Bincangkan Konsep New Public Management

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b#q5 1


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b#q5 9

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b#q5 6


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l*

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bmdggl`lnnld jdcvlqj>

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bmb{mrnmblqnld N}b{}`ld Bmdjdgnly B}y} Nmrel (NBN* qmnlrldg ijnmdl`j qmolglj N}b{}`ld Jdcvlqj ild N}l`jyj (NJN*>

i*

bmb{mryjdgnlynld {m`lnqldlld [jlglb [m`ldggld>

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f*

bmdglilnld nmb{md {mbomrqjhld y}dgglnld nmrel$

9$?

Bmb{mroljnj Qjqymb ild [rcqmi}r Nmrel

Qjqymb ild {rcqmi}r nmrel bmb{}dzlj jb{ln ymrhlil{ {rmqylqj crgldjqlqj$ Qjqymb lil`lh `ldgnlh"`ldgnlh zldg ijrmnl il`lb bmdghlqj`nld qmq}ly} zldg ijjdgjdj, bldlnl`l {rcqmi}r {}`l lil`lh {mrjdajld ymdyldg `ldgnlh"`ldgnlh ymrqmo}y$ Qjqymb ild {rcqmi}r lnld bmdmdy}nld olgljbldl {rcqmq"{rcqmq nmrel {mr`} ijjn}yj }dy}n bmdghlqj`nld c}y{}y zldg ijnmhmdilnj$

C}y{}y zldg yjiln il{ly bmbmd}hj

nmhmdiln {m`ldggld lyl} {mrnhjiblyld zldg n}rldg bmb}lqnld hlyj oc`mh ijqmolonld c`mh qjqymb ild {rcqmi}r zldg yjiln amnl{$

C`mh jy}, qjqymb ild

b#q5 7


{rcqmi}r {mr`}`lh omrqjfly ijdlbjn ild f`mnqjom` q}{lzl b}ilh ij}olhq}lj lyl} ijrcboln lglr il{ly ije}r}qnld nm lrlh {mdal{ljld bjqj crgldjqlqj$ Bl`lh, }qlhl" }qlhl }dy}n bmb{mroljnj qjqymb ild {rcqmi}r {mr`} ijo}ly qmalrl omrymr}qld qmelelr imdgld y}dy}yld {mrqmnjylrld olgj bmw}e}inld qmo}lh [mrnhjiblyld Lwlb zldg mfjqzmd ild omrnmqld$

[rcgrlb"{rcgrlb }dy}n bmb{mroljnj qjqymb ild {rcqmi}r ymr}q ij{mryjdgnlynld imdgld y}b{}ld nm{lil5

l*

bmb{mrnmblqnld qjqymb {mdg}r}qld>

o*

{mdgg}dlld ocrldg ild nmym`}qld il`lb bmbo}ly nm{}y}qld>

a*

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i*

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m*

bmb{mrnmblqnld qjqymb {mdg}r}qld {rcemn {mboldg}dld> ild

f*

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9$1

Bmb{mryjdgnlynld [mdgg}dlld Ymndc`cgj Bln`}bly

Nmelzlld zldg ijal{lj il`lb gmrlnld {mbolhlr}ld il`lb qmnycr lwlb bmb{mr`jhlynld q}boldgld {mdyjdg ymndc`cgj bln`}bly il`lb bmboldy} {jhln {mdg}r}qld bmbo}ly {mrldaldgld, {mdgmqldld, {mdglwl`ld ild bmbo}ly nm{}y}qld qmalrl omrnmqld$ Ymndc`cgj bln`}bly bmr}{lnld bmijl {mdyjdg il`lb }qlhl {mdlbolholjnld nm{lil qjqymb ild {rcqmi}r nm lrlh bmdmrl{nld o}ilzl nmrel zldg omrymrlqnld nmambmr`ldgld$

[mdgg}dlld ymndc`cgj bln`}bly bln`}bly ym`lh

omrelzl bmbldyl{nld }qlhl {mdzmijlld {mrnhjiblyld omrn}l`jyj zldg il{ly bmbmd}hj nmhmdiln {m`ldggld$ Ymndc`cgj bln`}bly e}gl lil`lh {mbldgnjd nm lrlh {mdjdgnlyld nmamnl{ld ild lnl}dyloj`jyj lgmdqj"lgmdqj qmnycr lwlb$

Olgj bmdjdgnlynld nmamnl{ld emdymrl {mdyliojrld, Nmrlelld Bl`lzqjl yjiln nmyjdggl`ld imdgld }qlhl bmdmrl{nld qjqymb ymndc`cgj bln`}bly nm il`lb qmnycr lwlb$ Ymndc`cgj bln`}bly ild ncb}djnlqj (JAY* ymr}q ijelijnld lqlq il`lb }qlhl

b#q5 8


bmdjdgnlynld nmamnl{ld {mdg}r}qld ild {mdzlb{ljld {mrnhjiblyld, nh}q}qdzl bm`l`}j {m`lnqlld {rcemn l{`jnlqj {mrildl Nmrlelld M`mnyrcdjn (MG*$

Nmqmb}l

`jbl {rcemn {mrjdyjq l{`jnlqj {mrildl Nmrlelld M`mnyrcdjn jljy} [mrnhjiblyld M`mnyrcdjn ( M`mayrcdja Qmrvjamq ‑ mQmrvjamq*, *, [mrc`mhld M`mnyrcdjn ( M`mayrcdja [rca}rmbmdy"m[ *, [mrqmnjylrld [meloly Gmdmrjn ( Gmdmrja Cffjam Mdvcjrmbmd y"

GCM*, Qjqymb Bln`}bly [mdg}r}qld Q}bomr Bld}qjl ( H}bld _mqc}ram Bldlgmbmdy Jdfcrblyjcd Qzqymb"H_BJQ* ild Qjqymb [mbldyl}ld [rcemn ( [rcemay

‑[BQ* qmildg il`lb {mòlglj {mrjdgnly nmble}ld ild Bcdjycrjdg Qzqymb {m`lnqldlld$ Nmoldzlnld qjqymb JAY ymrqmo}y ym`lh ij`lnqldlnld ild ijg}dl{lnlj ij il`lb {mrnhjiblyld qmnycr lwlb$

Ilrj qmgj {mboldg}dld JAY qmnycr lwlb, qmalrl nmqm`}r}hlddzl `mojh _B=;; e}yl ym`lh ij`}`}qnld il`lb ylh}d ?;;; olgj {rcemn"{rcemn JAY ij {mòlglj lgmdqj lwlb ij bldl 67 {mrly}q lil`lh }dy}n qmnycr {mdyliojrld ild nmwldgld$

Olgj

bmdmdy}nld {mboldg}dld ild {mdgg}dlld JAY zldg `mojh ymrldaldg, qmb}l lgmdqj

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ym`lh

ijbjdyl

bm`ldyjn

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[mglwlj

Bln`}bly

zldg

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9$9

Bmb{mryjdgnlynld

[m`lnqldlld

Ilqlr

[mdqzlrjnlyld

ild

[mdqwlqylld Bl`lzqjl

[mry}bo}hld mncdcbj dmglrl zldg {mqly qmeln omomrl{l ylh}d zldg `m{lq lil`lh hlqj` ilrj{lil }qlhl"}qlhl gjgjh qmnycr lwlb bm`lnqldlnld Ilqlr [mdqzlrjnlyld ild [mdqwlqylld Bl`lzqjl$ Ilqlr jdj lil`lh bmr}{lnld ql`lh qly} ajrj Dmw [}o`ja Bldlgmbmdy zldg bmbomrj {mdmnldld nm{lil nmrelqlbl mrly ldylrl qmnycr lwlb ild qmnycr qwlqyl il`lb bmdghlil{j {mrqljdgld mncdcbj g`col`$

Lqlq }ylbl

{mdimnlyld ilqlr jdj jl`lh nmelzlld {mboldg}dld dmglrl bmbmr`}nld nmi}l"i}l qmnycr bmdglblyj {mrqm{qj dmglrl qmolglj qmo}lh olild ncr{crly zldg ijbj`jnj

b#q5 :


omrqlbl c`mh nmi}l"i}l qmnycr imbj nm{mdyjdgld dmglrl$

Flmilh zldg oc`mh

ijal{lj ilrj{lil nmrelqlbl ild {lnlyld nmi}l"i}l qmnycr jdj jl`lh nm}dy}dgld zldg `mojh yjdggj olgj qmnycr qwlqyl zldg bldl lnld bmbolwl nm{lil `jb{lhld ( q{jd" cffq* il`lb {m`lo}rld, {mrnmboldgld ild {mry}bo}hld mncdcbj$ [mry}bo}hld

mncdcbj zldg {mqly lnld qmymr}qdzl bmbo}nl `mojh oldzln {m`}ldg {mnmrelld ild jdj lnld bmdz}boldg nm{lil {mrylbolhld hlqj` Nmrlelld zldg lbly ij{mr`}nld olgj bmdojlzllj {rcgrlb"{rcgrlb {mboldg}dld qcqjc"mncdcbj ild {mrom`ldelld {mdg}r}qld Nmrlelld$ Jl lil`lh bmr}{lnld Ilqlr [mdqzlrjnlyld Bl`lzqjl zldg omry}e}ld }dy}n bmdel`jd ild bmdg}n}hnld nmrelqlbl ldylrl qmnycr lwlb ild qmnycr qwlqyl zldg lnld bmbolwl nm{lil {mry}bo}hld mncdcbj Bl`lzqjl zldg `mojh n}n}h ild bldyl{$ bldyl{$ Cn{cqjd (?;;1*$

Qyrlymgj

{mrqm{lnlyld

jdj

lbly

{mdyjdg

il`lb

}qlhl

Nmrlelld

bmb}`jh,

bmdgmboldg ild bmbldyl{nld mncdcbj dmglrl omrjn}yld nrjqjq nmwldgld ild mncdcbj zldg ijl`lbj dmglrl ild e}gl dmglrl"dmglrl qmrldyl}$ [mrncdgqjld {jdylr qmnycr lwlb ild qwlqyl jdj ymro}nyj qldgly omrflmilh il`lb bmdjdgnlynld ilzl ylhld dmglrl }dy}n omrqljdg qmalrl lgrmqjf ij {lqlrld {mrilgldgld i}djl$ Bmdzmilrj {mdyjdgdzl q}boldgld qmnycr qwlqyl nm{lil {mry}bo}hld mncdcbj ild {mboldg}dld dmglrl, qmnycr lwlb ymr}q bmbomrj y}b{}ld nm{lil {mdzmijlld {mrqmnjylrld zldg il{ly bmdzcncdg ild bmboldy} qmnycr qwlqyl bmbljdnld {mrldlddzl imdgld `mojh omrnmqld qmolglj emdymrl {mry}bo}hld mncdcbj$ [mrhlyjld }ylbl ijomrjnld nm{lil bmdjdgnlynld n}l`jyj {mrnhjiblyld ild bmdzmijlnld omrolglj nmb}ilhld olgj bmbmd}hj nm{mr`}ld ild mnq{mnylqj qmnycr qwlqyl$

Ilqlr {mdqwlqylld ym`lh il{ly bmdg}rldgnlq ncq {mdg}r}qld qmnycr lwlb zldg ymr{lnql ijyldgg}dg c`mh nmrlelld ild qmnl`jg}q omrelzl bmdjdgnlynld {rmqylqj qzlrjnly lwlb zldg omrnljyld nmrlelld (Gcvmrbmdy @jdn Acb{ldz ‑ G@A* il`lb bmbomrj nm{}lqld {mrnhjiblyld nm{lil rlnzly$ Ilqlr {mdqwlqylld ij{mrnmdl`nld }dy}n bmbolwl {mr}olhld {cqjyjf nm{lil crgldjqlqj, {mdg}r}qld ild {rmqylqj lgmdqj lwlb zldg qmom`}b jdj bmdelij yldgg}dgelwlo Nmrlelld$

Ilqlr jdj

b#q5 <;


bmdgglbolrnld j`yjulb Nmrlelld }dy}n bmdg}rldgnld {mdg`jolyld `ldgq}dg Nmrlelld il`lb nmgjlyld mncdcbj, bmdg}rldgnld ylhl{ ild qnc{ {mrom`ldelld lwlb qmryl bmbomdlrnld n}lql {lqlrld bmdg}lqlj mncdcbj$

Ldylrl acdych

{mdqwlqylld lgmdqj lwlb zldg omrelzl jl`lh qm{mryj Elolyld Ym`mncb Bl`lzqjl (EYB* nm{lil Qzlrjnly Ym`mncb Bl`lzqjl Omrhli (YB*, @mbolgl @myrjn Dmglrl (@@D* nm{lil Ymdlgl Dlqjcdl` (YDO*, Elolyld [mrnhjiblyld [cq nm{lil [cq Bl`lzqjl Omrhli$ Omrjn}y lil`lh bmr}{lnld {malhld {rcemn zldg ijqwlqylnld bmdgjn}y qmnycr zldg ijy}de}nnld il`lb _lelh <$;$

_lelh <$;5 [rcemn Zldg Ijqlwqylnld Bm`l`}j Qmnycr, Bl`lzqjl, <::< ‑ <::=

Qmalrl nmqm`}r}hlddzl, {rmqylqj mdyjyj zldg ijqwlqylnld bmdjdgnly omrjn}yld {mr`}lqld nm}{lzlld ild rldgnljld nhjibly qmryl {mdmrl{ld ymndc`cgj olr}$ [mnmrel ijgmql bmb}{}n ylojly nmrel zldg qjhly ild ijomrj gldelrld bmdgjn}y {rmqylqj bm`l`}j ocd}q {lil lnhjr ylh}d$

Jdqmdyjf `ljd q}{lzl {mnmrel `mojh

{rci}nyjf jl`lh bmdlwlrnld Qnjb C{qzmd Qlhlb [mnmrel (MQCQ*, Qnjb C{qzmd Qlhlb Nmyllyld [mnmrel ild gldelrld y}dlj$

Omrjn}y jl`lh _lelh <$? zldg

bmd}de}nnld nmamnl{ld ild {rci}nyjvjyj yjgl mdyjyj zldg ym`lh ijqwlqylnld$

b#q5 <<


_lelh <$<5 [md}de}n Nmamnl{ld ild [rci}nyjvjyj Yjgl Mdyjyj Ymr{j`jh Zldg Ijqwlqylnld ij Bl`lzqjl

b#q5

9$=

Bmb{mrn}n}hnld Qyr}ny}r Crgldjqlqj ild [mdg}r}qld Q}bomr Bld}qjl

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Olgj

bmb{mrn}n}hnld qyr}ny}r crgldjqlqj qmnycr lwlb, y}b{}ld ym`lh ijomrj nm{lil }qlhl {mdzmq}ljld qlju ild {mdqyr}ny}rld qmb}`l crgldjqlqj qmnycr lwlb ild bmdmr}qnld {rcgrlb {mdqwlqylld$ Il`lb lq{mn {mdg}r}qld q}bomr bld}qjl {}`l, }qlhl"}qlhl ymr}q ij`lnqldlnld olgj bmdglilnld omrolglj {rcgrlb `lyjhld nm{lil ldggcyl"ldggcyl [mrnhjiblyld Lwlb ij qmb}l {mrjdgnly ild bmdzmijlnld {m`}ldg olgj nmble}ld nmrelzl$

[mdmnldld e}gl ijomrj olgj bmb{mrnmblqnld

qjqymb {mdj`ljld {rmqylqj$ Ij {mrjdgnly lgmdqj, }qlhl"}qlhl e}gl ym`lh ijlboj` c`mh omomrl{l lgmdqj il`lb bmbldyl{nld `lgj {mdg}r}qld q}bomr bld}qjl blqjdg" blqjdg$

9$6

Bmdjdgnlynld Lnl}dyloj`jyj ild Ijqj{`jd

Nmambmr`ldgld il`lb {mdg}r}qld n}l`jyj ild {rci}nyjvjyj yjiln omrblndl qmnjrldzl yjiln ijqcncdg imdgld ylhl{ lnl}dyloj`jyj ild ijqj{`jd zldg yjdggj$ Ldggcyl [mrnhjiblyld Lwlb zldg ijlbldlhnld imdgld {mòlglj q}bomr lwlb {mr`} bm`lnqldlnld lbldlh ymrqmo}y imdgld {md}h yldgg}dgelwlo$ omrnmwlej{ld

bm`lnqldlnld

qmyjl{

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qmalrl

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ild

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b#q5 <1


Ylhl{ lnl}dyloj`jyj ild ijqj{`jd zldg yjdggj ild nmym`}qld il`lb {mdyliojrld lnld bmdelbjd jdymgrjyj ild nrmijoj`jyj [mrnhjiblyld Lwlb qmolglj {mbmgldg lbldlh zldg bmdelgl nm{mdyjdgld lwlb ild dmglrl$ Bmdzmilrj hlnjnly jdj, [mrnhjiblyld [mrnhjiblyld Lwlb ym`lh bmdglilnld {mòlglj {rcgrlb zldg omry}e}ld }dy}n bmdjdgnlynld lnl}dyloj`jyj ild ijqj{`jd$ [rcgrlb"{rcgrlb ymrqmo}y jl`lh5

l* bmb{mrnmblqnld {mdg}r}qld nmwldgld> o* bmb{mryjdgnlynld {mdg}r}qld {rmqylqj> a* bmb{mrn}n}hnld {mdgmdil`jld {mdgli}ld lwlb> ild i* bmb{mrnmylynld {mdgmdil`jld ylylymryjo ild ijqj{`jd$

9$7

Bmbo}ilzlnld Dj`lj"Dj`lj Nmambmr`ldgld

Nmelzlld {m`lnqldlld }qlhl"}qlhl {mbolhlr}ld lil`lh omrgldy}dg nm{lil qmel}h bldl ldggcyl"ldggcyl [mrnhjiblyld Lwlb bmdmrjbl ild bmdghlzlyj {mr}olhld" {mr}olhld zldg ij{mrnmdl`nld$

Jdj bmbmr`}nld {rcqmq {mbo}ilzlld zldg

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l* {mdmrl{ld dj`lj"dj`lj b}rdj> o* bmb{mr`}lqnld Qjqymb Jdq{mnycrly> ild a* bmbldyl{nld qjqymb {mdgjnyjrlfld$

b#q5 <9

Y}glqld5 QNQE <;91 [mdgldylr [mdyliojrld Lwlb Bchi Dch ojd Bi Z}d}q GO;;7=9 =$;$

[M_OMULLD IMDGLD [MDG]_]QLD LWLB YM_ILH]@]

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Ymcrj ojrcnrlqj c`mh Wmomr

bmboldy} crgldjqlqj ilrj qmgj bmrldgnl acrln l`jrld l}ycrjyj zldg em`lq ild omrqjqymb il`lb crgldjqlqj$

Wl`l}{}d lil {mdil{ly zldg bmdglylnld jl lnld bmw}e}inld

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Qjqymb zldg ij{mrnmdl`nld

ymrqmo}y b}dgnjd qmq}lj ij`lnqldlnld ijil`lb {mdg}r}qld qmnycr lwlb ild ncr{crly {lil loli nm"?;, ymyl{j imdgld {mdgg}dlld ymndc`cgj bln`}bly qmalrl bm`}lq {lil blql njdj ild qlju [mdyliojrld Lwlb zldg qldgly omqlr blnl jldzl lil`lh ijldggl{ ymr`l`} r}bjy }dy}n ij`lnqldlnld$ Lhbli Blrylihl Bchlbmi my l`$ ( <::85<:*$ Qmbmdym`lhld jy}`lh ncdqm{ {mbolhlr}ld zldg ij{mrnmdl`nld bm`l`}j Dmw [}o`ja Bldlgmbmdy {}`l omrlqlqnld nm{lil dj`lj"dj`lj ymrlq jljy} n}l`jyj, {rci}nyjvjyj, jdcvlqj, jdymgrjyj, lnl}dyloj`jyj, ijqj{`jd ild {rcfmqjcdl`jqbm ym`lh bmdil{ly {mrhlyjld ij {mrjdgnly g`col`$

Dmw [}o`ja Bldlgmbmdy ij{mrnmblqnld `lgj imdgld {mdgmdl`ld

‚rmjdvmdyjdg gcvmrbmdy‚ zldg ij{mrem`lqnld c`mh Ilvji Cqocrdm ild Ymi Glmo`mr$ [mr}olhld ild ldelnld {lrlijgbl ij il`lb qmnycr lwlb {mr`} ij`ln}nld qmjrjdg imdgld {mdgg}dlld ymndc`cgj bln`}bly qmalrl bm`}lq ij {mrjdgnly g`col`$ [mbolhlr}ld qmalrl {rcgrmqjf {mr`} ij`lnqldlnld omrilqlrnld {rcqmi}r"{rcqmi}r ild {mrly}rld"{mrly}rld zldg ym`lh ijymyl{nld olgj bmdjdgnlynld jdcvlqj ild {rci}nyjvjyj {mdgm`}lrld qmryl [mrnhjiblyld Lwlb$

b#q5 <=


Hlqj` ilrj {mbolhlr}ld {mdg}r}qld qmnycr lwlb ij dmglrl jdj, rlblj nl`ldgld blqzlrlnly bmdgln}j lil {mr}olhld omqlr il`lb b}y} {mrnhjiblyld lwlb ij dmglrl jdj ejnl ijoldijdgnld {lil <:7;"ld$ Il`lb qly} qcl` qm`jijn rjdgnlq zldg ijel`ldnld qmo}lh qzlrjnly ym`mvjqzmd ymb{lyld, rlyl"rlyl rlnzly Bl`lzqjl bmbomrjnld blrnlh zldg oljn ldylrl ldgnl 7 ild 8 il`lb qnl`l < hjdggl <; il`lb bmdj`lj b}y} {mrnhjiblyld lwlb blql njdj$ Oldzln {mrnhjiblyld nmrlelld zldg ilh}`}dzl bmdglboj` blql omrbjdgg}" bjdgg} }dy}n bmdzm`mqljnld qmq}ly} }r}qld njdj blb{} bmdzm`mqljnlddzl il`lb ymb{ch omomrl{l hlrj$ [mòlglj ocrldg ymol` ild {ldeldg omrem`l zldg {mr`} ijjqj {m`ldggld qmom`}b jdj, njdj ijgldyj imdgld ocrldg zldg a}n}{ rjdgnlq ild b}ilh hlqj` jdcvlqj omrymr}qld nlnjyldgld ij elolyld ymrolojy$ [mòlglj nmrmdlh ojrcnrlqj e}gl a}ol ijbjdjb}bnld qmoljn b}dgnjd c`mh {mdg}r}qld ymryjdggj elolyld qm`lgj yjiln bmdemelqnld coemnyjf {rcqmi}r ild ylhl{ nmym`}qld zldg q}ilh ijymyl{nld$ Nmy}l lgmdqj nmrlelld, nh}q}qdzl zldg omrlil ij olrjqld hlil{ld, ymr}q omr}qlhl bmblqyjnld {my}glq nl}dymr qmdyjlql rmq{cdqjf ild omrjdjqjlyjf bmb}ilhnld }r}qld {m`ldggld$

Qjnl{

qmolhlgjld omqlr nlnjyldgld nmrlelld blql i}`} zldg bmdgldggl{ ijrj bmrmnl ‘y}ld‚ ild a}n}{ omrn}lql njdj omr}olh imdgld qjnl{ bmbmdyjdgnld {m`ldggld ild omnmrel }dy}n rlnzly Bl`lzqjl$

6$;$

ALOL_LD"ALOL_LD [MBOLHL_]LD [MDG]_]QLD LWLB

Mnq{mnylqj zldg yjdggj c`mh {jhln {mdg}r}qld ymryjdggj dmglrl ild rlnzly qmryl qmnycr qwlqyl ymrhlil{ {mrnhjiblyld qmnycr lwlb lil`lh bmr}{lnld ymnldld ild alolrld

zldg

ym`lh

bmdggmrlnnld

[mrnhjiblyld

Lwlb

}dy}n

bmdijfjdlqjnld qmb}`l {mrldlddzl il`lb {mboldg}dld dmglrl$

bmbjnjr

ild

Qmh}o}dgld jy}

[mrnhjiblyld Lwlb ym`lh bmb{mrnmdl`nld {mòlglj {mbolhlr}ld il`lb {mdyliojrld zldg omry}e}ld }dy}n bmdzmq}ljnld {mrldlddzl imdgld y}dy}yld {mr}olhld {mrqmnjylrld zldg ijdlbjn$ [mrl`jhld {mrldld ild f}dgqj, qyr}ny}r ild {rcqmq, dj`lj ild acrln bjdil bmr}{lnld `ldgnlh {mrb}`lld }dy}n bm`mylnnld lqlq nm lrlh [mrnhjiblyld Lwlb zldg `mojh ijdlbjn, omrilzl ylhld ild nrmlyjf$ [mrldld [mdyliojrld Lwlb ym`lh omr}olh ilrj f}dgqj yrlijqjdzl zldg bmd}b{}nld nm{lil bmdelbjd nmqm`lblyld ild {m`lnqldlld

b#q5 <6


}dildg"}dildg, {mdzmijlld nmb}ilhld"nmb}ilhld lqlq ild {m`lnqldlld {rcemn"{rcemn {mboldg}dld qcqjc mncdcbj nm{lil {mrldld qmolglj flqj`jylycr nm{lil qmnycr qwlqyl zldg ym`lh ijnmdl`{lqyj qmolglj emdymrl {mry}bo}hld mncdcbj$ Wl`l}{}d {mr}olhld omqlr ym`lh omr`ln} il`lb qjnl{ ild acrln nmrel nlnjyldgld lwlb, blqjh rlblj `lgj rlnzly bmdgldggl{ qmqmymdglh nlnjyldgld nmrlelld lil`lh {mnmrel zldg bl`lq, q}nl a}rj y}`ldg, rlq}lh ild {mòlglj `lgj ncdcylqj dmglyjf$ Qmijnjy nmqj`l{ld lyl} nmalalyld il`lb }r}qld {mrnhjiblyld nmrlelld il`lb nmq omrqjfly ymr{mdaj` ijaldldg ij ilil bmijl qmolglj bmwlnj`j qjnl{ qme}yl nlnjyldgld nmrlelld qm`}r}hdzl$

Flnycr nm`mwlyld il`lb bmdmrjbl {mrnhjiblyld nmrlelld, {mr`} omrly}r

{ldeldg ild yjiln bmdil{ly bln`}b ol`lq qmgmrl ymrhlil{ blql`lh, li}ld ild nmq}`jyld zldg ijoldgnjynld lil`lh ldylrl {mrnlrl ojlql zldg qjdcdjb imdgld {mrnhjiblyld qmnycr lwlb$ Qmh}o}dgld jy}, Nmrlelld bmdzmijlnld {mòlglj bmnldjqbm olgj bmboc`mhnld qmolrldg rlql yjiln {}lq hlyj rlnzly ymrhlil{ b}y} {mrnhjiblyld lwlb ijql`}rnld nm{lil {jhln omrwlejo olgj ijyldgldj qmgmrl$

Ojrc [mdgli}ld Lwlb (O[L* lil`lh

ldylrl lgmdqj }ylbl zldg omryldgg}dgelwlo bm`lzld qmolrldg li}ld {mdgg}dl imdgld qmgmrl$ Omrilqlrnld e}b`lh li}ld zldg ijymrjbl O[L, bmd}de}nnld {md}r}dld omrymr}qld e}b`lh li}ld zldg ijymrjbl qmeln ?;;? qmhjdggl njdj$

Nmrlelld

qmbmbldgdzl omr}qlhl qmilzl b}dgnjd }dy}n bmdzmijlnld q}bomr bld}qjl, {rlqlrldl ild ymndc`cgj ymrnjdj olgj bmboc`mhnld {mrnhjiblyld qmnycr lwlb bmdal{lj ylhl{ ymroljn ild omrylrlf i}djl$ Olgljbldl{}d, }qlhl jdj yjiln blb{} ijqmijlnld qmalrl qmrmdyln ild q}nlr }dy}n ij{md}hj qmb}ldzl$ C`mh jy}, rlnzly Bl`lzqjl blqjh bmdgl`lbj nmlilld {mr`} bmd}dgg} `lbl qmom`}b bmdil{lynld rlwlyld lyl} }oly ij hcq{jyl` ild n`jdjn nmrlelld$ Qm`ljd jy}, njyl bmdgl`lbj nmn}rldgld icnycr ild e}r}rlwly, hcq{jyl` ild n`jdjn nmrlelld e}gl bmdgl`lbj nmn}rldgld {mrl`lyld ild }oly"}olyld wl`l}{}d o}nld`lh {lil ylhl{ qmrj}q$ Nmn}rldgld q}bomr bld}qjl ij qlb{jdg {mdjdgnlyld e}b`lh {m`ldggld zldg blnjd omrylbolh qlold ylh}d bmdzmolonld w}e}idzl ymnldld zldg omrly ymrhlil{ nlnjyldgld lwlb$ Njdj njyl oc`mh bm`jhly rlblj nlnjyldgld lwlb zldg ymr{lnql omnmrel `mojh blql olgj bmblqyjnld lbldlh zldg ij{mryldgg}dgelwlonld il{ly ijqm`mqljnld il`lb ymb{ch ijymyl{nld$ [mdgcroldld nlnjyldgld qmnycr lwlb wl`l}{}d bmdil{ly {mrhlyjld nmrlelld ymyl{j yjiln bmdil{ly qcncdgld ild {mdghlrglld zldg qm{ly}ydzl

b#q5 <7


ilrj{lil rlnzly$ Qmol`jndzl, ldggl{ld dmglyjf ymrhlil{ qmnycr lwlb qmblalb ymr}q omrqmblzlb ij bjdil rlnzly$ Qmh}o}dgld jy}, {mòlglj {rcgrlb {mbolhlr}ld zldg ym`lh ij{mrnmdl`nld lil`lh qmolglj rmq{cd nm{lil {mòlglj alolrld g`col` ild e}gl il`lbld zldg ym`lh bmb{mdglr}hj qyr}ny}r crgldjqlqj, {rcqmq ild ldggcyl [mrnhjiblyld Lwlb$ Alolrld" alolrld jdj o}nld qlhlel ym`lh bmbomrj ymnldld }dy}n bm`ln}nld {mbolhlr}ld bl`lhld bmr}{lnld bmr}{lnld {ldild nm{lil {mbomdy}nld qyrlymgj"qyrlymgj zldg ij{mrnmdl`nld c`mh [mrnhjiblyld Lwlb$

7$;$

[MD]Y][

Qmalrl }b}bdzl {mdgmdl`ld Dmw [}o`ja Bldlgmbmdy ym`lh bmbomrj jb{ln zldg qldgly omqlr ymrhlil{ qjqymb {mdg}r}qld {mdyliojrld lwlb ij qm`}r}h i}djl ild e}gl Bl`lzqjl$ Qjqymb {mdg}r}qld [mdyliojrld Lwlb bmdelij `mojh bcimd ild qmblnjd amnl{ ild qmnl`jg}q il{ly bmboldy} {mry}bo}hld mncdcbj dmglrl qmolgljbldl zldg ijhlrl{nld$ Nmrmdlh ojrcnrlqj ild nm`mwlyld bmbo}ly nm{}y}qld yjiln `lgj bmdelij o}l`ld blqzlrlnly$ Nmqj`l{ld il`lb bmbo}ly nm{}y}qld e}gl il{ly ijbjdjb}bnld qmnmaj` b}dgnjd$

Qjqymb {mdzlb{ljld e}gl qmblnjd b}ilh imdgld {mdgmdl`ld

ymndc`cgj bln`}bly ij il`lb qjqymb {mdg}r}qld qmnycr lwlb$ [mr}olhld ymrqmo}y ym`lh bmbolwl {mr}olhld ild ldelnld ojrcnrlqj qmnycr lwlb ij Bl`lzqjl ild {mdg}r}qld il`lblddzl$

Qmblnjd oldzln dj`lj"dj`lj ncr{crly zldg

ijlbl`nld ij il`lb qmnycr lwlb qm{mryj {mdjdgnlyld n}l`jyj ild {rci}nyjvjyj, nmamnl{ld {mdg}r}qld, c}y{}y, jdcvlqj, jdymgrjyj ild lnl}dyloj`jyj zldg nmqmb}ldzl lil`lh bmbomrj nm}ylblld nm{lil {mrnhjiblyld {m`ldggld$ Nmn}lyld {lqlrld ym`lh ijldggl{ qmolglj l`ly olgj {mry}bo}hld ild {mrnmboldgld zldg ncb{rmhmdqjf nmrldl {mbolhlr}ld zldg ij`lnqldlnld yjiln hldzl }dy}n bmdylnrjfnld qmb}`l {mrldld qmnycr lwlb ymyl{j `mojh omgjy} rm{cqjqj il`lb ncdymnq }dy}n bmdal{lj y}e}ld {mboldg}dld dlqjcdl`$ Imdgld qmb}l jdj, {mbolhlr}ld ncdymb{crlrj yjiln n}rldg ilrj{lil fmdcbmdl ild bmrmnl il{ly bm`jhly emdjq {mbolhlr}ld zldg omr`ln} ij ymb{ly `ljd ij olwlh {lrlijgbl Dmw [}o`ja Bldlgmbmdy$ Qjiij|}mm (?;;6*$

b#q5 <8


E}qymr} jy}, qlzl {mralzl hlrl{ld ZLO$ [mrildl Bmdymrj, Ilyc‚ Qrj Bchi Dlejo ojd Y}d _luln il`lb }al{lddzl qmb{mdl Ble`jq [mrlqbjld Ncb{`mnq [mdyliojrld Nmrlelld [mrqmn}y}ld Ldln O}njy L`cr Qmylr [lil <1ho E}`lj ?;;: (Jqdjd*, Ij Ilylrld [rcbmdlim, Ncb{`mnq [mdyliojrld Nmrlelld [mrqmn}y}ld Oldilr B}‚liulb Qhlh L`cr Qmylr, Nmilh zldg blh}nld qmo}lh {mrnhjiblyld lwlb zldg omrnmqld, rmq{cdqjf, `}wmq ild omrldj omr}olh lnld il{ly ij{md}hj imdgld {mòlglj {mbolhlr}ld zldg ym`lh ild qmildg ij`lnqldlnld ij il`lb qmnycr lwlb$ Nmrelqlbl qmb}l {jhln ymr}ylbl ilrj{lil rlnzly ild {m`ldggld zldg omr}r}qld imdgld elolyld nmrlelld e}gl ijy}dy}y olgj bmdjdgnlynld `lgj b}y} {mrnhjiblyld lwlb omrylrlf i}djl$

Jiml ild alildgld

{mdlbolholjnld b}y} {mrnhjiblyld lwlb lbly ijl`}"l`}nld ild o}nld qmnlilr bmbomrjnld }`lqld dmglyjf ild qmboldg nmilj nc{j zldg yjiln bmbomrj qmolrldg bldflly }dy}n qmb}l$

b#q5 <:

Y}glqld5 QNQE <;91 [mdgldylr [mdyliojrld Lwlb Bchi Dch ojd Bi Z}d}q GO;;7=9 _}e}nld5  

O}n}

Lhbli Blrylihl Bchlbmi my l`$ <::8$ Lqlq [mdyliojrld Crgldjqlqj$ Jdyrci}ayjcd yc Crgldjulyjcd ldi Bldlgmbmdy, Bci}` [mbom`lelrld Nmdijrj O[B, L Bci}`m Ymxy fcr Ijqyldam @mlrdjdg, Qjdycn$ [mdmrojy5 ]djvmrqjyj ]ylrl Bl`lzqjl Ahrjqyc{hmr [c``jy, Gmmry Oc}anlmry$ ?;;;$ [}o`ja Bldlgmbmdy _mfcrb$ L Acb{lrlyjvm Ldl`zqjq$ [mdmrojy5 Cxfcri ]djvmrqjyz [rmqq ]Q$ Ahrjqyc{hmr Hcci, C`jvmr Elbmq, O$ G}z [mymrq, Ac`jd Qaccy$ ?;;=$ Acdyrc``jdg Bcimrd Gcvmrdbmdy5 Vlrjmyz, Acbbcdl`jyz ldi Ahldgm$ [mdmrojy 5 Miwlri M`glr [}o`jqhjdg$ Ilvji Cqocrdm, Ymi Glmo`mr$ <::?$ _mjdvmdyjdg Gcvmrdbmdy5 Hcw Yhm Mdyrm{rmdm}rjl` Q{jrjy Jq Yrldqfcrbjdg Yhm [}o`ja Qmaycr$ [mdmrojy5 Liijqcd" Wmq`z [}o$ Ac$ [mrnhjiblyld Lwlb Bl`lzqjl$ ?;;9$ Bmb{mrn}n}h Lgmdil [mbolhlr}ld (@l{crld [mbolhlr}ld ild Nmble}ld Il`lb [mrnhjiblyld Lwlb Ylh}d ?;;;*$ [mdmrojy5 Nmrlelld Bl`lzqjl$ Qlb}m` Olqqmz Cn{cqjd, Loi}` Hl`jb Loi}` Hlbji, Cdg Hwlz Occd > {mdymremblh Cdd Bchi$ Elij, Ul`mhl Lo} Olnlr$ ?;;1$ [mr}olhld Flql Mncdcbj Bl`lzqjl$ [mdmrojy5 ]y}qld [}o`jalyjcd$ Yld Qrj Ilyc‚ Qmrj Lhbli Qlrej ojd Loi}` Hlbji$ <::=$ [mrnhjiblyld Lwlb Bl`lzqjl5 Nm Lrlh Nmamnl{ld ild Nmomrnmqldld$ [mdmrojy5 Nmrlelld Bl`lzqjl$

 

E}rdl`

Hcci, Ahrjqyc{hmr>G}z [mymrq$ ?;;9$ Yhm Bjii`m Lgjdg cf Dmw [}o`ja Bldlgmbmdy5 Jdyc yhm Lgm cf [lrlicx3 C}rdl` cf [}o`ja Libjdjqyrlyjcd _mqmlrah ldi Yhmcrz > <95 ?67"?8?$ hyy{5##e{lry$cxfcriec}rdl`q$crg#agj#rm{rjdy#<9#1#?67

 

Jdymrdmy

Dccrm L`lb Qjiij|}m$ [}o`ja Qmrvjamq Jddcvlyjcdq, [c`jaz Yrldqfmr ldi Gcvmrdldam Jd Yhm Lqjl [lqjfja _mgjcd5 Yhm Bl`lzqjld Mx{mrjldy$ hyy{5##www$ecllg$acb#}{`cliq#Qjiij|}mm${if

b#q5 ?;

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