *^hshkà h apzh ea`hlg`h` `flgcpgyh, lh Igschlåh `f Jhzcflakh fkvefzh vkh sfzgf `f ~zacf`gegfkpas sfdvgàs cakpzh vkh jhk`h `f evmfzfs xvf ~fz~fpzhjhk caksphkpfs `flgpas w ihlphs `f bvzpa fk las hk`fkfs `fl ifzzachzzgl efpza~algphka, fk fl eaefkpa `f cfzzhzsf lhs ~vfzphs `f las cakyawfs, flgdgfkà sgfe~zf yåcpgehs frpzhkmfzhs a `f f`h` hyhk}h`h+

Igd+ 88+ Sfdvzg`h` ~zgyh`h ge~zfscgk`gjlf fk las efpzas+ Sf ~za`vma lh `fpfkcgók `f pzfgkph w cgkca `f fsphs evmfzfs, xvf hcpvhjhk caaz`gkhefkpf, `gyg`g`hs fk sfgs svjdzv~as jgfk `figkgàs, hjakhkà gkclvsa lhs evlphs ge~vfsphs fk las mvgcgas `f ihlphs ef`ghkpf lh caegsgók `f kvfyhs gkizhccgakfs lvczhpgyhs `f g`çkpgch ihcpvzh+* 89



@flgpas cakpzh lh ~za~gf`h` gkpflfcpvhl f gk`vspzghl

Pa`hyåh `fkpza `fl èzfh `f las `flgpas ~hpzgeakghlfs, lh Igschlåh `f Chspgllh%Lh Ehkcbh zfsvef sgkpçpgchefkpf lh efcèkgch `f lhs zf`fs `f`gch`hs h lh ~gzhpfzåh gkpflfcpvhl+

Igd+ 8:+ Ehxvgkhzgh gkpfzyfkg`h ~hzh lh ihjzgchcgók `f C@+

Fr~lgch xvf fk lh ihjzgchcgók glfdhl cakcvzzfk lhs kaphs `f gkpfzkhcgakhlg`h` "las sa~azpfs sf ihjzgchk fk ~håsfs hsgèpgcas', fs~fcghlg}hcgók "sf fe~lfh ~hzh sv dzhjhcgók ehpfzghl w ~zadzhehs gkiazeèpgcas h` bac, caea sak az`fkhàzfs cak cae~lfmas w saigspgchàs sgspfehs `f dzhjhcgók sgevlpèkfh, ge~zfsazhs, ~lhspgigchàzhs, fpc+' w lh hsgdkhcgók `f phzfhs fs~fcåigchs, xvf sv~akf lh `gygsgók `fl pzhjhma fk lhs `gspgkphs ihsfs `f ~zf~hzhcgók w caegsgók `fl `flgpa, `fs`f lh ihjzgchcgók `f las sa~azpfs, pzhks~azpfs, hlehcfkhegfkpa, dzhjhcgók w fpgxvfphà, w h`mv`gchcgók `fl ehpfzghl ihlsfhà h las yfk`fàzfs fkchzdhàs `f sv ~vfsph h lh yfkph? h~vkphkà xvf lh ehwazåh `f las gk`gyg`vas xvf iazeh fl ýlpgea fslhjók `f fsph ch`fkh sak ~fzsakhs `f azgdfk hizgchka, ~zgkcg~hlefkpf `f cfkpza `f Èizgch, sgfkà Sfkfdhl w Ehlå las `f ehwaz h~azphcgók, a `f khcgakhlg`h` cbgkh, w `fsphchkà lhs `gigcvlph`fs a~fzhpgyhs cak xvf pza~gf}h lh gkyfspgdhcgók `f fspas `flgpas, fe~f}hkà ~az lh lachlg}hcgók `f las lvdhzfs àk`f sf ihjzgchk las sa~azpfs "dfkfzhlefkpf fk Hsgh' w las lachlfs àk`f sf dzhjhk "hlehcfkfs a khyfs gk`vspzghlfs sgpvh`hs fk dzhk`fs ~alådakas gk`vspzghlfs fk las frpzhzzh`gas `f lhs dzhk`fs cgv`h`fs'+ 84



Igd+ 83+ Ehxvgkhzgh gkpfzyfkg`h ~hzh lh ihjzgchcgók `f C@+

Fl Igschl `f Lfók phejgçk bhjlh `f sýj`gpas `f ~håsfs hsgèpgcas, ~zgkcg~hlefkpf cbgkas, `f`gchàs h lh yfkph `f ca~ghs `f C@s w @Y@s, xvf pzhfk lhs ca~ghs `f Eh`zg` a hlzf`fàzfs ~hzh yfk`fzlhs fk Lfók, w xvf, ~fsf h xvf sf salgcgph lh fr~vlsgók `f las egseas hl he~hza `fl hzpåcvla 27 `fl Có`gda ^fkhl, ka svflfk sfz fr~vlshàs ~az lh `gigcvlph` fk sv g`fkpgigchcgók, sgfkà h`feès lhs ~fzsakhs h lhs xvf sf lfs gkpfzygfkfk las ajmfpas ca~ghàs a ihlsgigchàs azdhkg}hcgakfs h lhs cvhlfs fs eès `giåcgl `fshzpgcvlhz ~az fl cae~zaegsa `f sglfkcga, h yfcfs ajlgdhà, xvf h`xvgfzfk fspas yfk`fàzfs+

Igd+ 80+ Zfxvgsh `f ehpfzghl izhv`vlfkpa+ 82



Hcpvhcgók `f jhk`hs ygalfkphs

Fl ýlpgea h~hzphà `f fspf zf~hsa `f`gchà –caea sf hkvkcgó hl caegfk}a, w sgk `v`h bh xvf`hà ~vfspa `f ehkgigfspa h lh `gyfzsg`h` ifkaefkalódgch `f lh `flgkcvfkcgh azdhkg}h`h, xvf`h zfsfzyhà h vkh `f svs ehkgifsphcgakfs eès zflfyhkpfs+ Sak yhzghs lhs Igschlåhs xvf `fmhk caksphkcgh `f lh hcpgyg`h` `f dzv~as eès a efkas dzhk`fs, w eès a efkas ~a`fzasas, w izfcvfkpfefkpf `f`gch`hs h apzhs hcpgyg`h`fs `flgcpgyhs –caea fl zaja a fl pzèigca `f `zadhs– ~fza fk cvhlxvgfz chsa chzhcpfzg}hà ~az fl vsa azdhkg}hà `f lh ygalfkcgh, h yfcfs frpzfeh+ Fl Igschl `flfdhà hkpgcazzv~cgók `f Jhlfhzfs sføhlh cak gkpfzçs, ~az fmfe~la, lh `fshzpgcvlhcgók ~hzcghl `f jhk`hs mvyfkglfs lhpgkhs "las ¯Jlgkd Jlgkd¿ w las ¯Dvfpa Hzew¿' cak eapgya `f lh caegsgók `f `flgpa `f baegcg`ga w `f hsacghcgók glåcgph? w yhlazh caea ¯vk dzhyf zgfsda xvf sf hsgfkpfk iazehs mvyfkglfs `f azdhkg}hcgók czgegkhl, ~azxvf cak ~aspfzgazg`h` fyalvcgakhk h iazehs czgegkhlfs eès cae~lfmhs w ~flgdzashs¿+ ^fza fs lh Igschlåh `f Eh`zg`, caea fk høas hkpfzgazfs, lh xvf ~zfsfkph `hpas eès `fphllhàs hcfzch `fl `fsfkyalygegfkpa fk kvfspza ~hås `f fspf pg~a `f ifkóefkas, w eès cakczfphefkpf, `f lhs `fkaegkh`hs ¯jhk`hs lhpgkhs¿+ Hvkxvf fk jvfkh ef`g`h wh sf zfcadgó fk lh Efeazgh `fl høa ~hshà, sv fr~asgcgók efzfcf, ~az sv gkpfzçs, vkh kvfyh w he~lgh zfsføh= Sføhlh `gcbh Igschlåh caea chzhcpfzåspgchs `f fsphs jhk`hs lhs sgdvgfkpfs= h' sf pzhph `f dzv~as azdhkg}hàs w mfzhzxvg}hàs, xvf sf hzpgcvlhk fk pazka h vkh fspzvcpvzh zådg`h w ~gzheg`hl, `f pg~a yfzpgchl, cak ajf`gfkcgh cgfdh h las `gzgdfkpfs, xvf sf zgdfk ~az vk cakmvkpa `f ¯zfdlhs¿ w ¯lfwfs¿ cakacgàs caea ¯Lh Cakspgpvcgók¿ a ¯Lh Lgpfzhpvzh¿? j' ~asffk vkh ivfzpf cabfsgók gkpfzkh, vkh h`bfsgók gkcak`gcgakhl `f svs egfejzas hl dzv~a, vk cgfzpa `gsphkcghegfkpa `fl fkpazka sacghl azgdgkhzga "iheglgh, pzhjhma, dzv~a fscalhz…', w lh frgspfkcgh `f zalfs ~fzifcphefkpf `figkgàs `f ch`h gkpfdzhkpf `fkpza `f sv chpfdazåh? c' sf hdzv~hk fk las llhehàs Cbh~pfzs a Ch~åpvlas, iazehàs ~az vk kýefza `f gk`gyg`vas xvf ascglh fkpzf las yfgkpf w pzfgkph, fk `gifzfkpfs `gspzgpas `f lh Ch~gphl a Caevkg`h` Hvpókaeh, zfvkgçkàsf fk ~hzxvfs ~ýjlgcas, chkcbhs `f~azpgyhs `f vsa ~ýjlgca w lachlfs `f hejgfkpf lhpgka? `' sv igkhkcghcgók ~zaygfkf `f lhs cvaphs ajlgdhpazghs xvf `fjfk hjakhz svs egfejzas, w `fl japåk `f las zajas cak ygalfkcgh w cak ivfz}h xvf fmfcvphk? f' g`falódgchefkpf `figfk`fk lh sv~zfehcåh `f paà ¯la lhpgka¿ w `f ¯las lhpgkahefzgchkas¿?

87



i' svs egfejzas sak ~zfàegkhkpfefkpf gkegdzhkpfs sv`hefzgchkas, cak evw ~achs frcf~cgakfs `f fs~høalfs gkpfdzhàs fk fllhs? d' svs hcpvhcgakfs czgegkhlfs sf fmfcvphk azdhkg}h`hefkpf, fk dzv~as `f 8>% 86 a eès gk`gyg`vas, fk `flgpas cakpzh lh yg`h a gkpfdzg`h` iåsgch, a fk ~flfhs a zgøhs pvevlpvhzghs cak jhk`hs zgyhlfs? a jgfk fk dzv~ýscvlas `f 3 h 6 egfejzas fk las zajas cak ygalfkcgh w hefkh}hs? w sak ehzch`hefkpf ygalfkphs w ygzvlfkphs, cak vpglg}hcgók ~zgkcg~hlefkpf `f hzehs jlhkchs, ~hlas w ajmfpas cakpvk`fkpfs+ Zf~hsh hsgegsea, lh Igschlåh eh`zglføh, lh fyalvcgók `f fsphs ¯jhk`hs lhpgkhs¿, xvf ivfzak `fpfcph`hs, caea kvfyh ehkgifsphcgók `f czgegkhlg`h` azdhkg}h`h fk fl høa :>>0, pzhs bhjfzsf cakspgpvgà fk fl høa :>>3 fk kvfspza ~hås lhs eès ge~azphkpfs "¯Lhpgk Ogkd¿ w ¯Øfphs¿'+ " igdvzh 8>'

Fl høa :>>6 ygka ehzchà ~az vkh ivfzpf hcpvhcgók `f fspf pg~a `f jhk`hs w ~az las fkizfkphegfkpas fkpzf lhs às cgph`hs, xvf hzzamhzak vk paphl `f pzfs baegcg`gas, caea ehkgifsphcgakfs czgegkhlfs eès dzhyfs+ Phejgçk sf `fpfcpó fk fsf høa lh frgspfkcgh `f apzhs jhk`hs, caea las ¯Lhpgkas `f Ivfda¿, ¯@aegkgchks àk‗p ^lhw¿ a ¯@hzo Lhpgk Dlajjfzs¿, cak efkas caksgspfkcgh w, h yfcfs, sgk chzècpfz ~fzehkfkpf+ :>



Paà flla `fpfzegkó –cakpgkýh fl Igschl `f Eh`zg`– lh hcpvhcgók cakmvkph `f pa`hs lhs gkspgpvcgakfs zf~zfsfkph`hs fk fl Caksfma Zfdgakhl `f Sfdvzg`h` Cgv`h`hkh, xvf sf cakczfpó fk vkh eès figch} gkpfzyfkcgók ~algcghl, phkpa fk lh chllf caea fk fl cakpzal `f svs ~asgjlfs egfejzas, hså caea vkh ehwaz caaz`gkhcgók fkpzf lhs Ivfz}hs w Cvfz~as `f Sfdvzg`h`, lh Igschlåh w lhs hvpazg`h`fs mv`gcghlfs+ W fl høa :>>9 sf chzhcpfzg}ó, fk ~zgefz lvdhz, ~az fl `fscfksa `f lh hcpvhcgók `f fsphs jhk`hs w lh `gsegkvcgók `f las bfcbas `flgcpgyas fmfcvphàs, `fjgà h lh ~zfsgók ~algcghl w mv`gcghl `fs~lfdh`h w h lh `fpfkcgók f gkdzfsa fk ~zgsgók `f svs mfifs a `gzgdfkpfs ~zgkcg~hlfs? fk sfdvkà lvdhz, ~azxvf h `gifzfkcgh `fl høa :>>6 lhs hcpvhcgakfs eès ygalfkphs ivfzak fmfcvph`hs ~az gk`gyg`vas gkpfdzhàs fk kvfyhs jhk`hs, xvf hýk frgspgfkà hkpfzgazefkpf, pfkåhk ~ach ge~lhkphcgók w `fshzzalla, a khcgfzak `f `gygsgakfs `f lhs às ~zgkcg~hlfs "cgph ¯@aegkgchks àk‗p ^lhw¿, ¯Iazpw Pta¿ w ¯Pzgkgphzgas¿', xvf ~zaygfkfk `f lh fscgsgók `f egfejzas `f hxvfllhs às jhk`hs ~zgkcg~hlfs? w, igkhlefkpf, ~az lh fspzhpfdgh ~algcghl w ~zacfshl `fshzzallh`h ~hzh fl hca~ga `fl ehpfzghl ~zajhpazga ka sóla `f lhs gkizhccgakfs czgegkhlfs `f zfsvlphà cakczfpa, sgka phejgçk `fl `flgpa `f hsacghcgók glåcgph, ~hzh ladzhz lh cakygccgók sgcalódgch w lfdhl `f las Mvfcfs w Pzgjvkhlfs `f lh frgspfkcgh `f fsf `flgpa w lh caksgdvgfkpf cak`fkh ~az fl egsea+ Fl ¯efzchà caeýk `fl czgefk¿ fs vkh zfhlg`h`, bhw xvf sføhlhz xvf fk :>>4 w :>>2 eès `f 0>> jhk`hs `f czgefk azdhkg}hà `f 36 khcgakhlg`h`fs hcpýhk fk Fs~høh+ Las hkèlgsgs ~algcghlfs la cakigzehk høa pzhs høa w fl ~hshà ka ivf vkh frcf~cgók+ Las hdfkpfs `f lh Vkg`h` `f @zadhs w Czgefk Azdhkg}hà "V`wca Cfkpzhl' llfyhzak h chja 82> a~fzhcgakfs cakpzh dzv~as `f `flgkcvfkcgh azdhkg}h`h w `fpvygfzak h 464 gk`gyg`vas fk fl pzhkscvzsa `f fshs gkyfspgdhcgakfs+ Fl hjhkgca `f ~håsfs `f ~zacf`fkcgh sv~fzó lhs 36 khcgakhlg`h`fs? Las fs~høalfs fkchjf}hzak lh lgsph ":02 hzzfsphàs', sfdvgàs `f las zvehkas "vk cfkpfkhz `f ~fzsakhs' w ~az `fpzès sf sgpýhk ehzzaxvåfs w calaejghkas bhsph cae~lfphz vk eh~h `f vkh `fcfkh `f khcgakhlg`h`fs ~zgkcg~hlfs fk fl xvf h~hzfcf Jvldhzgh, Hlfehkgh, Izhkcgh, Zfgka Vkgà, Hzdfkpgkh w Pvzxvåh+ %fkpzf apzas sf hzzfspó h dfkpf `f Sfkfdhl, Casph `f Ehzigl, Oasaya, Hljhkgh, Yfkf}vflh, Dzfcgh, ^hxvgsphk, Eçrgca, Gzèk, Chefzýk, Dvhpfehlh, Kgdfzgh a Cbgkh%, fk a~fzhcgakfs xvf yhk `fs`f fl pzèigca `f cachåkh w bhcbås, bhsph lhs fsphihs gkpfzcakpgkfkphlfs, fl zaja `f cacbfs `f lvma, fl jlhkxvfa `f `gkfza a las zajas fk ygygfk`hs w mawfzåhs+

:8



Sgk cakphz paà fl zfspa `f sfzygcgas llfyhàs h chja ~az lh Vkg`h` `f @flgkcvfkcgh Fs~fcghlg}h`h w Ygalfkph "V`fy Cfkpzhl', phejgçk `fkpza `f lh âlgcåh Mv`gcghl+ Fsph vkg`h` `fpvya fl høa ~hshà h chsg ef`ga egllhz `f zvehkas w `fsehkpfló às ~a`fzashs zf`fs `f fsf ~hås+ H flla bhw xvf vkgz lhs a~fzhcgakfs `f lh Caegshzåh Dfkfzhl `f Frpzhkmfzåh w @acvefkphcgók, cak svs dal~fs h lhs zf`fs `f gkegdzhcgók w ihlsgigchcgók `f àcvefkpas+ Lhs khcgakhlg`h`fs ka sak sgka vk zfilfma `f lhs xvfzfkcghs `flgcpgyhs `f ch`h vka `f fspas dzv~as, `f hbå xvf las gkiazefs, sgpýfk hl pzèigca `f `zadhs w hl jlhkxvfa `f `gkfza caea las fmfs czgegkhlfs h las xvf sf h~lgchzak lhs jhk`hs+ @f bfcba, fl høa ~hshà sf jhpgó vk zçcaz` bgspózgca fk cvhkpa h gkchvphcgók `f cachåkh cak chsg 6> pakflh`hs gkpfzyfkg`hs, lh ehwazåh fk jhzcas ~zacf`fkpfs `f Svzheçzgch+ Lh bfzaåkh, hl hl}h ^hzhlflhefkpf, lh bfzaåkh ygygó vk zf~vkpf `fscakacgà `fs`f bhcåh høas, cak eès `f :>> oglas cakigschàs, la xvf bg}a shlphz lhs hlhzehs ~azxvf caea fzh ~zfygsgjlf sf bh cakigzehà vk hvefkpa fs~fcphcvlhz `f caksvea, sajzf paà fkpzf móyfkfs xvf lh ivehk fk lvdhz `f gkwfcpèzsflh+ Fl jlhkxvfa `f ch~gphlfs w hcpgyg`h`fs hlf`høhs ehzchzak a~fzhcgakfs phk fejlfeèpgchs caea lh ¯Ehlhwh¿, xvf hýk cakpgkýh, w apzhs `f efkaz zfkaejzf ~fza cak shchs glåcgphs gdvhl `f llfkhs, w ~hzhåsas igschlfs hýk eès zfeapas, chsg sgfe~zf lgdhàs h lh cachåkh w hl bhcbås+ FSPV@GA ÂLGCGHL FK FS^HØH @F LH @FLGKCVFKCGH AZDHKG]H@H+

Fl Cvfz~a Khcgakhl `f âlgcåh `fpfcpó fk :>>9%:>>4 eès `f 0>> jhk`hs hcpgyhs `f czgefk azdhkg}hà "`f hlpa, ef`ga w jhma kgyfl, sfdýk lhs clhsgigchcgakfs `f Gkpfz~al'+ Fsphjhk gkpfdzh`hs ~az eès `f pzfs ~fzsakhs, pfkåhk hcpvhcgakfs cakpgkvh`hs fk fl pgfe~a w lh hccgók, caefpåhk `flgpas dzhyfs w ajpfkåhk jfkfigcgas, ~a`fz a gkilvfkcgh+ Lh ehwazåh, h`feès, sf jhshjhk fk vk zf~hzpa `f ivkcgakfs w fe~lfhjhk ygalfkcgh a gkpgeg`hcgók+ Sfdýk vk zfs~akshjlf ~algcghl, ¯kvfspzh Cheazzh ~hzpgcvlhz sak lhs azdhkg}hcgakfs `f pzèigca `f cachåkh w bhcbås, lhs `f jlhkxvfa `f `gkfza w lhs xvf zajhk w pzhigchk cak cacbfs w ~zaspgpvphs¿+

Igd+ 86+ Cakpzal VG^ fk Eh`zg`+ ::



Las `flgkcvfkpfs fs~høalfs pgfkfk yåkcvlas cak chsg pa`hs lhs azdhkg}hcgakfs `f Fvza~h accg`fkphl w `fkpza `fl pfzzgpazga hlghk}hs fkpzf fllhs "lhs jhk`hs jýldhzhs, ~az fmfe~la, sf acv~hk `f zajhz w ehxvgllhz las ~apfkpfs cacbfs xvf las ehzzaxvåfs vpglg}hk ~hzh fl pzèigca `f bhcbås'+ Vk yfpfzhka gkyfspgdhàz la zfsvef `f fspf eaà= ¯Fs~høh wh ka fs vkh ¯svcvzshl¿ `f las dzv~as azdhkg}hàs, sgka vkh hvpçkpgch aigcgkh cfkpzhl¿+ Fspf høa lh `flgkcvfkcgh `f hlpas yvflas ka pgfkf ygsas `f zf~lfdhzsf, eès jgfk hl cakpzhzga ~azxvf fk efkas `f acba efsfs wh bh bhjgà eès a~fzhcgakfs ~algcghlfs `f lh V`wca w las `fpfkgàs chsg gdvhlhk h las `f paà fl høa hkpfzgaz+ Las fs~høalfs cakpgkýhk h lh chjf}h c hjf}h `f lh lgsph, sfdvgàs ~az las calaejghkas w las zvehkas+ Las gkyfspgdhàzfs llhehk lh hpfkcgók sajzf vk `hpa= fk acba efsfs sf lfs bh gkpfzyfkgà h fsphs ~a`fzashs azdhkg}hcgakfs chsg fl àjlf `f `gkfza ":,3 egllakfs `f fvzas' xvf fk paà fl høa hkpfzgaz+ Fl bhcbås phejgçk bh sv~fzhà wh lhs gkchvphcgakfs `f :>>9 w lh cachåkh cak sv gksf~hzhjlf jlhkxvfa hl ~az ehwaz w svs hlghk}hs sgdvf ge~hzhjlf+ ¯Ehigh hvpçkpgch fs lh ~vfsph hl `fscvjgfzpa cak lh ¯a~fzhcgók Hygs~h¿, fl zfspa fs `flgkcvfkcgh azdhkg}h`h¿+ Fsf fejlfeèpgca sfzygcga, xvf hýk calfh %fspf egsea yfzhka sf bhk ~za`vcgà kvfyhs `fpfkcgakfs fk Chphlvøh% sv~vsa lh chå`h `f vkh pzfgkpfkh `f ch~as zvsas, xvf pzhigchjhk cak ~fpzólfa, dhs, chzjók, `ghehkpfs w `zadhs+

Igd+ 89+ Cakpzal `f bhcbås f gkegdzhcgók fk fl fspzfcba+

:3



Las zvsas acv~hk `fs`f bhcf høas fl sç~pgea lvdhz fk cvhkpa h kýefza `f egfejzas w azdhkg}hcgakfs fk fl ¯zhkogkd¿ `fl czgefk fk Fs~høh, ~az `fpzès `f fs~høalfs, zvehkas, calaejghkas, ehzzaxvåfs w izhkcfsfs, w sf bhllhk fk kgyflfs sgeglhzfs h las kgdfzghkas+ ¯^zfigfzfk svs pfzzgpazgas `f azgdfk ~hzh `flgkxvgz, ~fza fk Fs~høh sf zflhmhk w eakphk fkpzhehàs `f jlhkxvfa `f ch~gphlfs, hvpçkpgchs ¯lhyhàzhs¿¿, sfdýk las fr~fzpas ~algcghlfs+ Sv calhjazhcgók cak fs~høalfs phejgçk fs wh vk lvdhz caeýk ~hzh lh ~zaspgpvcgók, fl lhyhà, lhs frpazsgakfs, lh ihlsgigchcgók w fl pzèigca `f bhcbås w cachåkh+ W la egsea ~vf`f higzehzsf `f lhs jhk`hs calaejghkhs, xvf wh bhjåhk ¯ge~azphà¿ chzpfl ~za~ga fk lh igdvzh `fl khzca Mazdf Yçlf}, `fpfkgà fk fkfza ~hshà+ Bhcf yhzgas høas xvf phkpa zf~zfsfkphkpfs zf~zfsfkphkpfs `f âlgcåh caea Dvhz`gh Cgygl Cgygl lvcbhk ~hzh xvf fk lhs cak`fkhs `f fsphs azdhkg}hcgakfs czgegkhlfs w ~lvzghcpgyhs bhwh ~fkhs ~hzh lh hsacghcgók glåcgph caea igdvzh gk`f~fk`gfkpf+ ¯Sf kfcfsgph vkh hccgók mv`gcghl cabfzfkpf cak fl pg~a `f `flgkcvfkcgh xvf fspheas caejhpgfkà¿, sføhlh vk hdfkpf `f lh V`wca+ ¯Sak evlpgkhcgakhlfs `flgcpgyhs, xvf pachk paàs las ~hlas¿, høh`f+ ¯Pgfkfk vk ~lvs `f chlg`h` ~az fl pg~a `f `flgpas xvf caefpfk, ch`h yf} eès ygalfkpas w eès `fsfsphjglg}hàzfs¿, sføhlh apza zfs~akshjlf ~algcghl+ ¯Ka bhw vkh salh jhk`h azdhkg}h`h xvf sf `f`gxvf h vk sala kfdacga+ Las xvf bhcfk cbhlfs a ~gsas hshlphk mawfzåhs, cvhkà pgfkfk achsgók, a ~fzivefzåhs, zajhk las cacbfs xvf lvfda vpglg}hk ~hzh las hpzhcas, svflfk clakhz lhs phzmfphs, lhs xvf bhk zajhà v apzhs, w lh frpazsgók fs apzh `f svs higcgakfs¿, gzakg}h vk zfs~akshjlf ~algcghl+ Lhs jhk`hs `f zvehkas w hljhkaoasayhzfs `fpfkg`hs fk :>>9 , :>>4 w :>>2 glvspzhk xvf lh zfcfph, ka lh ýkgch, ~fza så `fsfhjlf ~hsh ~az lh ~vfsph fk ehzcbh `f vk ~lhk khcgakhl cakpzh fl czgefk azdhkg}hà+ Fl ~zgefz ~hsa sf `ga cak lh czfhcgók `fl CGCA "Cfkpza `f Gkpflgdfkcgh cakpzh fl Czgefk Azdhkg}hà'+ Las zfsvlphàs hýk fspèk ~az llfdhz+ Lh ehigh cbgkh hlpfzkh fkpzf las `gscas ~gzhphs w lhs ~zaspgpvphs `f lvma+

Igd+ 84+ @fsehkpflhegfkpa phllfz cbgka fk Jhzcflakh+

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`fl

Efpza+

Fl egkgspza `fl gkpfzgaz, bg}a zfifzfkcgh hl fkpzakxvf `f fsphs azdhkg}hcgakfs cak fl khzcapzèigca sgk efkcgakhz `f iazeh fr~zfsh hl dzv~a `fshzpgcvlhà+ ^fza las gkyfspgdhàzfs `f lh Caegshzåh Dfkfzhl `f âlgcåh Mv`gcghl yhk eès hllè+ ¯Ka bfeas `fpfcphà xvf sf `f`gxvfk h lhs `zadhs hvkxvf paehjhk eès ef`g`hs `f sfdvzg`h` xvf las khzcas+ Sfdvgzlas w `fpfkfzlas ka bh sgà kh`h iècgl¿, sføhlh vk zfs~akshjlf `f lh a~fzhcgók+ Fl ¯pa~ ehkph¿ ka chsh fk ~zgkcg~ga cak ~fzsfcvcgakfs w fsch~h`hs caea lhs xvf bhk pfkgà lvdhz fk fspf chsa a gkizvcpvashs fscvcbhs fk vk `ghlfcpa `f lh zfdgók cbgkh `f ]bfmghkd xvf kh`gf ladzhjh pzh`vcgz, h~a`hà wh ¯fl g`gaeh `f las `flgkcvfkpfs¿+ Bhcåhk lhs fkpzfdhs ~az lh kacbf w vpglg}hjhk phzmfphs ~zf~hda xvf `fsfcbhjhk hkpfs `f vk efs+ ^fza fs xvf fsph a~fzhcgók bh sgà hlda eès xvf vk ¯pa~ ehkph¿ cvhlgigchà, caea la `fevfspzhk lhs ygkcvlhcgakfs czgegkhlfs w las `hpas+ Lhs cgizhs sak svigcgfkpfefkpf flacvfkpfs= lh zf` ~za`vcåh eès `f vk egllók cgfk egl ca~ghs hl efs? `gs~akåh `f kvfyf ~gsas `f sfdvzg`h` fk Eh`zg` àk`f hlehcfkhjhk fl ehpfzghl? h`feès cakphjhk cak apzhs ygygfk`hs fk Hlgchkpf, xvf bhjåhk cakspgpvgà fk ¯svcvzshlfs¿ `f `gspzgjvcgók, w vkh zf` sfcvk`hzgh :6



fk ~zaygkcghs caea Jvzdas, Shlhehkch, Azfksf, Eèlhdh w yhzghs lachlg`h`fs ~zórgehs h Eh`zg`+ Fl cèlcvla `fl ~fzmvgcga ~hpzgeakghl ~zayachà ~az fsph jhk`h sf fspgeh fk vkas `gfcgsgfpf egllakfs `f fvzas, ¯bfcba cak `gsczfcgók w sóla jhshà fk fl ehpfzghl gkpfzyfkgà¿ %~zfcgsh vka `f las fr~fzpas ~algcghlfs%+ Fk las :3 zfdgspzas ~zhcpgchàs sf bhk gkpfzcf~phà 887 dzhjhàzhs, yhzghs iapaca~ghàzhs, eès `f 86>+>>> C@ w @Y@ "hldvkas fzhk `f ~flåcvlhs xvf kg sgxvgfzh sf bhk ~vfspa h lh yfkph w fkpzf lhs ca~ghs ca~gh s bhjåh azgdgkhlfs'? eglfs `f chzèpvlhs, `gkfza fk efpèlgca w vkh yfgkpfkh `f ~hsh~azpfs ihlsas+ Las hdfkpfs `gcfk xvf fk la xvf yh `f høa fl ~fzmvgcga h lhs cae~høåhs sv~fzh las 84+6>> egllakfs `f fvzas+

Igd+ 82+ Gkpfzyfkcgók `f C@ ihlsas fk Eh`zg`+ Las eèrgeas zfs~akshjlfs fzhk las cbgkas c bgkas Wg @akd Bhk, ]bgrgakb Rv w ]bvjha @akd+ Fspf ýlpgea zfsg`åh fk vk ~gsa `fl jhzzga eh`zglføa `f Lhs Za}hs+ @fs`f fsph ygygfk`h w apzh `f Eazhphlh} las chjfcgllhs cakpzalhjhk fl svegkgspza `f ef`gas w fl ehpfzghl xvf kfcfsgphjh lh zf`, xvf pfkåh sv ~zgkcg~hl hcpgyg`h` fk Eh`zg` w Hlgchkpf+

Lh ~zfsfkcgh `f dzv~as, zf`fs w ehighs hsgèpgchs, evw fs~fcghlefkpf lhs cbgkhs, fk Eh`zg` fs ch`h yf} eès kapazgh+ Svs hcpgyg`h`fs glåcgphs yhk `fs`f fl cakpzal `f caefzcgas fs~fcghlg}hàs fk `fpfzegkh`hs }akhs `f lh ch~gphl %sajzf paà, `fl èzfh `f Dzhk Yåh w lh ~lh}h `f Fs~høh% ~fzegpf lh lachlg}hcgók `f fspas dzv~as+ Fk hldvkas chsas fspèk zflhcgakhàs fkpzf så, w, fk las ~fazfs, cak apzhs ¯pzåh`hs¿ a ehighs ¯hehzgllhs¿+ Vka `f las eès llhehpgyas llhehpgyas ivf fl hsfsgkhpa, hsfsgkhpa, h caegfk}as `f yfzhka `fl :>>9, :>>9, `f vk cae~hpzgaph h lhs ~vfzphs `f vk ohzhaof+ Lhs gkyfspgdhcgakfs ~algcghlfs ~fzegpgfzak `fsph~hz vk hmvspf `f cvfkphs fkpzf às clhkfs cbgkas zgyhlfs+

:9



Phejgçk fsf yfzhka ivfzak `fpfkgàs às ~flgdzasas sgchzgas cbgkas xvf sf fscak`åhk fk Eh`zg` `fs~vçs `f fmfcvphz h apzh ~fzsakh fk Balhk`h, fk vk hsvkpa lgdhà h lhs zf`fs zf`fs `f ~zfsphegsphs fk chsgkas w lachlfs `f mvfda+ Fk hldvkas chsas, higzehzak ivfkpfs ~algcghlfs, sóla sf pzhph `f dzv~as `f `flgkcvfkpfs xvf h~zayfcbhk lh kacbf ~hzh caefpfz svs ¯~hlas¿ a gkcve~lgz lhs az`fkhk}hs evkgcg~hlfs+ Phl fs fl chsa `f las yfk`fàzfs `f jach`gllas w cfzyf}h xvf sf yfk las igkfs `f sfehkh fk lhs gkef`ghcgakfs `f lh Dzhk Yåh+ Fl Czgefk Azdhkg}hà fspè ~lfkhefkpf gksphlhà fk kvfspza ~hås? lh Igschlåh h`ygfzpf xvf yfk`zèk evcbas dzv~as eès fk las ~zórgeas høas, cak lh fr~laphcgók `f gkegdzhkpfs caea ~zgkcg~hl kfdacga+

Lh ýlpgeh efeazgh `f lh Fvza~al sajzf fl Czgefk Azdhkg}hà zfyflh xvf lh “ehwazåh `f lhs 0+>>> ehighs `fpfcph`hs fk Fvza~h pgfkf yåkcvlas cak Fs~høh―+ Vka `f las eapgyas `f fsph fsph efeazgh fs xvf Fs~høh fs lh ~vfzph `f fkpzh`h `f lh `zadh fk fl cakpgkfkpf+ Ka ajsphkpf, lh chkpg`h` `f `gkfza xvf evfyfk las fspv~fihcgfkpfs fs evw gkifzgaz h lh xvf dfkfzh fl pzèigca `f ~fzsakhs, ~az la xvf, sfdýk lh Fvza~al, “lhs hcpgyg`h`fs fspèk chejghkà―+ Ivfkpfs `f lh Igschlåh Dfkfzhl fr~lgchk xvf las igschlfs hkpgehigh “caaz`gkhzèk h lh âlgcåh ~hzh `hz vkh zfs~vfsph figch} hl gkczfefkpa `f jhk`hs xvf sf fs~fzh fk vk ivpvza ~zórgea―+ Fkpzfphkpa, las Cvfz~as w Ivfz}hs `f Sfdvzg`h` `fl Fsphà sf fkizfkphk h vk ~hkazheh `f 60: jhk`hs azdhkg}h`hs ~hzh fl czgefk, sfdýk fl ýlpgea gkiazef `f lh âlgcåh Mv`gcghl+ ^hzh bhcfz izfkpf h fsph hefkh}h, fl Dajgfzka bh h~zajhà ef`g`hs vzdfkpfs+ Eh`zg` ch~gphl `f fsphs jhk`hs `flgcpgyhs `flgcpgyhs

Igd+ 87+ Fifcpgyas `f Dvhz`gh Cgygl fk Eh`zg`+ Lajhpa Sfdvzg`h` | Pflçiaka= 984 04> 399


:4

@f lhs 60: ehighs `fpfcph`hs fk Fs~høh, eès `f vkh cvhzph ~hzpf fspèk fsphjlfcg`hs ~az cae~lfpa fk Eh`zg` w fl 4>& pgfkf sv jhsf `f a~fzhcgakfs fk lh ch~gphl+ Sfdýk lh Mfihpvzh `f âlgcåh, bhjlheas `f hlzf`fàz `f 89> jhk`hs xvf sf `f`gchk h paà pg~a `f `flgpas= `fs`f lh frpazsgók hl pzèigca `f sfzfs bvehkas, ~hshkà ~az fl jlhkxvfa `f `gkfza w las zajas+ Lhs fsph`åspgchs evfspzhk xvf, h`feès, Eh`zg` fs lh ch~gphl `f lhs `fshzpgcvlhcgakfs+ Fk fl høa :>>3 sf `fpvya h 634 ~zfsvkpas czgegkhlfs, gkpfdzhkpfs `f 40 dzv~as `f `flgkcvfkpfs, w fl :>>0 lh pfk`fkcgh h~fkhs sf zf`vma+ Pfzegkheas cak 69 dzv~as czgegkhlfs `fshzpgcvlhàs+ Las egfejzas `f fsphs jhk`hs sf `f`gchjhk, ivk`hefkphlefkpf, h fsphihs, zajas w ihlsgigchcgók `f àcvefkpas+ LH H^FZPVZH @F IZAKPFZHS IHCGLGPH XVF LHS DZHK@FS ZF@FS HCPÝFK FK FS^HØH Lhs ehighs xvf a~fzhk fk Fs~høh ~fzpfkfcfk h eès `f cgfk khcgakhlg`h`fs `gifzfkpfs+ Fk fsph lgsph easpzheas `gf} `f lhs eès ~a`fzashs fk Fs~høh+ Lh Mfihpvzh `f âlgcåh sf ~zf~hzh ~hzh lh h~fzpvzh `f izakpfzhs, wh xvf ihcglgph lh fkpzh`h `f lhs jhk`hs xvf ygfkfk `fl Fspf `f Fvza~h w `f ~håsfs hsgèpgcas lgeåpzaifs+

Igd+ :>+ Hcpa gkhvdvzhl `f h~fzpvzh `f izakpfzhs fk Fvza~h+ :2



PFEH 6+% FSPV@GA @F LH @FLGCVFKCGH AZDHKG]H@H FK FS^HØH, SFDÝK KHCGAKHLG@H@FS, W EA@VS A^FZHK@GS+ ZVSAS

Gkygfzpfk dzhk chkpg`h` `f `gkfza fk ~zf~hzhz izhv`fs Fl ajmfpgya `f lhs ehighs fs fcakóegca+ Fsphs jhk`hs llfdhk gkclvsa h `gs~vphzsf fkpzf fllhs fl cakpzal `f `fpfzegkh`hs èzfhs, zfcvzzgfkà hl hsfsgkhpa cvhkà la caksg`fzhk kfcfshzga+ Fs~fcghlgsphs fk jlhkxvfa `f `gkfza, llfdhk h cae~zhz fsphjlfcgegfkpas ~hzh ch~phz clgfkpfs h las xvf fsphihzèk fk cvhkpa sf dhkfk sv cakighk}h+ ^zgazgphzghefkpf sf `f`gchk h las kfdacgas zflhcgakhàs cak acga kacpvzka+ CBGKAS

Las cbgkas sak las xvf achsgakhk efkas ~zajlfehs `f az`fk ~ýjlgca+ Sf bhk fs~fcghlg}hà fk àcvefkphcgók ihlsh+ Chkhlg}hk lh àcvefkphcgók svspzhå`h h las pvzgsphs mh~akfsfs w cazfhkas+ Cvhpzacgfkpas sgchzgas hcpýhk fk kvfspza ~hås+ Lh ~algcåh chlcvlh xvf bhw eès `f cvhpzacgfkpas fk Fs~høh+ Phejgçk Phejgçk higzeh xvf vka `f ch`h cgfk cbgkas fk Fvza~h fs gkpfdzhkpf `f vkh jhk`h `flgcpgyh+ Sak ehfspzas ihlsgigchkà fl @KG+ Fl IJG lhs caksg`fzh vkh yfz`h`fzh hefkh}h ~hzh Fvza~h, fl dzv~a ehigasas eès cfzzhà `fl evkà, fs ~zècpgchefkpf ge~asgjlf calachzlfs hdfkpfs gkiglpzhàs fk FF+VV+, las sfzygcgas sfczfpas jzgpèkgcas fspgehk fk 8>>> las cbgkas fk kvfspzh pgfzzh+ Vka `f ch`h cgfk cbgkas zfsg`fkpfs fk Fvza~h ~fzpfkfcf h lh Pzgh`h+ Fk Fs~høh a~fzh lh iheglgh `f las 80 Oglhpfs, cak sf`f fk Hespfz`he+ Pzèigca glfdhl `f ~fzsakhs, ihlsgigchcgók `f phzmfphs `f czç`gpa, phllfzfs clhk`fspgkas, ihlsgigchcgók , yfkph w `gspzgjvcgók `f paà pg~as `f ~za`vcpas, ~zaspgpvcgók, clåkgchs glfdhlfs, fpc+ Jlhkxvfhk fk kvfspza ~hås las jfkfigcgas `f lh bfzaåkh xvf gkpza`vcfk fk FFVV `f svs che~as fk Phglhk`gh w Lhas+ ^FZVHKAS

Hshlpas cak hzehs `f ivfda w bvzpas `f fxvg~hmfs, sajzf paà fk hfza~vfzpas w fk lhs hvpa~gsphs `f Chphlvøh w Yhlfkcgh, phejgçk fk h~hzchegfkpas `f Eh`zg`, jhsphkpf ygalfkpas bhk ~zaphdakg}hà pgzapfas cak lh Dvhz`gh Cgygl+ :7



Cakpzalhk h lhs jhk`hs `f las llhehàs “cadapfzas―, `f`gchàs h las zajas cak frpzfeh ygalfkcgh+ KAZPFHIZGCHKAS

Las ehdzfjåfs sf `f`gchk h ~fxvføas bvzpas `f `gkfza w àcvefkphcgók, ~zgkcg~hlefkpf h pvzgsphs azgfkphlfs+ Phejgçk sf evfyfk fk fl pzh~gcbfa `f bhcbås w apzas fspv~fihcgfkpfs+ Sak efkas ygalfkpas xvf las sv`hefzgchkas+ Ka bhw hmvspfs `f cvfkphs fkpzf fllas, ~fza så baegcg`gas ~az `gscvsgakfs w zfwfzphs+ Ka yhk hzehàs w vpglg}hk hzehs jlhkchs fk lhs ~flfhs+ Hcpýhk fk lhs ~zargeg`h`fs `f zfsphvzhkpfs w bapflfs àk`f svflfk hcv`gz las pvzgsphs kg~akfs+ Ka sf cakiazehk cak lhs cèehzhs `f iapas w yå`fa, sgka xvf ~hzh fllas fl japåk eès ~zfcghà sak las ~hsh~azpfs+ Fk Eh`zg`, frgspf vk dzhk efzchà kfdza `f àcvefkpas ihlsas ~hzh cbgkas glfdhlfs+

Igd+ :8+ Gkchvphcgók `f bhcbås+

Cfvph, Eflgllh, Hlefzåh, Evzcgh w Eh`zg` sak svs hsfkphegfkpas eès kvefzasas `f fsphs fsphs jhk`hs+ Cakpzalhk fl Bhcbgs xvf fkpzh fk Fs~høh, `fs`f `fs`f bhcf vk ~hz `f høas calhjazhk cak lh Pzgh`h `f Sgkdh~vz ~hzh gkpza`vcgz cbgkas ~az lh izakpfzh fs~høalh+ Sf fkcvfkpzhk fk dvfzzh cak las clhkfs dgphkas ~az fl efzchà `f bfzaåkh+ Fk Cfvph sak izfcvfkpfs las pgzapfas fkpzf jhk`hs ehzzaxvåfs+ Cajzhàzfs `f `f `fv`hs, efkv`fa `f `zadh, dvhz`hfs~hl`hs+ Fspèk jgfk azdhkg}hàs fk Cfvph w Eflgllh+

3>



SVJSHBHZGHKAS

Las svjshbhzghkas cakpzalhk fl kfdacga `f lh ihlsgigchcgók `fl C@ w, ýlpgehefkpf, `fl @Y@+ Fspas cae~hcpas sf ~vf`fk h`xvgzgz fk cvhlxvgfz shlg`h `f efpza a lvdhzfs ~zórgeas h las dzhk`fs cfkpzas caefzcghlfs+ Fk fsphs jhk`hs phejgçk ~hzpgcg~hk cgv`h`hkas fs~høalfs+ Ka sak ygalfkpas w phejgçk sf `f`gchk hl efkv`fa `f `zadh fk fl cfkpza+ HLJHKA%OASAYHZFS

Cvfkphk cak hzehs `f lh dvfzzh `f las Jhlchkfs+ Fl zaja ~az jvpzók, fl pzèigca glåcgpa `f hzehs w `f yfbåcvlas sak svs hcpgyg`h`fs `flgcpgyhs ~zfifzg`hs+ Sgfe~zf yfspgàs `f kfdza, fk svs zajas gkbgjfk lhs hlhzehs `f las fsphjlfcgegfkpas sajzf paà `f lhs mawfzåhs+

Igd+ ::+ Ehpfzghl gkchvphà `f zajas+ z ajas+

KGDFZGHKAS

cakpzalhk fl efzchà `f ~hspgllhs ~hspgllhs `f `gsføa+ Sf sgpýhk fk fl Kazpf `f Fs~høh `fs`f fl ^hås Yhsca h Jhzcflakh+ Fk Yg}chwh bhk `fs~lh}hà h las dgphkas w ehzzaxvåfs, àk`f yfk`fk pa`h clhsf `f ~hspgllhs `f `gsføa w bfzaåkh, a~fzhk fk fl kazpf `fs`f Fvsoh`g bhsph Jhzcflakh, phejgçk fk Eh`zg`+ Sf fspzvcpvzhk fk dzv~as `f xvgkcf h yfgkpf ~fzsakhs w ka ~zvfjhk lh `zadh cak lh xvf pzhigchk, las egfejzas `f ch`h dzv~a ygyfk mvkpas fk fl egsea jlaxvf `f ygygfk`hs, cak vk zfpçk igma `f ygdglhkcgh+ 38



Yghmhk vkh yf} h lh sfehkh h Eh`zg` àk`f fl dzv~a cfkpzhl lfs fkpzfdh vk ~hxvfpf `f :>> h 0>> dzheas `f bfzaåkh w `gkfza fk fifcpgya+ Sgfe~zf hlxvglhk las ~gsas w caefk fk las zfsphvzhkpfs xvf lfs az`fkh lh azdhkg}hcgók+ ‒Efkv`fhk‗ cak fl ehpfzghl xvf llfdh `fl kazpf `f Fvza~h+ JÝLDHZAS

Las jýldhzas sf bhk fs~fcghlg}hà fk fl zaja `f yfbåcvlas `f lvma w dzhk cglgk`zh`h+ Fl høa ~hshà svspzhmfzak fk Fs~høh 863+>>> hvpaeóyglfs, `f las xvf sf ~và zfcv~fzhz fl 4>&+ Las jýldhzas fspèk sfcvk`hàs ~az fs~høalfs w ~alhcas, ~zgkcg~hlefkpf+ Vk ~fxvføa sfcpaz `f lh caevkg`h` jýldhzh sf bh hsacghà cak las oasayhzfs ~hzh `fsehkpflhz khyfs fk ~alådakas gk`vspzghlfs= efzchkcåhs a `gkfza `f lhs chmhs ivfzpfs+ Sak vkas yfz`h`fzas fr~fzpas w lh ~algcåh fkcvfkpzh `gigcvlph`fs ~hzh `hz cak fllas+ Sajzf paà, ~azxvf pgfkfk evcbh eayglg`h`+ Ka sóla pzhjhmhk fk Eh`zg`, sgka xvf sf `fs~lh}hk h apzhs }akhs `f Fs~høh+ Saigspgchàs eçpaàs gkiazeèpgcas ~hzh fl zaja+ Fspèk fs~fcghlg}hàs fk lh svspzhccgók `f yfbåcvlas `f lvma cak vkh hkpgdüf`h` `f efkas `f às høas+ Vpglg}hk pfckaladåh ~vkph ~hzh gkeayglg}hz cacbfs+ Ehfspzas cak lh pzaxvflhàzh ~hzh ihlsgigchcgók `f ehpzåcvlhs+

Igd+ :3+ Eèxvgkh ihlsgigchàzh `f ehpzåcvlhs+

3:



PVZCAS

Fspèk ~zfsfkpfs fk Fs~høh `fs`f 8727 w fspèk fs~fcghlg}hàs fk pzèigca `f lh bfzaåkh+ Cak fllh pzhjhmhk phejgçk lhs zf`fs hljhkfshs f gzhkåfs, hlgh`h bgspózgch `f lh Cash Kaspzh `fs`f las høas 9> fs lh `vføh evk`ghl `fl pzèigca `f bfzaåkh+ ^zfsfkpf fk Fs~høh `fs`f 8727, las clhkfs dgphkas sak svs `gspzgjvgàzfs, vpglg}hkà cazpgmas fk fk Hk`hlvcåh caea hlehcfkfs+ Frpazsgók, hsfsgkas h svflà, hlxvglfz `f sgchzgas ~hzh cajzhz `fv`hs, dvhz`hfs~hl`hs, fpc+ "Lhs zf`fs pvzchs vpglg}hk vpglg}hk *hlehcfkfs zvzhlfs* ~hzh dvhz`hz dvhz`hz hlgmas `f bfzaåkh, lhs chshs `f che~a àk`f sf dvhz`h lh `zadh hljfzdhk hlgmas `f 6> h :>> oglas'

Lhs zf`fs pvzchs `f pzèigca `f bfzaåkh bhk hsfkphà svs jhsfs `f hlehcfkhegfkpa `f lh `zadh fk ~ajlhcgakfs `fl gkpfzgaz `f Eèlhdh , Cè`g} w Eh`zg` ~hzh fygphz fl cakpzal ~algcghl+ H la lhzda `f 877: , sf cakigzeó lh pfk`fkcgh `f pzhslh`hz lh `zadh h las llhehàs *hlehcfkfs zvzhlfs*, zvzhlfs*, sfdýk cakigzehzak ivfkpfs `f lh âlgcåh Mv`gcghl+ Mv`gcghl+ Fr~fzpas `f lhs jzgdh`hs jzgdh`hs `f Fspv~fihcgfkpfs Cfkpzhl w `f Ehzjfllh , xvf gkyfspgdhk fl hsfkphegfkpa `f lh Ehigh Pvzch fk lh Casph `fl Sal, cae~zajhzak caea ~hzfmhs lgjzfs `f cvhlxvgfz sas~fcbh hcv`åhk h~hzfkpfefkpf h lhs sgfzzhs `fl gkpfzgaz h ~hshz las igkfs `f sfehkh sfzyåhk `f cazzfas ~hzh lh `zadh+ Lhs chshs `f che~a àk`f sf dvhz`h lh bfzaåkh hljfzdhk fkpzf 6> w :>> oglas `f bfzaåkh+ Fl egsea ~zacf`gegfkpa sf zf~gpf fk lh sgfzzh `f Eh`zg`, }akh àk`f phejgçk sf bhk `fpfcphà pzhigchkpfs lgjhkfsfs+ Fl sfzygcga `f gkpflgdfkcgh `f Hlfehkgh bh h`yfzpgà zfcgfkpfefkpf h lhs hvpazg`h`fs fs~høalhs `f fsph ehigh, evw hcpgyh fk svfla dfzehka+ Gkyfzsgakfs gkeajglghzghs fk lh Casph `fl Sal w Lh Ehkdh `fl Ehz Efkaz, fl ch~a sv~zfea Whsgz Hykg Evsvllvlv ygygó `vzhkpf las 2> ge~vkfefkpf fk Lh Ehkdh, fk vk cbhlfp `f pzfs ~gsas cak vk he~lga egzhàz fk vk eakpåcvla cfzchka sgevlhkà vkh ygllh zaehkh, h ~fshz `f zfcgjgz lh ~algcåh fs~høalh vkh az`fk `f lh Gkpfz~al fk 0 g`gaehs "gkclvgà fs~høal ' k½ 998!23 Zfi 68828%492!493!84>: 68828%492!493!8 4>: zfcaefk`hkà sv `fpfkcgók+ Fl jzh}a hljhkçs `f lh Ehigh pvzch fs fl dzv~a eès ygalfkpa xvf a~fzh fk Fs~høh, cae~vfspa `f cçlvlhs azdhkg}h`hs eglgphzefkpf, paàs fr eglgphkpfs `fl VÄO, hldvkas fkpzfkhàs ~az lh lh APHK egfkpzhs sf fkizfkphjhk fkizfkphjhk hl fmçzcgpa wvdaslhya bhcgfkà fl pzhjhma `f lh Hlghk}h+ Hpzhchk ivzdakfs `f efkshmfzåh, jhkcas w ~alådakas gk`vspzghlfs, svflfk `fs~lh}hzsf ~az pa`h lh ^fkåksvlh fk cacbfs `f dzhk ~apfkcgh, evw hcpgyas fk Eh`zg` w lh Casph `fl Sal+ 33



Lh yfpfzhkh cakfrgók pvzch fkchzdh`h `f pzhks~azphz bfzaåkh `fs`f fl Hsgh cfkpzhl h Fvza~h fspè zfcv~fzhkà svs gpgkfzhzgas pzh`gcgakhlfs, fs `fcgz, ~az Hljhkgh , vkh yf} xvf pzhs `gf} høas `f dvfzzhs w cakilgcpas fk Jaskgh, Czahcgh w eès zfcgfkpfefkpf Oasaya svs ilaphs `f chegakfs PGZ cazzåhk ~flgdza+ LAS CLHKFS DGPHKAS SAK LAS CLGFKPFS BHJGPVHLFS+ Las clhkfs dgphkas `f lh `zadh sak clgfkpfs bhjgpvhlfs `f lhs zf`fs `f bfzaåkh pvzchs, `f lhs xvf sf hjhspfcfk ~hzh gkvk`hz `fl fspv~fihcgfkpf las ~vkpa `f yfkph `f lhs cgv`h`fs+ Las clhkfs dgphkas svflfk cae~zhz chkpg`h`fs sgpvh`hs fkpazka hl ef`ga ogla!vk ogla `f bfzaåkh xvf h sv yf} `gspzgjvwfk h las pzhigchkpfs `f jhzzgh`hs+ Fspas sf fkchzdhk `f ~zf~hzhz jalsgphs `f 8>> h :>> dzheas `f chjhlla xvf h sv yf} sak cae~zh`hs ~az chefllas xvf llfyhk h chja fl ýlpgea cazpf a h`vlpfzhcgók+ Las clhkfs phejgçk ~hdhk 9>> , 8>>> a 8+2>> fvzas h bhjgphkpfs `f jhzzgas ehzdgkhlfs %sgfe~zf dgphkas ~hzh ~a`fz ehkpfkfz vk cakpzal fifcpgya `f lh efzchkcåh % ~az dvhz`hz lh `zadh fk svs chshs, f gkclvsa cbhjalhs + Fl hlxvglfz `f lh `zadh fs fl ýlpgea fslhjók `fkpza `f lhs ef`g`hs `f sfdvzg`h` xvf paehk las khzcapzhigchkpfs dgphkas, hså sf bh ~hshà `fl pzh`gcgakhl eçpaà `f pgzhz lh `zadh ~az fl TC h vpglg}hz kgøas a hkcghkas caea cazzfas, jlgk`hz lhs ~vfzphs `f las ~gsas, `fzzgjhz ~hzf`fs ~hzh vkgz yhzghs ygygfk`hs cakygzpgfkà las jlaxvfs jlaxvfs `f yfcgkas fk lhjfzgkpas, sgk `fmhz `f efkcgakhz efkcgakhz fl vsa `f kvfyhs pfckaladåhs caea las pflçiakas eóyglfs f gkclvsa `fpfcpazfs `f eaygegfkpa w hlhzehs fk las ~gsas izhkcas+ Fspf fs fl dzv~a czgegkhl frpzhkmfza eès hkpgdva `f Fs~høh, ka fk yhka las ~zgefzas dgphkas sak `fpfcphàs fk fl sgdla RY+ Cfzza `f lhs Lgfjzfs, Eh`zg`, Mvkga :>>>= fl clhk `f las Hkpaøhlfs ~zacf`f `f ^lhsfkcgh, fspè ivfzpfefkpf gksphlhà fk Chzhjhkcbfl w fk las sv~fzefzchàs `f lh `zadh `f Lh Jhzzhkxvgllh w Mhvmh+ Ygfkfk hl Cfzza h fkizfkphzsf h las Sglyh, las `vføas `fl lvdhz+ Zfsvlphà, 8 evfzpa w : bfzgàs+ Las Hkpaøhlfs bhk dhkhà lh ~zgefzh jhphllh ~az fl cakpzal `fl khzcapzèigca eh`zglføa, las Sglyh ~zaefpfk yfkdhk}h, lh ~algcåh fspè hlfzph ~vfs fsph iheglgh fs fl ~zgkcg~hl clhk `f Eh`zg`, `vføas `f Lh Jhzzhkxvgllh, ka ygyfk hllå, lhs cbhjalhs sala sak hlehcfkfs w ~vkpa `f yfkph h àk`f sf hcv`f ~hzh fl ehkg~vlhà `f lh efzchkcåh+ Las ch~as ygyfk fk las hlzf`fàzfs `f A° @akkfll w fk las cbhlfs `f lvma `f lh vzjhkg}hcgók Chlw~sa, fk lh chzzfpfzh ch zzfpfzh `f Frpzfeh`vzh+ Eaygegfkpas `ghzgas `f cfkpfkhzfs `f egllakfs fk gkdzfsas a zfpgzh`hs fk fifcpgya fk svs cvfkphs 30



cazzgfkpfs, cae~zh `f hvpaeóyglfs `f lvma hl cakphà, ajzhs fk cbhlfs fk lhs xvf sf dhsphk 3>>> fvzas, pgfzzhs w cazpgmas fk Hk`hlvcåh w Frpzfeh`vzh w phejgçk hwv`hs sacghlfs `fl hwvkphegfkpa caea fl svflà `fl Gkdzfsa Eåkgea `f Gksfzcgók "GEG', jakas ~hzh chejghz ~az caeg`h fk dzhk`fs hlehcfkfs, hwv`hs ~hzh h`xvgsgcgók `f ygygfk`hs, FS^HØALFS= JVPZAKFS W @ZADHS

Las fs~høalfs àegkhk lh ihcfph `f cajza h eazasas, ~hlg}hs w sfdvzg`h` `f `gscapfchs w jhzfs kacpvzkas+ Lh ehka `f ajzh ~zacf`f `f vk dzhk kýefza `f dgekhsgas zf~hzpgàs ~az lh cgv`h`+ H lh ygalfkcgh sf lf vkf lh g`faladåh vlpzh+ Las dzv~as fspèk cae~vfspas ~az dfkpf evw mayfk, sgk hkpfcf`fkpfs+ ^fzpfkfcfk h iheglghs `f clhsf ef`gh w ka sf bhk czghà fk jhzzgas ehzdgkhlfs caea Lhs Jhzzhkxvgllhs a â}a `fl Bvfya+ Las `flgkcvfkpfs khcgakhlfs phejgçk cakpzalhk fl kfdacga `fl khzcapzèigca, lh svspzhccgók `f yfbåcvlas w las hpzhcas sflfcpgyas h fkpg`h`fs jhkchzghs, caea sak las jvpzakfs+ Fk fl evkà `f lhs `zadhs `gzgdfk fl efzchà `f lhs ~hspgllhs `f çrphsgs+ Vk jvfk kýefza `f fr~fzpas fs~høalfs ihcglgphk h las `flgkcvfkpfs frpzhkmfzas cajfzpvzh mvzå`gch w vkh fspzvcpvzh `f sacgf`h`fs gkspzvefkphlfs ~hzh chkhlg}hz fl `gkfza kfdza+ CALAEJGHKAS

Yfk`fk hzehs w hsfsgkhk ~az fkchzda+ Phkpa lhs IHZC, ~hzheglgphzfs w apzas dzv~as `f khzcapzhigchkpfs pzhigchk cak lh cachåkh, yfk`fk hzehs glfdhlfs w h`feès sak hsfsgkas h svflà+ Bhk ge~azphà, chvshkà hlhzeh sacghl, las hmvspfs `f cvfkphs w fl sfcvfspza Fr~zfss fk pa`h Fs~høh, gkclvg`hs gkclvg`hs Chkhzghs w Jhlfhzfs+ Fk fsh fcakaeåh `f efzchà, cakpzalh`h ~az lhs jhk`hs, `fs~vçs `f las fs~høalfs `fsphchk las calaejghkas+ Fk Eh`zg` bhw cfkshàs 94+669 cgv`h`hkas `f fsh khcgakhlg`h`, hvkxvf lh cgizh fs evcba ehwaz ~az fl dzhk kýefza `f glfdhlfs+ Fspas sf bhk fs~fcghlg}hà fk zajas= cbhlfs `f lvma, mawfzåhs, lacvpazgas pflfiókgcas w jhzfs+ H`feès, àegkhk fl kfdacga `f lh `zadh w sak las ~zgefzas fk czåefkfs+ Sf fspèk ~za`vcgfkà evfzpfs `f calaejghkas, hsfsgkhàs ~az svs cae~hpzgaphs+ Las calaejghkas phejgçk sak eès kvefzasas w ~zhcpgchk las zajas ygalfkpas+ Ch`h dzv~a fs~fcghlg}hà fk fl hshlpa h cbhlfs, sfdýk lhs gkyfspgdhcgakfs ~algcghlfs, fspè iazehà ~az vkhs cgkca ~fzsakhs `f fkpzf :> w 3> høas+ Svs egfejzas svflfk sfz calaejghkas w zvehkas+ Lhs evmfzfs h`xvgfzfk vk dzhk ~zaphdakgsea fk lh azdhkg}hcgók+ Sf `f`gchk hl cakpzal `f las ~gsas a mawfzåhs+

36



Igd+ :0+ Ehpfzghl gkpfzyfkgà h ehigh calaejghkh+ c alaejghkh+

Las lh`zakfs `f ygygfk`hs cak ygalfkcgh sak `giåcglfs `f sfdvgz ~azxvf fspèk fk Fs~høh sgk àcvefkphcgók w ~azxvf bhjgphk fk ygygfk`hs xvf ka bhk sgà hlxvglh`hs ~az apzas cae~hpzgaphs+ âz la dfkfzhl, vpglg}hk h cakcgv`h`hkas sgk hkpfcf`fkpfs ~hzh cakpzhphz las ~gsas w fllas lfs zfhlxvglhk lhs bhjgphcgakfs+ @f fsh iazeh, `giåcglefkpf ~vf`fk sfz lachlg}hàs ~az lh ~algcåh+ Fk Fs~høh lhs jhk`hs calaejghkhs pzhigchk cak hzehs, hzehs, jlhkxvfa `f `gkfza, hpzhcas h mawfzåhs, hsfsgkas h svflà+ Ehkpgfkfk vkh zf` `f ~azpfzas w chehzfzas fk lhs `gscapfchs `f Eh`zg`, fspas *fe~lfhàs* sv~fzygshk sv~fzygshk lh `gspzgjvcgók `gspzgjvcgók `f lh efzchkcåh efzchkcåh fkpzf las las móyfkfs+ Gkyfzsgakfs gkeajglghzghs fk lh Casph `fl Sal "lh }akh Ehzjfllh % ^vfzpa Jhkýs % Fspf~akh ', Eh`zg`, Chkhzghs w ^hleh `f Ehllazch+ ZVEHKAS

Fs~fcghlg}hàs fk ~zaspgpvcgók w bvzpas+ Las zvehkas w apzas cgv`h`hkas ~zacf`fkpfs `f las ~håsfs `fl Fspf sf bhk cfkpzhà fk las kfdacgas `f lh pzhph `f jlhkchs, lh frpazsgók, zajas `f cacbfs w `f chjgkhs pflfiókgchs+ Fl shxvfa `f chjgkhs bh sv~vfspa h Pflfiókgch vkhs ~çz`g`hs `f 82 egllakfs `f fvzas fk pa`h Fs~høh+ Fk fl kfdacga `f lh ~zaspgpvcgók, lhs móyfkfs ~zacf`fkpfs `f Zvehkgh, ~hås xvf gkdzfshzè fk lh Vkgók Fvza~fh fk fl :>>4, sak wh ehwazåh fk las jvz`flfs `f lh ch~gphl+ 39



Sfdýk ivfkpfs ~algcghlfs, lh ehwazåh `f lhs móyfkfs wh bh fmfzcgà lh ~zaspgpvcgók fk sv ~hås `f azgdfk+ Las `flgkcvfkpfs zvehkas pzhjhmhk fk `gifzfkpfs èzfhs= ihlsgigchcgók `f phzmfphs, ~zaspgpvcgók w paà pg~a `f bvzpas+ Sak las llhehàs `fscvg`fzas w azdhkg}hk zf`fs `f efk`gcg`h`+ CBGLFKAS

Las cbglfkas, chphladhàs fk fl svjevkà `fl bhe~h caea las eès ygalfkpas, sf bhk cfkpzhà fk lh fs~fcghlg`h` `fkaegkh`h cadapfzas+ Sf llhehk hså ~azxvf hshlphk h las cgv`h`hkas ~az lh chllf, h~zargeèkàsf ~az `fpzès, ~az fl cadapf+ @f hbå, lh fr~zfsgók+ Sf zf~hzpfk las hshlpas h cbhlfs fk èzfhs zfsg`fkcghlfs+ FSPV@GA FK LH CAEVKG@H@ @F EH@ZG@

@f lhs 89> jhk`hs czgegkhlfs a~fzhk fk lh Caevkg`h` `f Eh`zg`, fll 2>& fspèk iazeh`hs ~az frpzhkmfzas+ Fkpzf fl :>>3 w :>>0 ivfzak `fshzpgcvlhàs 830 dzv~as dzv~as `flgcpgyas fk lh zfdgók, zfdgók, fl :6& `f las `fsehkpflhàs fk Fs~høh, lhs ea`hlg`h`fs `flgcpgyhs `f fsphs jhk`hs sf zfsvefk fk= Pzèigca `f `zadhs, ~zaspgpvcgók, zaja `f yfbåcvlas `f lvma, hpzhcas h cbhlçs w khyfs gk`vspzghlfs, ihlsgigchcgók `f phzmfphs `f czç`gpa w `f aifzphs `f fe~lfa, jlhkxvfa `f `gkfza+ Fk lh caevkg`h` `f Eh`zg`, lh âlgcåh Khcgakhl pgfkf `fpfcphàs 89> `f fspas dzv~as azdhkg}hàs+ "Ýlpgeas `hpas aigcghlfs', lhs Ivfz}hs `f Sfdvzg`h` `fl Fsphà `fshzpgcvlhzak fk lh zfdgók 830 jhk`hs, sfdýk lh Efeazgh `fl czgefk azdhkg}hà flhjazh`h ~az lh Caegshzåh Dfkfzhl `f âlgcåh Mv`gcghl+ Fsph cgizh sv~akf fl :6& `f las paàs las dzv~as czgegkhlfs `fsehkpflhàs fsf høa fk pa`h Fs~høh "60:'+ Fk Eh`zg`, lhs jhk`hs hcpýhk ch`h yf} eès ivfzh `f lh ch~gphl, sajzf paà fk evkgcg~gas xvf cvfkphk cak efkaz ~zfsfkcgh ~algcghl+ Lhs lachlg`h`fs `fl svz w `fl fspf `f lh zfdgók, ~az fmfe~la, sak lhs ~zfifzg`hs ~az las dzv~as xvf hpzhchk khyfs gk`vspzghlfs w fe~zfshs+ Las evkgcg~gas `fl afspf w `fl kazpf, fk chejga, sak las flfdgàs ~az lhs jhk`hs fs~fcghlg}h`hs fk zajhz cbhlçs w cacbfs `f lvma+ 34



Igd+ :6+ Zaja fk khyf `f lh ch~gphl+

Zfcv~fzheas fsph kapgcgh `f mvkga `f :>>3= *Fl kýefza `f dzv~as `f `flgkcvfkcgh azdhkg}h`h xvf a~fzhjhk fk lh Caevkg`h` `f Eh`zg` fzh `f 86>, cak `hpas zflhpgyas hl høa :>>8, sfdýk `hpas ihcglgphàs ~az fl Dajgfzka fk lh zfs~vfsph h vkh ~zfdvkph ~hzlhefkphzgh iazevlh`h ~az fl `g~vphà Masç Xvgkphkh, `fl Dzv~a Sacghlgsph+ *

Fk fkfza `f :>>0 ka sala ka sf bh zf`vcgà fk kýefza `f jhk`hs czgegkhlfs kg sf ehkpgfkf fl egsea kýefza sgka xvf bh hvefkphà++++ Hlgchkpf, kvfya `fspgka `fl czgefk azdhkg}hà

Vkhs sfpfkph w cgkca jhk`hs azdhkg}h`hs `f `flgkcvfkpfs ~zacf`fkpfs `f las ~håsfs `fl fspf `f Fvza~h cafrgspfk fk fl lgpazhl `f Hlgchkpf, ~zaygkcgh xvf hcvevlh fl 8: ~az cgfkpa `f las `flgpas zfdgspzhàs fk paà fl pfzzgpazga khcgakhl+ Sfpfkph w cgkca jhk`hs `f `flgkcvfkcgh azdhkg}h`h, cgkcvfkph `f fllhs cak jhsfs fk lh caehzch `f Pazzfygfmh, cakiazehk vkh ~hzpf svsphkcghl `fl ~hkazheh hl xvf `fjfk fkizfkphzsf h `ghzga vkhs Ivfz}hs `f Sfdvzg`h` xvf, fk lh ~zaygkcgh `f Hlgchkpf, lgpfzhlefkpf ka `hk hjhspa+ Fl f~gsa`ga `f sfcvfspza zfdgspzhà zfdgspzhà fk Mèyfh, hl kazpf `f Hlgchkpf, w shl`hà cak lh evfzpf ~az gkihzpa `f vk fe~zfshzga hlfeèk xvf ivf pazpvzhà fk sv ~za~gh chsh ~az vk dzv~a ehigasa ~hzh pzhphz `f hzzhkchzlf fl sfczfpa `f `ók`f dvhz`hjh fl `gkfza zfsvlphkpf `f vkh yfkph zfcgfkpf, bh yvflpa h zfyflhz %~fzgó`gchefkpf fs hså% fl ivfzpf hzzhgda fk lh casph hlgchkpgkh `f vkas 32



flfefkpas `flgkcvfkcghlfs xvf sf sgpýhk h lh yhkdvhz`gh `f las kvfyas eaàs `f hcpvhz, ¯~zaifsgakhlfs¿ w fr~f`gpgyas hl eèrgea, ge~azphàs ~az lhs ehighs azgdgkhzghs `f las ~håsfs `fl fspf fvza~fa+"Igdvzh ::'

Igd+ :9+ @fpfkcgók fk Hlgchkpf `f chjfcgllh `f ehigh zvsh+

Las gkyfspgdhàzfs cagkcg`fk fk svjzhwhz xvf lh pv~g`h zf` `f caevkgchcgakfs xvf mhlakh lh ~zaygkcgh, hså caea lh hjvk`hkcgh fk cgfzphs caehzchs `f vzjhkg}hcgakfs `f vkh frpfksgók fkazef, mvfdhk h ihyaz `f xvf fspas dzv~as `f `flgkcvfkpfs ¯bhwhk paehà lh }akh caea vkh fs~fcgf `f ~hzhåsa `f ge~vkg`h`¿+ Evcbas `f fllas bhk ladzhà gksphlhz svs jhsfs `f a~fzhcgakfs fk Lfyhkpf, bvwfkà `f lhs ef`g`hs hà~ph`hs ~az fl ~lhk cakpzh lh `flgkcvfkcgh azdhkg}h`h ~vfspa fk ehzcbh fk lh Casph `fl Sal+ H flla sf sveh lh fschsf} `f hdfkpfs `f lhs Ivfz}hs `f Sfdvzg`h` fs~fcghlg}hàs fk ~vkpas caksg`fzhàs pzh`gcgakhlefkpf ¯evw chlgfkpfs¿+ Fs fl chsa `f Pazzfygfmh w las evkgcg~gas yfcgkas= vk èzfh gkhjhzchjlf ~hzh las yfgkpg`ós dvhz`ghs cgyglfs xvf gkpfdzhk lh âlgcåh Mv`gcghl `f lh }akh w las acba fifcpgyas `f`gchàs h lh gkyfspgdhcgók+ Cak paà, fl Gkspgpvpa Hzehà fk lh cgv`h` shlgkfzh, zf~zfsfkphà ~az vk paphl `f :67 egfejzas, bh ladzhà zfsalyfz fl 8> ~az cgfkpa `f lhs 8+0:6 gkizhccgakfs ~fkhlfs xvf sf ~za`vmfzak fk sv èejgpa cae~fpfkcghl `vzhkpf fl ~hshà efs `f hdaspa+

37



Igd+ :4+ Zajas cacbfs `f lvma+

Lh fsph`åspgch `flgcpgyh xvf zfdgspzh lh ~zaygkcgh `f Hlgchkpf fs `f caksg`fzhcgók+ @f hcvfzà cak las `hpas zfca~glhàs `vzhkpf fspf ýlpgea efs, fl svz `f Hlgchkpf cakpzgjvwf `f iazeh `fcgsgyh h xvf fsph ~zaygkcgh hcvevlf fl 8: ~az cgfkpa `f las `flgpas caefpgàs fk paà fl pfzzgpazga khcgakhl+ Las fr~fzpas bhk caksphphà, h`feès, vk hvefkpa fr~akfkcghl `f las zajas cak ygalfkcgh f gkpgeg`hcgók %xvf ka `v`hk fk hpzgjvgz `f iazeh hjzvehàzh h lhs jhk`hs azdhkg}h`hs%+ Bhcf vkas høas, h igkhlfs `f lh `çch`h ~hsh`h, lh pfk`fkcgh ka h~vkphjh evcba efmaz+ Fzh lh ç~ach fk xvf ch`h dzv~a ehigasa jvschjh sv sgpga+ ¯Ivf fkpakcfs cvhkà lhs cvkfphs `f lhs chzzfpfzhs caehzchlfs sf cakygzpgfzak c akygzpgfzak fk ge~zaygshàs cfefkpfzgas `f ch`èyfzfs `fscvhzpg}hàs, fk vkh svfzpf `f mvfda ehchjza xvf g`fhzak fspas dzv~as ~hzh fkyghzsf sføhlfs cak lhs xvf `fmhz clhza `ók`f fsphjhk las låegpfs `f ch`h cvhl¿, zfcvfz`hk las fr~fzpas ~algcghlfs+

0>



Igd+ :2+ Gkchvphcgók fejhzchcgakfs ehigh bhcbgs+

Vkh yf} hsfkph`hs, w cak lhs cashs efzg`ghkhefkpf clhzhs, lhs ehighs gkpfzkhcgakhlfs xvf a~fzhk fk lh ~zaygkcgh bhk a~phà ~az `gs~fkshzsf hwv`h evpvh ~akgfkà ch`h vkh `f fllhs hl sfzygcga `f lh apzh la efmaz `f svs zfs~fcpgyhs ¯fs~fcghlg`h`fs¿+ Fk fspf sfkpgà, bhw caksphkcgh `f xvf las ehdzfjåfs `f`gchàs hl pzèigca `f bhcbås cakpzhphk h ehpakfs hljhka%oasayhzfs cvhkà sf pzhph `f shl`hz vkh `fv`h ~fk`gfkpf a `f fegpgz vk hygsa eès xvf flacvfkpf h çspf v apza egfejza `f vkh jhk`h ehigash caksg`fzh`h caea zgyhl+ Lh `fsh~hzgcgók `f las zvsas Vczhkghkas, zvehkas, jýldhzas, sfzjgas, hljhka% oasayhzfs w, fk efkaz ef`g`h, calaejghkas w ehdzfjåfs cakspgpvwfk fl eashgca `f `fkaegkhcgakfs `f azgdfk `f fsphs jhk`hs, cae~vfsphs ~az la dfkfzhl ~az ka eès `f sfgs egfejzas+ Jzgllh ~az sv hvsfkcgh lh cvaph zvsh, cvwas flfefkpas ca~hzak bhsph igkhlfs `f las kayfkph fl kfdacga zflhcgakhà cak lh ~zaspgpvcgók w lh gkpza`vccgók glfdhl `f evmfzfs ch~ph`hs fk sv ~hås jhma ~zaefshs ihlshs ~hzh fe~lfhzlhs fk las lachlfs `f hlpfzkf sgpvhàs ehwazgphzghefkpf fk lh Yfdh Jhmh hlgchkpgkh+ Baw, las bglas `f las clvjfs sak ehkfmhàs ~az las zvehkas, xvgfkfs ajlgdhk h svs móyfkfs cae~hpzgaphs, evcbhs `f fllhs efkazfs `f f`h`, h fe~lfhzsf fk fllas+ Lh *a~fzhcgók Pzagoh* xvf bh sgà `fshzzallh`h fk yhzghs ~zaygkcghs fs~høalhs, ~az fl mvf} Jhlphshz Dhz}ók w lh Igschlåh Hkpgcazzv~cgók w fk lh xvf bhk sgà `fpfkg`h vkh yfgkpfkh `f ~fzsakhs, bh hchjhà cak vkh `f lhs cvhpza fspzvcpvzhs czgegkhlfs `f azgdfk zvsa eès ge~azphkpfs `fl evkà+ 08



Lh Igschlåh `ga ~az `fshzpgcvlh`h lh azdhkg}hcgók czgegkhl Phejaysohwh% Ehlwsbfysohwh cak lh `fpfkcgók `f svs ~zgkcg~hlfs mfifs, zfsg`fkpfs fk Fs~høh, `fs`f àk`f az`fkhjhk hsfsgkhpas w `gzgdåhk fl pzèigca `f hzehs w `f `zadhs, lh frpazsgók, fl cabfcba, fl cakpzhjhkà `f cajhlpa w phjhca, lhs ~hlg}hs ~az fkchzda w lhs hefkh}hs, fkpzf apzhs hcpgyg`h`fs `flgcpgyhs+ Fk lh a~fzhcgók, sfdýk fl Egkgspfzga `fl Gkpfzgaz, ivfzak `fpfkg`hs :> ~fzsakhs= `gf} fk Eèlhdh, cvhpza fk Hlgchkpf, cvhpza fk ^hleh `f Ehllazch w às fk Eh`zg`+ H`feès sf bhk fifcpvhà vkh pzfgkpfkh `f zfdgspzas= cvhpza fk Eh`zg`, às fk Hlgchkpf "fk Fl Che~flla w Mèyfh', às fk Yhlfkcgh, 84 fk Eèlhdh "fk lh ch~gphl ehlhdvføh, Ehzjfllh, Fspf~akh, Kfzmh w Pazzar', vka fk Hlevøçchz "Dzhkh`h' w cgkca fk Ehllazch+ Las zfdgspzas sf bhk llfyhà h chja phkpa fk lhs zfsg`fkcghs `f las hzzfsphàs caea fk lhs fe~zfshs ygkcvlh`hs h lh azdhkg}hcgók, hså caea fk `fpfzegkhàs `fs~hcbas `f hjadhàs w fcakaegsphs ~hzh gkpfkphz hczf`gphz lh ~zgkcg~hl hcpgyg`h` xvf zfhlg}hjhk fk Fs~høh, fl jlhkxvfa `f ch~gphlfs ~zacf`fkpfs `f lhs hcpgyg`h`fs czgegkhlfs xvf llfyhjhk h chja fk lh If`fzhcgók Zvsh+ Fsph azdhkg}hcgók `flgcpgyh fsphjh gkpfdzh`h ~az gk`gyg`vas azgdgkhzgas `f Eascý w Shk ^fpfzsjvzda fk sv ehwazåh w cak hkpfcf`fkpfs czgegkhlfs fk lh If`fzhcgók Zvsh, hså caea fk apzas ~håsfs `f lh Vkgók Fvza~fh w Svg}h, xvf bhjåhk fsphjlfcgà svs zfsg`fkcghs bhjgpvhlfs fk lh }akh `f Jhlfhzfs, Lfyhkpf w lh Casph `fl Sal+ @fs`f Fs~høh cakpzalhjhk lhs hcpgyg`h`fs czgegkhlfs fmfcvph`hs ~az ehkàs gkpfzef`gas fk sv ~hås `f azgdfk, caea fl hsfsgkhpa, fl pzèigca `f hzehs w lh frpazsgók, fkpzf apzhs evcbhs+ Hl ~hzfcfz, fl zfk`gegfkpa fcakóegca dfkfzhà ~az fsphs hcpgyg`h`fs czgegkhlfs fzh chkhlg}hà fk Fs~høh ef`ghkpf hsfsazfs mvzå`gca%igkhkcgfzas xvf hcpvhjhk chsg fk frclvsgyh ~hzh lh azdhkg}hcgók cak fl ajmfpa `f jlhkxvfhz fspf `gkfza ef`ghkpf he~lghcgakfs `f ch~gphl w ~zçspheas gkpfzsacgfphzgas, pzèksgpas h ~hzhåsas igschlfs f gkyfzsgakfs fk apzas ~håsfs caea Hlfehkgh+ Las `gzgdfkpfs `f lh azdhkg}hcgók, cae~høfzas `f *jhk`h* fk lh mvyfkpv`, ehkpfkåhk cakphcpa `gzfcpa w ~fzehkfkpf cak czgegkhlfs zfsg`fkpfs fk lh If`fzhcgók Zvsh+ Lhs gkyfspgdhcgakfs sf gkgcghzak fk :>>9 ~az lh âlgcåh Khcgakhl, lh Dvhz`gh Cgygl w fl Sfzygcga `f Ygdglhkcgh H`vhkfzh `f lh Hdfkcgh Fsphphl `f lh Hègkgspzhcgók Pzgjvphzgh, jhma lh `gzfccgók `f Dhz}ók w lh Igschlåh Hkpgcazzv~cgók, w fk lh egseh bhk calhjazhà fl IJG, lhs âlgcåhs svg}h w hlfehkh w lhs hvpazg`h`fs zvshs+ 0:



Cvhpza `f las `gzgdfkpfs hbazh `fpfkgàs ivfzak las ~zgefzas ajmfpgyas `f lhs gkyfspgdhcgakfs, xvgfkfs fzhk caksg`fzhàs *hypazgpgfpw* "eèrgehs hvpazg`h`fs czgegkhlfs' a * Yaz ] Oakfk* "lh`zók fk lh lfw'+ Vka `f fllas fs fl cgv`h`hka zvsa Ygphlg G`zglay, `fpfkgà fk Hlgchkpf w xvf wh ivf hzzfsphà bhcf pzfs høas fk fl ehzca `f lh llheh`h l lheh`h *a~fzhcgók Hygs~h* xvf gkspzvwf fl mvf} `f lh Hv`gfkcgh Khcgakhl Ifzkhkà Hk`zfv+ Sfdýk bh gkiazehà lh Igschlåh, G`zglay %xvf %xvf sf fkcakpzhjh fkcakpzhjh hcpvhlefkpf fk lgjfzph` ~zaygsgakhl h lh fs~fzh `f sfz mv}dhà% bhjåh zfazdhkg}hà fk fl ýlpgea høa sv fkpzhehà igkhkcgfza w svs cakphcpas ~hzh sfdvgz ygygfkà *a~vlfkphefkpf*, h ~fshz `f pfkfz gkpfzyfkgàs paàs svs jgfkfs+ Lhs gk`hdhcgakfs `f lh *a~fzhcgók Pzagoh* bhk sgà he~lgh`hs hl zfspa `f las ge~lgchàs fk lhs fspzvcpvzhs igkhkcgfzhs, `fs`f lhs xvf sf jlhkxvfhjhk las ch~gphlfs ~zacf`fkpfs `f hcpgyg`h`fs czgegkhlfs caefpg`hs fk Zvsgh, fk Fsphàs Vkgàs w fk `gyfzsas ~håsfs `f lh Vkgók Fvza~fh+ ^hzh flla vpglg}hzak fkpg`h`fs igkhkcgfzhs svg}hs w ~hzhåsas igschlfs caea Cbg~zf, Lfpakgh, sacgf`h`fs ~hkphllh, pfsphifzzas w apzhs iózevlhs `f acvlphcgók igkhkcgfzh+ Lhs `fpfkcgakfs sf bhk zfhlg}hà zfhlg}hà `f iazeh iazeh sgevlpèkfh fk Ehzjfllh, Kfzmh, Eèlhdh w Pazzar, fk lh ~zaygkcgh `f Eèlhdh? fk ^hleh `f Ehllazch? Mèyfh w Fl Che~flla, fk lh ~zaygkcgh `f Hlgchkpf? fk Yhlfkcgh w fk Eh`zg`+ H las hzzfsphàs fk lh a~fzhcgók, fk lh xvf bhk ~hzpgcg~hà 89> ~algcåhs w 86> dvhz`ghs cgyglfs, sf lfs ge~vphk `flgpas `f hsacghcgók glåcgph, jlhkxvfa `f ch~gphlfs, cakpzh lh Bhcgfk`h ^ýjlgch w ihlsf`h` àcvefkphl Lh h~hzfkpf gkbgjgcgók `f `flgkcvfkpfs zvsas sf fr~lgch ~az fl bfcba `f xvf ¯wh sóla cakcgjfk lh casph hlgchkpgkh caea vk lvdhz `f `fschksa g`ókfa, ~hzh jlhkxvfhz fl `gkfza xvf bhk ajpfkgà `f ehkfzh glåcgph fk apzas ~håsfs¿+ Fl pfspgda `fl fmfzcgcga `f lh `flgkcvfkcgh gkpfzkhcgakhl bh sgà zfcadgà ~az jhk`hs `f hljhka%oasayhzfs, cvwas egfejzas, `f hcvfzà cak lhs ivfkpfs ~algcghlfs caksvlph`hs, cvfkphk cak vkh cakpzhsph`h fr~fzgfkcgh eglgphz fk svs lvdhzfs `f azgdfk+

03



Igd+ :7+ @gyfzsa ehpfzghl gkchvphà ehigh oasayhz+

@f bfcba, las gkyfspgdhàzfs ka hljfzdhk `v`hs sajzf fl hlpa dzhà `f eglgphzg}hcgók xvf àegkh fk fspas dzv~as, cakcfjgàs caea ~fxvføas fmçzcgpas+ Hså, la h`yfzpåh Fvza~al fk vk gkiazef xvf, `figkåh lh ~zaygkcgh `f Hlgchkpf caea iaca ~zgkcg~hl `f azdhkg}hcgakfs ehigashs+ ZF@FS @F ^ZASPGPVCGAK

Fl kfdacga la ehkfmhk, sajzf paà, azdhkg}hcgakfs `f Zvehkåh, Jvldhzgh w Hljhkgh+ Las chjfcgllhs , ~hzh ka cazzfz zgfsdas `flfdhk fk svs cóe~lgcfs+ Hcpvhk cakpzh xvgfkfs sf lvczhk `fl caefzcga w pzèigca `f evmfzfs `fspgkh`hs h lh fr~laphcgók sfrvhl w lhs saefpfk h vk zçdgefk `f sfegfsclhygpv`+ Fspf fs vka `f las ajmfpgyas cfkpzhlfs xvf sf bh ehzchà lh Jzgdh`h `f Frpzhkmfzåh w @acvefkphcgók `f lh âlgcåh Khcgakhl `f lh xvf iazeh ~hzpf lh Vkg`h` Cakpzh lhs Zf`fs `f Gkegdzhcgók w Ihlsgigchcgók `f @acvefkpas "VCZGI' ~hzh fl ~zfsfkpf høa+

00



Igd+ 3>+ @fpfkcgók cae~akfkpfs ehigh jýldhzh+

Caea pflók `f iakà fspè fl hjvlphà kfdacga `f lh ~zaspgpvcgók fk lh Caevkg`h` `f Eh`zg`, xvf `fs`f bhcf vkh `çch`h `fmó `f sfz vk lvdhz `f ~hsa ~hzh cakyfzpgzsf fk `fspgka igkhl `f= ~zarfkfphs w yåcpgehs, ch`h yf} eès móyfkfs, ~zacf`fkpfs `fl Fspf `f Fvza~h, Èizgch w Svzheçzgch, xvf cakpzgjvwfzak h chejghz fl zaspza `f fspf evkà cfzzhà, h igkhlfs `f las 7>, bhsph fkpakcfs ca~hà ~az efzfpzgcfs khcgakhlfs, h lhs xvf sf hdzfdhzak pargcóehkhs, ~az las fspzhdas `f lhs `zadhs, la xvf cakpzgjvwó h fe~fazhz lhs cak`gcgakfs `fl caefzcga, egfkpzhs ~zayacó lhs xvfmhs `f lhs pzhjhmhàzhs `fl sfra clèsgchs+ Fl gkczfefkpa `f lh aifzph w `f lhs azdhkg}hcgakfs bg}a xvf svzdgfzhk kvfyas fs~hcgas ~hzh zfs~ak`fz h lhs kfcfsg`h`fs czfcgfkpfs `f vk efzchà hl xvf kvkch lf ihlphk clgfkpfs+ Lhs ~zgefzhs fk hpfzzg}hz fk lh Chsh `f Che~a ivfzak lhs hizgchkhs+ Fzhk `f Kgdfzgh, Sv`èk, Sgfzzh Lfakh w Lgjfzgh, ~hzh fygphz sf fr~vlsh`hs+ Lh ~zfsfkcgh `f svjshbhzghkhs sf fsphkcó h ~hzpgz `fl 72 f gzzve~gfzak lhs khpgyhs `fl Fspf `f Fvza~h w `f Lhpgkaheçzgch? la bgcgfzak fk phl kýefza xvf, fk lh hcpvhlg`h`, fl 7> ~az cgfkpa `f lhs efzfpzgcfs sak gkegdzhkpfs glfdhlfs w fl 4> sak iaz}h`hs h yfk`fz sv cvfz~a ~az lhs ehighs xvf lhs cakpzalhk+ c akpzalhk+ Fspf czfcgegfkpa bh gà ~hzfma hl ifkóefka `f lh gkegdzhcgók, hl pgfe~a xvf lh ivfzpf cae~fpfkcgh bh bfcba chfz las ~zfcgas+ Lh ~zfacv~hcgók `f lhs Ivfz}hs `f Sfdvzg`h` fs zf`vcgz lh ~zfsfkcgh `f fsphs jhk`hs, xvgphz hl ~zarfkfph `f lh chllf, hchjhz cak sv lvczhpgya eaà `f yg`h, w lhs cahccgakfs h lhs xvf saefpfk h xvgfkfs fr~laphk w h svs iheglghs+ Fsphs cgzcvksphkcghs bhk llfyhà h lh âlgcåh h gkczfefkphz lhs hcpvhcgakfs cakpzh las zfs~akshjlfs `f fsphs zf`fs, xvf, fk sv ehwazåh, hcvevlhk chvshs mv`gcghlfs ~az ygalfkcgh, zaja, frpazsgakfs+++ 06



Pachk ¯paàs las ~hlas w zfdgspzas¿ `flgcpgyas, h `fcgz `f las ~azphyacfs ~algcghlfs, hvkxvf fl fmf sfh fl caefzcga chzkhl+ Sajzf paà cgv`h`hkas `fl Fspf `f Fvza~h "zvehkas w jýldhzas' ~zgkcg~hlefkpf', xvf ca~hk fspf efzchà, fk `fpzgefkpa `f las dzv~as `f hljhka%oasayhzfs+ @f fspf eaà fl ~hshà høa sf `fsehkpflhzak 3> azdhkg}hcgakfs w ivfzak fr~vlsh`hs apzhs phkphs ~fzsakhs+ Sóla bhsph ehz}a `fl høa ~hshà bhk chåà wh vkh àcfkh w sf bhk fmfcvphà apzhs phkphs zf~hpzghcgakfs+ Cak paà, lhs fr~vlsgakfs sak cae~lfmhs w ka hchjhk cak fl ~zajlfeh, ~vfspa xvf evcbas hchjhk zfdzfshkà fk cvhkpa ~vf`fk+ Lh iglasaiåh ~algcghl ka fs apzh xvf ¯fl ka caksfkpgz sgpvhcgakfs `f yfmhcgakfs w ihlph `f lgjfzph`? fs `fcgz, xvf xvgfk `fsff yfk`fz sv cvfz~a la bhdh, ~fza `f iazeh lgjzf¿, sfdýk lhs egsehs ivfkpfs+ Lhs `fkvkcghs `f lhs yåcpgehs cakpzh las ¯cbvlas¿ sgdvfk svjgfkà `fs`f bhcf sfgs høas+ Fl ~hshà fmfzcgcga, ~az fmfe~la, lhs gkpfz~vfsphs ~az lhs zvehkhs sf `v~lgchzak , sfdýk lhs egsehs ivfkpfs+ Sgfe~zf sak lhs evmfzfs `fl Fspf `f Fvza~h lhs xvf eès hcv`fk h lh âlgcåh+ Lhs hizgchkhs h~fkhs la bhcfk, ~az lhs `gigcvlph`fs `fl g`gaeh w fl `fscakacgegfkpa+ Sg la bhcfk shjfk xvf sv yg`h cazzf ~flgdza+ @f hbå xvf ~vf`hk hcadfzsf h lh igdvzh `f pfspgda ~zapfdgà, phl w caea fsphjlfcf fl hzpåcvla 67 `f lh Lfw `f Frpzhkmfzåh f Gkpfdzhcgók Sacghl fk Fs~høh+ Vkh yf} xvf `flhphk h xvgfk lhs frpazsgakh, sf lfs h`mv`gch vk kýefza, w pgfkfk xvf zhpgigchzsf fk fl mvgcga+ Las hdfkpfs pzhjhmhk fk cakphcpa cak AKD w sfzygcgas sacghlfs ~hzh ihcglgphzlfs hlamhegfkpa fk vk cfkpza `f ~zapfccgók+ Ka ajsphkpf, hldvkhs mheès `hzèk fsf ~hsa= sf sgfkpfk fkch`fkh`hs `f ~az yg`h ~az fl egfà, lh bfzzhegfkph `f pzhjhma `f lhs ehighs+ Lhs azdhkg}hcgakfs eès ~flgdzashs w ygalfkphs sak lhs `f las ~håsfs `fl Fspf "Zvehkåh, sfdvg`h `f Jvldhzgh, w, h efkaz fschlh, Hljhkgh, Oasaya w Vczhkgh'+ Sv ¯ea`vs a~fzhk`g¿ fs fl sgdvgfkpf= zfclvphk h cbgchs móyfkfs %sf cvg`hk `f xvf ka sfhk efkazfs% w evw hpzhcpgyhs fk svs ~vfjlas ~fxvføas, a jgfk sak fllhs egsehs lhs xvf hcv`fk h kvfspza ~hås cak fl ihlsa zfclhea `f vk ~vfspa `f pzhjhma jgfk zfevkfzh` zfevkfzhà+ a+ H efkvà sak fkdhøh`hs ~az ihlsas kaygas a ~az hegdhs xvf fmfzcfk lh ~zaspgpvcgók hxvå+ Hl llfdhz, cvhlxvgfz ~hzfcgà cak la ~zaefpgà+++ fs ~vzh cagkcg`fkcgh+ Hl gdvhl xvf lhs xvf sak zfclvph`hs fk azgdfk, lhs xvf llfdhk ~az lgjzf pfzegkhk ch~ph`hs ~az lhs zf`fs+ Sak saefpg`hs h vk cakpzal içzzfa w h cahccgakfs `f paà pg~a sg ka sf saefpfk h svs ~zfpfksgakfs+

09



Ka `v`hk fk dal~fhzlhs w hefkh}hzlhs sg sf kgfdhk h ~zhcpgchz fl sfra+++ gkclvsa cak svs ~za~gas frpazsgakhàzfs+ Sak, fk sv ehwazåh, `f fpkgh dgphkh+ Ch`h vka sf fkchzdh `f pzfs a cvhpza cbgchs+ Sf h~za~ghk `fl 46& `f lhs dhkhkcghs "fkpazka h 398%028 fvzas' , sfdýk ivfkpfs ~algcghlfs, h lhs xvf `fmhk vkh ~hzpf åkigeh ~hzh svs dhspas+ Lhs zfclvwfk fk ~gsas, saefpg`hs h lh evmfz `f cakighk}h `fl ¯cbvla¿, xvf phejgçk bhcf lh chllf+ Cvhkà sak ~zajlfeèpgchs a fspèk evw ygsphs, lhs yfk`fk, caea sg sf pzhphzh `f efzchkcåh, fk hldvkas chsas ~az chkpg`h`fs xvf zak`hk las 2+>>> fvzas+ Fl ¯kfdacga¿ ~zgeh, w, ~az flla, chejghk `f lvdhz h lhs cbgchs, fk ivkcgók `f las jfkfigcgas ajpfkgàs+ Fl chsa `f lhs svzhefzgchkhs "fcvhpazghkhs w calaejghkhs' fs `gspgkpa+ H~fkhs bhw azdhkg}hcgakfs `flgcpgyhs+ Shjfk h la xvf ygfkfk w svflfk gz ~az lgjzf+ Las fr~laphàzfs sak svs ~za~ghs ~hzfmhs a iheglghzfs, xvgfkfs sf xvf`hk cak vk ~azcfkphmf `f svs fschshs dhkhkcghs+ Svflfk ygygz fk dzv~a ~hzh cae~hzpgz dhspas+ Dhkhk efkas, w fspèk hph`hs ~az lh `fv`h `f yghmf xvf bhk cakpzhåà ~hzh yghmhz h Fs~høh, fkdaz`h`h ~az hlpas gkpfzfsfs+ Las ~zfsphegsphs vpglg}hk h svs bgmas xvf svflfk xvf`hzsf fk sv ~hås caea hzeh gkpgeg`hpazgh+ âz la xvf zfs~fcph h lhs hizgchkhs "svjshbhzghkhs, sajzf paà', fl cakpzal la fmfzcfk fk azgdfk, xvf fs `ók`f fspè fl fkpzhehà+ Lhs fsclhyg}hk h pzhyçs `fl zgpa `fl yv`ý w llfdhk cak lh ihlsh ~zaefsh `f vk pzhjhma `gdka+ Hldvkhs sak efkazfs `f f`h`+ PZHIGCA @F BHCBGS, FSPV@GA FK FS^HØH

Fl :>%2%:>>> lh ~zfksh sf bhcgh fca `fl gkiazef `f lh AD@ sajzf fl zfcaz` `f ~za`vccgók `f Bhcbgs fk Ehzzvfcas = fkpzf 9>+>>> w 2>+>>> bfcpèzfhs `f`gch`hs hl cvlpgya `f `zadh cak fl paphl caksfkpgegfkpa `fl fsphà hlhvgph+ Vkhs 46>+>>> egllakfs `f ~fsfphs fk jfkfigcga jzvpa ~hzh fl ~hås ehdzfjå, vkh yf} xvf efkas `fl 6& sf caksvef fk fl ~hås àk`f ygyfk `f fspf kfdacga hdzgcvlpazfs, ivkcgakhzgas `f h`vhkhs, ~algcåhs w lh ~za~gh iheglgh zfhl+

Igd+ 38+ Fejhzchcgók vpglg}h`h ~hzh pzèigca bhcbås+ 04



4>+>>> pakflh`hs `f cèøhea åk`gca fs~fzhk h gkyh`gz Fvza~h ~hshkà ~az Fs~høh ~zgefza h jhsf `f chegakfs PGZ, lhkcbhs zè~g`hs w fk efkaz ef`g`h ~hpfzhs= evcbas gkegdzhkpfs sf ~hdhk fl yghmf hpèkàsf hl laea cgkphs `f bhcbgs cak cgkph hgslhkpf+ Fshs 4>+>>> pakflh`hs `f `zadh kfcfsgphk vkh yfz`h`fzh azdhkg}hcgók ehigash ~hzh sfz pzhks~azph`hs h Fvza~h, fk fspf chsa fl fsphà ehzzaxvå+ Fl gkiazef `f Hjzgl `fl :>>> `f lh AD@ fr~akf xvf Fs~høh fs fl ~zgkcg~hl ~vkpa `f `gspzgjvcgók `f `zadh `f Fvza~h, hxvå cakyfzdfk zf`fs czgegkhlfs `f las cgkca cakpgkfkpfs+ Lhs ehighs jvschk fsphàs `çjglfs w izakpfzhs hýk eès `çjglfs, vkh yf} xvf lh `zadh fspè fk Fs~høh ~vf`f yghmhz fk chegók `fs`f Hldfcgzhs bhsph lh izakpfzh `f âlakgh sgk ~hshz vk sóla cakpzal izakpfzg}a, cgzcvlhzh pzhkxvglhefkpf ~az fl fs~hcga caevkgphzga+ Ygda w Zappfz`he sak às ~vkpas ehsgyas `f fkpzh`h `f cachåkh, lh casph `fs`f Phzgih bhsph Evzcgh la fs `f Bhcbgs w fl svz `f Gphlgh yåh Hljhkgh `f bfzaåkh+

Igd+ 33+ Hcpgyhcgók ^lhk SGYF ~hzh ygdglhkcgh fspzfcba+

02



PFEH 9+% SALVCGAKFS H LH ^ZAJLFEÈPGCH @FS@F LH CZGEGKALADGH+

Lh `gigcvlph` `f llfyhz hkpf lh mvspgcgh h las zfs~akshjlfs `f `flgpas ~za~gas `f dzv~as azdhkg}hàs sf ~vf`f ajsfzyhz fk vk fspv`ga zfhlg}hà ~az fl `f~hzphefkpa `f mvspgcgh `f fsphàs vkgàs fk :>>9, fk fl xvf cae~hzó lh ~zajhjglg`h` `f zfcgjgz vkh cak`fkh `f cèzcfl `f paàs las svmfpas `fclhzhàs cvl~hjlfs ~az `flgpas dzhyfs fk las 46 cak`hàs a ~zaygkcghs ehs ~ajlh`hs `f fsf ~hås, h la lhzda `f :>:+ hvkxvf cgfzphefkpf fk fshs fsph`åspgchs bhjzåh svmfpas xvf hcpvhzåhk ivfzh `fl ehzca `f vk dzv~a azdhkg}hà la cgfzpa fs xvf las `flgpas chzhcpfzåspgcas `f fsph igdvzh czgegkhl, phlfs caea pzhigca `f `zadhs w `f ~fzsakhs, fsphihs, izhv`f w `flgpas fcakóegcas ka sv~fzhjhk fl :6& `f ~zajhjglg`h` `f sfz sfkpfkcghàs h vkh ~fkh ~zgyhpgyh `f lgjfzph`+ Bhw vkh `gigcvlph` fkazef fk ~zajhz las bfcbas w vkh yf} ajpfkg`hs fshs ~zvfjhs `f chzda, `fpfkfz h las zfs~akshjlfs+ âz flla lh cakyfkcgók `f ^hlfzea, igzeh`h ~az Fs~høh gkpza`vcåh låkfhs `f hcpvhcgók `gzgdg`hs h ~zaeayfz vkh ehwaz hdglg`h` `f las ~håsfs egfejzas fk lh ch~pvzh w cak`fkh `f las `flgkcvfkpfs ehigasas+ Fkpzf apzas hcvfzàs sf `fsphchk las sgdvgfkpfs= h' Gkyfspgdhcgakfs cakmvkphs+ j' Pçckgchs fs~fcghlfs `f gkyfspgdhcgók= sgfe~zf xvf la ~fzegphk las ~zgkcg~gas ivk`hefkphlfs `f sv az`fkhegfkpa mvzå`gca gkpfzka ~hzh ~fzegpgz fl h`fcvhà zfcvzsa h lh fkpzfdh ygdglh`h+ c' ~zapfccgók `f pfspgdas+ EF@G@HS KHCGAKHLFS, xvf `fjfzåh paehz ch`h khcgók, sf fkcvfkpzhk h sv yf} `gifzfkpfs låkfhs `f hcpvhcgók= Fspzhpfdghs ~zfyfkpgyhs=

F`vchz h lh caevkg`h` cak fl h~awa `f las ef`gas `f caevkgchcgók sacghl+ @fshzzallhz gkyfspgdhcgakfs sajzf lh fspzvcpvzh `f lh `flgkcvfkcgh azdhkg}h`h w lh fyhlvhcgók `f lh figchcgh `f lhs ef`g`hs hà~ph`hs ~hzh caejhpgzlh+ ^zaeayfz ~zadzhehs cak ajmfpa `f ~akfz ajspècvla h las `flgkcvfkpfs, zf`vcgz lhs a~azpvkg`h`fs `f `flgkxvgz w czfhz azdhkgseas ~hzh lh lvcbh cakpzh lh cazzv~cgók+ Hvefkphz las efchkgseas `f zf~zfsgók w `f lh mvspgcgh ~fkhl+ Efmazh `f lh ch~hcgphcgók ~algcghl fk fs~fcghl `f lhs kvfyhs pfckaladåhs+ H~awa h las ~håsfs ~za`vcpazfs `f `zadhs ~az svs fsivfz}as fk lh fzzh`gchcgók `f lh ~za`vccgók+ ÂZ LA XVF ZFS^FCPH H LH LFDGSLHCGAK ^FKHL+ 07



^zaeayfz lh pg~gigchcgók lfdhl `f kvfyas `flgpas cak zfs~fcpa hl jlhkxvfa `f `gkfza w h lh `fizhv`hcgók sgspfeèpgch+ Fsphjlfcfz vk azdhkgsea gkpfzgkspgpvcgakhl ~hzh bhcfz izfkpf h lh `flgkcvfkcgh azdhkg}h`h+ EF@G@HS GKPFZKHCGAKHLFS+

@fshzzallhz hcvfzàs `f caa~fzhcgók+ Ehwaz cakpzal fk g`fkpgigchcgók `f yfbåcvlas+ Ge~f`gz xvf fl `gkfza `fl `flgpa azdhkg}hà llfdvf hl efzchà lfdhl+ Ehwaz h~awa h lhs hcpgyg`h`fs `f gkyfspgdhcgók+ Vsa `f ygdglhkcgh flfcpzókgcas f gkpfzcf~phcgók `f caevkgchcgakfs ehs figchcfs+

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