CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This This chapt chapter er pres present entss a revi review ew of rela relate ted d lite litera ratu ture re and and studi studies es whic which h the the researchers found relevant to their study. Related Literature
Electric Utilities are any equipment or fixture that run on electricity which is used to make life more convenient. Classrooms are of course supposedly equipped with these utilities for the convenience of the students and teachers likewise. Visua Visuall Inspec Inspectio tion n is done by mainte maintenanc nancee worker workerss to cite cite the condit condition ion of different utilities. ccordi ccordin! n! to "anero# "anero# $elnic $elnick k and Chiara Chiara %&''() %&''()## !eneral !eneral li!hti li!htin! n! should should be provided by a center*ceilin! fixture# or a standin! lamp. +luorescent lamps are much more efficient efficient than incandescent incandescent## and therefore use much less ener!y for the same li!ht output# as much as ,' - less. They also last ('*&' times as lon! as incandescent. +luorescent amps are essentially linear# and while they come in many len!ths and several shapes# the li!ht they produce is less readily controlled and is !enerally dispersed more evenly resultin! in uniform# lar!ely shadowless illumination. Chiara and /ancock %(012) stated that !eneral requirements for all classroom states states that ceilin! ceilin! should be a maximum of 0 3 feet hi!h. 4n electrical electrical services# services# double electric outlets should be located in each of the three interior walls# and above all counters for use of equipment such as pro5ectors and phono!raphs. ocations near sinks should be avoided. fire*alarm system should be placed in all educational rooms. The li!ht switches should be located at the door. d oor.
ccordin! to 6erritt and 7icketts %&''()# on li!htnin! loads# the maximum# and often the minimum# watts per square foot of floor area to be used in desi!n are specified by buildin! codes for various usesof lowed wherever possible. Electric en!ineers# however may exceed the minimum watta!es if the propose use requires more. +or example# li!htin! may be desi!ned to !ive a hi!h intensity of illumination# which will require more watts per square foot than the code minimum. 8mall facilities may only need emer!ency power for emer!ency and e!ress li!htin!# in which case# fixtures with self*contained battery backup maybe adequate. ar!er facilities !enerally require an en!ine !enerator to provide emer!ency power. Emer!ency load are connected to a dedicated panelboard or switchboard fed throu!h an automatic transfer switch %T8) that will detect loss of utility power# si!nal the !enerator to start# and transfer the emer!ency loads onto the !enerator# all in (' s or less. fter utility power returns the T8 will retransfer the emer!ency loads back to utility power and then stop the !enerator. To prevent equipment dama!e and volta!e sur!es# an T8 should be provided with an in* phase monitor that waits until the !enerator drifts into synchronism with the utility source before allowin! retransfer. 9ate and Everett %&'(') cited that there are many types of electric fans# includin! portable or personal*si:ed fans# industrial*stren!th hi!h*powered fans# and electric box fans. 4scillatin! electric fans circulate air by revolvin! fan blades as they spin. 8ome electric fans are dual powered# meanin! they can run on batteries as well as electrical power. The hi!h*velocity fan may be constructed of coated metal# includin! the fan blades. This type of fan typically features multiple speeds. The interior motor is encased
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inside the metal housin!. 6any people use these fans in !ara!es# offices# and warehouses# but they are also suitable for very lar!e rooms. The powerful motors of these electric fans will circulate air more efficiently than a standard fan. 4scillatin! electric fans may have a floor stand or be made to sit on a table top. These types of fans allow air circulation from all directions# as the head of the fan oscillates. The fan head will !enerally be ad5ustable for various an!lin!. The floor*standin! models may have various hei!ht ad5ustments. 4n Electric 8ockets ;iesen and
thou!h some sockets can utili:e both =female> and =male> connectors# dependin! on the desi!n of power plu!s in a particular country. n electrical device usually has a cord that ends in a =male> connection# with a number of pron!s desi!ned to connect to an outlet. 4nce an electrical cord is plu!!ed into an electrical socket# then current can flow throu!h that socket# into the device# providin! the char!e needed to power it.
Tatum and /arris%&'',)
defined central air conditionin! units are air
conditionin! solutions that work to create a pleasant temperature and humidity level within an enclosed space. They mentioned that in most cases# the main unit is situated on the exterior of the buildin! and functions with the use of ductwork . In addition to coolin! the air and keepin! the humidity at a tolerable level# central air conditionin! usually aids in removin! dust# lint# and other aller!ens from the interior of a home or workplace. There are different desi!ns or models for central air conditionin! units around the world. 6any desi!ns call for the use of what is known as split air conditionin!. This model involves locatin! the compressor and the condenser of the unit outside the interior space# 9
such as on a slab situated near an exterior wall or on the roof of the edifice. Inside the evaporator is located in the air handler section of the unit# near the ductwork.
Childree %&'(&) mentioned on his article on fire alarms that there are the two basic types of fire alarm systems in use today are known as manual and automatic.
ccordin! to
ccordin! to +rank%&'(2)# a circuit breaker is an electrical device used in an electrical panel that monitors and controls the amount of amperes bein! sent throu!h the electrical wirin!. Circuit breakers come in a variety of si:es. +or instance# ('# (? and &' amp breakers are used for most power and li!htin! needs in the typical home. 8ome
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appliances and specialty items %washers# dryers# free:ers# whirlpools# etc.) will require a lar!er circuit breaker to handle the electrical load required to run that appliance.
If a power sur!e occurs in the electrical wirin!# the breaker will trip. This means that a breaker that was in the @on@ position will flip to the @off@ position and shut down the electrical power leadin! from that breaker. Essentially# a circuit breaker is a safety device. ;hen a circuit breaker is tripped# it may prevent a fire from startin! on an overloaded circuitA it can also prevent the destruction of the device that is drawin! the electricity.
Related Studies
In the 8tudy ofbellar et.al. entitles =Electrical oad 8tudy for the 86U Colle!e># they also counted the different electric utilities or appliance for the schoolyear &''0*&'('. They listed them accordin! to their power usa!e. Their study included the types of lamp accordin! to its power consmption. ;e can use this information to compare the number of utilities we have also visual inspected and counted.
lso# one similar study to ours was the thesis of Civil En!ineerin! 8tudents of 86U entitled > Visual Inspection of the Three 6a5or . They used camera to document their observations
Synthesis
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The study of the Civil En!ineern! students was a descriptive*evaluative type like ours and where they primarily used visual inspection and camera for their documentation. ;e used the study on electrical loads also as a baisi and reference for our study.
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