Bahan Ajar Mata Kuliah Bahan Bangunan Politeknik Negeri Kupang.docx

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Nuruso` > Xgdèd Sepei Rrkjroa Stuhe > H3 & H8 Aotoduieom > Fomo` Fo`juò`

Dureduiua 62?2

SWF RKDKD FOMOSO@ > ?. 6. 3. 8. 7. <.

FOXWO@ OJVGJOX SGAG@ AKVXOV DGVOAED FOMO@ FO@JW@O@ IOE@@UO (FGXK@, FONO, FOAFW HO@ DOUW)

Xunuo`

> Sgtgiom ag`ygigsoedo` Aoto Duieom eè aomoseswo hemoropdo` hopot > - Ag`jgòi fgfgropo ngès fomo` fo`juò`. - Ag`jgtomue selot – selot lesed, agdoèd ho` deaeo fomo` fo`juò`.

Hgsdrepse > Aoto duieom eè agafomos pg`jgòio` ngès – ngès fomo` fo`juò` yo`j hejuòdo` u`tud dk`strudse fo`juò` sepei (jghu`j ho` oer), tgraosud pg`jgòio` selot – selot agdoèd, lesed ho` deaeo hore sgteop ngès fomo` fo`juò` tgrsgfut. tgrsgfut. Ao`loot Aoto duieom > Aomoseswo agaeiede hosor pg`jgtomuo` pg`jgtomuo` fomo` fo`juò` fo`juò` u`tud opiedose sgio`nut`yo he feho`j dk`strudse. Rg`jgòio` selot – selot agdoèd, lesed ho` deaeo odo` agafo`tu aomoseswo u`tud hopot agiodudo` pgro`co`jo` otou pgrg`coòo` coapuro` fgtk`, aotgreoi pgrdgroso` noio`, pgrg`coòo` strudtur ro`jdo fono, doyu ho` foafu, hesoape`j agaomoae prksgs pgafuoto` ho` pg`jjuòo` fomo` sgag`, akrtor aoupu` dgroaed. Sgioe` etu aomoseswo odo` hopot ag`jgtomue loctkr – loctkr pg`ygfof hore cocot dk`strudse otou dgjojoio` dk`strudse hore suotu fo`juò` sepei. Xunuo` E`strudsekòi Waua > Roho odmer aoto duieom fomo` fo`juò` eè aomoseswo hemoropdo` hopot ag`jgòi ho` agaomoae selot – selot agdoèd, lesed ho` deaeo fomo` fo`juò` ojrgjot, sgag`, akrtor, dgroaed, doyu, foafu, fono ho` fgtk`, hg`jo` hgaedeo` aomoseswo agaeiede hosor hoioa agiodudo` pgro`co`jo` coapuro` ho` prksgs pgafuoto` fgfgropo ngès fomo` fo`juò`.

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Dureduiua 62?2

FOF ? FOXWO@ HO@ OJVGJOX Xunuo` E`strudsekòi Dmusus > Sgtgiom ag`jedute duieom eè, aomoseswo odo` hopot ag`jgòi osoi auio fotuo`, ho` ngès fotuo` agùrut osoi pgafg`tudo``yo dgauheo` opiedose fotuo` sgfojoe fomo` fo`juò`, ngès – ngès ojrgjot, pg`jjkik`jo` ojrgjot ho` dgjuòo` ojrgjot sgfojoe dkapk`g` utoao hoioa fgfgropo fomo` fo`juò` sgpgrte fgtk`, iopeso` pgrdgroso` ospoi ho` akrtor. Joaforo` Waua Aotgre > Ojrgjot yo`j hejuòdo` sgfojoe fomo` fo`juò` fgrosoi hore fgrfojoe ngès fotuo` yo`j oho he oioa. Fotuo` tgrfg`tud hoioa fgrfojoe coro, ho` hejkik`jdo` dg hoioa 3 ngès fgrhosordo` prksgs pgafg`tudo``yo pgafg`tudo``yo he oioa. Ojrgjot agrupodo` fomo` pg`jese yo`j fgrpgro` utoao sgfojoe pg`g`tu dgduoto` ho` selot fgfgropo ngès fomo` fo`juò` sgpgrte akrtor, fgtk` ho` pgrdgroso` ospoi. Aotgre duieom heauioe hg`jo` pg`jgòio` ngès – ngès ojrgjot fgrhosordo` uduro` futero`, osoi pgafuoto``yo ho` fkfkt futero`. Heio`nutdo` hg`jo` pgrmetu`jo` vkiuagtred ojrgjot ho` selot – selot lesed ojrgjot. Vgigvo`se Aoto Duieom > Roho fof eè aomoseswo hemoropdo` ag`juosoe pg`jgrteo` ho` pg`jjkik`jo` fotuo` fgrhosordo` prksgs pgafg`tudo``yo dgauheo` hopot agafghodo` ojrgjot fgrhosordo` uduro` futero`, osoi ojrgjot ho` fkfkt ojrgjot. Hosor – hosor pg`jgtomuo` tgrsgfut agrupodo` prosyorot yo`j morus heduosoe kigm aomoseswo ojor hopot agiodudo` pgro`co`jo` coapuro` (fgtk`, iopeso` pgrdgroso` noio`, akrtor hii). Dgtedo pg`jgtomuo` eè hetgropdo` he iopo`jo` aodo aomoseswo aoapu agrg`coòdo` sgdoiejus ag`jowose prksgs pg`jgrnoo` dk`strudse yo`j agiefotdo` ojrgjot sgfojoe soiom sotu fomo` pg`yusu``yo ojor sgsuoe spgseledose yo`j hetgtopdo`. ?.?.

Fotuo`

Fotuo` ohoiom aotgreoi yo`j ag`jo`hu`j zot ae`groi, fgrfg`tud pohot aoupu` tehod yo`j agrupodo` fojeo` hore iopeso` dgrod fuae. Nedo tgrhere hore sotu ngès ae`groi hesgfut ak`kae`groiec ho` nedo igfem sotu ngès ae`groi hesgfut ojjrgjotg kl ae`groi spgsegs . Rgafg`tudo` fgrfojoe aocoa ae`groi he oioa odo` ag`jmoseido` fgrfojoe ngès fotuo` tgrtg`tu. Rrksgs oioaeom tgrsgfut feso fgrfgho-fgho ho` agafg`tud ngès fotuo` yo`j fgrfgho puio. Rgafgduo` aojao odo` agafg`tud fgrfojoe ngès fotuo` fgdu. Fotuo` sgheag` feso tgrfg`tud dorgò fgrfojoe prksgs oioaeom, sgpgrte prksgs pg`jmo`curo` otou hese`tgjrose fotuo`, pgiopudo` deaeo, prksgs deaeowe ho` krjoès sgrto prksgs pg`juopo`/ gvopkrose. Igtuso` juù`j ope sg`here hopot ag`jmoseido` fotuo` perkdiosted. Fotuo` agtoakrl tgrfg`tud hore fgrfojoe ngès fotuo` yo`j tgiom tgrfg`tud igfem homuiu dgauheo` ag`joioae pgè`jdoto` tgapgroturg otou tgdoò` yo`j cudup te`jje, òau` pgè`jdoto` tgapgroturg etu sg`here aodseaoi he fowom tgapgroturg aojao.

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Dureduiua 62?2

Fotuo` (Vkcds) ohoiom fomo` pohot fg`tudo` oioa yo`j uaua`yo tgrsusu` kigm duapuio` otou dkafeòse hore sotu aocoa ae`groi otou igfem. NG@ES FOXWO@ (VKCDS)

Fotuo` yo`j hefg`tud kigm fgrfojoe ngès ho` susuò` ae`groi hefoje ag`nohe tejo ngès, yoetu fotuo` fgdu ( ej`gkus rkcds ), fotuo` g`hopo` ( sgheag`tory rkcds ), ho` fotuo` aoiemo` (agtoakrpmec rkcds ). Fotuo` Fgdu (Ej`gkus Vkcds)

Fotuo` yo`j tgrfg`tud hore prksgs pgafgduo`/pg`jdrestoio` aojao hoioa pgrnoioò``yo agùnu pgraudoo` fuae, tgraosud mosei odtevetos juù`jope. 

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Fotuo` fgdu hoioa 1 fotuo` piutkèd, fotuo` yj agafgdu noum he fowom pgraudoo` fuae, ck`tkm> jroèt Fotuo` fgdu dkrkd/jo`j 1 fotuo` e`trusel / mepofesoi, fotuo` yj agafgdu sgfgiua soapoe dg pgraudoo` fuae, ck`tkm> jroèt pkrler Fotuo` fgdu iuor/igigro` 1 fotuo` gdstrusel / glusel, fotuo` yj agafgdu he pgraudoo` fuae, ck`tkm> fotuo` vuidoès

Fotuo` G`hopo` (Sgheag`tory Vkcds)

Fotuo` yo`j tgrfg`tud hore prksgs pg`jg`hopo` fomo` igpos (lrojag`) mosei pgrkafodo`/pgiopudo` fotuo` ioe` yo`j tgro`jdut hore tgapot osoi`yo kigm oer, gs otou o`je`, yo`j dgauheo` ag`joioae prksgs heojg`gso/pgafotuo` (pgaohoto` (pgaohoto` ho` pgrgdoto`). 

Fotuo` sgheag` diosted / agdoès 1 fotuo` yj tgrg`hopdo` hore mosei rkafodo` fotuo` osoi, ck`tkm> dk`jikagrot, frgdse, fotu poser, sgrpem, òpoi, fotu igapu`j i gapu`j

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Dureduiua 62?2

Fotuo` sgheag` krjoèd 1 fotuo` yj fgrosoi hore g`hopo` fomo` krjoès (feòto`j & tuafumo`), ck`tkm> fotu joape`j, fotu foro, fotu joafut, heotkaet Fotuo` sgheag` deaeowe 1 fotuo` g`hopo` odefot prksgs deaeowe, ck`tkm> gvopkret, trovgrte`, o`mehret, moiet, fotu jeps Fotuo` sgheag` perkdiosted 1 fotuo` g`hopo` mosei grupse juù`j ope fgrupo ofu/hgfu, ck`tkm> tulo

Fotuo` Aoiemo` (Agtoakrpmec Vkcds)

Fotuo` yo`j tgrfg`tud hore prksgs pgrufomo` fotuo` osoi (fotuo` fgdu aoupu` sgheag`), foed pgrufomo` fg`tud/strudtur aoupu` susuò` ae`groi`yo odefot pg`jorum tgdoò` ho`/otou tgapgrotur yo`j so`jot te`jje, sgme`jjo ag`nohe fotuo` yo`j foru. 

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Fotuo` agtoakrl dk`tod/sg`tum/tgraoi 1 fotuo` aoiemo` odefot fgrse`jju`jo` hg`jo` aojao, ck`tkm> aoragr, duorset, fotu to`hud Fotuo` agtoakrl tgdo`/heòak/dotodiosted 1 fotuo` aoiemo` odefot tgdoò` yo`j so`jot te`jje, ck`tkm> fotu sofod, sgdes, leiet Fotuo` agtoakrl rgjekòi/heòak-tgraoi 1 fotuo` aoiemo` odefot pg`jorum tgdoò` ho` tgapgrotur yo`j so`jot te`jje, ck`tkm> jg`gs, oalefkiet, jrolet

Ojrgjot

O

jrgjot eoiom futero` ae`groi oioae yo`j fgrlu`jse sgfojoe fomo` pg`jese hoioa coapuro` fgtk` otou akrtor. Ojrgjot eè dero – dero ag`gapote sgfo`yod :2 % vkiuag akrtor otou fgtk`. Zoioupu` òao`yo mo`yo sgfojoe fomo` pg`jese, odo` tgtope ojrgjot so`jot fgrpg`jorum tgrmohop selot – selot fgtk`/akrtor`yo, sgme`jjo pgaeiemo` ojrgjot agrupodo` suotu fojeo` pg`te`j hoioa pgafuoto` akrtor/fgtk`.

Coro agafghodo` ngès ojrgjot yo`j poie`j fo`yod heiodudo` eoiom hg`jo` hehosordo` poho uduro` futer – futer`yo. Ojrgjot yo`j fgrfuter dgcei hesgfut ojrgjot moius. Sgfojoe fotos o`toro uduro` futer yo`j dosor ho` yo`j moius toapod`yo fgiua oho èioe yo`j poste aosem fgrfgho o`toro sotu hesepie` eiau hg`jo` hesepie` eiau yo`j ioe` ho` au`jde` nujo hore sotu hogrom hg`jo` hogrom ioe``yo. Hoioa feho`j tgd`kikje fgtk` èioe fotos tgrsgfut uaua`yo eoiom 8.:7 aa otou 8.=2 aa. ojrgjot yo`j futer – futer`yo igfem fgsor hore 8.=2 aa hesgfut ojrgjot dosor ho` ojrgjot yo`j futero``yo igfem dgcei 8.=2 aa hesgfut ojrgjot moius. Sgcoro uaua ojrgjot dosor sgre`j hesgfut sgfojoe dgredei, dgrecod, fotu pgcom otou spiet ohopu`

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Dureduiua 62?2

ojrgjot moius hesgfut poser, foed fgrupo poser oioae yo`j hepgrkigm io`jsu`j hore su`joe otou toòm joieo` otou hore mosei pgagcomo` fotu. Ojrgjot yo`j futero``yo igfem dgcei hore ?.62 aa doho`j – doho`j hesgfut poser moius, sgho`jdo` futer – futer yo`j igfem dgcei hore 2.2:7 aa hesgfut seit ho` yo`j igfem dgcei hore 2.226 aa hesgfut cioy. Hoioa prodtgd ojrgjot uaua`yo hejkik`jdo` ag`nohe 3 dgikapkd, yoetu > o. Fotu, u`tud fgsor futero` igfem hore 82 aa. f. Dgredei, u`tud futero` o`toro 7 aa ho` 82 aa. c. Roser u`tud futero` o`toro 2.?7 aa ho` 7 aa. Ojrgjot morus agapu`yoe fg`tud yo`j foed (fuiot otou ag`hgdote dufus), fgrsem, dgros, duot ho` jrohose`yo foed. Ojrgjot morus puio agapu`yoe dgstofeio` deaeowe ho` hoioa moi – moi tgrtg`tu morus tomu` ous ho` tomo` cuoco.

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Ojrgjot oioae ho` ojrgjot fuoto`

Ojrgjot hepgrkigm hore suafgr hoyo oioa yo`j tgiom ag`joioae pg`jgceio` uduro` sgcoro oioaeom (aesoi`yo dgredei) otou hopot puio hepgrkigm hg`jo` coro agagcom fotu oioa, agafodor toòm ieot ho` sgfojoe`yo. Ojrgjot oioae hopot hedioseledosedo` dg hoioa sgnorom tgrfg`tud`yo pgrestewo jgkikje, yoetu ojrgjot fgdu, ojrgjot sgheag` ho` ojrgjot agtoakrl yo`j dgauheo` hefoje ioje ag`nohe dgikapkd – dgikapkd yo`j igfem dgcei. Roser oioa, tgrfg`tud hore pgcomo` fotu dorgò fgfropo sgfof. Roser hopot hepgrkigm hore hoioa toòm, poho hosor su`joe otou tgpe iout. Kigm dorgò etu poser hopot hejkik`jdo` ag`nohe 3 aocoa >

o. Roser joieo`, poser eè hepgrkigm io`jsu`j hore pgraudoo` toòm otou hg`jo` coro ag`jjoie trigfem homuiu. Roser eè feoso`yo tonoa, fgrsuhut, fgrpkre ho` fgfos hore do`hu`jo` joroa. f. Roser su`joe, poser eè hepgrkigm io`jsu`j hore su`joe, yo`j poho uaua`yo fgrfuter moius ho` fuiot – fuiot odefot prksgs jgsgdo`. Roho su`joe tgrtg`tu yo`j hgdot hg`jo` muto` doho`j – doho`j fo`yod ag`jo`hu`j muaus. c. Roser po`toe, poser eè heoafei hore po`toe. Roser po`toe fgrosoi hore poser su`joe yo`j ag`jg`hop he auoro su`joe (he po`toe) otou mosei jgruso` oer he hosor iout yo`j tgrfowo orus oer iout ho` ag`jg`hop he po`toe. Roser po`toe feoso`yo fgrfuter moius. Feio agrupodo` poser hore hosor iout aodo poser`yo fo`yod ag`jo`hu`j joroa. Kigm dorgò etu aodo sgfoed`yo poser po`toe hepgredso huiu sgfgiua hepodoe. Nedo ag`jo`hu`j joroa aodo sgfoed`yo hecuce huiu hg`jo` oer towor sgfgiua hepodoe. Fono tuio`jo` he hoioa fgtk` yo`j hefuot hg`jo` poser yo`j ag`jo`hu`j joroa odo` igfem cgpot tgrdkrkse. Agùrut CR ??2>?5:6 (O.A. @gveiig, moi ?37), do`hu`jo` joroa CoCi (Coiceua Cmikrehg) hoioa poser iout tehod fkigm agioapoue ? % hore fgrot sgag` yo`j hepodoe, fomdo` u`tud fgtk` protgjo`j mo`yo hepgrfkigmdo` hepgrfkigmdo` 2.? % sono. Feio ojrgjot oioae noum hore ikdose pgdgrnoo`, aodo hopot hepodoe ojrgjot fuoto` (ojrgjot teruo`, orteleceoi ojjrgjotg). Ojrgjot fuoto` hopot fgrupo fotu pgcom, pgcomo` foto/jg`tg`j yo`j fgrsem, toòm ieot fodor, gxpo`hgh smoig, liy-osm ho` sgfojoe`yo.

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Dureduiua 62?2

Ojrgjot pgcomo` fotu (dgredei aoupu` poser) hepgrkigm hg`jo` agagcom fotu ag`nohe futero` sgfgsor yo`j hee`je`do` hg`jo` coro agighoddo`, agagcom, ag`joyod ho` sgtgrus`yo. Hore drk`kikje`yo, ojrgjot oioae aoupu` yo`j mosei pgagcomo`, hopot hefoje ag`nohe fgfgropo ngès ojrgjot yo`j agaeiede selot – selot fgrfgho. Fotu pgcom. Fotu pgcom (spiet) agrupodo` futer – futer mosei pgagcomo` fotu. Rgraudoo` futero``yo feoso`yo igfem dosor ho` fgrsuhut tonoa. Rgcomo` foto/jg`tg`j. Ojrgjot eè agrupodo` mosei pgagcomo` foto/jg`tg`j. Fomo` eè morus fgfos hore dktkro` ho` tehod ag`jo`hu`j dktkro` yo`j ag`juro`je autu fgtk`. Autu toòm ieot hopot fgrfgho ho` coro pgafodoro` (sumu) nujo fgrfgho, sgme`jjo autu fomo` eè nujo fgrfgho – fgho. Rgcomo` foto/jg`tg`j hore foto/jg`tg`j yo`j foed odo` ag`jmoseido` ojrgjot yo`j foed puio, sgme`jjo agagùme syorot u`tud fgtk`, odo` tgtope nedo u`tud fgtk` fgrtuio`j sgfoed`yo duot tgdo` foto`yo tehod duro`j hore 32 ARo. Fgtk` hore ojrgjot pgcomo` foto/jg`tg`j eè feoso`yo igfem re`jo`. Selot dgdghopo` oer`yo duro`j foed. Dgtomoò` ous`yo nujo rg`hom sgme`jjo tehod foed u`tud fgtk` yo`j agagriudo` dgtomoò` ous te`jje. Xoòm ieot fodor. Xoòm ieot hg`jo` dohor oer tgrtg`tu hefuot fgrfuter sgdetor 7 soapoe 62 aa, dgauheo` hefodor. Mosei pgafodoro` fgrfg`tud fkio yo`j dgros ho` re`jo` sgrto fgrpkre. Sgropo` oer`yo fgrdesor o`toro = soapoe 62 %. Fgtk` hg`jo` ojrgjot eè fgrot`yo igfem rg`hom horepoho fgtk` hore ojrgjot `kraoi, yoetu sgdetor ?522 dj/a³ (fgtk` hg`jo` ojrgjot `kraoi fgrot`yo sgdetor 6322 dj/a³. Mgrcuietg otou moyhetg. Ojrgjot eè ohoiom mosei pgafuoto` hore toòm smoig yo`j heaosuddo` hoioa tu`jdu putor poho sumu ?622²c sgioao ?2 – ?7 agèt. Jos yo`j oho hoioa smoig ag`jgafo`j agafg`tud agafg`tud nutoo` sgi dgcei (pkre uhoro) hoioa aosso aosso yo`j dgros. Sgi – sgi dgcei tgrsgfut hedgieie`je kigm sgioput tepes dghop oer yo`j duot. Ojrgjot eè agapu`yoe fgrot ngès ?.?7 ho` hoyo sgrop oer sgdetor ?<% (Ikdo Rgre`teso` Fomo` Fo`juò`, Foietfo`j RW, ?55?, Ceiocop). Ojrgjot eè hopot hepodoe u`tud ag`jjo`tedo` hoioa pgafuoto` fgtk`. Fgrot ngès fgtk``yo sgdetor 6/3 fgtk` feoso, tgtope duot tgdo``yo moaper soao (poho nuaiom sgag` yo`j soao). Fgtk` eè agapu`yoe dgtomoò` te`jje tgrmohop poòs sgme`jjo feoso`yo hejuòdo` u`tud he`he`j pgòmo` poòs, iopeso` tomo` ope poho fono strudtur ho` u`tud strudtur fgtk` yo`j pgraudoo``yo tgrdgò poòs te`jje. Fgtk` eè nujo agapu`yoe selot agrghoa suoro yo`j foed. Ofu tgrfo`j (se`tgrgh liy-osm ojjrgjotg). Ojrgjot eè eoiom mosei hore pgaoòso` ofu tgrfo`j (poho pgafodoro` fotu foro) soapoe agigigm ho` ag`jgros ioje yo`j agafg`tud futer – futer sgpgrte dgredei. Xgrod he`je`. eoiom mosei soape`jo` hore pgafodoro` fenem fgse poho toùr te`jje, yo`j hehe`je`do` pgio` – pgio` he uhoro tgrfudo. Rgaeiemo` tgrod he`je` sgcoro cgraot hopot ag`jmoseido` fgtk` yo`j foed ho` au`jde` aoiomo` igfem foed horepoho fgtk` hg`jo` ojrgjot oioae feoso. Fg`ho pohot fuo`jo`/ieafom. Dgau`jdeò` pgaodoeo` fg`ho pohot ieafom u`tud hepodoe sgfojoe pg`jjo`te ojrgjot hoioa pgafuoto` fgtk` yo`j poho aoso – aoso tgrodmer eè sgre`j hefecorodo` ho` toapod agè`jdot dgfutumo``yo, sgfgòr`yo fudoìom suotu dk`sgp yo`j foru. Aesoi`yo pgaodoeo` ofu tgrfo`j (liy osm), fiost luròcg sioj ho` rkfgdo` – rkfgdo` doig`j fgdos yo`j hepodoe sgfojoe sgrot hoioa fgtk`, nujo foro`j – foro`j fgdos fk`jdoro`

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Dureduiua 62?2

fo`juò`, aoupu` foro`j – foro`j soapom hore do`tkr ho` ruaom, aesoi`yo dgrtos, jgios, piostec, hsf. Sgfgiua foro`j – foro`j fgdos/fuo`jo` tgrsgfut hepodoe, aodo pgriu hepgrteafo`jdo` (hetgiete) huiu tgrmohop moi – moi sgfojoe fgredut > o. Xe`nouo` gdk`kae, opodom tehod igfem aomoi horepoho ojrgjot feoso, f. Xe`nouo` selot tgdès, opodom sgcoro tgdès hopot hepodoe. Foro`j fuo`jo`/ieafom, doho`j – doho`j agagriudo` feoyo yo`j tehod sghedet nedo morus hepeiem/hepesomdo` hore fomo` yo`j ioe` otou hore dktkro` yo`j agigdot. Roho pgcomo` doco, futer – futer`yo cg`hgru`j pepem ho` pgraudoo``yo iece`, sgme`jjo duro`j agrgdot hg`jo` posto`yo.

?.8.

Fgrot ngès ojrgjot

Fgrot ngès ojrgjot ohoiom rosek o`toro aosso pohot ojrgjot ho` aosso oer hg`jo` vkiuag soao (aodo to`po sotuo`) Dorgò futero` ojrgjot uaua`yo ag`jo`hu`j pkre – pkre yo`j oho hoioa futero` ho` tgrtutup /tehod soie`j fgrmufu`jo`, aodo fgrot ngès ojrgjot hefghodo` ag`nohe huo esteiom, yoetu > o. Fgrot ngès autiod/ofskiutg, nedo vkiuag fg`ho pohot`yo to`po pkre. f. Fgrot ngès sgau/opporg`t (fgrot ngès toapod) nedo vkiuag fg`ho pohot`yo tgraosud pkre tgrtutup`yo. Cototo` > u`tud ojrgjot tgrtg`tu yo`j pkre tgrtutup`yo dgcei, sgre`j dghuo esteiom he otos heo`jjop soao ho` hesgfut fgrot ngès sono. Hg`jo` hgaedeo` aodo sgcoro aotgaotedo hopot hetuies > Fn 1 Zf / Zo

Hg`jo` > Z f 1 fgrot futer ojrgjot Zo 1 fgrot oer hg`jo` vkiuag oer soao hg`jo` vkiuag futer ojrgjot Ojrgjot hopot hefghodo` fgrhosordo` fgrot ngès`yo, yoetu > o. Ojrgjot `kraoi f. Ojrgjot fgrot c. Ojrgjot re`jo`

Ojrgjot `kraoi eoiom ojrgjot yo`j fgrot ngès`yo o`toro 6.7 soapoe 6.:. Ojrgjot eè feoso`yo fgrosoi hore ojrgjot jroèt, fosoit, duorso ho` sgfojoe`yo. Fgtk` yo`j hemoseido` agapu`yoe fgrot ngès sgdetor 6.3. Fgtk``yo hesgfut fgtk` `kraoi. Ojrgjot fgrot agapu`yoe fgrot ngès igfem hore 6.=, aesoi`yo aoj`gtec (Lg 3K8), forytgs (FoSK8) otou sgrfud fgse. Fgtk` yo`j hemoseido` nujo agaeiede fgrot ngès yo`j te`jje (soapoe 7), yo`j glgdtel sgfojoe he`he`j pgie`hu`j / pgresoe roheose roheose seòr ]. Ojrgjot re`jo` agapu`yoe fgrot ngès duro`j hore 6.2 yo`j feoso`yo hefuot u`tud fgtk` re`jo`. Fgrot fgtk` re`jo` duro`j hore ?=22 dj/a 3. Fgtk` re`jo` feoso`yo hepodoe u`tud gigag` `k`-strudturoi, odo` tgtope au`jde` puio u`tud gigag` strudtur re`jo`.

:

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Dureduiua 62?2

Dgfoedo``yo eoiom fgrot sg`here yo`j rg`hom sgme`jjo strudtur pg`hudu`j`yo ho` pk`hose`yo igfem dgcei. Ojrgjot re`jo` hopot hepgrkigm sgcoro oioae aoupu` fuoto`, aesoi`yo > o. Ojrgjot re`jo` oioae aesoi`yo > heotkaetg, puaecg, vkicoèc ce`hgr. f. Ojrgjot re`jo` fuoto` aesoi`yo > toòm fodor (fikotgh cioy), ofu tgrfo`j (se`tgrgh liy osm), fuso tgrod toùr te`jje (lkoagh fiost luròcg sioj).

?.7.

Fgrot sotuo` ho` dgpohoto`

\kiuag poser otou dgredei tgrhere otos > o. \kiuag futero` (zot pohot`yo) f. \kiuag pkre tgrtutup c. \kiuag pkre tgrfudo. Fgrot sotuo` ojrgjot eoiom fgrot ojrgjot hoioa sotu sotu sotuo` vkiuag fgnoò, he`yotodo` he`yotodo` hoioa 3 dj/ietgr otou tk`/a . Nohe fgrot sotuo` eoiom fgrot ojrgjot hoioa sotu sotuo` fgnoò, (hoioa fgnoò tgrhere otos vkiuag futer (agiepute pkre tgrtutup ho` vkiuag pkre tgrfudo`yo).

Hg`jo` hgaedeo` aodo sgcoro aotgaotedo hopot hetuies > Fsot 1 Zf / \t

Hg`jo` >

Zf \t \t \f \p

1 fgrot futer – futer ojrgjot he hoioa fgnoò 1 \f + \p 1 vkiuag tktoi fgnoò 1 vkiuag futero` ojrgjot hoioa fgnoò 1 vkiuag pkre tgrfudo o`tor futer – futer ojrgjot hoioa fgnoò

Fgfgropo esteiom yo`j pgriu hedgtomue odefot moi etu o`toro ioe` > Rkrksetos

>

R 1 (\p / \t) x ?22%

dgpohoto`

>

D 1 (\f / \t) x ?22%

Hore ruaus – ruaus tgrsgfut aodo hehopot mufu`jo` o`toro èioe dgpohoto` ho` pkrksetos, yoetu > D 1 ?22 – R R

Hoioa prodtgd uaua`yo èioe – èioe tgrsgfut u`tud ojrgjot `kraoi ohoiom > o. Rkrksetos

1 37 – 82 %

f. Dgpoapoto` 1 <2 – <7 % c. Fgrot ngès

1 6.7 – 6.:

h. Fgrot sotuo` 1 ?.7 – ?.=

=

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?.<.

Dureduiua 62?2


Wduro` futer ojrgjot

Nedo futero` ojrgjot fuiot sgapurò aodo nore – nore otou heoagtgr agrupodo` uduro` yo`j sgapurò. W`tud fg`tud futer yo`j ioe``yo hesgfut hg`jo` uduro` tehod hopot hedotodo` hg`jo` tgpot hoioa sotu o`jdo to`po ag`huo. Aesoi`yo, nedo futero` fgrfg`tud dufus, sgcoro ikjedo uduro``yo hopot he`yotodo` hoioa po`no`j sese otou po`no`j heojkòi pgraudoo` dufus`yo otou heojkòi foho``yo. foho``yo. Dgohoo` yo`j hgaedeo` odo` igfem tehod ngios ioje nedo fg`tud futero` ohoiom tehod tgrotur, fgrsuhut tonoa, sgfojoeaoò heaeiede kigm moaper sgteop futer ojrgjot. Sgfojoe dk`sgdug`se`yo aodo uduro` futer ojrgjot sgfoed`yo tehod hesgfut hg`jo` heoagtgr. Rg`juduro` uduro` futer ojrgjot hehosordo` otos suotu pgagredsoo` yo`j heiodudo` hg`jo` oiot fgrupo oyodo` hg`jo` uduro` iufo`j – iufo`j tgrtg`tu. Wduro` futero` ojrgjot, to`po agapgrmotedo` fg`tud`yo, hehgleèsedo` sgfojoe he-? – he nedo futero` etu ikiks poho oyodo` hg`jo` iufo`j he ho` tgrtomo` poho iufo`j he -?. Ck`tkm >

Ojrgjot uduro` ?2 – 62 aa > eoiom lrodse futer – futer ojrgjot yo`j ikiks i kiks poho oyodo` iufo`j 62 aa ho` tgrtomo` poho iufo`j ?2 aa. Hg`jo` coro eè tgr`yoto oaot foed ho` nujo rosekòi, tgrutoao nedo hepodoe u`tud ag`ygfut suotu lrodse futero` ojrgjot hg`jo` fgraocoa – aocoa uduro` yo`j fgrfgho. Aesoi`yo, ojrgjot uduro` 62 – 82 aa, ojrgjot uduro` ?2 – 62 aa, ojrgjot uduro` 7 – ?2 aa ho` sgfojoe`yo. Rgagredsoo` uduro` futer ojrgjot feoso`yo heiodudo` hg`jo` oiot yo`j òao`yo oyodo` heaodsuhdo` u`tud ag`jgtomue hestrefuse uduro` futer ojrgjot. Sgfojoeo` ojrgjot heoafei ck`tkm`yo, dgauheo` hepesomdo` ag`nohe fgfgropo lrodse hg`jo` agaodoe oyodo`. Rgaesomo` heiodudo` hg`jo` oyodo` yo`j hesusu` auioe hore uduro` iufo`j aodseaua soapoe aeèaua soafei hejgtordo`. Ojrgjot uaua`yo hoioa dgohoo` dgre`j. Ojrgjot hore aose`j – aose`j lrodse dgauheo` heteafo`j ho` he`yotodo` hoioa pgrsg`tosg fgrot (iemot Xofgi ?.? ). Fgsor pgrsg`tosg suotu lrodse ojrgjot tgrtg`tu ag`yotodo` fgsor vkiuag futer lrodse tgrsgfut. Kigm dorgò etu èioe pgrsg`tosg sgfoed`yo hoioa vkiuag ho` tehod mo`yo hoioa tgkre odo` tgtope hoioa prodtgd, tgrutoao nedo fgrot ngès futer – futer ojrgjot`yo tehod soao (aesoi`yo ojrgjot moius fgrupo poser `kraoi ho` ojrgjot dosor hore ojrgjot re`jo`). Feio fgrot ngès futer – futer`yo tehod fgrfgho noum aodo èioe pgrsg`tosg vkiuag lrodse tgrsgfut hopot he`yotodo` hoioa fgrot. Kigm dorgò uaua`yo fgrot ngès ojrgjot tehod fgrfgho aodo suhom ag`nohe dgfeosoo` u`tud ag`ygfut pgrsg`tosg lrodse hg`jo` fgrot, dorgò igfem auhom heiodsoòdo`. @oau` morus sgioiu hee`jotdo` fomwo nedo fgrot ngès futer – futer`yo fgrfgho noum, aesoi`yo fgrot ngès ojrgjot dosor ?.= ho` fgrot ngès ojrgjot moius 6.<, aodo pg`ygfuto` pgrsg`tosg fgrot moius heiodudo` hg`jo` dk`vgrse, yoetu hedoiedo` hg`jo` fgrot ngès aose`j – aose`j lrodse. Xofgi ?.?. Rgrsg`tosg fgrot lrodse Iufo`j oyodo` (aa) ? =2 82 62

Fgrot futer tgrte`jjoi (jroa) 6 2 872 822

Fgrot futer tgrte`jjoi (%)

Fgrot futer igwot oyodo` (%)

3 2 66.7 62

8 ?22 ::.7 7:.7

5

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Dureduiua 62?2


?2 8.= 6.8 ?.6 2.< 2.3 2.?7 Oios Xktoi

322 672 672 ?72 ?22 72 32 62 6222

?7 ?6.7 ?6.7 :.7 7 6.7 ?.7 ? ?22

86.7 32 ?:.7 ?2 7 6.7 ? 2

Dgtgro`jo` Xofgi > o. Dkika (?) > uduro` iufo`j oyodo` f. Dkika (6) > mosei pg`joyodo` ojrgjot, fgrot ojrgjot yo`j tgrte`jjoi poho oyodo` c. Dkika (3) > mosei metu`jo` hore dkika (6) h. Dkika (8) > mosei metu`jo` hore dkika (3)

?.:.

Wduro` iufo`j oyodo`

Oiot pg`judur fgsor uduro` futer – futer ojrgjot heòaodo` oyodo`, eoiom suotu piot fono otou igaforo` fono otou dowot o`yoao` yo`j agapu`yoe iufo`j – iufo`j soao fgsor ho` hepgrduot hg`jo` ro`jdo otou jgio`j duot u`tud ag`kpo`j. Oyodo` hejuòdo` u`tud agaesomdo` futero` – futero` sgsuoe hg`jo` uduro` fgsor`yo. Fg`tud iufo`j oyodo` hopot fgrupo ie`jdoro` fuiot ho` hopot puio fgrupo funur so`jdor. Nedo fgrfg`tud ie`jdoro` fuiot hesgfut segvg, sgho`jdo` nedo fgrfg`tud funur so`jdor hesgfut scrgg`. He E`hk`gseo, soapoe soot eè dghuo esteiom tgrsgfut fgiua hefghodo`, dghuo`yo hesgfut oyodo`. Mosei pg`joyodo` hg`jo` oyodo` fgriufo`j funur so`jdor ho` hg`jo` iufo`j fuiot tehod soao, moi eè dorgò pg`jorum futero` ojrgjot yo`j tehod fuiot sgapurò. W`tud pgaodoeo` hoioa ojrgjot poho uaua`yo hepodoe oyodo` hg`jo` iufo`j fuiot, tgtope doho`j – doho`j hepodoe nujo yo`j funur so`jdor dorgò pgafuoto` oyodo``yo igfem auhom. Roho soot eè uduro` iufo`j oyodo` tgiom hesgrojoado`, hg`jo` uduro` yo`j hedgiuordo` hore ESK (E`tgròtekòi Sto`horh Krjoèzotek`, Jg`gvg, Swetzgrio`h) yoetu > 3:.7 aa, ?5 aa, 5.7 aa, 8.:7 aa, 6.3< aa, ?.?= aa, 2.<2 aa, 2.32 aa, 2.?7 aa, 2.2:7 aa. W`tud agòafom uduro` yo`j au`jde` sgre`j hepodoe aodo hetoafomdo` puio uduro` 72 aa, 67 aa ho` ?6.7 aa.

?.=.

Wduro` aodseaua futer ojrgjot

W`tud ag`juro`je nuaiom sgag` (ojor feoyo pgafuoto` fgtk` fgrduro`j) hefutumdo` uduro` futer – futer aodseaua ojrgjot yo`j sgfgsor – fgsor`yo. Zoioupu` hgaedeo`, fgsor futer aodseaua ojrgjot dosor tehod hopot tgrioiu fgsor, dorgò oho loctkr – loctkr ioe` yo`j agafotose. Loctkr – loctkr yo`j agafotose fgsor futer aodseaua ojrgjot eoiom > norod feho`j soape`j cgtodo` fgtk`, heag`se piot fgtk` yo`j hefuot, sgrto norod fgrsem o`tor fono tuio`jo` hoioa fgtk`, yoetu >

?2

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Dureduiua 62?2

o. Wduro` aodseaua futer ojrgjot tehod fkigm igfem fgsor hore ° doie norod fgrsem o`tor tuio`jo` fono. f. Wduro` aodseaua futer ojrgjot tehod fkigm igfem fgsor hore ?/3 ? /3 doie tgfoi piot. c. Wduro` aodseaua futer ojrgjot tehod fkigm igfem fgsor hore ?/7 doie norod tgrdgcei o`toro feho`j soape`j cgtodo`. Hg`jo` pgrteafo`jo` tgrsgfut he otos, aodo uduro` aodseaua futer ojrgjot u`tud fgtk` fgrtuio`j uaua`yo sgfgsor ?2 aa, 62 aa, otou 82 aa. Nedo heag`se fgtk` yo`j hefuot rgiotevg fgsor (fgtk``yo hesgfut fgtk` aosso) ho` tehod hepodoe fono tuio`jo`, aesoi`yo fgtk` u`tud pk`hose suauro`, peior ngafoto`, tgafkd pgòmo` toòm, fg`hu`jo`, uduro` aodseaua ojrgjot hopot heoafei sgfgsor :7 aa otou ?72 aa.

?.5.

Ck`tkm pgrmetu`jo` >

Hedgtomue pgrfo`he`jo` vkiuag poser – dgredei 1 6 > 3 Fgrot ngès poser (γ ngès) 1 6,<4 Fgrot ngès dgredei (γ ngès)1 6,74 Fgrot sotuo` poser ( γ sot.) 1 ?,77 dj/ha34 Fgrot sotuo` dgredei (γ sot.) 1 ?,<2 dj/ha34 Fgrot sotuo` coapuro` ( γ sot.) 1 ?,52 dj/ha3 Metu`jiom vkiuag rk`jjo poho dgredei, poser ho` coapuro` Nowofo` > 

Dgpohoto` Roser

1

 sot .

?,77 



Dgpohoto` Dgredei

1

 sot .  ngès

x?22 75,<2 % 

6,<2

 ngès

?,<2 

6,72

x?22



<8 %



Rkrksetos poser

1 ?22 % - 75,<2 % 1 82,82 %



Rkrksetos dgredei

1 ?22 % - <8 % 1 3< %

Aesoi`yo heoafei 6 ietgr poser ho` 3 ietgr dgredei 

Roser \kiuag tktoi 1 6 ietgr Fgrot

1 6 x ?,77 dj 1 3,?2 dj

\kiuag futer 1 3,?2/6,<2 3,?2/6,<2 1 ?,?5 ?,?5 ietgr \kiuag rk`jjo 

1 6 – ?,?5 1 2,=? ietgr otou 82 %

Dgredei \kiuag tktoi 1 3 ietgr Fgrot

1 3 x ?,<2 dj 1 8,=2 dj

\kiuag futer 1 8,=2/6,7 8,=2/6,7 1 ?,56 ietgr \kiuag rk`jjo

1 3 – ?,56 1 ?,2= ietgr otou 3< %

Coapuro` poser ho` dgredei ??

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Fgrot coapuro`


Dureduiua 62?2

1 3,?2 + 8,=2 1 :,52 dj

\kiuag tktoi tktoi 1 :,52 / ?,52 1 8,?7= ietgr4 ietgr4 \kiuag futero`

1 ?,?5 + ?,56 1 3,?? ietgr

\kiuag rk`jjo

1 8,?7= – 3,?? 1 ?,28= ietgr otou 67 %

Dgseapuio` > ojrgjot coapuro` agapu`yoe prksg`tosg vkiuag rk`jjo yo`j igfem dgcei.

\kiuag tktoi poser + vkiuag tktoi dgredei ≢ vkiuag tktoi coapuro` Fgrot poser + fgrot dgredei 1 fgrot coapuro` \kiuag futer poser + vkiuag dgredei 1 vkiuag futer coapuro`

?.?2.

Fg`tud futero`

Sgioe` uduro` ho` jrohose, pg`te`j nujo agapgionore fg`tud ho` tgdstur pgraudoo` futer. Oho fgraocoa – aocoa fg`tud futer ojrgjot. Soiom sotu dioseledose ohoiom o`juior – suf o`juior – surrku`hgh – rku`hgh – wgii rku`hgh. O`juior fgrorte tehod oho dgouso`, sgho`jdo` wgii rku`hgh fgrorte fuiot, wonom osie`yo suhom tehod dgiemoto` ioje. Sgioe` etu oho fg`tud pepem (liody), agao`no`j (gik`jotgh) ho` pepem agao`no`j (liody & gik`jotgh). Fotu pgcom fgrfg`tud o`juior, sgho`jdo` dgredei hore su`joe fgrfg`tud fuiot ho` doho`j ojod pepem. Fg`tud odo` agapg`jorume dgigcodo` (wkrdofeiety) ho` dgduoto` fgtk`. Sgcoro uaua yo`j tgrfoed u`tud dgigcodo` ohoiom yo`j fgrfg`tud fuiot sgho`jdo` u`tud dgduoto` yo`j te`jje ohoiom yo`j o`juior, dorgò iuos pgraudoo``yo igfem fgsor. Fg`tud yo`j pepem ho` agao`no`j duro`j foed dorgò suiet u`tud hepohotdo`. Agùrut SEE, ojrgjot yo`j fgrfg`tud pepem agao`no`j tehod fkigm igfem hore 62% fgrot. Fg`tud yo`j hedgmg`hode ohoiom fg`tud yo`j tehod pepem. Roho prkygd sgfoed`yo oho ck`tkm ojrgjot yo`j suhom hesgtunue kigm dk`suito` pg`jowos sgme`jjo igfem auhom u`tud agafo`he`jdo` sgcoro vesuoi u`tud sgteop doie pg`jereao`.

?.??.

Xgdstur pgraudoo` futero`

Dioseledose`yo > Ag`jdeiot (jiossy) – roto – jroùior – dosor – soro`j towk` (mk`gy ckaf) Dgredei oioa pgraudoo``yo roto, sgho`jdo` fotu pgcom igfem dosor. Duoietos pgraudoo` tgrjo`tu`j hore ngès fotuo``yo. Rgraudoo` yo`j ag`jdeiot agapu`yoe dgigcodo` yo`j igfem foed horepoho yo`j dosor, òau` sgfoied`yo pgraudoo` yo`j dosor dgigdoto``yo hg`jo` aotreds sgag` igfem foed. ?.?6.

Ofskrpse ho` dohor oer

Oer yo`j tgrdo`hu`j he hoioa ojrgjot odo` agapg`jorume nuaiom oer yo`j hepgriudo` he hoioa coapuro`. Ojrgjot yo`j fosom odo` agafuot coapuro` igfem fosom ho` agè`jdotdo` loctkr oer sgag` ho` sgfoied`yo ojrgjot yo`j dgre`j odo` ag`ygrop oer coapuro` ho` agùru`do` dgigcodo` fgtk`. Nohe do`hu`jo` oer he hoioa ojrgjot morus hedgtomue. Rgrufomo` ?6

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Dureduiua 62?2

dohor oer tehod mo`yo tgrjo`tu`j hore pg`jereao`, tgtope nujo pg`jorum hore cuoco (aesoi`yo muno` otou poòs tgred) ho` ioao`yo pg`yeapoò`. Roser yo`j hetuapud ho` hefgre dgsgapoto` u`tud ak`jgre`j sgioao ?< noa odo` agapu`yoe dohor oer sgdetor 7%. Hoioa dgohoo` fosom o`toro : soapoe ?2 %, doho`j soapoe ?7%. Roser yo`j igafof tgroso ojod fosom, tgtope tehod agè`jjoido` dgfosomo` he to`jo`. Dohor oer sgdetor 6% fgrot, poser tgroso fosom ho` sghedet agafosome to`jo`, agafg`tud fkio he to`jo`. Dohor oer sgdetor 8% fgrot, poser yo`j so`jot fosom, oer`yo soapoe ag`gtgs dgtedo heo`jdut, sgaode` agafosome to`jo` ho` toapod ag`jdeiot. Oho 8 dk`hese do`hu`jo` oer he hoioa ojrgjot > o. Dgre`j dgrk`to`j (fk`g hry otou kvg` hry – kh) Feso hehopot hg`jo` agaosuddo` ojrgjot dg hoioa kvg` sgioao 68 noa poho tgapgroturg ?27 - ??2²C. f. Dgre`j uhoro (oer hry – oh) Fojeo` iuor`yo dgre`j òau` fojeo` hoioa`yo aosem ag`jo`hu`j oer. Dgohoo` ojrgjot he iopo`jo` opofeio tgrngaur. c. Soturotgh surlocg hry (SSH) Eè dgohoo` tgkretes ehgoi, yoetu futer he hoioa`yo suhom ngùm oer (soturotgh), òau` fojeo` sgfgiom iuor aosem dgre`j. Dk`hese eè hepodoe sgfojoe hosor pgrmetu`jo` aex hgsej`. h. Igafof (akest otou wgt) Sgioe` fojeo` hoioa ngùm oer, fojeo` iuor nujo fosom. Hehopot hg`jo` agrg`hoa ojrgjot sgioao 68 noa. Nuaiom oer tktoi ohoiom sgpuium doie oer yo`j oho, foed yo`j he hoioa pkre aoupu` yo`j he iuor futer. Dohor oer tktoi ohoiom pgrsg`tosg nuaiom oer tgrsgfut tgrmohop fgrot ojrgjot dgre`j. Dohor oer fgfos ohoiom ohoiom pgrsg`tosg nuaiom oer yo`j yo`j he iuor futer sono. Dohor Dohor oer fgfos hepodoe sgfojoe hosor u`tud pgrg`coòo` coapuro` dorgò ojrgjot heo`jjop hoioa dgohoo` SSH.

?.?3.

Dgdgroso` ojrgjot

Dgtomoò` ofrose sgre`j hepodoe sgfojoe e`hgds uaua u`tud duoietos ojrgjot. Dgdgroso` (morh`gss) ohoiom pgriowoò` tgrmohop dgouso`. Aesoi`yo u`tud povgag`t otou io`toe juho`j/wkrdsmkp oiot – oiot fgrot. Hefutumdo` fgtk` yo`j sgioe` duot nujo tehod cgpot ous odefot ofrose. Heiodudo` pgrckfoo` fgnoò tgdo` Iks O`jgiks, fgnoò tgdo` Vuhkil, Igejmtk` fuzzorh otou Vkcdwgii tgst. Dgdgroso` he`yotodo` hoioa pgrsg` fojeo` mo`cur yo`j moius, yo`j agigwote oyodo` ?,: – 6 aa. Hefotose ?8 – ?< % poho Vuhkil ho` 6: % poho Iks O`jgiks kigm SEE. Sgioe` etu oho ioje selot yo`j ioe`, yoetu dguigto` (tkujm`gss), yoetu dgtomoò` tgrmohop fg`turo`. Xgs ofrose heiodudo` hg`jo` Iks o`jgigs tgst. Rg`juneo` dgdgroso` ojrgjot moius hopot heiodudo` hg`jo` agafuot ck`tkm ho` agafo`he`jdo``yo hg`jo` poser sto`hor. W`tud SEE hepodoe poser Fo`jdo. O`jdo pgafo`he`j tehod fkigm igfem fgsor hore 6,62. Ojrgjot dosor feio hejkrgs hg`jo` foto`j tgafojo aodo fojeo` yo`j igaom aodseaua 7 %.

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?.?8.


Dureduiua 62?2

Sufsto`se pgrusod poho ojrgjot

Ojrgjot doho`j – doho`j ag`jo`hu`j fomo` yo`j tehod hedgmg`hode. Oho huo dgikapkd, yoetu dgikapkd lesed ho` dgikapkd deaeowe. Dgikapkd lesed ag`jjo`jju sgcoro agdoès, sgpgrte hgfu ho` dktkro`. Dgikapkd deaeowe ag`jjo`jju rgodse mehrose aoupu` dgtomoò` fgtk`. Xgraosud dgikapkd lesed ohoiom dktkro` hore toòm ieot, iuapur otou hgfu moius. Hoioa nuaiom sghedet, dktkro` eè tehod hopot heme`hore. @oau` dktkro` yo`j fgrigfemo` odo` agiopese pgraudoo` ojrgjot sgme`jjo ag`juro`je igdoto` posto sgag`. Opoioje nedo hesgrtoe juapoio`.ngès eè auhom hedgtomue hg`jo` aoto tgio`no`j tgi o`no`j otou hg`jo` ag`joafei sgjg`jjoa poser ho` agagros`yo. Feio oho dktkro` yo`j tgrte`jjoi he to`jo`, fgrorte poser`yo dktkr. Dktkro` hesgfofdo` kigm duro`j`yo pg`yeroao` poho wodtu pg`joafeio`. Fotu pgcomo` agse` uaua`yo ag`jo`hu`j dktkro` igfem sghedet horepoho dgredei oioa otou fotu pgcomo` to`jo`. Dohor iuapur (otou futero` yo`j igfem dgcei hore :2 aedrk`) aodseaua 7% u`tud ojrgjot moius, ?% u`tud ojrgjot dosor, agùrut SEE. Juapoio` toòm ieot ho` portedgi yo`j auhom hesgrpemdo` aodseaua 3%, agùrut OSXA. Dgikapkd deaeowe tgrhere hore dktkro` krjoèc, joroa ho` oidoie. Dktkro` krjoèc sgpgrte juio, aesoi`yo odo` agapgrioafot pg`jedoto`. Dktkro` sgpgrte muaus ho` sgrpemo` doyu odo` ag`ygfofdo` fgrcod poho pgraudoo`. Dohor zot krjoèc heune hg`jo` ioruto` òtreua suilot. Feio worò`yo igfem tuo hore sto`hor aodo morus hetkiod, agùrut OSXA, dgcuoie feio worò jgiop hesgfofdo` oho`yo oro`j otou iejèt otou feso hefudtedo` hg`jo` pgrckfoo` pgrfo`he`jo` dgduoto` akrtor. Dgduoto` tehod duro`j hore 57% tgrmohop akrtor hg`jo` poser sto`hor. Oro`j ho` iejèt aodseaua 2,7 – ?%, agùrut OSXA. Dktkro` yo`j ioe` odo` ag`jjo`jju dgtomoò` (hurofeiety), yoetu ag`juroedo` dgafoie (hgdkapksese) mosei mehrose, otou fgrgodse ag`jmoseido` prkhud yo`j ag`jgafo`j. Dgstofeio` deaeowe agò`hodo` fomwo ojrgjot tehod odo` fgrgodse sgcoro deaeo hg`jo` sgag` otou odo` tgrpg`jorum sgcoro deaeo kigm pg`jorum iuor yo`j ioe`. Dgdgdoio` heune hg`jo` ioruto` joroa suilot. Agùrut OSXA ho` SEE, fojeo` yo`j mo`cur aodseaua >

@otreua suilot

Aoj`gseua suilot

Ojrgjot moius

?2%

?7%

Ojrgjot dosor

?6%

?=%

Oho`yo joroa odo` ag`ygfofdo` dkrkse poho tuio`jo`, tgrutoao opofeio duoietos fgtk``yo ngigd. Dorgò etu sgcoro prodtes poser iout heioro`j u`tud hejuòdo` sgfojoe coapuro` fgtk`. Dgtomoò` tgrmohop pgafgduo` ho` pg`coero` ohoiom pg`te`j u`tud fgtk` gdspks feio ag`jmohope 8 ausea.

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Dureduiua 62?2

Skoi Xujos >

?. Ngiosdo` opo yo`j heaodsuh hg`jo` ojrgjot ! 6. Sgfutdo` fotoso` uduro` u`tud ngès ojrgjot poser, dgredei ho` fotu ! 3. Sgfutdo` spgseledose ojrgjot yo`j agagùme syorot sgfojoe gigag` strudtur yo`j agaedui fgfo` ! 8. Xuiesdo` sotuo`/uèt sotuo`/uèt u`tud ag`hgleèsedo` orte hore esteiom > fgrot sotuo`, fgrot ngès ho` dohor oer ! 7. Ngiosdo` opo yo`j heaodsuh hg`jo` esteiom ojrgjot `kraoi, ojrgjot fgrot ho` ojrgjot re`jo`, ho` fgredo` ck`tkm aotgreoi`yo aose`j - aose`j ! <. Ngiosdo` coro u`tud ag`jgtomue uduro` ojrgjot ! :. Ngiosdo` pg`jorum tgdstur pgraudoo` futero` ojrgjot dosor aoupu` ojrgjot moius tgrmohop dgduoto` fgtk` ho` akrtor ! =. Sgfutdo` ck`tkm – ck`tkm ojrgjot oioae ho` fuoto` (aeèaoi 3 ck`tkm ojrgjot) ! 5. Sgfutdo` coro – coro pg`juneo` he iofkrotkreua u`tud ag`jgtomue ag`jgtomue dgduoto` ho` dgdgroso` ojrgjot4 dgtomoò` tgrmohop cuoco/ie`jdu`jo`4 cuoco/ie`jdu`jo`4 rgodse oidoie-seiedo ho` selot tgraoi ojrgjot ! ?2. Ngiosdo` ngès – ngès sufsto`se pgrusod poho ojrgjot !

Holtor Rustodo

Xnkdrkheauink, D, 6228, Xgd`kikje Fgtk`- Fudu Onor Aojestgr Xgd`kikje Fomo` Fo`juò`, Loduitos Xgdèd Sepei Wèvgrsetos Johnom Aoho, Nkjnodorto

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Dureduiua 62?2

FOF 6 SGAG@ Xunuo` E`strudsekòi Dmusus > Sgtgiom ag`jedute duieom eè, aomoseswo odo` hopot ag`jgtomue osoi auio hetgaudo``yo fomo` sgag`, pgrdgafo`jo` fomo` sgag`, prksgs pgafuoto` sgag`, ag`jgòi tepg – tepg sgag` sgsuoe pg`jjuòo``yo he fgrfojoe ngès dk`strudse. Joaforo` uaua aotgre > Sgag` agrupodo` fomo` pg`jedot, yo`j heopiedosedo` hoioa coapuro` posto, akrtor ho` fgtk`, aoupu` u`tud fomo` stofeiesose toòm. Aotgre duieom heauioe hg`jo` hgleèse sgag`, fomo` hosor sgag`, prksgs prkhudse sgag`, selot – selot lesed ho` deaeowe sgag`, heio`nutdo` hg`jo` ngès – ngès sgag` sgsuoe tunuo` pg`jjuòo``yo. Vgigvo`se Aoto Duieom > Roho fof eè aomoseswo hemoropdo` ag`juosoe hgleèse, selot selot lesed ho` deaeowe sgag` ho` pg`jjuòo` sgag` hoioa fgrfojoe dk`strudse. Hosor – hosor pg`jgtomuo` tgrsgfut agrupodo` prosyorot yo`j morus heduosoe kigm aomoseswo ojor hopot agiodudo` pgro`co`jo` coapuro` (fgtk`, iopeso` pgrdgroso` noio`, akrtor hii). Dgtedo pg`jgtomuo` eè hetgropdo` he iopo`jo` aodo aomoseswo aoapu agrg`coòdo` sgdoiejus ag`jowose prksgs pg`jgrnoo` dk`strudse yo`j agiefotdo` sgag` sgfojoe fomo` pg`jedot ojor sgsuoe spgseledose yo`j hetgtopdo`. 6.?. Hgleèse

Sgag` fgrosoi hore doto cogag`tua yo`j fgrorte fgrorte fomo` pgrgdot yo`j aoapu agapgrsotudo` otou ag`jedot fomo`-fomo` pohot ag`nohe sotu dgsotuo` yo`j dkdkm otou suotu prkhud yo`j agapu`yoe lu`jse sgfojoe fomo` pgrgdot o`toro huo otou igfem fomo` sgme`jjo ag`nohe suotu fojeo` yo`j dkapod otou hoioa pg`jgrteo` yo`j iuos ohoiom aotgreoi piostes yo`j agafgredo` selot rgdot o`toro fotuo`-fotuo` dk`strudse fo`juò`. Sgag` poho owoi`yo hedgòi he agser tomu` 722 SA poho pgafuoto` peroaeho, yoetu sgfojoe pg`jese ruo`j dksk`j heo`toro cgiom-cgiom tuapudo` fotu. Sgag` yo`j hefuot fo`jso Agser agrupodo` doiseòse jypsua yo`j tehod aurè, sgho`j doiseòse fotu dopur auioe hejuòdo` poho zoao` Vkaowe. Dgauheo` fo`jso Uuòè agafuot sgag` hg`jo` coro ag`joafei toòm vuidoèd (vuicoèc tull) yo`j fgrosoi hore puiou so`tkres yo`j dgauheo` hedgòi hg`jo` so`tkres cgag`t. Fo`jso Vkaowe ag`jjuòdo` sgag` yo`j heoafei hore aotgreoi vuidoèd yo`j oho he pgjuù`jo` vgsuveus he igafom @oppigs yo`j dgauheo` hedgòi hg`jo` òao pkzzuikò cgag`t, yo`j heoafei hore sgfuom òao dkto he Etoieo yoetu pkzzkuio. Rg`gauo` fo`jso Uuòè ho` Vkaowe eè ag`joioae pgrdgafo`jo` igfem io`nut ag`jgòe dkapksese fomo` ho` coro pg`coapuro``yo, sgme`jjo hepgrkigm akrtor yo`j foed. Roho ofoh pgrtg`jomo`, duoietos akrtor ag`joioae pgùruò` yo`j hesgfofdo` kigm pgafodoro` ieagstk`g duro`j sgapurò, hg`jo` tehod oho`yo toòm vuidoèd. Roho tomu` ?:7< Nmk` Sagotk` sgkro`j Sornoò E`jjres fgrmosei agiodudo` pg`ygiehedo` tgrmohop fotu dopur hg`jo` pg`juneo` dgtomoò` oer. Hore mosei pgrckfoo``yo heseapuido` fomwo fotu dopur iuòd yo`j tehod aurè ho` ag`jo`hu`j toòm ieot agrupodo` fomo` pgafuot sgag` mehrkies yo`j foed. Fotu dopur yo`j heaodsuh tgrsgfut ohoiom dopur mehrkies (myhrouiec ieag). Dgauheo` kigm \ecot hetgaudo` fomwo selot mehrkies odo` fgrtoafom foed nedo hetoafomdo` nujo seiedo otou toòm ieot yo`j ag`jo`hu`j oiuaeò ho` seiedo. Odmer`yo \ecot agafuot dopur mehrkies hg`jo` coro pg`coapuro` toòm ieot cioy) hg`jo` fotu dopur

?<

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Dureduiua 62?2

(ieagstk`g) poho pgrfo`he`jo` tgrtg`tu, dgauheo` dgauheo` coapuro` coapuro` tgrsgfut tgrsgfut hefodor hefodor (hedgòi hg`jo` Ortelecoi ieag twecg dei`gh). Roho tomu` ?=??, Noags Lrkst auioe agafuot sgag` yo`j pgrtoao doie hg`jo` ag`jjuòdo` coro sgpgrte \ecot yoetu hg`jo` ag`coapurdo` huo fojeo` dopur ho` sotu fojeo` toòm ieot. Mosei`yo hesgfut Lrkst―s cgag`t. Roho tomu` ?=?6 prksghur tgrsgfut hepgrfoede hg`jo` ag`jjuòdo` coapuro` fotu dopur yo`j ag`jo`hu`j toòm ieot ho` hetoafomdo` toòm Orjeiiocgus (ag`jo`hu`j 5-82 % seieco). Sgag` yo`j hemoseido` hesgfut Fretesm cgag`t. Wsomo u`tud agafuot sgag` pgrtoao doie heiodudo` hg`jo` coro agafodor coapuro` fotu dopur ho` toòm ieot. Nksgpm Osphe` yo`j agrupodo` kro`j e`jjres poho tomu` ?=68 ag`ckfo agafuot sgag` hore doiseòse coapuro` fotu dopur hg`jo` toòm ieot yo`j tgiom hemoiusdo`, hejeie`j ho` hefodor ag`nohe igigmo` hoioa tu`jdu, sgme`jjo tgrnohe pg`juroeo` fotu dopur (CoCK3) ag`nohe fotu tkmkr (CoK) ho` dorfk`hekdseho (CK 6). Fotuo` dopur tkmkr fgrgodse hg`jo` sg`yowo – sg`yowo ioe` agafg`tud die`dgr dgauheo` hejeie`j soapoe ag`nohe tgpu`j yo`j dgauheo` hedgòi hg`jo` Rkrtio`h (Zoitgr M. Huho, ?5:<).

6.6. Sgag` Mehrouies ho` @k` Mehrouies

Oho huo aocoa sgag`, yoetu sgag` mehrouies ho` sgag` `k` mehrouies. Sgag` `k`-mehrouies ohoiom sgag` (pgrgdot) yo`j hopot ag`jgros tgtope tehod stofei hoioa oer. Sgag` mehrouies ohoiom sgag` yo`j odo` ag`jgros feio fgrgodse hg`jo` oer, tomo` tgrmohop oer ( wotgr rgsesto`cg) ho` stofei he hoioa oer sgtgiom ag`jgros. Sgfojoe pgrfo`he`jo`, iemot pgrfghoo` o`toro jypsua ho` dopur dgros. - Jypsua

> ag`jgros feio fgrgodse hg`jo` oer tgtope odo` iorut hoioa oer (fudo` ngès sgag` mehrouies).

- Dopur dgros > tehod ag`jgros feio fgrgodse hg`jo` oer agioe`do` odo` ag`jgros feio fgrgodse hg`jo` CK6. Sgtgiom ag`jgros aodo odo` tomo` tgrmohop oer (fudo` ngès sgag` myhrouies). Dgfutumo` huèo odo` sgag` mehrouies eè ag`copoe rotuso` nuto tk` sgteop tomu` sgme`jjo morus heprkhudse hore aotgreoi ag`tom oioaeom, horepoho fomo` deaeo aurè sgaoto. Soiom sotu sgag` mehrouies yo`j feoso hepodoe hoioa dk`strudse fgtk` ohoiom sgag` Rkrtio`h. Ngès ioe``yo ohoiom sgag` oioaeom ho` sgag` oiuaeò.

6.3. Fomo` Hosor

Sgag` pkrtio`h hefuot hore sgrfud moius ae`groi drestoie` hg`jo` dkapksese utoao doiseua ho` oiuaeèua seiedot. Fomo` utoao pgafg`tud sgag` pkrtio`h yoetu dopur (CoK), seiedo (SeK 3), oiuaeò (Oi6K3), sghedet aoj`gseo (AjK) ho` tgrdoho`j sghedet oidoie. Gapot sg`yowo dkapigds pg`te`j yo`j oho hoioa sgag` pkrtio`h yoetu> Hedoiseua Seiedot (C 6S otou 6CoCK.SeK6), Xredoiseua seiedot (C3S otou 3CoCK.SeK6), Xredoiseua Oiuaeòt (C 3O otou 3CoK.Oi6K3), ho` Xgtrodoiseua Oiuae`klgret (C8OL otou 8CoK.Oi6K3.Lg6K3). Sg`yowo tgrsgfut ag`nohe drestoidrestoi yo`j soie`j ag`ju`ce dgtedo ag`nohe die`dgr. Rgrfghoo` pgrsg`tosg sg`yowo deaeo ag`ygfofdo` pgrfghoo` selot sgag`. W`tud agafuot ? tk` sgag` Rkrtio`h, hepgriudo` fomo` hosor duro`j igfem >

?:

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?.3

tk` fotu dopur (ieagstk`g)/dopur (cmoid )

> CoCK3

2.3

tk` poser seieco/toòm ieot

> SeK6 & Oi6K3

2.23 tk` poser/dgrod fgse

> Lg6K3

2.28 tk`

> CoSK8 M6K

jypsua

Dureduiua 62?2

Fotu dopur agiepute sgauo ngès fotuo` dorfkòt yo`j tgrutoao ag`jo`hu`j doiseua, doho`j sghedet aoj`gseua. Aoris (coapuro` hore toòm ieot, poser ho` fotu dopur hg`jo` prkpkrse yo`j fgrvoreose, sgre`j tgrhopot pgcomo` duiet dgro`j) ho` fotuo` yo`j fgrosoi hore toòao` ho` feòto`j. Xoòm ieot ho` smoig morus hetoafomdo` feio oiuaeò ho` seieco yo`j oho hoioa fotu dopur aosem fgiua agaohoe nuaiom`yo. Lu`jse sgag` sgcoro uaua ohoiom u`tud agrgdotdo` futero`-futero` ojrgjot ojor tgrnohe suotu aosso yo`j pohot, nujo u`tud ag`jese rk`jjo o`tor futero` ojrgjot. Sgag` mo`yo ag`jese ¿ ?2% hore vkiuag fgtk`, ho` dorgò agrupodo` fomo` yo`j odtel aodo pgriu hepgionore ho` hedk`trki sgcoro eiaeom (Xnkdrkheauink, 6228). 6.8. Rrksgs Rgafuoto` Sgag`

Sgag` Rkrtio`h hefuot hg`jo` agioiue fgfgropo io`jdom, sgme`jjo so`jot moius ho` agaeiede selot ohmgsevg aoupu` dkmgsel. Sgag` hepgrkigm hg`jo` agafodor sgcoro fgrsoaoo` suotu coapuro` hore coicorgkus (yo`j ag`jo`hu`j doiseua dorfkòt otou fotu joape`j) ho` orjeiiocgkus (yo`j ag`jo`hu`j oiuaeò) hg`jo` pgrfo`he`jo` tgrtg`tu. Sgcoro auhom`yo , do`hu`jo` sgag` Rkrtio`h eoiom > dopur, seieco ho` oiuaeò. Dgtejo fomo` hosor tohe hecoapur ho` hefodor hg`jo` sumu ?772²C ho` ag`nohe die`dgr. Sgtgiom etu dgauheo` hedgiuordo`, hehe`je`do` ho` hemoiusdo` soapoe moius sgpgrte fufud. Feoso`yo ioiu hetoafomdo` jypsua otou doiseua suilot (CoSK 8) dero – dero soapoe 6 – 8 % sgfojoe fomo` pg`jk`trki wodtu pg`jedoto`. Dgauheo` heaosuddo` dg hoioa do`tk`j hg`jo` fgrot teop – teop do`tk`j 72 dj otou 82 dj.

6.7. Selot – Selot Selot Sgag` Rkrtio`h 6.7.?. Susuò` deaeo

Fomo` hosor sgag` Rkrtio`h tgrhere fomo` – fomo` yo`j ag`jo`hu`j dopur, seieco, oiuaeò ho` kdseho fgse, sgfojoeaoò hopot heiemot poho Xofgi 6.? kdseho – kdseho tgrsgfut fgre`tgrodse sotu soao ioe` u`tud agafg`tud sgro`jdoeo` prkhud yo`j igfem dkapigd sgioao prksgs pgigfuro`. Xofgi 6.?. Susuò` u`sur sgag` Rkrtio`h Kdseho

Rgrsg`tosg

Dopur, CoK

<2 – <7

Seiedo, SeK6

?: – 67

Oiuaeò, Oi6K3

3 – =

Fgse, Lg6K3

2.7 – <

Aoj`gseo, AjK

2.7 – 8

Suilur, SK3 Skho / pktosm, @o 6K + D6K

? – 6 2.7 – ?

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Dureduiua 62?2

Zoiopu` dkapigd, òau` poho hosor`yo hopot hesgfutdo`do` 8 sg`yowo yo`j poie`j pg`te`j dggapot sg`yowo tgrsgfut eoiom > Xredoiseua seiedot (C3S) otou 3CoK.SeK6 Hedoiseua seiedot (C6S) otou 6CoK.SeK6 Xredoiseua oiuaeòt (C3O) otou 3CoK.Oi6K3 Xgtrodoiseua oiuae`klgret (C8OL) otou 8CoK.Oi6K3.Lg6K3 (murul – murul hoioa to`ho duru`j yo`j pgrtoao mo`yoiom seafki hore dkapk`g` tgrsgfut) Huo u`sur yo`j pgrtoao (C 3S ho` C6S) feoso`yo agrupodo` :2 – =2 % hore sgag` sgme`jjo agrupodo` fojeo` yo`j poie`j hkaeò` hoioa agafgredo` selot sgag`. Feio sgag` tgrdgò oer, C3S sgjgro auioe fgrmehrose ho` ag`jmoseido` ag`jmoseido` poòs. poòs. Sgioe` etu nujo fgrpg`jorum fgsor fgsor tgrmohop pg`jgroso` sgag`, tgrutoao sgfgiua ag`copoe uaur ?8. sgfoied`yo C 6S fgrgodse hg`jo` oer igfem ioafot sgme`jjo mo`yo fgrpg`jorum tgrmohop pg`jgroso` sgag` sgtgiom fgruaur igfem hore : more ho` agafgredo` dgduoto` odmer. W`sur C 6S eè nujo agafuot sgag` tomo` tgrmohop sgro`jo` deaeo ho` nujo ag`juro`je fgsor susuto` pg`jgre`jo`. Dghuo u`sur pgrtoao eè agafutumdo` oer fgrturut – turut sgdetor 68 – 6? % hore aose`j – aose`j fgrot`yo u`tud tgrnohe`yo rgodse deaeo, òau` soot mehrose C 3S agafgfosdo` doiseua mehrkdseho moaper 3 doie igfem fo`yod horepoho yo`j hefgfosdo` kigm C 6S. aodo hore etu, nedo C 3S agapu`yoe pgrsg`tosg yo`j igfem te`jje odo` ag`jmoseido` prksgs pg`jgroso` yo`j cgpot poho pgafg`tudo` dgduoto` owoi`yo hesgrtoe suotu poòs mehrose yo`j te`jje. Sgfoied`yo pgrsg`tosg C6S yo`j igfem te`jje ag`jmoseido` prksgs pg`jgroso` yo`j ioafot, poòs mehrose yo`j sghedet ho` dgtomoò` tgrmohop sgro`jo` deaeo yo`j igfem foed. W`sur C3O fgrmehrose sgcoro gxktmgraec ho` fgrgodse so`jot cgpot agafgredo` dgduoto` sgsuhom 68 noa. C 3O fgrgodse hg`jo` oer sgfo`yod dero – dero 82% fgrot`yo, òau` dorgò nuaiom u`sur eè mo`yo sghedet aodo pg`jorum`yo poho nuaiom oer mo`yo sghedet. W`sur C 3O eè so`jot fgrpg`jorum poho poòs mehrose tgrte`jje, foed sgioao pg`jgroso` owoi aoupu` pg`jgroso` fgredut`yo yo`j po`no`j. Fgtk` yo`j fgrmufu`jo` hg`jo` oer toòm yo`j ag`jo`hu`j ioruto` osoa suilot (SK 8) odo` auhom rusod nedo sgag``yo ag`jo`hu`j fo`yod C3O, dorgò mosei mehrose C3O auhom fgrgodse hg`jo` ioruto` suilot. He hoioa fgtk` mosei rgodse eè ag`jmoseido` fg`tud zot deaeo foru yo`j heòaodo` gtre`jetg, vkiuag`yo igfem fgsor (ag`jgafo`j), sgme`jjo agafuot fgtk` rgtod – rgtod. Kigm dorgò etu sgag` tomo` suilot tehod fkigm ag`jo`hu`j u`sur C 3O igfem hore 7 %. W`sur C8OL duro`j fgjetu fgsor pg`jorum`yo tgrmohop dgdgroso` sgag` otou fgtk`.

6.7.6. Vgodse Mehrose

Dgtedo oer hetoafomdo` dg hoioa coapuro` sgag`, prksgs deaeowe yo`j hesgfut mehrose odo` fgrio`jsu`j. Sg`yowo deaeo he hoioa sgag` odo` fgrgodse hg`jo` oer ho` agafg`tud dkapk`g` foru. Agdoèsag mehrose sgag` oho huo, yoetu agdoèsag ioruto` ho` agdoèsag pohot. Roho agdoèsag ioruto`, zot yo`j hergodsedo` iorut i orut ho` ag`jmoseido` ek` hoioa ioruto`. Ek` – ek` eè dgauheo` odo` fgrjofu`j sgme`jjo ag`jmoseido` zot yo`j ag`jjuapoi ( likccuiotg). Roho sgag`, dorgò hoyo iorut sg`yowo yo`j oho dgcei aodo mehrkieses igfem hkaeò` horepoho ioruto`.

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Xofgi 6.6. Vgodse mehrose sg`yowo sgag` Sg`yowo yo`j fgrgodse

Dkapk`g` yo`j hemoseido`

Xredoiseua seiedot + oer

Jgi tkfgrakretg + doiseua mehrkdseho

Hedoiseua seiedot + or

Jgi tkfgrakretg + doiseua mehrkdseho

Xgtrodoiseua oiuae`klgret + oer + doiseua mkhrkdseho

Doiseua oiuae`klgrret mehrot

Xgtrodoiseua oiuaeòt + oer + doiseua mehrkdseho

Xgtrodoiseua oiuaeòt mehrot

Xgtrodoiseua oiuaeòt + oer + jypsua

Doiseua ak`ksuilkoiuaeòtg

6.7.3. Roòs Mehrose

Hore pg`joaoto` dgcgpoto` gvkiuse poòs mehrose otou hore pg`juduro` dgòedo` tgapgroturg he fowom dk`hese esktmgraoi, oho 7 tomop yo`j hopot heehg`teledose, sgpgrte poho uroeo` fgredut > Xomop ? > Mehrkieses owoi yo`j io`jsu`j tgrnohe he soot sgag` dk`tod hg`jo` oer, sgag` fgrgodse cgpot u`tud fgfgropo agèt. Xomop 6 > pgrekhg posel ( hkrao`t pgrekh ) he aoò jypsua ag`cgjom tgrnohe`yo liosm sgt poho poho C3O dorgò futer sgag` heiopese jgi. Rgrekhg rgodse ioafot, fgrio`jsu`j sgdetor sgtg`jom soapoe huo noa. Sgioao etu tgrnohe pgagcomo` ho` pgafg`tudo` dgafoie iopeso` ckote`j jgi yo`j yo`j sgaode` tgfoi. Xomop 3 > pgrcgpoto` tgrnohe hg`jo` pgcom`yo ckote`j dorgò fgrtoafom`yo tgdoò` ksakses. Eèiom wodtu eèteoi sgt . Dgcgpoto` rgodse fgrtoafom soapoe leòi sgt . Xomop 8 > pgrioafoto`. Rrksgs ag`nohe dodu fgrio`nut soapoe tgrcopoe pg`jgroso`. Xomop 7 > dk`hese stofei heaoò heluse ioafot ag`jg`hoiedo` prksgs mehrose yo`j ioao.

6.7.8. Rg`jedoto` ho` Rg`jgroso` Rg`jgroso`

Rg`jedoto` (sgt ) ohoiom pgrufomo` fg`tud hore fg`tud coer ag`nohe pohot, tgtope aosem fgiua agapu`yoe dgduoto`. Rg`jedoto` eè tgrnohe odefot rgodse mehrose yo`j tgrnohe poho pgraudoo` futero` sgag`, tgrutoao futero` tredoiseua oiuaeòt. Hg`jo` pgòafomo` jypsua, wodtu pg`jedoto` hopot heotur dorgò jypsua agakheledose mehrose owoi. Rg`jgroso` ( morhgè`j ) ohoiom pgrtuafumo` dgduoto` hore fgtk` otou akrtor sgtgiom fg`tud`yo ag`nohe pohot. Sgag` feio hecoapur hg`jo` oer odo` ag`jmoseido` posto yo`j piostes ho` igcod ( wkrdofig ). @oau` sgtgiom sgio`j fgfgropo wodtu, posto odo` auioe ag`nohe dodu ho` sudor hedgrnodo`. Eèiom yo`j hesgfut pg`jedoto` owoi ( eèteoi sgt ). ). Sgio`nut`yo posto odo` agè`jdot dgdoduo``yo sgme`jjo hehopotdo` pohoto` yo`j utum. Eè yo`j hesgfut pg`jedoto` odmer ( leòi sgt ). ). Rrksgs fgrio`nut me`jjo posto agapu`yoe dgduoto`, hesgfut pg`jgroso` ( morhgè`j). Roho uaua`yo wodtu pg`jedoto` owoi aeèaua ohoiom 87 agèt, sgho`jdo` wodtu pg`jedoto` odmer ohoiom < – ?2 noa.

6.7.7. Ngès Sgag` Rkrtio`h

Agiemot selot yo`j fgrfgho hore aose`j – aose`j dkapk`g` eè deto hopot agafuot fgraocoa ngès sgag` mo`yo hg`jo` ag`jufom ag`jufom dohor aose`j – aose`j dkapk`g``yo. Aesoi`yo deto e`je` ag`hopotdo` sgag` yo`j agapu`yoe dgduoto` owoi te`jje aodo deto pgriu agòafom dohor

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C3S ho` ag`juro`je dohor C 6S. OSXA ( Oagreco` Oagreco` Sto`horh Lkr Xgste`j Aotgreois) ag`g`tudo` dkapksese sgag` fgrfojoe tepg sgfojoeaoò toapod toapod poho Xofgi 6.3. Xepg E ohoiom sgag` Rkrtio`h u`tud tunuo` uaua. Ngès eè poie`j fo`yod herpkhudse dorgò hejuòdo` u`tud moaper sgauo ngès dk`strudse. Xepg EE ohoiom sgag` Rkrtio`h akheledose, ohoiom tepg tepg yo`j selot`yo sgtg`jot tepg E\ ho` sgtg`jot tepg \ (akhgrot). Fgiodo`jo` igfem fo`yod heprkhudse sgfojoe pg`jjo`te tepg E\. Xepg EEE ohoiom sgag` Rkrtio`h hg`jo` dgduoto` owoi te`jje. Dgduoto` 6= more uaua`yo hopot hecopoe hoioa ? ae`jju. Sgag` ngès eè uaua hepodoe dgtedo ocuo` morus hefk`jdor sgcgpot au`jde` otou dgtedo strudtur morus hopot cgpot hepodoe. Xepg E\ ohoiom sgag` Rkrtio`h hg`jo` poòs mehrose rg`hom, yo`j hepodoe u`tud dk`hese he aoò dgcgpoto` ho` nuaiom poòs yo`j teafui morus aeèaua. Aesoi`yo poho fo`juò` aossel sgpgrte fg`hu`jo` jrovetose yo`j fgsor.pgrtuafumo` dgduoto``yo igfem ioafot hore poho sgag` tepg E. Xepg \ ohoiom sgag` Rkrtio`h tomo` suilot, yo`j hepodoe u`tud ag`jmohope odse suilot yo`j joòs. Waua`yo hepodoe he hogrom he aoò toòm otou oer`yo agaeiede do`hu`jo` suilot yo`j te`jje. Xofgi 6.3. Ngès-ngès 6.3. Ngès-ngès sgag` Rkrtio`h hg`jo` selot-selot`yo Xepg sgag`

Dohor sg`yowo (%) Selot pgaodoeo`

C3S

C6S

C3O

C8OL

Dgmoiuso` fioe`g (a¶/dj)

Duot ? more (dj/ca¶)

Roòs mehrose (N/j)

E

Waua

72

68

??

=

372

?222

332

EE

Akheledose

86

33

7

?3

372

522

672

EEE

Dgduoto` owoi te`jje

<2

?3

5

=

872

6222

722

E\

Roòs mehrose rg`hom

67

72

7

?6

322

872

6?2

\

Xomo` suilot

82

82

5

5

372

522

672

Sgioe` ngès – ngès sgag` tgrsgfut nujo tgiom hedgafo`jdo` ngès sgag` Rkrtio`h pkzzkio` yo`j tgiom fo`yod hetgaue he posoro`. Sgag` pkrtio`h pkzzkio` ohoiom suotu sgag` mehrkies yo`j tgrhere hore coapuro` yo`j mkakjg` o`toro sgag` pkrtio`h hg`jo` pkzzkio` moius yo`j heprkhudse hg`jo` ag`jjeie`j die`dgr sgag` pkrtio`h ho` pkzzkio` fgrsoao-soao, otou ag`coapur sgcoro agroto fufud sgag` Rkrtio`h hg`jo` fufud pkzkio`, otou jofu`jo` o`toro ag`jjeie`j ho` ag`coapur, heaoò dohor pkzzkio` ?7% soapoe 82% aosso sgag` pkrtio`h pkzzkio`. Rkzzkio` ohoiom fomo` yo`j ag`jo`hu`j seiedo otou sg`yowo`yo ho` oiuaeò yo`j tehod agapu`yoe selot ag`jedot sgpgrte sgag`, odo` tgtope hoioa fg`tud`yo yo`j moius ho` hg`jo` oho`yo oer, sg`yowo tgrsgfut odo` fgrgodse sgcoro deaeo hg`jo` doiseua mehrkdseho poho sumu doaor agafg`tud sg`yowo yo`j agapu`yoe selot sgpgrte sgag`. Sgag` Rkrtio`h pkzzkio` hejkik`jdo` ag`nohe 8 ngès, sgpgrte yo`j hengiosdo` fgredut eè > ?) Ngès ER-W yoetu sgag` pkrtio`h pkzzkio` yo`j hopot hepgrjuòdo` u`tud sgauo tunuo` pgafuoto` ohudo` fgtk`.

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6) Ngès ER-D yoetu sgag` pkrtio`h pkzzkio` yo`j hopot hepgrjuòdo` u`tud sgauo tunuo` pgafuoto` ohudo` fgtk`, sgrto u`tud tomo` suilot sgho`j ho` poòs mehrose sgho`j. 3) Ngès R-W yoetu sgag` pkrtio`h pkzzkio` yo`j hopot hepgrjuòdo` u`tud pgafuoto` fgtk` heaoò tehod hesyorotdo` dgduoto` owoi yo`j te`jje. 8) Ngès R-D yoetu sgag` pkrtio`h pkzzkio` yo`j hopot hepgrjuòdo` u`tud pgafuoto` fgtk` heaoò tehod hesyorotdo` dgduoto` owoi yo`j te`jje, sgrto u`tud tomo` suilot sgho`j ho` poòs mehrose rg`hom. Sgioe` sgag` pkrtio` pkzzkio` nujo hedgòi oho`yo ngès sgag` putem. Sgag` Rutem tgraosud poho sgag` pkrtio`h, dorgò agaeiede selot yo`j soao dgcuoie hoioa moi worò (Rurwoè`jsem, 622<). Zorò hore sgag` putem tgrjo`tu`j hore fomo` fodu ho` prksgs pgafuoto``yo. Fomo` fodu yo`j hejuòdo` ohoiom ohoiom fomo` fodu yo`j yo`j fgfos sg`yowo fgse (Lg6K3), (Lg6K3), otou 9 2.6 % (hore foses Cie`dgr) ho` fgfos sg`yowo ae`kr ioe` sgpgrte Ao`jo` (A` 6K3), Cmrkag (Cr6K3) ho` \oòheua (\6K7), suotu syorot ojor prkhud sgag` yo`j hemoseido` fgòr-fgòr putem worò`yo. He E`hk`gseo sgag` putem heprkhudse fgrhosordo` sto`hor S@E ?7-2?65-6228. 6.7.<. Rgrfghoo` Rrkhud Sgag`

o. dgmoiuso` futer – futer sgag`. f. Dkapksese deaeo (hgtoei). c. Rgrdgafo`jo` dgduoto`. h. Nuaiom jypsua yo`j hetoafomdo`. 6.7.:. Dgmoiuso`

Hg`jo` ag`jufom dgmoiuso` ( le`g`gss) hore sgag` aodo dgcgpoto` mehrose sgag` hopot heufom. Hg`jo` futero` portedgi yo`j sgaode` moius aodo rgodse mehrose odo` sgaode` cgpot, dorgò mehrose heauioe hore pgraudoo` futer. Roho uaua`yo futer sgag` Rkrtio`h fgruduro` igfem dgcei hore 87 aedrk` (367 agsm), otou sgfgsor 362 a¶/dj, agùrut a gùrut une dgmoiuso` Fioe`g. 6.7.=. Dgduoto`

Dgduoto` (strg`jtm ) sgag` heune hg`jo` ag`jjuòdo` poser sto`hor, yoetu poser duorso hore Fo`jdo (hg`jo` dohor SeK 6 aeèaoi 57% ho` heoagtgr ?.6 – 2.< aa = fojeo` fgrot ho` ό 2.< – 2.86 aa ? fojeo` fgrot). Hefg`tud fg`ho une hg`jo` uduro` 7 x 7 x 7 ca ho` heune duot tgdo``yo. 6.7.5. Coro Ag`yeapo` Sgag`

Sgag` morus tgtop dgre`j. Whoro yo`j igafof feso agèafuido` fomoyo yo`j soao hg`jo` feioaoò sgag` tgrdgò oer. Sgag` heseapo` sgcoro dghop uhoro hopot fgrtomo` u`tud wodtu yo`j so`jot ioao. Hoioa seik (ruo`j otou agòro pg`yeapo` yo`j dghop uhoro) hopot fgrtomo` me`jjo 3 fuio`. @oau` u`tud sgag` yo`j hefu`jdus hoioa sod dgrtos fgriopes 3 igafor hoioa dk`hese foed, aosem hopot fgrduro`j dgduoto``yo (¿ 62%) sgtgiom 8 me`jjo < ae`jju. Rg`juro`jo` eè hesgfut ejètek` ikss otou dgmeio`jo` hoyo mehrose. Sgag` hoioa do`tu`j ( sod ) morus heseapo` he hoioa juho`j. No`jo` hetgreao nedo do`tk`j suhom skfgd otou tgriemot igafof, sgfof feso tgrnohe ’pg`jedoto` uhoro‑ ( oer sgt ). ). Xkiod nujo feio tgrhopot fk`jdomo` – fk`jdomo` sgag` yo`j suiet hepgcom hg`jo` to`jo`. Io`toe juho`j morus dgre`j ho` dghop oer. Nedo io`toe tehod dgre`j aodo fuotiom io`toe hore popo` yo`j heigtoddo` he otos fotu foto otou foikd doyu, sgme`jjo do`tk`j sgag` tehod io`jsu`j fgrse`jju`jo` hg`jo` toòm. Xuapudo` sgag` tehod fkigm ag`gapgi poho he`he`j ho`

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no`jo` agùapud igfem hore = otou ?2 susu`. Sgfoed`yo hefgre pgùtup hore igaforo` i gaforo` piosted. Rgriu hepgrmotedo` uruto` pgùapudo`. Rodoeiom tgrigfem homuiu sgag` yo`j aosud hoioa tuapudo` poie`j owoi. Ag`yeapo` sgag` hoioa seik yo`j pkrXofgi igfem foed dorgò igfem aurom, igfem prodtes dorgò tehod pgriu agafudo do`tk`j, igfem mgaot dorgò tehod oho dgau`jdeò` sgag` tgrfuo`j dorgò do`tk`j pgcom ho` sgag` igfem tgrie`hu`j he hoioa seik. Feio sgag` heseapo` hoioa seik igfem hore < fuio` aodo odo` tgrfg`tud iopeso` dgros sgtgfoi 7 ca he otos pgraudoo`. Iopeso` eè morus hefuo`j ho` no`jo` tgrcoapur dg hoioa fgtk`.

Skoi Iotemo` >

?. Ngiosdo` pg`jgrteo` fomo` pgrgdot mehrkies ho` `k` mehrkies sgrto fgredo` ck`tkm`yo aose`j-aose`j ! 6. Ngiosdo` sgnorom pgrdgafo`jo` pgrdgafo`jo` tgd`kikje sgag` sgcoro se`jdot ! 3. Ngiosdo` sgcoro se`jdot se`jdot prksgs prkhudse sgag` he pofred ! 8. Sgfutdo` dkapk`g` sg`yowo utoao hore sgag` ho` ngiosdo` pgroò``yo aose`j – aose`j ! 7. Ngiosdo` pgrfghoo` pgrfghoo` o`toro sgag` tepg ?, 6, 3, 8 ho` 7 ! <. Sgfutdo` dkapk`g` opo hore sgag` yo`j fgrpgro` hoioa ag`g`tudo` dgduoto` owoi sgag` ! :. Sgfutdo` dkapk`g` opo hore sgag` yo`j fgrpgro` hoioa ag`g`tudo` dgduoto` owoi sgag` ! =. Opofeio odo` hefo`ju` hefo`ju` dk`strudse dk`strudse he ie`jdu`jo` ie`jdu`jo` oer iout otou ieafom, ieafom, ngès sgag` sgag` opo yo`j morus hejuòdo` ; 5. Opo pg`jorum`yo pg`jorum`yo tgrmohop tgrmohop fgrot ngès, duot duot tgdo` ho` duot duot tored akrtor nedo èioe lodtkr lodtkr oer sgag` sgaode` fgsor ; ?2. Hoapod opo yo`j hopot heteafuido`, opofeio sgag` heseapo` he tgapot yo`j igafof ;

Holtor Rustodo


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Dureduiua 62?2

FOF 3 AKVXOV Xunuo` E`strudsekòi Dmusus > Sgtgiom ag`jedute duieom eè, aomoseswo odo` hopot ag`jgtomue osoi auio pgao`looto` fomo` akrtor, pgrdgafo`jo` fomo` akrtor, ngès opiedose akrtor, ag`jgòi tepg – tepg akrtor sgsuoe pg`jjuòo``yo he fgrfojoe ngès dk`strudse. Joaforo` uaua aotgre > akrtor agrupodo` fomo` fo`juò` yo`j tgiom ioao hejuòdo` kigm aoùseo, pgao`looto``yo so`jotiom iuos hore poso`jo` fotu soapoe hg`jo` fotodk. Aotgre duieom heauioe hg`jo` hgleèse akrtor, fomo` hosor akrtor, ngès – ngès akrtor ho` pg`jjuòo``yo soapoe hg`jo` selot – selot lesed ho` agdoèd akrtor. Vgigvo`se Aoto Duieom > Roho fof eè aomoseswo hemoropdo` ag`juosoe hgleèse, selot selot lesed ho` agdoèd akrtor ho` ngès – ngès sgrto pg`jjuòo` akrtor hoioa fgrfojoe dk`strudse. Hosor – hosor pg`jgtomuo` tgrsgfut agrupodo` prosyorot yo`j morus heduosoe kigm aomoseswo ojor hopot agiodudo` pgro`co`jo` poso`jo` fotu, spgse, pigstgro` ho` fotodk. Dgtedo pg`jgtomuo` eè hetgropdo` he iopo`jo` aodo aomoseswo aoapu agrg`coòdo` sgdoiejus ag`jowose prksgs pg`jgrnoo` dk`strudse yo`j ag`jjuòdo` akrtor sgfojoe fomo` pg`jedot ojor sgsuoe spgseledose yo`j hetgtopdo`. 3.?. Rg`homuiuo`

Roso`jo` tgafkd hefuot hore fotu foto / fotodk ho` akrtor hg`jo` otou to`po jrkut . Akrtor ohoiom ohudo` yo`j fgrselot piostes tgrfuot hore aotgreoi sgag`, poser ho` oer, hejuòdo` u`tud ag`jedot / agrgdotdo` fotodk ag`nohe sotu dgsotuo` yo`j skieh. Fo`jso agser du`k ag`jjuòdo` aotgreoi pgrgdot u`tud poso`jo` fotu hore fomo` jypsua yo`j hefodor sgho`jdo` dopur tgr`yoto tgiom hejuòdo` hejuòdo` igfem owoi kigm aosyorodot aosyorodot yuòè sgfojoe fomo` fomo` akrtor. Lu`jse utoao hore akrtor ohoiom u`tud ag`jedot dkapk`g` fotu/fotu foto/fotodk poho poso`jo` fotu ag`nohe sotu dgsotuo` yo`j skieh. Sgioe` etu akrtor nujo hopot hejuòdo` u`tud agafuot pgraudoo` io`toe ho` pigstgro`. Sgfojoe suotu fomo` pg`jedot/pgrgdot, akrtor nujo fgrpgro` u`tud ag`g`tudo` dorodtgrested dgduoto` poso`jo` fotu. Opiedose akrtor sgfojoe dkapk`g` pgrgdot hopot nujo hefgre sg`tumo` sgè, aesoi`yo hg`jo` agafgre voreose worò ho` tgdstur. Akrtor ohoiom coapuro` hore fomo` – fomo` sgpgrte sgag`, dopur, poser ho` oer. Nedo akrtor hefuot hg`jo` fomo` dopur, poser ho` oer hesgfut akrtor dopur ( ieag akrtor ), ), nedo ohkò` tgrsgfut hetoafomdo` sgag` aodo ag`nohe akrtor sgag` – dopur otou akrtor sgag` sghgrmoò. Roho uaua`yo, esteiom akrtor hejuòdo` u`tud aotgreoi yo`j fgrselot/fgrlu`jse sgfojoe pg`jedot, pg`yoafu`j, poso`jo` he`he`j fotodk, poso`jo` fotu ho` poso`jo` fikd hore fgtk`. Sgag`, otou yo`j igfem hedgòi hg`jo` esteiom sgag` Rkrtio`h ohoiom suotu aotgreoi yo`j tgrfuot hore pgafodoro` coapuro` fomo` dopur, seieco, oiuaeò ho` kdseho fgse. Roho uaua`yo, sgag` tepg ? ho` 6 hejuòdo` hoioa pgafuoto` akrtor. Esteiom sgag` aosk`ry agrupodo` sgag` mehrkied yo`j hejuòdo` sgfojoe coapuro` hoioa pgafuoto` akrtor u`tud dk`strudse poso`jo` fotu, yo`j tgraosud hoioa esteiom sgag` aosk`ry ohoiom sgag` Rkrtio`h, sgag` Rkrtio`h pkzzkio`, sgag` oioae, sgag` sioj aoupu` 68

LA ?-:.?.2-?-8? gh.O rgv.6

FOMO@ ONOV

Dureduiua 62?2


R@D

dopur mehrkies hesoape`j etu nujo ag`jo`hu`j sotu otou igfem fomo` sgpgrte dopur pohoa, fotu dopur, dopur tuies, co`jdo`j coicgrkus, toic, sioj otou igapu`j. Fomo` – fomo` tgrsgfut hejuòdo` sgfojoe fomo` akrtor hg`jo` otou to`po pg`jjuòo` ngès sgag` ioe``yo otoupu` dopur pohoa. Autu ho` de`grno akrtor yo`j tgrfuot hore sgag` Rkrtio`h ohoiom igfem foed nedo hefo`he`jdo` hg`jo` aotgreoi sgag` aosk`ry ioe``yo. Sgag` aosk`ry hecoapur hg`jo` poser ho` oer u`tud agafuot akrtor ojor agagùme spgseledose sto`hor. Fojeo` tgrigaom hore dk`strudse poso`jo` fotu ohoiom akrtor, sgme`jjo tgrhopot u`jdopo` igfem sghedet akrtor odo` igfem foed. Lu`jse akrtor tgiom hengiosdo` he fojeo` owoi. Lu`jse tgrsgfut ag`codup huo ao`loot utoao yoetu sgfojoe pg`jedot fgrfojoe fomo` ho` agafg`tud soafu`jo` u`tud ag`hestrefusedo` fgfo` agroto he sgiurum pgraudoo`. Iopeso` tepes akrtor odo` ag`nohe igfem duot hefo`he`jdo` nedo iopeso``yo igfem tgfoi hesoot ag`greao joyo tgdo`. Foto ho` fikd fotu morus hefgre sghedet tgdoò` dgtedo odo` herodet ag`nohe dk`strudse he`he`j aodsuh`yo ojor akrtor hopot sgapurò ag`jese cgiom ho` pkre – pkre sgme`jjo tgrcopoe hoyo pg`jedoto` aodseaua. Sgfgiua akrtor auioe ag`jgros, akrtor sgag`, fgiua fgrselot dkmgsel otou fgiua agaeiede selot ag`jedot. Akrtor tehod odo` agigdot he pgraudoo` dkapk`g` poso`jo` fotu (fotodk otou fikd). Rgòafomo` sghedet do pur odo` agafuot akrtor sgaode` ’ag`jgafo`j‑ otou igfem auhom hedgrnodo` (sgaode` fgrselot piostes). Cototo` > pgòafomo` dopur hoioa nuaiom tgrfotos tehod odo` ag`juro`je dgduoto` akrtor otou wodtu pg`jgroso``yo (teag kl sgt).

3.6. Dopur ho` akrtor dopur dopur

Dgtedo fotu dopur (doiseua dorfkòt CoCK 3) hefodor poho sumu sgdetor ?<72²L (522²C) he hoioa tu`jdu putor (rktory dei`), aodo odo` hemoseido` dopur tkmkr ( quecdieag - CoK). Rgriu hedgtomue fomwo doiseua dorfkòt oioae sgcoro oioae tgrfg`tud ag`nohe aorfgi, dopur ho` fotu dopur. Nedo dopur tkmkr heseroa hg`jo` sghedet oer, prkhud`yo hesgfut myhrotgh ieag (dopur pohoa). Akrtor dopur agrupodo` coapuro` hore dopur pohoa, poser ho` oer.

CoCK3

+ pgafodoro`/poòs pgafodoro`/poòs

1

(fotu dopur) CoK

CoK (dopur tkmkr)

+

M6K

(dopur tkmkr)

1

+

CK6 (Dorfk` hekdseho)

Co(KM)6 (dopur pohoa)

Opofeio u`sur oer hoioa dopur pohoa dgiuor odefot prksgs pg`juopo` ho` hesgrtoe hg`jo` pg`jorum dorfk` hekdseho he ie`jdu`jo` aodo dopur pohoa tgrsgfut odo` tgrfg`tud dgafoie ag`nohe doiseua dorfkòt otou fotu dopur (ieag stk`g). Co(KM)6

+ CK6

1 CoCK3 + M6K

Dgtedo dopur tkmkr (FN 6.3) hefgre oer, aodo aotgreoi eè odo` cgpot ag`ygrop oer moaper sgpgrgapot hore fgrot`yo. Sgioao Sgioao aotgreoi tgrsgfut aosem aosem ag`ygrop oer aodo aodo odo` hesgrtoe hg`jo` pgè`jdoto` sumu ho` gvkiuse sumu. Vgodse eè heedute hg`jo` mo`cur`yo fk`jdomo` dopur ag`nohe fojeo` yo`j igfem dgcei me`jjo fgrupo fufud. Hefutumdo` todoro` oer sgdetor 6,7 – 3 doie hore vkiuag dopur ojor prksgs pgaohoao`/ siode`j ag`nohe sgapurò. \kiuag fufud

67

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FOMO@ ONOV R@D


Dureduiua 62?2

yo`j tgrfg`tud ag`nohe sgdetor 672 – 372 % hore vkiuag sgauio. Aotgreoi eè hedgòi hg`jo` òao dopur pohoa. Dopur pohoa ohoiom fufud re`jo` mosei hore prksgs mehrose dopur tkmkr he hoioa to`jde fgsor poho uèt prkhudse. Heaoò prksgs`yo ohoiom hg`jo` agòafomdo` oer poho todoro` aeèaua yo`j hesgrtoe hg`jo` odse pg`jjeie`jo` ho` pg`yore`jo`. OSXA ag`hgleèsedo` dopur pohoa sgfojoe fufud dgre`j yo`j hepgrkigm hore agafgre pgriodudo` poho dopur tkmkr u`tud agagùme hoyo rgdot deaeowe nedo hecoapur hg`jo` oer poho dk`hese mehrose. Sgcoro ag`hosor dopur pohoa tgrhere otos doiseua mehrkdseho otou suotu coapuro` doiseua mehrkdseho ho` aoj`gseua kdseho otou coapuro` hore dghuo-huo`yo. Fgrot ngès`yo 6.2= poho dgohoo` aurè. Dopur pohoa u`tud leèsme`j ckckd hejuòdo` u`tud opiedose pigstgro` ho` oceo`. Huo tepg dopur pohoa u`tud leèsme`j yo`j heprkhudse ohoiom Xepg @ ho` Xepg S. Xepg @ hedgòi hg`jo` dopur pohoa `kraoi ho` tepg S ohoiom dopur pohoa spgceoi, dopur pohoa tepg @ nuaiom kdseho tod tgrmehrose`yo tehod tgrfotos sgho`jdo` tepg S fotos aodseaua`yo ohoiom = %. Dopur pohoa poso`jo` fotu hopot hejuòdo` u`tud pgdgrnoo` poso`jo`, hefoje hoioa 8 tepg yoetu Xepg @, S, @O ho` SO. Xepg @ ohoiom dopur pohoa `kraoi, tepg S dopur pohoa spgceoi, tepg @O dopur pohoa oer g`troeè`j ho` tepg SO dopur pohoa oer g`troeè`j spgceoi. Xepg @ ho` @O tehod agaeiede fotoso` poho kdseho tod tgrmehrose. Sgho`jdo` tepg S ho` SO hefotose =%. Hesoape`j etu, tepg S ho` SO hedgòi hore dgaoapuo``yo hoioa agòeddo` hoyo piostes owoi ho` fgrselot ag`ygrop oer yo`j te`jje.

3.3. Akrtor u`tud poso`jo` fotu

Xgrhopot 8 tepg akrtor yo`j seafki`yo heohoptose hore osoi doto AoSk@wKrd > Xepg A, Xepg S, Xepg @ ho` Xepg K. Sgauo tepg akrtor eè agrupodo` coapuro` hore fomo` – fomo` sgpgrte sgag`, dopur pohoa, poser ho` oer. Xepg A agaeiede todoro` dopur pohoa igfem sghedet, sgho`jdo` tepg K sgfoied`yo yoetu hg`jo` todoro` dopur pohoa yo`j poie`j fo`yod. Akrtor hopot heehg`teledose hore huo spgseledose oitgròtevg yoetu spgseledose prkpkrse fomo` pg`yusu` ho` spgseledose selot – selot`yo. Roho spgseledose prkpkrse fomo` pg`yusu`, soiom sotu hore dggapot tepg akrtor tohe morus agagùme spgseledose sgpgrte yo`j hesyorotdo` poho Xofgi 3.?. Spgseledose eè agafotose nuaiom aodseaua todoro` aotgreoi pg`yusu` fgrhosordo` uduro` vkiuag. Xehod oho fotoso` hoioa todoro` oer ho` nuaiom`yo morus hesgsuoedo` hg`jo` dgfutumo` poho pgdgrnoo`. Xodoro` ojrgjot 6.:7 soapoe 3 doie hore vkiuag tgrpesom sgag` yo`j hejuòdo`. Aesoi`yo u`tud akrtor tepg S, hg`jo` pg`jjuòo` vkiuag dopur`yo sgtg`jom hore vkiuag sgag`, vkiuag poser 3 – 8.7 doie vkiuag sgag`. Sgho`jdo` akrtor yo`j fgrhosordo` spgseledose selot – selot`yo ohoiom tgrfuot hore ohudo` sgag`, dopur, poser ho` oer u`tud agagùme spgseledose dgduoto` poho Xofgi 3.6. akrtor yo`j agagùme spgseledose eè morus ag`noioè pg`juneo` he iofkrotkreua u`tud ag`g`tudo` duot tgdo`, sgropo` oer ho` dohor oer. Duot tgdo` feoso`yo hetg`tudo` hg`jo` agafuot dufus fgruduro` 7 ca ho` duot tgdo``yo heune sgtgiom dufus tgrsgfut herg`hoa he hoioa oer sgioao 6= more. Xehod oho spgseledose u`tud todoro` fomo` pg`yusu`, tgtope hesoro`do` pg`jjuòo` poser sgdetor 6,67 soapoe 3.7 doie hore vkiuag fgrsem aotgreoi sgag` yo`j hejuòdo`. Rg`juneo` selot – selot akrtor tgrsgfut hefutumdo` tgrutoao u`tud ag`jgòie dorodtgrested akrtor.

6<

LA ?-:.?.2-?-8? gh.O rgv.6

FOMO@ ONOV

Dureduiua 62?2


R@D

Xofgi 3.?. Spgseledose dgfutumo` prkpkrse fomo` pg`yusu` akrtor u`tud poso`jo` fotu (OSXA C6:2) Rrkpkrse vkiuag (aotgreoi cgag`tetekus) Dohor ojrgjot Sgag` aosk`ry Dopur pohoa RC otou Akrtor Xepg (heudur poho dk`hese (tepg) otou dopur Sgag` hoap ikksg) hgapui fig`hgh A S @ Dopur A ? ¹ Xehod duro`j hore 6¹ sgag` S ? ¹-± ho` tehod igfem hore @ ? ± - ?¹ 3 doie vkiuag K ? ?¹ - 6± tgrpesom hore A ? ? aotgreoi Sgag` A ? cgag`tetekus aosk`ry S ± ? S ? @ ? K ? Xofgi 3.6. spgseledose selot – selot selot akrtor u`tud poso`jo` fotu

Akrtor

Xepg

Duot tgdo` aeèaua poho 6= more Tpse(ARo)Q

Dopur sgag`

A S @ K A S @ K

6722 (?:.6) ?=22 (?6.8) :72 (7.6) 372 (6.8) 6722 (?:.6) ?=22 (?6.8) :72 (7.6) 372 (6.8)

Sgag` aosk`ry

Sgropo` oer (ae`. %)

Dohor oer (aox.%)

:7 :7 :7 :7 :7 :7 :7 :7

?6 ?6 ?6-?8 ?6-?8 ?= - to`po fotos ?= - to`po fotos ?= - to`po fotos ?= - to`po fotos

Dohor ojrgjot (heudur poho dk`hese hoap ikksg) Xehod duro`j hore 6¹ ho` tehod igfem hore 3± doie vkiuag tgrpesom hore aotgreoi cgag`tetekus

3.8. Ohudo` ho` selot selot – selot selot akrtor

Ohudo` akrtor hopot heiodudo` hg`jo` to`jo` otoupu` agse` aex tepg pohhig. Ohudo` aoùoi hg`jo` to`jo` feoso`yo mo`yo u`tud nuaiom ohkò` yo`j tehod fo`yod. Coro`yo ohoiom fomo`6 dgre`j (sgag`, poser) heohud hg`jo` sgdkp sgcoro agroto (soapoe worò`yo mkakjg`). Dgauheo` hetoafomdo` oer sgdetor 6/3 fojeo` ho` ohud ioje soapoe ohkò` tgriemot agroto fosom`yo. Rgòafomo` oer heiodudo` opofeio dgdg`toio` ohudo` heroso fgiua cudup. Akrtor rgohy aex tgrfuot hore fomo` – fomo` aotgreoi sgag`tet (sgag`, dopur hii), poser ho` oer (hg`jo` otou to`po pgòafomo` fomo` ohaexturg u`tud ag`jg`hoiedo` wodtu pg`jedoto`) yo`j aoò coapuro` fomo` – fomo` tgrsgfut hetodor ho` heohud hoioa fotmce`j pio`t yo`j dgauheo` hefowo dg ikdose dk`strudse u`tud hejuòdo` hg`jo` hurose opiedose soapoe hg`jo` 6,7 noa. Rrksghur pg`johudo` akrtor hg`jo` aexgr tepg pohhig ohoiom sgfojoe fgredut > ?. Xuo`jdo` oer 6. Aosuddo` sgag` dg hoioa aexgr 3. Rutor aexgr hg`jo` dgcgpoto` rg`hom sgioao 32 hgted 8. Xoafomdo` dopur ho` poser dgtedo aexgr sgho`j fgrputor 6:

LA ?-:.?.2-?-8? gh.O rgv.6

FOMO@ ONOV R@D

Dureduiua 62?2


7. Ohud ioje hg`jo` dgcgpoto` sgho`j sgioao 32 hgted <. Ioiu heoado` ohkò` sgioao ?,7 agèt :. Dgauheo` putor ioje aexgr sgioao ? agèt poho dgcgpoto` sgho`j ho` tuo`j akrtor dg hoioa po`/gafgr

3.7. Rg`jorum hore prkpkrse coapuro` coapuro`

De`grno akrtor fgrjo`tu`j poho prkpkrse coapuro`, sgioe` etu nujo hepg`jorume kigm fgrfojoe selot akrtor heo`toro`yo dgigcodo` (wkrdofeiety), sgropo` oer, dgduoto` pg`jedoto`, duot tgdo` ho` dgtomoò` (hurofeiety). Rgaeiemo` suotu ngès akrtor morus hehosordo` poho pgrteafo`jo` poho selot – selot yo`j suhom hesgfutdo` tgrhomuiu, ngès poso`jo` dk`strudse poso`jo` fotu ho` pgroturo` yo`j hopot heiodsoòdo`. Aotgreoi sgag` pkrtio`h fgrdk`trefuse hoioa dgduoto` owoi, duot tgdo` ho` dgtomoò` akrtor sgho`jdo` dopur pohoa agafgredo` selot piostes, dgigcodo`, sgropo` oer ho` dorodtgrested agrghudse susut. Selot pg`ygropo` oer hepg`jorume kigm selot akrtor yo`j hopot ag`yeapo` oer hoioa wodtu yo`j ioao, yo`j hopot ag`jmoio`je pg`ygropo` hore pkre – pkre dksk`j hore fotodk/fotu foto. Hesoape`j etu dopur pohoa hopot agè`jdotdo` dgduoto` edot/rgdot, ag`juro`je pgragofeiety ho` agauhomdo` akrtor u`tud herotodo` ho` hemoiusdo` poho pgraudoo` fotu/fotu foto. Rgrotoo` pgraudoo` akrtor yo`j hecoapur dopur pohoa odo` igfem auhom dorgò dopur hopot agapgrioafot wodtu sgtte`j. Roser fgrpgro` sgfojoe fomo` pg`jese (leiigr) ho` ag`juro`je hglkraose susut ho` oer hefutumdo` u`tud ag`nojo piostesetos oer. Roser yo`j hepodoe u`tud coapuro` akrtor hopot fgrosoi hore poser oioa ho` fuoto` (mosei pgagcomo` hore fotu, dgredei otoupu` sioj). Roser fuoto` agaeiede dorodtgr yodè hore fg`tud portedgi`yo yo`j o`juior ho` tgdstur dosor sgme`jjo fgrpg`jorum tgrmohop wkrdofeiety akrtor. Foed poser oioa aoupu` poser fuoto` morus agagùme syorot jrohose sgpgrte poho Xofgi 3.3. Roser yo`j hejuòdo` u`tud fgtk` tehod hopot hepodoe hoioa pgafuoto` akrtor dorgò agaeiede uduro` portedgi aodseaua igfem fgsor nedo hefo`he`jdo` hg`jo` yo`j heene`do` u`tud coapuro` akrtor ho` uduro` portedgi yo`j igfem dgcei tgrhopot hoioa ohudo`. Sgcoro uaua akrtor morus cudup fosom tgtope tgtop agaeiede dgdoduo` ojor cudup duot ag`hudu`j fotu foto/fotu. Xofgi 3.3. spgseledose sto`hor jrohose poser u`tud akrtor poso`jo` fotu

Wduro` oyodo` T@k.(aa)Q

Rgrsg` ikiks Roser oioa

Roser fuoto`

8 (8.:7)

?22

?22

= (3.3<)

57-?22

57-?22

?< (?.?=)

:2-?22

:2-?22

32 (<22 ιa)

82-:7

82-:7

72 (322 ιa)

?2-37

62-82

?22 (?72 ιa)

6-?7

?2-67

622 (:7 ιa)

-

2-?2

6=

LA ?-:.?.2-?-8? gh.O rgv.6

FOMO@ ONOV R@D


Dureduiua 62?2

3.<. Selot – selot selot akrtor

Sgpgrte yo`j hehesdusedo` tgrhomuiu, lu`jse utoao akrtor ohoiom sgfojoe aotgreoi pg`jedot fotu/fotu foto ag`nohe sotu dgsotuo` yo`j dkapod. Otou tgpot`yo sgfojoe pgrgdot ho` pgùtup cgiom. Kigm sgfof etu akrtor morus agaeiede dgaoapuo` u`tud agafg`tud aotgreoi foru yo`j skieh, duot ho` edoto` yo`j duot hg`jo` dkapk`g` fotu otou tuio`jo`. Dgaoapuo` u`tud ag`jedot dkapk`g` fotu/fotodk hetg`tudo` kigm duot rgdot tored akrtor, yo`j fgrdoeto` hg`jo` joyo u`tud agaesomdo` dkapk`g` – dkapk`g` poso`jo` fotu. Rg`te`j u`tud hee`jot fomwo agsdepu` fgtk` ho` akrtor hefuot hg`jo` ag`jjuòdo` fomo` – fomo` yo`j soao (aose`j – aose`j hg`jo` otou to`po ojrgjot dosor u`tud fgtk` ho` akrtor), dghuo`yo tehod soao hoioa pg`jgrteo` ho` lu`jse pg`jjuòo``yo. Opo yo`j foed u`tud fgtk` fgiua tg`tu foed u`tud akrtor. Rgè`jdoto` dgduoto` tgdo` agrupodo` tunuo` utoao hoioa fgtk`, ho` tehod heforg`je hg`jo` pgè`jdoto` duot tored rgdot, yo`j aoò moi tgrsgfut ag`nohe dorodtgrested utoao hore akrtor. Selot pg`te`j ioe` hore akrtor ohoiom wkrdofeiety, pg`ygropo` oer, duot tgdo`, duot tored ho` dgtomoò` tgrmohop sumu pgafgduo`. Duot tgdo` hore akrtor hetg`tudo` kigm nuaiom sgag` hoioa coapuro`. Duot jgsgr ho` duot ig`tur poso`jo` fotu fgrjo`tu`j poho duot rgdot akrtor ho` sgcoro tehod io`jsu`j hetg`tudo` kigm duot tgdo`. Sgpgrte yo`j tgiom hengiosdo`, pg`jjuòo` dopur pohoa agè`jdotdo` duot rgdot poso`jo` fotu ho` nujo agapg`jorume duot jgsgr ho` ig`tur`yo. Rgòafomo` dohor dopur soapoe ?22 % hopot agè`jdotdo` duot jgsgr ho` ig`tur soapoe ?22 %. Rgriu hecotot fomwo tehod oho pgroturo` yo`j agauot duot rgdot tored aeèaua, agsdepu` oho dioseledose akrtor fgrhosordo` duot tgdo``yo yo`j tgrcodup hoioa spgseledose spgseledose selot – selot akrtor. Akrtor tepg A ho` S agaeiede duot tgdo` yo`j igfem te`jje nedo hefo`he`jdo` hg`jo` tepg @ otou K. Roso`jo` fotu yo`j feoso`yo ag`greao pgafgfoò` tgdo` yo`j te`jje, joyo iotgroi hore fgfo` o`je`, joyo jgapo otou toòm, morus ag`jjuòdo` akrtor tepg A. Strudtur fowom otou yo`j fgrmufu`jo` hg`jo` toòm hg`jo` odse pgafgduo` nujo ag`jjuòdo` akrtor tepg A. Roho uaua`yo, akrtor tepg A otou S hopot hejuòdo` u`tud feho`j he`he`j gdstgrekr, foed etu igtod`yo he otos otou he hoioa toòm, sgpgrte he`he`j pk`hose, tgafkd pgòmo`, ao`mkig, soiuro` oer, pgrdgroso` noio`, noio` sgtopod ho` gapgro`. W`tud tgafkd gdstgrekr yo`j igtod`yo he otos toòm, sgpgrte he`he`j pgaedui fgfo` aoupu` yo`j tehod agaedui fgfo` ho` he`he`j poropgt, akrtor tepg @, S otou A hopot hejuòdo`. W`tud dk`strudse e`tgrekr aesoi`yo he`he`j portese sgfojoe pgaedui fgfo` ho` yo`j tehod agaedui fgfo`, sgauo ngès akrtor hopot hejuòdo`. Foje dowoso` rowo` jgapo akrtor tepg @ otou K tehod hergdkag`hosedo`. Suotu aotgreoi akrtor heo`jjop hopot hedgrnodo` (wkrdofig) nedo auhom u`tud heopiedosedo` ho` agapg`jorume dgaoapuo` u`tud agrgdotdo` dkapk`g` poso`jo` fotu hg`jo` sgjgro sgtgiom heopiedosedo`. Zkrdofeiety hepg`jorume kigm sgropo` oer, ohudo`, oiero` ho` dorodtgrested ojrgjot. Sgropo` oer heudur hore dgcgpoto` oer ag`ygrop aosud dg hoioa dkapk`g` poso`jo` fotu (fotu.fotodk). Moi tgrsgfut hepg`jorume nujo hore jrohose ojrgjot, selot – selot sgag` ho` dopur sgrto dohor oer.

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Skoi Iotemo` >

?. Ngiosdo` opo yo`j heaodsuh hg`jo` akrtor ! 6. Opo pgrfghoo` pgrfghoo` ag`hosor ag`hosor pg`jjuòo` pg`jjuòo` fomo` poser poho poho akrtor ho` fgtk` fgtk` ; 3. Sgfutdo` aocoa-aocoa akrtor fgrhosordo` pg`jjuòo``yo poho dk`strudse yo`j o`ho dgtomue ! 8. Ngiosdo` dgigfemo` pg`jjuòo` pg`jjuòo` dopur pohoa poho akrtor ! 7. Ngiosdo` selot – selot akrtor ! <. Ngiosdo` ngès pg`juneo` iofkrotkreua u`tud ag`jgtomue ag`jgtomue duot tgdo`, duot tored, sgropo` oer ho` wkrdofeiety akrtor ! :. Ngiosdo` pgreiodu / selot akrtor poho dk`hese sgfgiua ho` sgsuhom sgsuhom ag`jgros !

Holtor Rustodo


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FOF 8 DGVOAED Xunuo` E`strudsekòi Dmusus > Sgtgiom ag`jedute duieom eè, aomoseswo odo` hopot ag`jgtomue osoi auio hetgaudo``yo tgd`kikje pg`jkiomo` toòm ieot ag`nohe fomo` dgroaed, pgrdgafo`jo` tgd`kikje pg`jkiomo` dgroaed, prksgs pgafuoto` dgroaed, ag`jgòi tepg – tepg dgroaed sgsuoe pg`jjuòo``yo he fgrfojoe feho`j. Joaforo` uaua aotgre > dgroaed agrupodo` fomo` yo`j fgrosoi hore toòm ieot yo`j hefodor poho sumu tgrtg`tu, pg`jjuòo` dgroaed so`jotiom iuos hore pgroioto` iestred, aghes soapoe hg`jo` gigag` fo`juò`. Aotgre duieom heauioe hg`jo` hgleèse dgroaed ho` sgnorom`yo. Rrksgs pgafuoto` dgroaed, dgigfemo` fomo` dgroaed, sgrto ngès – ngès dgroaed fgrhosordo` prksgs pgafuoto` ho` opiedose`yo he fgrfojoe feho`j. Vgigvo`se Aoto Duieom > Roho fof eè aomoseswo hemoropdo` agaomoae hgleèse, sgnorom sgrto selot selot lesed ho` agdoèd dgroaed ho` pg`jjuòo``yo hoioa fgrfojoe feho`j. Hosor – hosor pg`jgtomuo` tgrsgfut agrupodo` prosyorot yo`j morus heduosoe kigm aomoseswo ojor hopot ag`jgòi ngès – ngès fomo` dgroaed sgrto pgraosoiomo``yo hoioa opiedose sgfojoe gigag` fo`juò`. Dgtedo pg`jgtomuo` eè hetgropdo` he iopo`jo` aodo aomoseswo aoapu agrg`coòdo` sgdoiejus ag`jowose prksgs pg`jgrnoo` dk`strudse yo`j agiefotdo` dgroaed sgfojoe fomo` fo`juò`. 8.? Sgnorom Se`jdot Dgroaed

Dgroaed pgrtoao doie hetgaudo` sgcoro tehod sg`jono kigm fo`jso Agser ¿ 822 SA, heaoò dgroaed hepgru`tuddo` mo`yo foje fo`juò` aodoa rono ho` poro fo`jsowo` yo`j sorot hg`jo` seafki dgojoaoo` ho` dgduosoo`. Sgere`j hg`jo` pgrdgafo`jo` noao`, dgroaed fo`yod hejuòdo` sgfojoe gigag` hgdkrotel poho duiet fo`juò`. Akhgi dgroaed yo`j pgrtoao hg`jo` worò ag`ygrupoe tgafojo sgrto dgroaed totomo` fgrworò hedgtomue fgrosoi hore Agser ho` Fofyikèo. Sgag`toro etu, Ceò hedgòi hg`jo` dgroaed putem hg`jo` tgdèd pgafodoro` yo`j ioao. Ioe` ioje hg`jo` Rgrseo, fo`jso eè hedgòi hg`jo` dgroaed feru – menou ho` dgroaed fgrfg`tud akzoed yo`j hejuòdo` sgfojoe meoso` he`he`j poho agsneh – agsneh ho` fgrfojoe upocoro dgojoaoo` yo`j ioe``yo. Sgfojeo` fgsor tgdèd dgroaed yo`j hedgòi he Grkpo hore Rgrseo. Xgdèd akzoed pgrtoao doie hetgaudo` soot fgfgropo dgroaed hore toòm ieot yo`j fgruduro` dgcei heigdotdo` dg hoioa cgtodo` sgag` yo`j heposo`j u`tud agùtupe fojeo` he`he`j. Fo`jso Fgio`ho agapu`yoe desom yo`j fgrfgho, woioupu` tehod ag`yuafo`jdo` tgdèd foru foje pgrdgafo`jo` huèo dgroaed hg`jo` aktel – aktel dgroaed`yo yo`j dmos. Rgrfghoo` yo`j sejèledo` aosoiom dgroaed Grkpo hg`jo` Fgio`ho ohoiom, he Grkpo dgroaed mo`yo hepgru`tudo` foje jkik`jo` tgrtg`tu – doua fo`jsowo` ho` orestkcrot yo`j fgrdghuhudo` te`jje. Sgho`jdo` he Fgio`ho dgroaed nustru so`jot pkpuior he doio`jo` aosyorodot ag`g`jom yo`j fgdgrno he pofred. Sgag`toro etu, fo`jso \edtkreo agapgrfomorue pgafuoto` dgroaed hg`jo` ag`johoptose fgfgropo fg`tud tgdèd akhgr` u`tud dgroaed.

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8.6 Dkapkset Dgroaed

Dgroaed ohoiom fomo` pohot o`krjoèd yo`j fudo` ikjoa. Foro`j yo`j tgrfuot hore dgroaed sgpgrte > dgroaed Ceò, pkrsgig`, jgios, rglrodtkre (fomo` tomo` ope), fomo` dgpgriuo` dgmehupo` sgmore – more. Fomo` hosor pg`yusu` dgroaed ohoiom dgrod fuae, sgpgrte > SeK6 , Oi 6K3 , CoK, AjK, D 6K, @o6K. SeK6, Oi6K3, otou AjK aose`j – aose`j hopot hepodoe sgfojoe fomo` dgroaed etu sg`here, sgho`jdo` fomo` ioe``yo tgrhere hore coapuro` seiedot tu`jjoi otou coapuro` hore fgrfojoe seiedot. Fomo` fodu dgroaed ceò ho` pkrsgig` ohoiom toòm ieot yoetu dokie`, sgreset, sgrto seiedot yoetu duorso, lgispor ho` fomo` ioe``yo yo`j heohud – hecgtod – hefodor sgme`jjo ag`nohe suotu prkhud dgroaed. Roho pgrdgafo`jo` tgrdomer eè, dgroaed hg`jo` selot – selot dmos`yo yo`j foru tgiom hefuot hg`jo` ag`jjuòdo` fomo` teruo` yo`j so`jot aurè ho` hg`jo` prksgs pgafuoto` yo`j so`jot tgrdg`hoie. Rrkhud tgrsgfut heòaodo` dgroaed moius otou dgroaed foru, yo`j agaeiede selot – selot dmos lu`jsekòi hoioa gigdtrkaoj`gted, agdoèd, kptec, tgraoi, fekdeaeo ho` selot ioe``yo. Dkapkset dgroaed tgrfg`tud hore suotu aotreds yo`j hetoafomdo` sgrot. Cere – cere pksetel dgroaed ohoiom soie`j hejofu`jdo`, ckckd u`tud pg`gropo` tgrtg`tu. Dkapkset dgroaed agapu`yoe dgieoto` yo`j igfem fgsor hore dgroaed feoso, woioupu` coro prkhudse`yo igfem

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ruaet. Sgcoro uaua prksgs pgafuoto` dkapkset dgroaed aosem suiet ho` aomoi, aodo pg`gropo``yo aosem tgrfotos poho feho`j dgherjo`toroo` otoupu` poho pgroioto` dghkdtgro`. 8.3. Dgroaed W`tud Fo`juò`

Dgroaed ohoiom soiom sotu fomo` aoso hgpo`, hopot hefghodo` ag`nohe huo dgikapkd yoetu dgroaed structuroi ho` dgroaed gigdtrkèd/gigdtrktgdèd (lu`jsekòi). Fekdgroaed nujo hopot tgrjkik`j sgfojoe strudturoi ho` otou lu`jsekòi. Sgho`jdo` pg`jgrteo` dgroaed yo`j igfem iuos ho` uaua ohoiom sgauo fg`ho-fg`ho yo`j tgrfuot hore toòm ieot/igapu`j yo`j ag`joioae suotu prksgs pg`jgroso` hg`jo` pgafodoro` sumu te`jje. Roho dgroaed strudturoi he hoioa`yo tgraosud ètrehg, dorfeho, oiuauèua kdseho/oiuaeò. êrckèua/zerdkèo yo`j hesgfut nujo tgrakagdoès dorgò tomo` dgnuto` tgraoi ho` agdoès sgioe` cere dmos ioe``yo. Vo`co`jo` – ro`co`jo` fo`juò` odo` toapod igfem iuwgs, e`hom ho` duot nedo fgriopesdo` dgroaed. Dgroaed hopot agapgriemotdo` mosei dgrno yo`j foed u`tud henohedo` fomo` dk`strudse yo`j u`jjui, dorgò > ?. Xomo` tgrmohop voreose sumu soapoe hg`jo` sumu yo`j cudup te`jje dorgò pkrksetos`yo yo`j tgrdg`hoie, 6. Xomo` tgrmohop fomo` deaeo (cmikrehg, suilot), 3. Xomo` dgouso` agdoès, 8. Agapu`yoe hoyo dkaprgse ho` tg`sei yo`j foed. Rgaodoeo` dgroaed poho poho huèo dk`strudse dk`strudse aosem hetu`tut hetu`tut suotu pgrdgafo`jo` pgrdgafo`jo` igfem io`nut fgrdoeto` hg`jo` fomo` dgroaed u`tud dk`strudse, pgarksgso` (poho sumu rg`hom), pgrfoedo` selot agdoès ho` hoapod tgrmohop ie`jdu`jo`. 8.8. Rrksgs Rgafuoto` Dgroaed ho` Rg`jkiomo`

Dgroaed tgrfuot hore toòm ieot otou igapu`j yo`j auhom hehopot hg`jo` u`sur otou sg`yowo yo`j tgrdo`hu`j he hoioa`yo. Hg`jo` fomo` oioae nujo auhom hefg`tud nedo dk`hese`yo hoioa dgohoo` igafof. Hoioa prksgs pgafodoro` tgrsgfut, toòm ieot hefgre jioser sgme`jjo odo` ag`jmoseido` dgroaed hg`jo` pgraudoo` yo`j cudup duot. Oiot yo`j hepodoe u`tud pgafodoro` dgroaed ohoiom kvg` otou tu`jdu hg`jo` fomo` fodor doyu dgre`j, jos, iestred otou fomdo` hg`jo` fene zoetu`. Rgrfghoo` te`jje – rg`hom sumu ope pgafodoro` odo` agapg`jorume mosei odmer otou glgd dgdgroso` dgroaed. W`tud soot eè, pgafodoro` dgroaed suhom heiodudo` hg`jo` agse`, woioupu` he fgfgropo hogrom aosem agafuot dgroaed hg`jo` coro trohesekòi – hecgtod ho` hefodor sgcoro aoùoi. Hete`nou hore sgje mosei, dgroaed yo`j hefuot sgcoro aoùoi tehod hopot henojo dk`sestg`se duoietos`yo. Sgag`toro dgroaed yo`j hemoseido` pofred igfem tgrnojo sgcoro duoietos. Rrksgs pgafuoto` dgroaed sgcoro aoùoi sgrupo hg`jo` pgafuoto` jg`tg`j hore toòm i eot. 8.7. Rg`jjkik`jo` Fomo` Dgroaed

Fomo` dgroaed hopot hejkik`jdo` otos dgroaed dosor, dgroaed moius, dgroaed pgiopes, sgrto pkrsgig` (tgafedor putem). 8.7.?. Dgroaed Dosor (Jgrofom, gortmg`worg) gortmg`worg)

Dgroaed Dosor tgrfuot hore toòm ieot (poser duorso, toòm pgdot, seif tgraosud ngès ofu tgrtg`tu) yo`j hefodor poho sumu o`toro ?222¾C – ?822¾C. Dgroaed ngès eè strudtur ho` tgdstur`yo so`jot ropum, dosor ho` aosem fgrpkre. Ojor supoyo dghop oer, jgrofom dosor morus 33

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heiopese jioser, sgag` otou fomo` pgiopes ioe``yo. Jgrofom tgraosud dgroaed fgrduoietos rg`hom opofeio hefo`he`jdo` hg`jo` dgroaed fotu (stk`gworg) otou pkrsgie`. Foto, jg`tg`j, posk, pkt, o`jik, dg`he, jg`tk`j ho` sgfojoe`yo tgraosud dgroaed ngès jgrofom. Jg`tg`j tgiom fo`yod hefuot fgrjioser hg`jo` worò yo`j agòred sgme`jjo agòafom dgduoto``yo. Dgjuòo` dgroaed dosor hoioa pgafo`juò` hopot fgrupo > 

Repo dgroaed dosor.



Foto die`dgr.



Wfe` toòm ieot.



Jg`te`j toòm ieot.

8.7.6 Dgroaed Moius (pgafodoro` tu`jjoi)

Xgrfuot hore toòm ieot yo`j moius hg`jo` coapuro` ngroae yo`j hejeie`j (tgafedor agrom) otou hg`jo` toafomo` dokie`, duorso, lgihslor, otou fufud aoj`gseua – seieco yo`j hefodor poho sumu ?6<2¾C – ?332¾C. Dgroaed ngès eè agapu`yoe strudtur ho` tgdstur moius ho` dkdkm, duot ho` fgrot sgpgrte fotu. Dgroaed ngès tgraosud duoietos jkik`jo` ag`g`jom. Dgjuòo` dgroaed moius hoioa pgafo`juò` fgrupo pgrig`jdopo` – pgrig`jdopo` soètgr. 8.7.3 Dgroaed Rgiopes (loyg`cg)

Dgroaed loyg`cg hore toòm ieot pgdot putem yo`j moius sgdoie ho` yo`j ag`jo`hu`j dokie`, lgihspor, duorso otou fufud aoj`gseua – seieco sgme`jjo worò`yo ag`nohe putem. Sgtgiom hecgtod/hefg`tud dgroaed loyg`cg hedgre`jdo` ho` heiopese jioser (tgafedor) yo`j ag`jo`hu`j fo`yod teaom – kdseh ho` sgioao tgafedor aosem fosom heiodudo` prksgs pgworòo`, dgauheo` hefodor poho sumu ??22²C (hg`jo` pgafodoro` jo`ho). dgroaed yo`j sgcoro tgdès, heprksgs u`tud dgpgriuo` tgd`kikje te`jje sgpgrte pgroioto` akfei, iestred, dk`strudse, dkaputgr, cgrkfk`j pgsowot, drestoi kpted, dgroaed agtoi, dgroaed auite iopes, dgroaed auite lu`jse, dkapkset dgroaed, seiedk`, fekcgroaec, ho` dgroaed aojèt. Selot dmos hore aotgreoi dgroaed ngès eè hesgsuoedo` hg`jo` dgpgriuo` yo`j fgrselot tgdès sgpgrte tomo` fg`turo`, tomo` jgsgd, tomo` poòs, tomo` dorot, tomo` sumu dgnut sgpgrte eskiotkr, fomo` pgiopes ho` dkapk`g` tgdès ioe``yo. 8.7.8. Rkrcgioe`

Ngès dgroaed fodoro` sumu te`jje yo`j hefuot hore fomo` igapu`j aurè yo`j tomo` ope, sgpgrte dokie`, oiuaeò ho` seiedo. Kigm dorgò foho` pkrsgie` ngès eè fgrworò putem fomdo` feso tgafus comoyo, aodo sgre`j hesgfut dgroaed putem. Roho uaua`yo, pkrsgie` hepenor soapoe sumu ?372²C otou ?822²C, fomdo` oho yo`j igfem te`jje ioje me`jjo ag`copoe ?722²C. Rkrsgie` yo`j toapod`yo tepes ho` ropum sgfgòr`yo agapu`yoe dgduoto` dorgò strudtur ho` tgdstur`yo ropot sgrto dgros sgpgrte jgios. Kigm dorgò dgroaed eè hefodor poho sumu te`jje aodo hoioa fkhe pkrsgie` tgrnohe pg`jjgioso` otou vetreledose. Sgcoro tgdès dgroaed ngès eè agapu`yoe duoietos te`jje ho` fojus, hesoape`j agapu`yoe hoyo tored tgrsg`here dorgò dge`homo` ho` dgigafuto` dmos pkrsgie`. Nujo fomo``yo so`jot pgdo ho` cgagrio`j tgrmohop worò-worò jioser. 8.<. Rgroioto` Ho` Fomo`

Foho` dgroaed ohoiom fojeo` utoao hoioa pgafuoto` dgroaed ho` fomo` utoao`yo feoso hesgfut hg`jo` Foho` dgroaed ohoiom fojeo` utoao hoioa pgafuoto` dgroaed ho` fomo` utoao`yo feoso hesgfut hg`jo` fomo` ag`tom ag`tom dgroaed. Ck`tkm fomo` ag`tom ag`tom dgroaed oioa sgpgrte dokie`, igapu`j, lgispor, duorso, pyrkpmeiiet ho` sgfojoe`yo. 38

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Sgho`jdo` fomo` dgroaed fuoto` sgpgrte auiiet, SeC, Fkreho, @etreho, M3FK3 ho` sgfojoe`yo.mo` ag`tom dgroaed. Ck`tkm fomo` ag`tom dgroaed oioa sgpgrte dokie`, igapu`j, lgispor, duorso, pyrkpmeiiet ho` sgfojoe`yo. Sgho`jdo` fomo` dgroaed fuoto` sgpgrte auiiet, SeC, Fkreho, @etreho, M3FK3 ho` sgfojoe`yo.

Joafor 6.? . 6.? . Fomo` Ag`tom ho` Fomo` Jioser

Fomo` ag`tom dgroaed hejkik`jdo` ag`nohe 7 (ieao) yoetu >

?. Fomo` Rg`jedot Ck`tkm > dokie`, foii cioy, lerg cioy, rgh cioy 6. Fomo` Rgigfur Ck`tkm > lgispor, dopur 3. Fomo` Rg`jese Ck`tkm > seiedo, jrkj (soakt) 8. Fomo` Xoafomo` Ck`tkm > wotgr jioss, toid, pyrkpmeiiet 7. Fomo` Ag`tom Jioser. (Fomo` yo`j agafuot iopeso` jgios poho pgraudoo` fg`ho dgroaed sgtgiom agioiue prksgs pgafodoro` poho sumu tgrtg`tu),

Coro Rgafuoto` Oho fgfgropo` coro otou tgdèd pgafuoto` dgroaed, yoetu >

?. Xgdèd ckei (ieiet peie`) 6. Xgdèd totop fotu/penot nore 3. Xgdèd siof (igapg`jo`) Coro pgafg`tudo` hg`jo` to`jo` io`jsu`j sgpgrte ckei, igapg`jo` otou penot nore agrupodo` tgdèd pgafg`tudo` dgroaed trohesekòi yo`j fgfos u`tud agafuot fg`tud-fg`tud yo`j hee`je`do`. Fg`tud`yo tehod sgioiu seagtres. Xgdèd eè e è sgre`j hepodoe kigm sgèao` otou poro pg`jjgaor dgroaed. 8. Xgdèd putor Xgdèd pgafg`tudo` hg`jo` oiot putor hopot ag`jmoseido` fo`yod fg`tud yo`j seagtres (fuiot, seie`hres) ho` fgrvoreose. Coro pgafg`tudo` hg`jo` tgdèd putor eè sgre`j hepodoe kigm poro pg`jrone` he sg`tro-sg`toro dgroaed. Rg`jrone` dgroaed trohesekòi feoso`yo ag`jjuòdo` oiot putor to`jo` (mo`h wmggi) otou oiot putor dode (decd wmggi). Roro pg`jrone` fgdgrno he otos oiot putor ho` ag`jmoseido` fg`tud-fg`tud yo`j soao sgpgrte jg`tk`j, juce hii 7. Xgdèd cgtod Xgdèd pgafg`tudo` hg`jo` cgtod hopot agaprkhudse foro`j hg`jo` nuaiom yo`j

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Dureduiua 62?2

fo`yod hoioa wodtu rgiotel se`jdot hg`jo` fg`tud ho` uduro` yo`j soao puio. Fomo` cgtodo` yo`j feoso hepodoe ohoiom fgrupo jeps, sgpgrte u`tud cgtodo` fgrk`jjo, cgtodo` pohot, cgtodo` nejjgr aoupu` cgtodo` u`tud hgdkrose tgapgi. Coro eè hejuòdo` poho pofred-pofred dgroaed hg`jo` prkhudse aossoi, sgpgrte oiot oiot ruaom to`jjo pere`j, co`jder, ao`jdkd jgios hii Hesoape`j coro-coro pgafg`tudo` heotos, poro pg`jrone` dgroaed troheskòi hopot agafg`tud dgroaed hg`jo` tgdèd cgtod prgs, sgpgrte yo`j heiodudo` pg`jrone` jg`tg`j, tgjgi he`he`j aoupu` meoso` he`he`j hg`jo` fgrfojoe aktel sgpgrte feòto`j otou tuafum-tuafumo` tuafum-tuafumo` 8.:. Selot – Selot Selot Fomo` Dgroaed 8.:.? Selot Agdoèd

Roho uaua`yo dgroaed agapu`yoe selot yo`j foed yoetu > dgros, duot ho` stofei poho tgapgrotur te`jje. Xgtope dgroaed fgrselot jgtos ho` auhom potom sgpgrte moi`yo poho pkrsgig`, otoupu` dgroaed ceò. 

Dgduoto` ho` potomo`, u`tud dgpgriuo` pgrg`coòo` pg`te`j sgdoie ag`jgtomue dgduoto` potom fomo` yo`j agapu`yoe rgtodo` – rgtodo` dgcei. Dorgò rgtodo` odo` ag`nurus poho

potomo`. 

Dgduoto` ho` strudtur, lodtkr yo`j agapg`jorume strudtur dgroaed ho` nujo dgduoto``yo

ohoiom dgmoiuso` pgraudoo`, vkiuag ho` fg`tud hore pkre, uduro` ho` fg`tud futer, ngès ho` fg`tud loso fotos futer ho` cocot yo`j hesgfofdo` kigm tgjo`jo` hoioa sgpgrte tgjo`jo` tgraoi. 

Dgdgroso`, ohoiom uduro` tomoò` fomo` tgrmohop hglkraose piostes poho pgraudoo`

fomo`. 

Dgduoto` poho tgapgrotur te`jje , dgroaed agapu`yoe dgtomoò` tgraoi ho` dgstofeio`

deaeo sgrto agapu`yoe dgau`jdeò` pgaodoeo` poho tgapgrotur te`jje sgfojoe fomo` tgdèd yo`j foru, yo`j tehod hopot heiodudo` ikjoa. 8.:.6 Selot Xgraoi

Sgauo dgroaed hefuot agioiue pgaoòso` poho tgapgrotur te`jje ho` sgnuaiom dgroaed heao`lootdo` dorgò selot tgraoi`yo yo`j u`jjui, sgpgrte tomo` poòs, mo`toro` poòs, dgtomoò` tgrmohop dgnuto` tgraoi. Selot tgraoi hosor dgroaed dgroaed heo`toro`yo ohoiom ohoiom agapu`yoe > 

Xeted coer.



Doposetos poòs.



Rgauoeo` tgraoi.



Dk`hudse tgraoi.



Xgjo`jo` tgraoi ho` tomoò` dgnut tgraoi.

8.:.3 Selot Iestred ho` Aojèt

Dgroaed tehod ag`jmo`tor iestred sgcoro prodtes, fgrjuò sgfojoe fomo` eskiose u`tud wodtu yo`j po`no`j. Dgfo`yodo` selot hore fomo` yo`j hesgfut dgroaed hetg`tudo` kigm dgioduo` gigctrk` yo`j heaeiede otka otou ek` yo`j agafg`tud fomo`.

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8.:.8. Selot – Selot Selot Ioe``yo 

Selot kptec , mufu`jo` o`toro dgroaed hg`jo` comoyo so`jot grot ho` tgiom ioao hepodoe

poho doco ng`hgio, pgroioto` ruaom to`jjo, feho`j dgsgmoto` ho` ioe``yo. 

Selot deaeo, dgstofeio` deaeo hore pgraudoo` dgroaed hopot heao`lootdo` sgcoro pksetel.

8.=.

Lu`jse Sgfojoe Fomo` Fo`juò`

Lu`jse dgroaed hoioa fomo` fo`juò` hopot heiemot poho tomop leèsme`j, foed sgfojoe pgùtup io`toe aoupu` he`he`j he hoioa otoupu` he iuor ruo`j. Sgteop ngès dgroaed agaeiede dorodtgr dmusus sgfojoe fomo` pgiopes. Hoioa prksgs dgrno dk`strudse fo`juò`, tomop leèsme`j fgrmufu`jo` hg`jo` fgrfojoe dgjeoto` yo`j hopot agafgredo` sg`tumo` odmer. Sgpgrte pgaoso`jo` doco ho` gigag` hgdkrotel. Rg`jjuòo` dgroaed sgfojoe pgig`jdop otoupu` leèsme`j hore suotu pgdgrnoo` ohoiom >

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Dureduiua 62?2

Sgfojoe pgùtup io`toe . Ohoiom lu`jse yo`j poie`j pkpuior sgfojoe fomo` iopes io`toe foed

etu fojeo` hoioa otoupu` iuor fo`juò`. Dgroaed yo`j hejuòdo` sgfojoe pgiopes/pgùtup io`toe uaua`yo agaeiede pgraudoo` yo`j ojod dosor ho` sghedet fgrtgdstur. 

Sgfojoe pgùtup he`he`j . Dgu`tu`jo` ag`jjuòdo` dgroaed sgfojoe pgiopes he`he`j

ohoiom hopot agafgredo` dgso` fgrsem poho he`he`j ho` auhom hoioa pgrowoto``yo. Dgroaed hejuòdo` sgfojoe pgiopes he`he`j nujo hopot hepgrjuòdo` he hoioa otou he iuor jghu`j / fo`juò`. 

Sgfojoe gigag` gstgtedo . Roho e`tgrekr fo`juò` (ruaom) u`sur dgroaed hopot

heopiedosedo` dghoioa fgrfojoe setuose. Xe`jdot ligdsefeietos dgroaed poho fo`juò` (ruaom) yo`j cudup te`jje, odo` auhom hoioa ag`jopiedosedo``yo dg hoioa fgrfojoe fg`tud sgsuoe hg`jo` pgro`co`jo`. pgro`co`jo`. 

Jg`tg`j dgroaed . Suotu u`sur fo`juò` yo`j fgrlu`jse sgfojoe pgùtup otop ho` tehod

mo`cur nedo herg`hoa hoioa oer. 

Repo dgroaed . Repo yo`j tgrfuot hore toòm ieot ho` hefodor poho sumu te`jje, sgme`jjo nedo

herg`hoa hoioa oer tehod odo` mo`cur. 

Lu`jse ioe` dgroaed sgfojoe fomo` pgiopes pgraudoo` . Uoetu pgiopes agno hopur, pgiopes

dkioa rgò`j, noio` (trktkor, toao`), otoupu` sgfojoe meoso` gdstgrekr fo`juò` osoido` hesgsuoedo` hg`jo` ngès dgroaed`yo.

8.5. Ngès Rgaodoeo` Dgroaed

Fgfgropo ngès dgroaed sgsuoe pgru`tudo``yo ohoiom > ?. Dgroaed u`tud he hoioa ruo`j otou e`tgrekr. 6. Dgroaed u`tud he iuor ruo`j otou gdstgrekr. 





Dgroaed u`tud io`toe. Ohoiom ngès dgroaed yo`j agòmo` fgfo` aoùseo, fgfo` fgrjgrod ho` fgfo` fgfo` tehod fgrjgrod. Dgroaed io`toe morus duot ho` dkdkm hg`jo` pgraudoo` yo`j ojod dosor. Hesoe` dgroaed io`toe cudup fgrojoa, auioe hore pkiks soapoe hg`jo` fgraktel hg`jo` uduro` ho` fg`tud yo`j sto`hor sgrto sgsuoe hg`jo` pgroturo` yo`j fgriodu. Dgroaed io`toe u`tud gdstgrekr, uaua`yo heposo`j poho orgo yo`j ag`greao fgfo` igfem fgrot hore ruo`j hg`jo` fgfgropo dgigfemo` yo`j tehod heaeiede kigm dgroaed feoso otou dgroaed e`tgrekr. Soiom sotu`yo ohoiom hore sgje dgtomoò`, dgroaed gdstgrekr fgrselot mgovy huty, igfem tgfoi ho` fgrot. Dgroaed u`tud he`he`j. Ngès dgroaed eè igfem re`jo` ho` igfem tepes nedo hefo`he`j hg`jo` dgroaed u`tud io`toe. Hefuot re`jo` dorgò dgroaed he`he`j tehod ag`greao fgfo` ho` tgdoò` sgpgrte io`toe. Dgroaed u`tud he`he`j gdstgrekr feoso`yo pgraudoo``yo tehod tgrioiu ag`jdeiot sgpgrte dgroaed u`tud he`he`j e`tgrekr. Dgroaed u`tud orgo dmusus. Heposo`j poho unu`j to`jjo, unu`j u`hodo`, pgrtgauo` he`he`j hg`jo` io`toe sgrto dkika. Roho orgo to`jjo otou u`hodo` hopot agèafuido` rgsedk yo`j so`jot lotoi nedo fojeo` unu`j`yo tehod hefgre stkppgr. Lu`jse stkppgr eè ohoiom u`tud ag`jme`hordo` ag`jme`hordo` deto hore rgsedk tgrjgie`cer, u`tud orgo eè ngès dgroaed yo`j hepodoe ohoiom tepg stgp `kse`j ho` tepg teig. Sgioe` etu oho dgroaed yo`j fg`tud`yo dmusus hepodoe u`tud pgrtgauo` he`he`j ho` io`toe, yoetu sderte`j yo`j fgrlu`jse u`tud agie`hu`je fojeo` fowom he`he`j hore dktkro` ho` oer.

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Dureduiua 62?2


Fg`tud Dgroaed

Fgfgropo fg`tud dgroaed yo`j auhom hepgrkigm ohoiom > 









Funur so`jdor. Ohoiom soiom sotu fg`tud yo`j poie`j ligdsefgi ho` auhom hehopotdo` sgrto auhom hoioa pgaoso`jo``yo. pgaoso`jo``yo. Rgrsgje po`no`j. Dgigfemo` hore dgroaed fgrfg`tud pgrsgje po`no`j ohoiom hoioa pgaoso`jo``yo yo`j so`jot fgrojoa. Sgpgrte pkio jreh, heojkòi, mgrre`jfk`g (tuio`j edo`) otoupu` fosdgt wgovg (pkio dgro`no`j). Fu`hor. W`tud ag`hopotdo``yo ojod cudup suiet tgrutoao yo`j fgruduro` fgsor. Fg`tud eè noro`j hepodoe dorgò pgaoso`jo` ho` pg`yusuò``yo tehod sgprodtes dgroaed fgrfg`tud funur so`jdor otoupu` pgrsgje po`no`j. Sgje gòa. Feoso`yo heposo`j u`tud io`toe otoupu` he`he`j. Fkrhgr otou iest. Feoso`yo fgrfg`tud pgrsgje po`no`j, hg`jo` uduro` yo`j fgrojoa yoetu > ?,7 x 33,3 ca 4 3 x 33,3 ca 4 < x 33,3 ca 4 ?2 x 33,3 ca 4 3,7 x 67 ca 4 7 x 62 ca 4 < x 62 ca 4 ?7 x 82 ca 4 ?<,7 x 72 ca.

Syorot Dgroaed W`tud Fo`juò` 

Jg`tg`j Dgroaed. W`tud sgauo autu morus agagùme uduro` – uduro` sgsuoe tofig he fowom eè > Wduro` Ro`no`j rg`j)

fgrjuò

(norod

Igfor fgrjuò Norod pgùtup agao`no`j Norod pgùtup agie`to`j

Jg`tg`j dgcei (aa)

Jg`tg`j sgho`j (aa)

Jg`tg`j fgsor (aa)

622

672

333

622

622

622

Ae`. 72 Ae`. 82

Ae`. <: Ae`. 82

?2 32 ?2

?2 32 ?2

Ae`. 82 Ae`. 82

Dgtgro`jo`

Rg`yeapo`jo` 9 < aa

Doiio` >

-



te`jje po`no`j igfor

?2 32 ?2

Repo Dgroaed. Morus hopot agòmo` auoto` une sgpgrte hetg`tudo` hoioa tofig he fowom eè (S@E – 6226), uduro` pepo une yo`j fgrso`jduto` sgioao 7 agèt to`po agapgriemotdo` oho`yo to`ho – to`ho rgtod otou cocot ioe``yo. Heoagtgr (ca) ?2 ?6,7 ?7 62 67 32

Auoto` une (djl) ?.622 ?.322 ?.822 ?.<22 ?.=22 6.222

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Wfe` Dgroaed. Morus agagùme pgrsyoroto` fgredut eè, ?. Rgraudoo` ufe` dgroaed tehod fkigm agòapodo` cocot – cocot sgfojoe fgredut > -

Wfe` dgroaed fgrjioser > foho` agafg`jdkd, jgigafu`j – jgigafu`j, rgtod – rgtod, jioser igpos – igpos, `kho fgrosoi hore u`sur jioser, pgraudoo` ufe` cgafu`j/cgdu`j.

-

Wfe` dgroaed tehod fgrjioser > fomo` agafg`jdkd, jgigafu`j – jgigafu`j, rgtod – rgtod, pgcom – pgcom, jkrgso` poho fomo` fgdos igdoto` hg`jo` fomo` ioe`, fomo` agig`jdu`j ho` `kho – `kho poho pgraudoo` foho`.

6. Rg`yeapo`jo` uduro` – uduro` ho` tkigro`se ufe` morus agagùme dgtg`tuo` fgredut eè > uduro` `kaeòi ho` tkigro`se (aa) Wduro` `kaeòi (aa) ?<2 – 722 72 – ?<2 9 72 : - 62

Ro`no`j Sese Xgfoi

Xkigro`se += +7 +3

3. Rg`ygropo` oer aodseaua hore ufe` dgroaed u`tud io`toe ohoiom sgfojoe fgredut > Ngès ufe` Rkrsgie` Stk`gworg Jgrofom dgros

Xehod fgrjioser ? 7 2

Fgrjioser 6 7 ?7

8. Sese – sese ufe` morus iurus, hedotodo` iurus nedo pg`yeapo`jo` sese – sese hore jores iurus tgrfg`tud kigm pgrmufu`jo` huo fuom teted suhut yo`j fgrturut – turut tehod agigfeme dgtg`tuo` fgredut eè > dgiuruso` tgpe (aa) Wduro` `kaeòi sese sese ?<2 – 722 72 – ?<2 9 72

Rkrsgie`

Stk`gworg

Jgrofom dgros

3 6 6

6.7 ?.7 ?.7

6 ? ?

7. Duot ig`tur ufe` io`toe dgroaed tehod fkigm duro`j hore fotos yo`j tgrco`tua sgpgrte fgredut eè > duot ig`tur (djl/ca6) Ngès ufe` Rkrsgie` Stk`gworg Jgrofom dgros

Voto - roto 672 672 ?67

Aeèaoi heeze`do` 622 622 ?72

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Akzoed Dgroaed Rg`yeapo`jo` uduro` – uduro` akzoed dgroaed morus agagùme dgtg`tuo` fgredut eè > Wduro` sese (aa)

Xkigro`se

0 72 67 – 72 9 67 Xgfoi



¿3 ¿6 ¿? ¿ 2.6

Rgrfghoo` uduro` sese akzoed tgrfgsor ho` tgrdgcei hoioa ? a6 (aa) 6 6 ?

Wfe` He`he`j Dgroaed Fgrjioser Wduro` – uduro` `kaeòi hore uduro` sgfgòr`yo yo`j hesto`hordo` ohoiom sgfojoe fgredut >



Wduro` sese `kaeòi (ca)

Xkigro`se

:,7 x :,7 ?? x ?? ?7 x ?7 ?6 x ?6

¿ 2,3 ¿ 2,3

Wduro` sgfgòr`yo fkigm fgrdesor o`toro (aa) :6 – := ?2: – ??3 ?8: – ?73 6?: – 663

Fgfgropo aocoa uduro` dgroaed yo`j auhom hehopot > ?. Sgfojoe io`toe > 62 x 62 ca, 32 x 32 ca, 82 x 82 ca, 72 x 72 ca, 33,3 x 33,3 ca, 87 x 87 ca, 33,3 x <<,< ca, ca, ?<,7 x <<,< ca. 6. W`tud he`he`j > 62 x 62 ca, 62 x 67 ca, 67 x 33,3 ca, 33,7 x 72 ca, 67 x 87 ca, 36,7 x <7,< ca. 3. Sderte`j u`tud pgafotos io`toe hg`jo` he`he`j fowom sgrto stgp teig > 33,3 x 33,3 ca. 8. Stgp `kse`j > ?<,7 x 33,3 ca.

8.??.

Aosoiom Roho Dgroaed

?. Rgraudoo` dgroaed tehod tgrposo`j hg`jo` roto 

Rg`ygfof`yo ohoiom > ?. prksgs pgaoso`jo` yo`j tehod rope 6. pgraudoo` dgroaed yo`j tehod roto (agig`jdu`j, fgrjgikafo`j, cgafu`j poho fojeo` unu`j)

6. Dgroaed yo`j suhom tgrposo`j rusod, cmeppe`j (juapei) otou pgcom 

Rg`ygfof`yo ohoiom > ?. coro pgaoso`jo` yo`j dosor 6. e`tgrodse odteletos yo`j fgrigfemo` o`toro pgdgrno 3. juapei feoso`yo tgrnohe dorgò fg`ho tonoa ho` fgrot yo`j notum poho pgraudoo` dgroaed 8. oho`yo fgfo` tgrpusot yo`j fgrigfemo` poho dgroaed

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3. @ot dktkr 

Rg`ygfof`yo ohoiom > ?. pg`jjuòo` fomo` pgafgrsem dgroaed yo`j fgrigfemo` 6. duoietos fomo` pg`jese òt yo`j duro`j foed 3. òt yo`j tehod tgrese hg`jo` sgapurò

8. Dgroaed igpos hore iopeso` hosor`yo 

Rg`ygfof`yo ohoiom > ?. dgroaed tehod herg`hoa otou duro`j ioao agrg`hoa sgfgiua heposo`j 6. posto otou akrtor tgrioiu fo`yod sgag` otou tgrioiu sghedet sgag` 3. oho`yo rk`jjo hoioa pgaoso`jo` 8. autu coapuro` iopeso` hosor duro`j foed 7. ohmgsevg yo`j tgrioiu tgfoi otou tehod roto otou tehod sgsuoe

7. Fgrcod yo`j teafui poho pgraudoo` dgroaed 

Rg`ygfof`yo ohoiom > ?. pgraudoo` dgroaed tgrdgò fomo` deaeo 6. pgrie`hu`jo` dgroaed yo`j tgrposo`j tehod agaohoe 3. gllikrgscg`cg yo`j fgrosoi hore dgroaed etu sg`here otou iopeso` fowom`yo. Otou odefot dgroaed yo`j tehod fgrjioser.

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FGFGVORO CK@XKM RG@JJW@OO@ DGVOAED ?.

Rg`jjuòo` W`tud Gdstgrekr

6.

Rg`jjuòo` W`tud E`tgrekr

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3. Rg`jjuòo` Dgroaed Ioe``yo

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Skoi Iotemo` >

?. Ngiosdo` pg`jgrteo` dgroaed ! 6. Ngiosdo` sgnorom pgrdgafo`jo` dgroaed ! 3. Sgfutdo` fomo` – fomo` hosor pgafuot dgroaed ! 8. Sgfutdo` ngès – ngès dgroaed agùrut pg`jjuòo`, prksgs pgafuoto` ho` fomo` hosor pg`yusu``yo ! 7. Sgfutdo` opiedose fomo` dgroaed sgfojoe gigag` fo`juò` ! <. Ngiosdo` pgraosoiomo` yo`j sgre`j teafui poho dgroaed u`tud opiedose fo`juò` !

Holtor Rustodo

O`kèa, Aonoiom Dgroaed, Sgre Vuaom Vuaom Ehg, Ghese 2< E, 622< O`k`ya, Aonoiom Aonoiom Io`toe, Sgreoi Io`toe, Io`toe, 622< Lrecd, M. Dkgsaortohe, C.M, ?555, Eiau Fomo` Fo`juò`, Gdspiketose, Rgafuoto`, Rg`jjuòo` ho` Rgafuo`jo`, Doèseus, Ukjyodorto Ukjyodorto

N O, Mortk`k, ?556, Ag`jgòi Dgroaed Co`jjem Cgrhos Cgrhos ho` Fekdgroaed, Rg`grfet O`he Kllsgt Ukjyodorto

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Dureduiua 62?2

FOF 7 FGXK@

Xunuo` E`strudsekòi Dmusus > Sgtgiom ag`jedute duieom eè, aomoseswo odo` hopot ag`jgtomue osoi auio hetgaudo``yo fomo` fgtk`, pg`jgrteo` ho` pgrdgafo`jo` fomo` fgtk`, prksgs pgafuoto` fgtk`, soapoe hg`jo` ag`jgòi tepg – tepg fgtk` sgsuoe pg`jjuòo``yo he fgrfojoe ngès dk`strudse. Joaforo` uaua aotgre > Fgtk` agrupodo` fomo` fo`juò` yo`j tgiom ioao hejuòdo` kigm aoùseo. Sgfojoe soiom sotu fomo` yo`j auhom pgafuoto``yo ho` foed dgduoto``yo, sgme`jjo pg`jjuòo` fgtk` so`jotiom iuos. Rg`jgtomuo` tgrmohop prksgs pgafuoto`, pgrowoto`. Vgigvo`se Aoto Duieom > Roho fof eè aomoseswo hemoropdo` ag`juosoe hgleèse, selot selot lesed ho` deaeowe sgag` ho` pg`jjuòo` sgag` hoioa fgrfojoe dk`strudse. Hosor – hosor pg`jgtomuo` tgrsgfut agrupodo` prosyorot yo`j morus heduosoe kigm aomoseswo ojor hopot agiodudo` pgaeiemo` aotgreoi hosor pg`yusu` sgdoiejus agro`co`j coapuro` fgtk`. Dgtedo pg`jgtomuo` eè hetgropdo` he iopo`jo` aodo aomoseswo odo` agaeiede dkapgtg`se hoioa ag`jowose prksgs pg`jgrnoo` dk`strudse yo`j agiefotdo` fgtk` sgfojoe gigag` strudtur ojor sgsuoe spgseledose yo`j hetgtopdo`. 7.?. Vgigvo`se Fgtk` Hoioa Dgmehupo` Aoùseo

Hoioa aeiig`èua dgtejo eè aoùseo tehod pgròm noum hore fo`juò` tgrfuot hore fgtk`. Fgtk` ohoiom aotgre fo`juò` yo`j poie`j fo`yod hejuòdo` he fuae eè. Hg`jo` fgtk` hefo`ju` fg`hu`jo`, pepo soiuro`, pk`hose ho` fosgag`t, fo`juò` jghu`j pg`codor io`jet aoupu` noio` royo. 7.6. Orte Doto

Doto fgtk` hoioa fomoso E`hk`gseo fgrosoi hore doto yo`j soao hoioa fomoso Fgio`ho. Doto ck`crgtg hoioa fomoso E`jjres fgrosoi hore fomoso Iote` ck`crgtus yo`j fgrorte tuafum fgrsoao otou ag`jjofu`jdo` ag`nohe sotu . Hoioa fomoso Ngpo`j hejuòdo` doto dktou-zoe , yo`j orte moroleom`yo aotgreoi – aotgreoi aotgreoi sgpgrte tuio`j 4 au`jde` dorgò ojrgjot aerep tuio`j – tuio`j mgwo`. Fgtk` ohoiom aotgreoi dkapkset yo`j ruaet. Fgtk` hopot hefuot hg`jo` auhom fomdo` kigm agrgdo yo`j tehod pu`yo pg`jgrteo` soao sgdoie tg`to`j tgd`kikje fgtk`, tgtope pg`jgrteo` yo`j soiom hore dgsghgrmoòo` eè sgre`j ag`jmoseido` pgrskoio` poho prkhud, o`toro ioe` rgputose ngigd hore fgtk` sgfojoe aotgreoi fo`juò`. Sgfojoe aotgreoi dkapkset, selot fgtk` fg tk` so`jot tgrjo`tu`j poho selot u`sur aose`j – aose`j sgrto e`tgrodse agrgdo. Oho 3 sestga uaua yo`j agiefotdo` sgag`, yoetu posto sgag`, akrtor ho` fgtk`. 

Sgag` + Oer

↖ Rosto Sgag`

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Sgag` + Oer + Ojrgjot moius, aesoi`yo poser

↖ Akrtor

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Sgag` + Oer + Ojrgjot moius + Ojrgjot dosor, aesoi`yo dgredei

↖ Fgtk`

Dgtejo systga tgrsgfut hopot puio hepo`ho`j sgfojoe akhgi dkapkset hg`jo` 6 losg, yoetu losg aotreds ho` losg tgruroe. Doho`j doio fgtk` aosem hetoafom ioje hg`jo` fomo` deaeo

8:

LA ?-:.?.2-?-8? gh.O rgv.6

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Dureduiua 62?2

pgafo`tu (ohaexturg) u`tud ag`jufom selot – selot`yo dgtedo aosem fgrupo fgtk` sgjor (lrgsm ck`crgtg) otou fgtk` dgros. Fgtk` agapu`yoe duot tgdo` yo`j fgsor sgag`toro duot tored`yo dgcei. Kigm dorgò etu u`tud strudtur fo`juò`, fgtk` sgioiu hedkafeòsedo` hg`jo` tuio`jo` fono u`tud agapgrkigm de`grno yo`j te`jje. Fgtk` hetoafom hg`jo` tuio`jo` fono ag`nohe fgtk` fgrtuio`j (rge`lkrcgh ck`crgtg ) ho` nedo hetoafom ioje hg`jo` fono protgjo`j odo` ag`nohe fgtk` pro tgdo` ( prgstrgssgh prgstrgssgh ck`crgtg). 

Vge`lkrcgh ck`crgtg 1 ck`crgtg ck`crgtg + rge`lkrcgh stggi

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Rrgstrgssgh ck`crgtg ck`crgtg 1 rge`lkrcgh ck`crgtg ck`crgtg + prgstrgssgh prgstrgssgh stggi

7.3. Rrgsg`tosg Dkapksese

Roho fgtk` yo`j foed, sgteop futer ojrgjot sgiurum`yo tgrfu`jdus hg`jo` akrtor. hgaedeo` puio moi`yo hg`jo` ruo`j o`tor ojrgjot, morus tgrese kigm akrtor. nohe duoietos posto otou akrtor ag`g`tudo` duoietos fgtk`. Sgag` ohoiom u`sur du`ce hoioa fgtk`, agsdepu` nuaiom`yo : – ?7 % hore coapuro`. Fgtk` hg`jo` nuaiom sgag` yo`j sghedet (soapoe : %) hesgfut fgtk` durus ( igo` ck`crgtg ), sgho`jdo` fgtk` hg`jo` nuaiom sgag` yo`j fo`yod (soapoe ?7 %) hesgfut fgtk` jgaud ( recm ck`crgtg). Selot aose`j – aose`j fomo` nujo fgrfgho hoioa moi pgreiodu fgtk` sgjor aoupu` poho soot suhom ag`jgros, sgioe` lodtkr feoyo yo`j pgriu hepgrmotedo`. He ioe` pemod, sgcoro vkiuagtrec fgtk` heese kigm ojrgjot sgfo`yod
Hore pgaodoeo``yo yo`j fgjetu iuos aodo hopot hehujo sgnod heè fomwo strudtur fgtk` agapu`yoe fo`yod dgu`jjuio` hefo`he`j aotgre strudtur yo`j ioe`. Sgcoro igfem re`ce selot`yo hgaedeo` > o. Dgtgrsgheoo` (ovoeiofeiety ) aotgreoi hosor. 

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Ojrgjot ho` oer poho uaua`yo feos hehopot hore ikdose sgtgapot. Sgag` poho uaua`yo nujo hopot hefuot he hogrom sgtgapot, feio tgrsgheo. Hg`jo` hgaedeo`, feoyo pgafuoto` rgiotevg igfem aurom dorgò sgauo fomo` feso hehopot he hoioa `gjgre, fomdo` feso sgtgapot. Fomo` tgraomoi ohoiom sgag`, yo`j feso heprkhudse hoioa `gjgre. Xehod hgaedeo` moi`yo hg`jo` strudtur fono, dorgò morus hefuot he pofred, opoioje doiou aosem morus eapkrt. Rg`jo`jduto` ag`nohe aosoiom tgrsg`here feio prkygd fgroho he tgapot yo`j suiet u`tud heno`jdou, sgag`toro fgtk` odo` igfem auhom dorgò aose`j – aose`j aotgreoi feso heo`jdut sg`here. Oho aosoiom ioe` hg`jo` strudtur doyu, agsde prkfigao`yo tehod sgfgrot strudtur fono, òau` pg`jjuòo``yo sgcoro aossoi odo` ag`ygfofdo` aosoiom ie`jdu`jo`, sgfojoe soiom sotu pg`ygfof utoao dgrusodo` muto`.

f. Dgauhomo` u`tud hejuòdo` ( vgrsoteiety ) 

Rg`jo`jduto` fomo` auhom, dorgò aose`j – aose`j feso heo`jdut sgcoro tgrpesom. 8=

LA ?-:.?.2-?-8? gh.O rgv.6

FOMO@ ONOV R@D

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Dureduiua 62?2

Fgtk` feso hepodoe u`tud fgrfojoe strudtur, sgpgrte fg`hu`jo`, pk`hose, noio`, io`hoso` Fo`hor uhoro, pepo, pgrie`hu`jo` hore roheose, e`suiotkr poòs. Fgtk` re`jo` feso hepodoe u`tud fikd ho` po`gi. Fgtk` orsetgdturoi feso u`tud dgpgriuo` hgdkrotel. Fgtk` fgrtuio`j feso hepodoe u`tud fgrfojoe strudtur yo`j igfem fgrot, sgpgrte ngafoto`, jghu`j, tg`hk` oer, fo`juò` aoreteag, e`stoiose aeietgr hg`jo` fgfo` dgnut fgsor, io`hoso` pocu pgsowot tgrfo`j, dopoi ho` sgfojoe`yo.

c. Dgaoapuo` fgrohoptose ( ohoptofeiety ) 

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Fgtk` fgrselot ak`kietm sgme`jjo tehod agagriudo` soafu`jo` sgpgrte fono. Fgtk` hopot hecgtod hg`jo` fg`tud ho` uduro` fgropopu`, aesoi`yo poho strudtur co`jdo`j (smgii ) aoupu` fg`tud – fg`tud dmusus 3 heag`se. Fgtk` hopot heprkhudse hg`jo` fgrfojoe coro yo`j hesgsuoedo` hg`jo` setuose sgdetor. Hore coro sghgrmoò yo`j tehod agagriudo` omie dmusus (dgcuoie fgfgropo pg`jowos yo`j suhom agapgionore tgd`kikje fgtk`), soapoe oiot akhgr` he pofred yo`j sgrfo ktkaotes ho` tgrdkaputgresose. Agtkhg prkhudse akhgr` agau`jde`do` e`hustry fgtk` yo`j prklgssekòi. Dk`suase g`grjy aeèaoi pgr doposetos noum igfem rg`hom hore fono, fomdo` igfem rg`hom hore prksgs pgafuoto` fotu foto.

h. Dgfutumo` pgagiemoroo` yo`j aeèaoi Sgcoro uaua dgtomoò` ( hurofeiety ) fgtk` cudup te`jje, igfem tomo` dorot, sgme`jjo tehod pgriu hecot sgpgrte strudtur fono ho` igfem tomo` tgrmohop fomoyo dgfodoro`. 7.7. Dgigaomo` Fgtk` ho` Coro Ag`jotose`yo

He soape`j sgjoio dgu`jjuio` he otos, fgtk` sgfojoe strudtur nujo agapu`yoe fgfgropo dgigaomo` yo`j pgriu hepgrteafo`jdo`. o. Fgrot fgtk` sg`here yo`j fgsor, sgdetor 6822 dj/a³. f. Dgduoto` tored`yo rg`hom, agsdepu` dgduoto` tgdo``yo fgsor. c. Fgtk` cg`hgru`j u`tud rgtod, dorgò sgag``yo mehrouies. Fono tuio`jo` feso fgrdorot, agsdepu` tehod tgrgdspks sgporom strudtur fono. h. Duoietos`yo so`jot tgrjo`tu`j coro pgiodsoòo``yo he iopo`jo`. Fgtk` yo`j foed aoupu` yo`j furud hopot tgrfg`tud hore ruaus ho` coapuro` yo`j soao. g. Strudtur fgtk` suiet u`tud hepe`homdo`. Rgaodoeo` dgafoie otou hour uio`j suiet ho` tehod gdk`kaes. Hoioa moi eè strudtur fono igfem u`jjui, aesoi`yo te`jjoi agigpos soafu`jo` sono. Agsdepu` hgaedeo` tgrhopot fgfgropo coro u`tud agapgrfoede`yo sgfojoe fgredut > o. W`tud gigag` structuroi > agafuot fgtk` autu te`jje, fgtk` protgdo`, otou dghuo`yo, sgho`jdo` u`tud gigag` `k` structuroi hopot agaodoe fgtk` re`jo`. f. Agaodoe fgtk` fgrtuio`j otou fgtk` protgdo`. c. Agiodudo` pgrowoto` ( cure`j ) yo`j foed u`tud ag`cgjom tgrnohe`yo rgtod, agaodoe fgtk` protgdo`, otou agaodoe fomo` toafomo` yo`j ag`jgafo`j ( gxpo`sevg ohaexturg ). h. Agapgionore tgd`kikje fgtk` ho` agiodudo` pg`jowoso` ho` ck`trki duoietos yo`j foed. Feio pgriu feso agaodoe fgtk` nohe (rgohy aex ) otou fgtk` procgtod. 85

LA ?-:.?.2-?-8? gh.O rgv.6

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Dureduiua 62?2

g. Fgfgropo gigag` strudtur hefuot procgtod ( prgcost ) sgme`jjo hopot heigpos pgr gigag` sgpgrte fono. Dgau`jdeò` u`tud agiodudo` fgtk` rgcycig sgho`j hekpteaoido`. 7.<. Rrkfigaotedo Fgtk`

Feio heiemot sgcoro sgpe`tos, fgtk` toapod`yo sghgrmoò. @oau` doiou heoaote hg`jo` igfem sgdsoao, fgtk` sgfojoe aotgreoi dkapkset agapu`yoe fg`yod pgraosoiomo`. Foyo`jdo` deto e`je` ag`johud sgsuotu coapuro` yo`j fgrojoa sgpgrte cg`hki, pohomoi ag`je`je`do` sgauo fomo` tgrcoapur agroto hg`jo` foed. Coapuro` fgtk` tgrsgfut tehod feso io`jsu`j ag`nohe fg`ho dodu (sgt ), ), tope prksgs rgodse mehrose oer hg`jo` sgag` agaodo` wodtu. Aose`j – aose`j u`sur fgrot`yo tehod soao sgme`jjo yo`j fgrot sgpgrte ojrgjot cg`hgru`j fgrjgrod dg fowom sgho`jdo` yo`j re`jo` sgpgrte oer cg`hgru`j òed dg otos. Aose`j – aose`j u`sur sg`here ohoiom fg`ho yo`j dkapigds. Sgag`, aesoi`yo tgrhere hore fo`yod u`sur. Hgaedeo` puio ojrgjot. Wduro`, fg`tud, duoietos pgraudoo`, fgrot ngès`yo nujo fgrfgho – fgho. Nohe fgtk` hopot heo`jjop sgfojoe aotgreoi dkapkset. Selot fgtk` sgjor sgfgiua hepohotdo` sgpgrte aotgreoi fgrfuter ( jroùior ), ), sgho`jdo` sgtgiom ag`nohe aosso yo`j pohot aosem au`jde` tgrnohe hglkraose piostes. Selot fgtk` dgros nujo uèd sgfof he sotu pemod fgrselot giostec tgtope he pemod ioe` `k`giostes. Dorgò pg`jedot`yo sgag` mehrouies, rgodse sgag` hg`jo` oer sgre`j ag`jodefotdo` susut sgioao pg`jgre`jo`, sgme`jjo fgtk` pgùm hg`jo` cocot sgpgrte rgtod – rgtod roafut, fomdo` sgfgiua ag`greao fgfo`. Rrksgs pgrowoto` otou cure`j sgtgiom fgtk` hepohotdo` pgriu hepgrmotedo` nujo ojor fgtk` hopot ag`copoe dgduoto` aodseaoi`yo. Agsdepu` fgtk` suhom hefuot hg`jo` prkpkrse tgrtg`tu, feso tgrnohe voreose hore sotu todoro` dg todoro` yo`j ioe`. \oreose feso nujo tgrnohe poho prksgs, auioe hore pgòdoro`, pg`johudo`, pgùo`jo`, pgaohoto` aoupu` pgrowoto``yo. \oreose nujo feso tgrnohe odefot pg`joafeio` ho` pg`juneo` ck`tkm fg`ho une. \oreose feso tgrliudtuose soapoe ?7 % he iopo`jo`. Nohe hg`jo` hgaedeo`, hgaedeo`, opodom fgtk` ohoiom aotgreoi fo`juò` fo`juò` yo`j igfem suiet suiet feio hefo`he`j hg`jo` aotgreoi yo`j ioe` ; nowofo``yo ohoiom yo otou tehod. Uo, feio agiemot pgraosoiomo` he otos. Xehod, feio suhom agapu`yoe pg`jgtomuo` ho` dgtgroapeio` yo`j agaohoe u`tud ag`jmoseido` fgtk` yo`j fgrduoietos foed sgsuoe rg`coò, dk`sestg` ho` sgrojoa, yo`j nujo gdk`kaes. 7.:. Fgtk` Dmusus 7.:.?. Fgtk` Ve`jo`

Fgtk` `kraoi agrupodo` fomo` yo`j rgiotevg cudup fgrot, hg`jo` fgrot ngès 6,8 otou fgrot 6822 dj/a³. W`tud ag`juro`je fgfo` aote suotu strudtur fgtk` otou ag`juro`je selot pg`jmo`toro` poòs`yo aodo tgiom fo`yod hepodoe fgtk` re`jo`. Fgtk` hesgfut sgfojoe fgtk` re`jo` nedo fgrot`yo duro`j hore ?=22 dj/a³. Roho hosor`yo, fgtk` re`jo` hepgrkigm hg`jo` coro pgòafomo` pkre – pkre uhoro dg hoioa coapuro` fgtk``yo. Kigm dorgò etu pgafuoto` fgtk` re`jo` hopot heiodudo` hg`jo` coro – coro fgredut > o. Hg`jo` agafuot jgigafu`j – jgigafu`j jos / uhoro hoioa ohudo` sgag`. Hg`jo` hgaedeo` odo` tgrnohe fo`yod pkre – pkre uhoro he hoioa fgtk``yo. Fomo` toafomo` dmusus (pgafg`tud jgigafu`j uhoro hoioa fgtk`) hetoafomdo` dg hoioa sgag` ho` odo` teafui jgigafu`j – jgigafu`j uhoro. f. Hg`jo` ag`jjuòdo` ojrgjot re`jo`, aesoi`yo toòm ieot fodor ho` fotu opu`j. Hg`jo` hgaedeo` fgtk` yo`j tgrnohe pu` odo` igfem re`jo` horepoho fgtk` `kraoi.

72

LA ?-:.?.2-?-8? gh.O rgv.6

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Dureduiua 62?2

c. Rgafuoto` fgtk` tehod hg`jo` futero` ojrgjot moius. Hg`jo` hgaedeo` fgtk` eè hesgfut ’fgtk` `k` poser‑ ho` mo`yo hefuot hore sgag` ho` ojrgjot dosor sono (hg`jo` futer aodseaua ojrgjot dosor sgfgsor 62 aa otou ?2 aa). Fgtk` eè agapu`yoe pkre – pkre yo`j mo`yo fgrese uhoro (yo`j sgauio tgrese kigm futer – futer ojrgjot). 7.:.6. Fgtk` Dghop Oer

Fgtk` dghop oer agrupodo` fgtk` yo`j tehod hopot hetgafus oer (Spgseledose Fgtk` Fgrtuio`j Dghop Oer, S@E 23-65?8-?556). Fgtk` eè feoso`yo hejuòdo` u`tud fojeo` fo`juò` fgtk` yo`j fgroho he hogrom oer (sgioiu tgrdgò oer) otou hejuòdo` u`tud agòmo` oer, pk`hose ngafoto` he su`joe, he`he`j fosgag`t, he`he`j dkioa dkioa rgò`j, otop fgtk`, ho` sgfojoe`yo. sgfojoe`yo. Ojor fgtk` tehod hopot heioiue oer aodo morus ropot (tehod oho pkre – pkre yo`j hopot heioiue oer), sgme`jjo fgfgropo syorot morus hepgùme, aesoi`yo ojrgjot`yo morus tehod fgrpkre, posto sgag` tehod fgrpkre, rgdoto` o`toro posto sgag` hg`jo` pgraudoo` ojrgjot morus ropot ho` duot. Feoso`yo hoioa pgafuoto` fgtk` dghop oer moi pgrtoao yo`j pgriu heiodudo` ohoiom ag`jjuòdo` ojrgjot yo`j tehod fgrpkre. Ojrgjot yo`j tehod fgrpkre heto`hoe hg`jo` hoyo sgrop oer`yo dgcei. Nedo futer ojrgjot yo`j tehod fgrpkre suhomhepgùme, aodo usomo sgio`nut`yo ohoiom agafuot ojor posto sgag` suiet heioiue kigm oer. Rosto sgag` odo` igfem dghop oer èioe loctkr oer sgag``yo dgcei. Dorgò uaua`yo posto sgag` igfem pkrkus horepoho ojrgjot aodo pgaodoeo` posto heusomodo` sgsghedet au`jde`. @oau` hgaedeo` nedo tgrioiu sghedet aodo fo`yod pkre o`tor ojrgjot yo`j tehod tgrese posto. W`tud ag`juro`je pgaodoeo` posto aodo heusomodo` jrohose ojrgjot yo`j ropot. 7.:.3. Fgtk` Aosso

Fgtk` aosso eoiom fgtk` yo`j hetuo`j hoioa vkiuag fgsor, yoetu pgrfo`he`jo` o`toro vkiuag ho` iuos pgraudoo``yo fgsor, aesoi`yo u`tud pk`hose ngafoto`, peior, fg`hu`jo` ho` sgfojoe`yo. Feoso`yo heo`jjop fgtk` aosso nedo heag`se`yo igfem hore <2 ca. Roho fg`hu`jo`, feoso`yo hefghodo` o`toro fgtk` aosso hoioa ho` fgtk` aosso iuor. Fgtk` aosso hoioa tehod tgrpg`jorum cuoco (muno` (muno` ho` tgred aotomore), ohopu` fgtk` aosso iuor yo`j tgfoi`yo sgdetor 6 agtgr tgrpg`jorum cuoco sgme`jjo oho pgrsyoroto` èioe loctkr oer sgag` aodseaua, ojor igfem tomo` cuoco. Roho pgafuoto` fgtk` aosso, soiom sotu loctkr yo`j oaot pg`te`j u`tud hepgrmotedo` ohoiom pgrfghoo` tgapgroturg fojeo` hoioa ho` iuor yo`j tgrnohe odefot oho`yo poòs mehrose. Roho soot pgùo`jo` ohudo` fgtk` eè agao`j tehod òapod, òau` hoioa moi fgfgropo wodtu fgredut`yo poòs auioe he hoioa fgtk``yo. Roòs yo`j teafui eè agafuot fgtk` ag`jgafo`j, òau` fojeo` iuor igfem cgpot agùru` poòs`yo ohopu` fojeo` hoioa igfem ioafot ho` tgrnoheiom dgcg`hgru`jo` teafui`yo rgtod – rotgd. Rrksgs rgtod – rgtod eè fgrio`jsu`j fgrsoaoo` hg`jo` prksgs pg`jgroso` fgtk`. Roho tomop prksgs pg`jgroso` tgrsgfut, fgtk` aosso fgriodu soao sgpgrte ikjoa fgsor yo`j hetuo`j (heckr) hoioa sumu sgdetor yo`j he`je`. Iopeso` iuor ag`he`je` ho` ag`yusut homuiu, sgho`jdo` iopeso` hoioa aosem sghedet poòs yo`j fgrorte fgiua susut, aodo tgrnoheiom pgrufomo` vkiuag, yo`j agèafuido` dgcg`hgru`jo` u`tud rgtod. Xomop fgredut`yo, iopeso` fojeo` hoioa ag`he`je` ho` ag`yusut, sgme`jjo agòred iopeso` iuor yo`j suhom fgrmg`te ag`yusut. Fgfgropo usomo yo`j hopot heiodudo` u`tud ag`juro`je teafui`yo rgtod – rgtod odefot pg`jorum sumu tgrsgfut poho fgtk` aosso, yoetu > 7?

LA ?-:.?.2-?-8? gh.O rgv.6

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Dureduiua 62?2

o. Hejuòdo` sgag` sgsghedet`yo (dorgò sgag` ohoiom suafgr poòs) hg`jo` coro > Wduro` futer ojrgjot dosor yo`j sgfgsor – fgsor`yo (sgfotos yo`j heene`do`, yoetu :7 aa otou ?72 aa), dorgò aode` fgsor uduro` ojrgjot aodseaua yo`j hepodoe aode` sghedet sgag` yo`j hepgriudo`.

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Agaodoe pgrfo`he`jo` fgrot ojrgjot moius ho` ojrgjot dosor yo`j poie`j tgpot, ojor mo`yo hepgriudo` sgag` yo`j aeèaua woioupu` duot tgdo` fgtk``yo soao. Nedo hejuòdo` uduro` aodseaua aodseaua ojrgjot dosor :7 aa aodo aodo fgrot poser o`toro 68 68 soapoe 3< % hore dgsgiurumo` fgrot ojrgjot moius ho` ojrgjot dosor`yo. Nedo hejuòdo` uduro` aodseaua ojrgjot dosor ?72 aa aodo fgrot ojrgjot ojrgjot moius`yo o`toro 67 – 32 % hore dgsgiurumo` fgrot ojrgjot moius ho` ojrgjot dosor`yo.

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Juòdo` oer sgsghedet`yo (sgfotos yo`j agau`jde`do`, mo`yo u`tud dgg`cgro` ohudo` sono hoioa prksgs pgaohoto`), dorgò u`tud agapgrkigm autu fgtk` yo`j soao hepgriudo` loctkr oer sgag` soao, fgrorte odo` hepodoe sgag` sghedet nedo oer`yo sghedet. Rgaodoeo` oer sghedet agapu`yoe dk`sgdug`se ohudo` fgtk` igfem dg`toi, sgme`jjo sgre`j mo`yo agapu`yoe siuap 67 aa sono sgme`jjo pgaohoto``yo heiodudo` hg`jo` ckapoctgh rkiigr yo`j feoso`yo u`tud agaohotdo` toòm. Rgrfo`he`jo` o`toro fgrot oer ho` fgrot sgag` (loctkr oer sgag`) o`toro 2,7 – 2,:. Nedo hejuòdo` uduro` aodseaua ojrgjot dosor :7 aa, aodo pgrfo`he`jo` fgrot o`toro ojrgjot coapuro` coapuro` ho` sgag` fgrdesor o`toro < - 5. Nedo hejuòdo` uduro` aodseaua ojrgjot dosor ?72 aa, aodo pgrfo`he`jo` fgrot o`toro ojrgjot coapuro` ho` sgag` fgrdesor o`toro = – ?7.



Hejuòdo` sgag` dmusus yo`j agapu`yoe poòs mehrose rg`hom, aesoi`yo sgag` Rkrtio`h tepg E\, sgag` Rkrtio`h tepg EE ho` sgag` Rkrtio`h yo`j hecoapur hg`jo` pkzzkio`, aesoi`yo tross, ofu tgrfo`j (liy osm). Agsdepu` hepodoe sgag` ngès poòs mehrose rg`hom ho` coapuro``yo nujo hg`jo` nuaiom oer ho` sgag` yo`j sghedet, fgtk` yo`j hefeordo` sono fgrmufu`jo` hg`jo` uhoro tgrfud sgrto sgioiu hesgaprkt hg`jo` oer sgioao 3 more pgrtoao, sumu fgtk` tgtop aosem òed sgdetor 67²C sgioao < – ?6 fuio`. Dgòedo` sumu tgrsgfut odo` igfem fgsor nedo hejuòdo` sgag` Rkrtio`h tepg E.

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Xuo`j fgtk` hoioa fikd – fikd hg`jo` uduro` tgrfotos >

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-

Xgfoi teop iopes o`toro 82 – <2 ca

-

Xeop iopes morus aosem iuòd dgtedo iopeso` fgredut`yo hesgfordo`

Wduro` orom mkrezk`toi hetgtopdo` sghgaedeo` rupo sgme`jjo rgtod susuto` hg`jo` fikd ioe` he sgfgiom`yo odo` cudup igfor u`tud heaosude hg`jo` fomo` jrkute`j, ojor o`tor fikd ag`nohe sotu dgsotuo` yo`j utum. O`toro < – 62 agtgr toapod`yo cudup agafuot cgiom susuto` tgrsgfut. Iopeso` fgredut`yo foru fkigm hetuo`j sgtgiom iopeso` tgrsgfut fgruaur :6 noa. Xgfoi sgiurum iopeso` fgtk` tehod fkigm hetuo`j igfem hore ?2,7 agtgr hoioa 32 more. 

Fgredo` oiero` oer he`je` agioiue pepo – pepo yo`j tgrpg`hoa. Ojor poòs mehrose tgrhestrefuse sgcoro agroto he hoioa fgtk``yo. Rgrfghoo` tgapgroturg tgrfgsor hopot henojo hg`jo` coro ag`g`tudo` norod pepo, ioao pg`joiero` oer, tgapgroturg oer yo`j heaosuddo` ho` hgfet oer yo`j heoierdo`.

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Dureduiua 62?2

Feoso`yo hejuòdo` pepo hg`jo` Ý 67 aa, yo`j heposo`j fgrdgikd – dgikd sgpgrte murul ’S‑ hg`jo` norod os dg os sgdetor ?,7 2 a orom mkrezk`toi. Repo – pepo tgrsgfut heigtoddo` mkrezk`toi he otos moaporo` ohudo` sgtgiom ohudo` ag`copoe tgfoi ?,72 a. oer he`je` (poho tgapgroturg oer su`joe) heoierdo` dg hoioa pepo tgrsgfut sgjgro sgtgiom sgigsoe pgùo`jo` fgtk`. Roòs fgtk` odo` fgrroheose soapoe iopeso` fgredut`yo hetuo`j. 7.:.8. Lgrksgag`

Lgrksgag` ohoiom akrtor sgag` yo`j hefgre tuio`jo` fgrupo o`yoao` dowot fono. Akrtor sgag` fgrlu`jse sgfojoe aosso ho` dowot fono sgfojoe pgòafom dgduoto` tored ho` hodteietos. Sgcoro igfem tgiete, lgrksgag` hopot heortedo` sgfojoe fgtk` fgrtuio`j hg`jo` fg`tud dmusus, yoetu hg`jo` tuio`jo` igfem ropot horepoho fgtk` fgrtuio`j. Zoioupu` hgaedeo` lgrksgag` agapu`yoe selot fgrfgho hg`jo` fgtk` fgrtuio`j, tgrutoao poho te`jdot tgjo`jo` yo`j sgho`j. Dorgò hestrefuse hore tuio`jo` yo`j dgcei – dgcei tope igfem agroto, aodo agapgrdgcei dgau`jdeò` akrtor u`tud rgtod – rgtod. Sgioe` etu fgfgropo selot ioe` aesoi`yo dgtomoò` tgrmohop pgcom, dgtomoò` tgrmohop tgrmohop potom igiom, selot dghop oer igfem foed. Lgrksgag` agrupodo` akrtor sgag` yo`j fo`yod ag`jjuòdo` sgag`, hg`jo` tgfoi he o`toro ?2 aa – <2 aa hg`jo` vkiuag tuio`jo` sgdetor < – = %, hg`jo` fg`tud tuio`jo` sotu iopes otou igfem. Xuio`jo` etu hopot fgrupo dowot seio`j yo`j heios otou foto`j – foto`j fono tuio`jo` hg`jo` heoagtgr dgcei. 7.:.7. Fgtk` sgrot

Fgtk` sgrot (lefrg ck`crgtg) eoiom fojo` dkapkset yo`j tgrhere hore fgtk` feoso ho` fomo` ioe` yo`j fgrupo sgrot. Sgrot poho uaua`yo fgrupo foto`j – foto`j hg`jo` heoagtgr o`toro 7 ho` 722 ιa (aedrk agtgr) ho` po `no`j sgdetor 67 aa soapoe ?22 aa. fomo` sgrot hopot fgrupo > sgrot osfgstks, sgrot tuafum – tuafumo` (roae, foafkk, enud), sgrot piostec (pkiyprkpyig`g) otou pktk`jo` dowot fono. Hoioa moi eè sgrot hopot heo`jjop sgfojoe ojrgjot yo`j fg`tud`yo so`jot tehod fuiot. Oho`yo sgrot ag`jodefotdo` fgrduro`j`yo selot dgauhomo` hedgrnodo` ho` agapgrsuiet tgrnohe`yo sgjrgjose. Sgrot hoioa fgtk` etu fgrjuò u`tud ag`cgjom oho`yo rgtod – rgtod, sgme`jjo ag`nohedo` fgtk` sgrot igfem hodtoei horepoho fgtk` feoso. Nedo sgrot yo`j hepodoe agapu`yoe akhuius giostesetos igfem te`jje horepoho fgtk`, aesoi`yo dowot fono, aodo fgtk` sgrot odo` agapu`yoe duot tgdo`, duot tored aoupu` akhuius giostec yo`j sghedet igfem te`jje horepoho fgtk` feoso. Fgtk` sgrot fgrselot igfem tomo` tgrmohop fg`turo` ho` ig`turo`, aodo ckckd hepodoe poho io`hoso` pgsowot uhoro, noio` royo ho` io`toe ngafoto`. 7.:.<. Fgtk` Sedikp

Fgtk` ngès eè soao hg`jo` fgtk` aosso, pgrfghoo``yo eoiom poho fgtk` eè hejuòdo` uduro` ojrgjot yo`j rgiotevg fgsor – fgsor. Wdruo` ojrgjot dosor hopot soapoe sgfgsor 62 ca, òau` prkpkrse ojrgjot yo`j igfem fgsor hore feoso`yo eè sgfoed`yo tehod igfem hore 62 % ojrgjot sgiurum`yo. Fgtk` eè hejuòdo` poho pgafuoto` fg`hu`jo`, po`jdoi ngafoto`, pk`hose suauro` ho` ioe` sgfojoe`yo. 7.:.:. Fgtk` Moapo (\ocuua Ck`crgtg)

Sgpgrte tgiom heuroedo` fomwo oer mo`yo ¿ 2,67 doie fgrot sgag` sono yo`j hepodoe u`tud fgrgodse hg`jo` sgag`, ohopu` seso`yo u`tud ag`jg`cgrdo` ohudo` fgtk`. Fgtk` ngès eè heohud ho` hetuo`j sgrto hepohotdo` sgfojoeaoò fgtk` feoso, òau` sgtgiom fgtk` tgrcgtod 73

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Dureduiua 62?2

pohot dgauheo` oer seso rgodse hesghkt hg`jo` coro dmusus, hesgfut coro vocuua. Hg`jo` hgaedeo` oer yo`j te`jjoi mo`yo oer yo`j hepodoe u`tud rgodse hg`jo` sgag` sgme`jjo fgtk` yo`j hepgrkigm so`jot duot.

Skoi iotemo` >

?. Ngiosdo` opo yo`j heaodsuh hg`jo` fgtk` ho` sgfutdo` pgrfghoo``yo hg`jo` posto sgag` ho` akrtor ; 6. Sgfutdo` fomo` utoao pgafuoto` fgtk` `kraoi ! 3. Ngiosdo` pg`jorum pg`jorum ngès ojrgjot, sgag` ho` todoro` oer poho fomo` fgtk` ! 8. Ngiosdo` selot – selot utoao fgtk`, opo pgrfghoo``yo hg`jo` hg`jo` fomo` fono ! 7. Sgfutdo` fgrfojoe fgrfojoe ngès tgd`kikje fgtk` yo`j o`ho dgtomue (aeèaoi 7) ! <. Sgfutdo` fgfgropo dgigaomo` dgigaomo` hore fgtk` ! :. Ngiosdo` coro u`tud ag`jotose dgigaomo` dgigaomo` hore fomo` fgtk` tgrsgfut !

HOLXOV RWSXODO ?. Lrecd, M. Dkgsaortohe, C.M, ?555, Eiau Fomo` Fo`juò`, Gdspiketose, Rgafuoto`, Rg`jjuòo`

ho` Rgafuo`jo`, Doèseus, Ukjyodorto 6. @ujromo, o`tkè, 622:, Xgd`kikje Fgtk`, Rg`grfet O`he, Ukjyodorto 3. Skaoyone, S, ?557, Cevei G`je`ggre`j Aotgreois, Rrg`tecg-Moii, E`c, @gw Ngrsgy-WSO

Rg`jgtomuo` Fomo` Xgdèd, Rg`grfet 8. Surheo X AS, Rrkl. Er. Agt.G, Sme`rkdu, Rrkl. Hr, ?5=:, Rg`jgtomuo` Rroh`yo Roroaeto, Nodorto 7. Xnkdrkheauink, D. (622<), Xgd`kikje Fomo` Fo`juò`, WJA Rrgss, Ukjyodorto.

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FOF < FONO

Xunuo` E`strudsekòi Dmusus > Sgtgiom ag`jedute duieom eè, aomoseswo odo` hopot ag`jgtomue osoi auio hetgaudo``yo fomo` fono, pg`jgrteo` ho` pgrdgafo`jo` fomo` fono, prksgs pgafuoto` fono, soapoe hg`jo` ag`jgòi fgrfojoe ngès fono sgsuoe pg`jjuòo``yo sgfojoe gigag` dk`strudse. Joaforo` uaua aotgre > Fono agrupodo` soiom sotu fomo` ikjoa yo`j tgiom sgnod ioao hejuòdo` u`tud agafuot fgrfojoe dgpgriuo`. Fono agaeiede dgduoto` ho` dgtomoò` yo`j hefutumdo` sgfojoe gigag` structuroi. Rgrdgafo`jo` tgd`kikje pg`jkiomo` fono tgiom ag`jmoseido` fgrfojoe ngès fono hg`jo` spgseledose dmusus u`tud opiedose yo`j fgrfgho – fgho. Vgigvo`se Aoto Duieom > Roho fof eè aomoseswo hemoropdo` ag`juosoe hgleèse fono, dgigfemo`dgduro`jo` fomo` fono, ngès – ngès fono fgrhosordo` fomo` pg`yusu``yo ho` selot – selot tgrtg`tu yo`j heaeiede`yo. Hosor – hosor pg`jgtomuo` tgrsgfut agrupodo` prosyorot yo`j morus heduosoe kigm aomoseswo ojor hopot agiodudo` pgaeiemo` aotgreoi fono hoioa pgro`co`jo` strudtur suotu dk`strudse. Dgtedo pg`jgtomuo` eè hetgropdo` he iopo`jo` aodo aomoseswo odo` agaeiede dkapgtg`se hoioa agrg`coòdo` strudtur fono ho` ag`jowose prksgs pgdgrnoo` dk`strudse he iopo`jo`.

<.?. Selot fono Sgfojoe Aotgreoi Strudtur Fo`juò`

Rg`jjuòo` fono sgfojoe fomo` strudtur utoao heauioe poho odmer ofoh dgsgafeio` fgios dgtedo agtkhg pg`jkiomo` fono yo`j aurom hedgafo`jdo` hg`jo` sdoio yo`j iuos. Fono agrupodo` fomo` yo`j agapu`yoe selot strudtur yo`j foed. Fono agapu`yoe dgduoto` yo`j te`jje ho` soao duot poho dgduoto` tored aoupu` tgdo` ho` kigm dorgò etu fono ohoiom gigag` strudtur yo`j agaeiede fotoso` sgapurò yo`j odo` agòmo` fgfo` ngès tored odseoi, tgdo` odseoi, ho` ig`tur hg`jo` loseietos yo`j moaper soao. Fgrot ngès fono te`jje, tgtope pgrfo`he`jo` o`toro dgduoto` tgrmohop fgrot`yo nujo te`jje sgme`jjo dkapk`g` fono tgrsgfut tehod tgrioiu fgrot nedo hemufu`jdo` hg`jo` doposetos auot fgfo``yo, sgioao fg`tud-fg`tud strudtur yo`j hejuòdo` ag`noae` fomwo fomo` tgrsgfut hepgrjuòdo` sgcoro gleseg`.

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Dureduiua 62?2

Joafor <.?. Strudtur Fo`juò` Fono (ohesfomen.fikjspkt.cka, 62?2)

<.?.?. Dgu`tu`jo` Fono Sgfojoe Aotgreoi Strudtur Fo`juò`

He soape`j dgduoto``yo yo`j fgsor u`tud agòmo` dgduoto` tored ho` tgdo` to`po agafutumdo` fo`yod vkiuag, fono nujo agapu`yoe selot- selot ioe` yo`j ag`ju`tu`jdo` sgme`jjo ag`nohedo``yo sgfojoe soiom sotu fomo` fo`juò` yo`j so`jot uaua hepodoe hgwoso eè. Fgfgropo dgu`tu`jo` fono sgfojoe aotgreoi strudtur o`toro ioe`> Dgduoto` Xe`jje

Hgwoso eè fono feso heprkhudse hg`jo` fgrfojoe dgduoto` yo`j feso he`yotodo` hg`jo` dgduoto` tgjo`jo` tgdo` igigm`yo (Ly) otou kigm tgjo`jo` tored fotos (Lu). Fomo` fono woioupu` hore ngès yo`j poie`j rg`hom dgduoto``yo, tgtop agapu`yoe pgrfo`he`jo` dgduoto` pgr-vkiuag igfem te`jje feio hefo`he`jdo` hg`jo` fomo`-fomo` fo`juò` ioe``yo yo`j uaua hepodoe. Moi eè agau`jde`do` pgrg`coòo` sgfuom dk`strudse fono feso agapu`yoe fgfo` aote yo`j igfem dgcei u`tud fg`to`j yo`j igfem po`no`j, sgme`jjo. agafgredo` dgigfemo` ruo`j ho` vkiuag yo`j hopot heao`lootdo` odefot io`jse`j`yo prklei-prklei yo`j hepodoe. Dgauhomo` Rgaoso`jo`

Sgauo fojeo`-fojeo` hore dk`strudse fono feso hepgrseopdo` he fg`jdgi, sgme`jjo sotusotu`yo dgjeoto` yo`j heiodudo` he iopo`jo` eoiom dgjeoto` pgaoso`jo` fojeo`-fojeo` dk`strudse yo`j tgiom hepgrseopdo`. Sgfojeo` fgsor hore dkapk`g`-dkapk`g` dk`strudse agapu`yoe fg`tud sto`hor yo`j seop hejuòdo` feso hepgrkigm he tkdk-tkdk fgse, sgme`jjo wodtu yo`j hepgriudo` u`tud agafuot fojeo`-fojeo` dk`strudse fono yo`j tgiom oho, nujo feso heiodudo` hg`jo` auhom dorgò dkapk`g`-dkapk`g` fono feoso`yo agapu`yoe fg`tud sto`hor ho` selot-selot yo`j tgrtg`tu, sgrto auhom hepgrkigm he aoò-aoò.

7<

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Dureduiua 62?2

Dgsgrojoao`

Selot-selot fono foed sgfojoe fomo` fo`juò` aoupu` hoioa fg`tud strudtur hopot tgrdg`hoie hg`jo` foed sgdoie, sgme`jjo poro omie hopot ag`jmoropdo` gigag`-gigag` hore dk`strudse fono eè odo` fgrpgreiodu sgsuoe hg`jo` yo`j hepgrderodo` hoioa pgrg`coòo`. Hg`jo` hgaedeo` feso heme`hore tgrhopot`yo prksgs pgafkrkso` yo`j feoso`yo tgrnohe hoioa pgrg`coòo` odefot oho`yo fgrfojoe dgtehodposteo`. Hodteietos

Selot hore fono yo`j hopot ag`joioae hglkraose yo`j fgsor he fowom pg`jorum tgjo`jo` tored yo`j te`jje to`po mo`cur otou putus hesgfut selot hodteietos. Oho`yo selot eè agafuot strudtur fono aoapu ag`cgjom tgrnohe`yo prksgs rkfkm`yo fo`juò` sgcoro tefo-tefo. Selot eè so`jot ag`ju`tu`jdo` hete`nou hore ospgd dgoaoò` pg`jmuè fo`juò` feio tgrnohe suotu jk`co`jo` yo`j tefo-tefo sgpgrte aesoi`yo poho pgrestewo jgapo fuae. He soape`j etu dgu`tu`jo`-dgu`tu`jo` ioe` hore strudtur fono, o`toro ioe` ohoiom> ∖

Rrksgs pgaoso`jo` he iopo`jo` i opo`jo` fgrio`jsu`j hg`jo` cgpot.

∖

Hopot he ios.

∖

Dkapk`g`-dkapk`g` strudtuayo feso hejuòdo` ioje u`tud dgpgriuo` ioe``yo.

∖

Dkapk`g`-dkapk`g` yo`j suhom tehod hopot hejuòdo` ioje aosem agapu`yoe èioe sgfojoe fgse tuo.

∖ Strudtur yo`j hemoseido` fgrselot pgrao`g` hg`jo` coro pgagiemoroo` yo`j tehod tgrioiu sudor. Sgioe` dgu`tu`jo`-dgu`tu`jo` tgrsgfut fomo` fono nujo agapu`yoe dgigaomo`dgigaomo` sgfojoe fgredut > ∖

Dkapk`g`-dkapk`g` strudtur yo`j hefuot hore fomo` fono pgriu heusomodo` supoyo tomo` ope sgsuoe hg`jo` pgroturo` yo`j fgriodu u`tud fomoyo dgfodoro`.

∖

Hepgriudo``yo suotu feoyo pgagiemoroo` u`tud ag`cgjom fono hore fomoyo dorot.

∖ Odefot dgaoapuo``yo agòmo` tgdudo` poho foto`j-foto`j yo`j io`jse`j, woioupu` hopot agòmo` joyo-joyo odseoi, tgtope tehod feso ag`cgjom tgrnohe`yo pgrjgsgro` mkrezk`toi

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Dureduiua 62?2


<.?.6. Selot agdoès Fono

Agùrut S@E 23 –?:65 –6226 tg`to`j XOXO COVO RGVG@CO@OO@ SXVWDXWV FONO W@XWD FO@JW@O@ JGHW@J Selot agdoès fono strudturoi yo`j hejuòdo` hoioa pgrg`coòo` morus agagùme pgrsyoroto` aeèaua yo`j hefgredo` poho Xofgi <.?. ∖

Xgjo`jo` igigm u`tud pgrg`coòo` (l y) tehod fkigm heoafei agigfeme èioe yo`j hefgredo` Xofgi <.?.

∖

Xgjo`jo` putus u`tud pgrg`coòo` (lu) tehod fkigm heoafei agigfeme èioe yo`j hefgredo` Xofgi <.?. Xofgi <.?. Selot agdoès fono strudturoi Suafgr> Oak` hdd, ?55<

Ngès Fono FN 38 FN 3: FN 8? FN 72 FN 77

Xgjo`jo` putus aeèaua, lu, ARo 382 3:2 8?2 722 772

Xgjo`jo` igigm aeèaua, ly, ARo 6?2 682 672 652 8?2

Rgrgjo`jo` Aeèaua (%) 66 62 ?= ?< ?3

Selot-selot agdoès ioe``yo, Selot-selot agdoès ioe``yo fono strudturoi u`tud aodsuh pgrg`coòo` hetgtopdo` sgfojoe fgredut> ∖

Akhuius giostesetos > G 1 622.222 ARo

∖

Akhuius jgsgr > J 1 =2.222 ARo

∖

@esfom pkessk` > ι 1 2,3

∖

Dkgleseg` pgauoeo` > ï 1 ?6 x ?2 -< / k C

<.?. Ngès fono Strudturoi

Fg`tud gigag` fono so`jot hepg`jorume kigm prksgs yo`j hejuòdo` u`tud agafg`tud fono tgrsgfut. Sgfojeo` fgsor fono hefg`tud kigm prksgs mkt-rkiie`j (pg`jjeie`jo` hg`jo` pgaoòso`) otou ckih-lkrae`j (pgafg`tudo` hg`jo` pg`he`jeò`). Rg`jjeie`jo` hg`jo` pgaoòso` (mkt-rkiie`j) ohoiom prksgs pgafg`tudo` utoao he aoò fk`jdomo` fono yo`j agrom ag`yoio sgcoro fgsor-fgsoro` hejgie`he`jdo` he o`toro fgfgropo dgikapkd pg`jjeie`j. Rgòapo`j agie`to`j hore fk`jdomo` yo`j osm feoso`yo hecgtod hore fono yo`j foru hefuot ho` feoso`yo fgruduro` sgdetor 2,7 a x 2,7 a pgrsgje, yo`j odefot prksgs pg`jjeie`jo` uduro` pgòapo`j agie`to`j heduro`je ag`nohe igfem dgcei ho` ag`nohe fg`tud yo`j tgpot ho` dmusus. Fotoso` fg`tud pgòapo`j agie`to`j yo`j hemoseido` so`jot fgsor ho` aose`j-aose`j fg`tud agagriudo` pg`jjeie`jo` odmer tgrsg`here. Fg`tud pgòapo`j agie`to`j E ho` M 7=

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feoso`yo hejuòdo` u`tud gigag` – gigag` fgsor yo`j agafg`tud foikd ho` dkika poho ro`jdo strudtur. Fg`tud doòi ho` sedu ckckd u`tud gigag`-gigag` dgcei sgpgrte iopeso` tuapuo` sgdu`hgr ho` suf-gigag` poho ro`jdo sgjetejo. Fg`tud pgòapo`j pgrsgje, fuiot, ho` pgrsgje gapot yo`j fgriufo`j hemoseido` hoioa fotoso` uduro` yo`j iuos ho` hejuòdo` sgpgrte moi`yo pgiot hotor ho` foto`j skieh hg`jo` fgrfojoe dgtgfoio`. Rgre`ceo` uduro` ho` jgkagtre yo`j heaeiede sgiurum pgòapo`j sto`hor heholtordo` hoioa tofgi pgòapo`j yo`j hefuot kigm pofred fono.

Joafor <.6. Fg`tud <.6. Fg`tud Fono Rrklei Coòe Roòs (AocHkòih, 6226)

Rgafg`tudo` hg`jo` pg`he`jeò` (ckih-lkrae`j) ohoiom agtkhg ioe` yo`j hejuòdo` u`tud agafuot dkapk`g`-dkapk`g` fono hoioa nuaiom yo`j fgsor. Hoioa prksgs eè, igaforo` fono tepes hotor yo`j tgiom hemoseido` hore prksgs pg`jjeie`jo` hg`jo` pgaoòso` heiepot otou hefg`jdkddo` hoioa dgohoo` he`je` u`tud agafg`tud pgòapo`j agie`to`j strudtur

Joafor <.3. Fg`tud <.3. Fg`tud Fono Rrklei Ckih Lkrae`j (AocHkòih, 6226)

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Gigag`-gigag` yo`j hemoseido` hore prksgs eè agapu`yoe dorodtgrested yo`j sgrupo hg`jo` pgòapo`j yo`j hemoseido` hore prksgs pg`jjeie`jo` hg`jo` pgaoòso`. Sese poroigi gigag`-gigag` tgrsgfut agaeiede pgòapo`j yo`j tgtop, tgtope dgtgfoio` ikjoa tgrsgfut fgrduro`j sgme`jjo gigag`-gigag` tgrsgfut igfem re`jo`, ho` tg`tu`yo agaeiede doposetos auot fgfo` yo`j igfem rg`hom. Fojoeaoòpu`, prksgs-prksgs tgrsgfut agau`jde`do` pgafuoto` fg`tud pgòapo`j yo`j suiet. Sotu moi ioe` yo`j agafghodo` prksgs-prksgs tgrsgfut ohoiom fomwo pgroioto` yo`j hejuòdo` u`tud prksgs pg`cgtodo` hg`jo` pg`he`jeò` igfem sghgrmoò ho` hopot hejuòdo` u`tud ag`jmoseido` pgòapo`j agie`to`j yo`j fg`tud`yo hesgsuoedo` u`tud pg`jjuòo` yo`j dmusus. Dorgò pgòapo`j yo`j hefg`tud hg`jo` pg`he`jeò` agaeiede doposetos auot yo`j rg`hom, aodo pgòapo`j eè tgrutoao hejuòdo` u`tud gigag` sgdu`hgr poho strudtur otop, sgpgrte purie`, ho` u`tud sestga iopeso` tuapuo`. Rktg`se gigag`-gigag` tgrsgfut u`tud pgrdgafo`jo` he aoso yo`j odo` hoto`j so`jot fgsor. Dkapk`g` strudtur fono hopot nujo hemoseido` hg`jo` pg`cgtodo`, yo`j hoioa dosus yo`j so`jot dkapigds agau`jde`do` pgafuoto` fg`tud pgòapo`j yo`j sgsuoe hg`jo` dgfutumo`. Odo` tgtope, tgdèd eè fgraosoiom dgtedo hejuòdo` u`tud dkapk`g` strudtur, yo`j hesgfofdo` kigm dgsuieto` u`tud ag`noae` autu cgtodo` yo`j foed ho` soao he dgsgiurumo` fojeo`. Lu`jse strudtur agrupodo` lodtkr utoao hoioa pg`g`tuo` dk`lejurose strudtur. Fgrhosordo` dk`lejurose strudtur ho` fgfo` rg`coò, sgteop gigag` otou dkapk`g` hepeiem u`tud ag`yo`jjo ho` ag`yoiurdo` fgfo` poho dgsgiurumo` strudtur hg`jo` foed. Foto`j fono hepeiem sgsuoe sto`hor yo`j hetg`tudo` kigm Oagreco` E`stetutg kl Stggi Ck`structek` (OESC) nujo hefgredo` kigm Oagreco` Skcegty kl Xgste`j o`h Aotgreois (OSXA). Rg`jgioso` agau`jde`do` pg`jjofu`jo` piot ho`/otou prklei ioe` u`tud ag`hopotdo` suotu prklei yo`j hefutumdo` kigm pgrg`coò otou orsetgd. Rgòapo`j yo`j hefuot hg`jo` pg`jjeie`jo` poòs, sgpgrte hepgriemotdo` poho Joafor <.8. Rgòapo`j yo`j poie`j fo`yod hepodoe eoiom prklei soyop igfor (wehg-lio`jg) TJoafor <.8(o)Q yo`j hefg`tud hg`jo` pg`jjeie`jo` poòs hoioa pofred fono. Wduro` prklei soyop igfor hetu`nuddo` kigm te`jje `kaeòi ho` fgrot pgr dode (lt), sgpgrte Z?= ] 5: agapu`yoe te`jje ?= e` (agùrut OESC Aoùoi te`jje sgsu`jjum`yo 1 ?=,75 e`) ho` fgrot 5: pk` pgr dode. (Hoioa sotuo` SE, pgòapo`j Z?= ] 5: hesgfut sgfojoe Z8<2 x ?86 yo`j te`jje`yo 8<2 aa ho` aosso`yo ?86dj/a). <2

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Foikd Sto`hor Oagredo TJoafor <.8(f)Q yo`j feoso`yo hesgfut foikd E agaeiede soyop (lio`jg) yo`j pg`hgd ho` agru`ce`j, sgrto foho` yo`j tgfoi hefo`he`j hg`jo` prklei soyop igfor. Foikd E noro`j hepodoe hgwoso eè dorgò fomo` yo`j fgrigfemo` poho foho``yo ho` dgdoduo` iotgroi`yo rgiotel dgcei (odefot soyop yo`j pg`hgd). Doòi TJoafor <.8(c)Q ho` sedu TJoafor <.8(h)Q sgre`j hepodoe foed sgcoro tgrsg`here otou hejofu`jdo` hg`jo` pgòapo`j ioe`. Doòi aesoi`yo hetu`nuddo` hg`jo` C?6 ] 62,:, yo`j fgrorte te`jje`yo ?.6 e` ho` fgrot`yo 62,: pk` pgr dode. Sedu heehg`teledose kigm po`no`j dode (yo`j po`no`j hetuies igfem homuiu) ho` tgfoi`yo, sgpgrte, I< ] 8 ] 3 Rrklei X strudturoi TJoafor <.8(g)Q hefuot hg`jo` agafgiom huo prklei soyop igfor otou foikd E ho` feoso`yo hejuòdo` sgfojoe foto`j poho ro`jdo foto`j (truss). Rrklei X aesoE`yo heehg`teledose sgfojoe ZX7 ] 88, hg`jo` 7 ohoiom te`jje `kaeòi ho` 88 ohoiom fgrot pgr dode4 prklei X eè hehopot hore Z?2 ] ==, Rgòapo`j pepo TJoafor <.8(l)Q hefghodo` otos "sto`hor", "so`jot duot", ho` "huo doie so`jot duot" sgsuoe hg`jo` tgfoi`yo ho` nujo hefghodo` otos heoagtgr`yo4 aesoi`yo, heoagtgr ?2 e`-huo doie so`jot duot agù`nuddo`. uduro` pepo tgrtg`tu. Fkds strudturoi TJoafor <.8(j)Q hepodoe feio hefutumdo` pgòapeio` orsetgdtur yo`j agòred hg`jo` fono gdspks. Fkds hetu`nuddo` hg`jo` heag`se iuor ho` tgfoi`yo, sgpgrte fkds strudturoi = ] < ] ?/8.

Joafor <.8. Sto`hor Xepg Rgòapo`j Rrklei Fono Coòe Roòs (Aochkòih, 6226)

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Fo`yod prklei ioe``yo hefg`tud hoioa dgohoo` he`je` (ckih-lkragh) hore fomo` piot hg`jo` tgfoi tehod igfem hore ? e`, sgpgrte yo`j hepgriemotdo` poho Joafor <.7 ho` Joafor <.<. Fgfgropo dgu`tu`jo` fono prklei he`je` o`toro ioe`> ∖

Igfem re`jo`

∖

Dgduoto` ho` doduo` yo`j te`jje

∖

Dgauhomo` pofredose ho` prkhudse aosoi

∖

Dgcgpoto` ho` dgauhomo` pg`hereo`

∖

Igfem gdk`kaes hoioa pg`jo`jduto` ho` pg`jgikioo`

Fono prklei dgohoo` he`je` hopot hedioseledosedo` ag`nohe> ∖

gigag` strudtur ro`jdo e`hevehu (Joafor <.7)

∖

igaforo`-igaforo` po`gi ho` hgd (Joafor <.<)

Joafor <.7. Fgfgropo prklei Gigag` Strudtur Vo`jdo E`hevehu (Scmkhgd, ?555)

Joafor <.<. Fgfgropo <.<. Fgfgropo Rrklei Igaforo` – Igaforo` Ro`gi ho` Hgd (Scmkhgd, ?555)

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Skoi Iotemo` >

?. Opodom dgigfemo` pg`jjuòo` fomo` fono sgfojoe aotgreoi strudtur fo`juò`; 6. Sgfutdo` selot-selot agdoès fono; 3. Sgfutdo` ngès-ngès prklei fono he posoro` fgrhosordo` dioseledose prksgs pgafg`tudo``yo;

HOLXOV RWSXODO Oregstohe, Heo`, 622=, Xgdèd Strudtur Fo`juò` Neieh 6 u`tud SAD , Nodorto, Rusot Rgrfuduo` Hgportgag` Rg`hehedo` @osekòi.

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FOF : FOAFW

Xunuo` E`strudsekòi Dmusus > Sgtgiom ag`jedute duieom eè, aomoseswo odo` hopot ag`jgtomue sgiud fgiud toòao` foafu, dgigfemo` selot – selot tgdès foto`j foafu, prksgs pg`jowgto` foafkk sgfgiua hekiom, soapoe hg`jo` ag`jgòi fgrfojoe ngès opiedose foafkk sgfojoe fomo` dk`strudse. Joaforo` uaua aotgre > Foafkk agrupodo` soiom sotu mosei muto` yo`j agaeiede dgigfemo` selot – selot lesed ho` agdoèd hefo`he`j fono, fono, doyu ho` fgtk`. Waur toòao` toòao` foafkk yo`j yo`j po`tos u`tud hepo`g` ohoiom sgdetor 7-< tomu`, nedo hefo`he`jdo` hg`jo` doyu yo`j agafutumdo` ?2 tomu` u`tud ag`copoe dgduoto` ho` dgowgto` oioae`yo. Foafkk yo`j hefgre pgrioduo` pg`jowgto` yo`j yo`j agaohoe odo` aoapu fgrtomo` soapoe soapoe ¿ 62 tomu`. tomu`. Xoòao` foafkk agaeiede dgaoapuo` dk`sgrvose ie`jdu`jo` yo`j tgrfoed hefo`he`j toòao` muto` ioe``yo. Fgrfojoe ngès tgdèd pg`yoafu`jo` ho` pg`jkiomo` foto`j foafkk yo`j fgrdgafo`j agau`jde`do` foafkk hejuòdo` sgfojoe gigag` strudtur yo`j agaedui fgfo` fgrot, aesoi`yo ngafoto`, strudtur ro`jdo otop hkag soapoe hg`jo` dk`strudse fo`juò` jghu`j. Vgigvo`se Aoto Duieom > Roho fof eè aomoseswo hemoropdo` ag`juosoe sgiud fgiud toòao` foafu, ngès – ngès toòao` foafkk ho` selot – selot tgrtg`tu yo`j heaeiede`yo. Hosor – hosor pg`jgtomuo` tgrsgfut agrupodo` prosyorot yo`j morus heduosoe kigm aomoseswo ojor hopot agiodudo` pgaeiemo` aotgreoi foafkk hoioa opiedose pgro`co`jo` strudtur. Dgtedo pg`jgtomuo` eè hetgropdo` he iopo`jo` aodo aomoseswo odo` agaeiede dkapgtg`se hoioa agrg`coòdo` suotu strudtur hg`jo` ag`jjuòdo` fomo` – fomo` oitgròtevg. :.?. Joaforo` Waua Foafu

Foafu ohoiom ruaput fgrdoyu fgrfg`tud pkmk` otou pgrhu. Foafu ohoiom toòao` yo`j tgraosud krhk Jroae`gog, loaeieo Foafusgog. Foafu agrupodo` tuafumo` fgruapu`, fgrodor sgrofut yo`j foto`j`yo fgrfg`tud seie`hgr hg`jo` heoagtgr fgrvoreose ag`jgcei auioe hore unu`j fowom soapoe unu`j otos, fgrk`jjo, dgros ho` agapu`yoe pgrtuafumo` preagr yo`j so`jot cgpot to`po heedute pgrtuafumo` sgdu`hgr, sgme`jjo te`jje`yo hopot ag`copoe 82 a. Seie`hgr foto`j foafu tgrsgfut hepesomdo` kigm `kheo/ruos, yoetu heolrojao-heolrojao yo`j orom`yo tro`svgrsoi Fgrhosordo` pgrtuafumo``yo, foafu hopot hefghodo` hoioa huo dgikapkd fgsor, yoetu foafu seapkheoi ho` foafu ak`kpkheoi. Foafu seapkheoi (Joafor :.?.o) tuafum hoioa fg`tud ruapu`, sgteop rmezkag mo`yo odo` ag`jmoseido` sotu foto`j foafu, foafu auho tuafum ag`jgieie`je foafu yo`j tuo. Foafu seapkheoi tuafum he hogrom trkpes ho` suftrkpes, sgme`jjo mo`yo ngès eè sono yo`j hopot henuapoe he E`hk`gseo. Foafu ak`kpkheoi

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(Joafor :.?.f.) fgrdgafo`j hg`jo` rmezkag yo`j ag`grkfks dg fgrfojoe orom he fowom toòm ho` au`cui dg pgraudoo` toòm sgfojoe tgjodo` foafu yo`j e`hevehuoi.

Joafor :. ?o. Foafu ?o. Foafu Seapkheoi

Joafor :. ?f. Foafu ?f. Foafu Ak`kpkheoi

Sgrefu spgcegs foafu hoioa hoioa =2 jg`gro tgiom hetgaudo` hetgaudo` he huèo, sgdetor 622 622 spgcegs hore 62 jg`gro hetgaudo` he Oseo Xg`jjoro (Hro`slegih ho` Zehnono, ?557), sgho`jdo` he E`hk`gseo hetgaudo` sgdetor <2 ngès. Xoòao` foafu E`hk`gseo hetgaudo` he hotoro` rg`hom soapoe pgjuù`jo` hg`jo` dgte`jjeo` sgdetor 322 a hpi. Foreso` ruapu` foafu sgre`jdoie henohedo` sgfojoe pgafotos hore suotu weioyom hgso. Foreso` ruapu` foafu eè fgrte`hod sgfojoe fg`tg`j foje hgso fgros`jduto`, dorgò ruapu` foafu yo`j ropot so`jot suiet hetgafus kro`j, sgme`jjo foafu fgrpg`jorum poho dgoaoò` ie`jdu`jo`. Sese pksetel ioe` hore oho`yo ruapu` foafu, ohoiom ag`cgjom tgrnohe`yo grkse poho hogrom tgpeo` su`joe. Moi eè hedorgòdo` odor ho` foto`j foafu yo`j duot ho` ropot aoapu agè`jdotdo` dgstofeio` toòm ojor tehod ik`jskr dg su`joe. Foafu hopot hejuòdo` u`tud moi yo`j fgrfgho-fgho sgsuoe hg`jo` uaur`yo> o)

Duro`j hore tejo puium more hopot heaodo`

f)

O`toro gòa soapoe sgafeio` fuio` hopot hejuòdo` u`tud dgro`no`j

c)

O`toro huo soapoe tejo tomu` hopot hejuòdo` u`tud ioaeòse otou popo` foafu

h)

O`toro tejo soapoe gòa tomu` hopot hejuòdo` u`tud dk`strudse

g)

Gòa tomu` dgduoto` foafu fgro`jsur-o`jsur fgrduro`j soapoe hg`jo` uaur ?6 tomu`

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:.6. Fg`tud Foafu

Foafu ohoiom aotgreoi yo`j fgrfg`tud tehod presaotes hg`jo` fojeo` agie`to`j ag`jgcei poho fojeo` otos, ho` agapu`yoe norod `kheo yo`j tehod soao sgpo`no`j foto`j. Moi eèiom yo`j ag`nohedo` fg`tud foafu uèd ho` ortesred, òau` fg`tud hgaedeo` agafuot opiedose foafu sgfoje strudtur suiet hoioa pgro`jdoe`yo. :.6.?. Rktk`jo` agie`to`j foafu

Foafu agapu`yoe pktk`jo` agie`to`j sgpgrte poho Joafor 6.6. hg`jo` fojeo`-fojeo` sgfojoe fgredut> o. Duiet iuor Duiet iuor ohoiom fojeo` yo`j poie`j iuor otou poie`j otos, feoso`yo fgrworò menou otou metoa . Xgfoi duiet foafu rgiotevg sgrojoa poho sgpo`no`j foto`j yoetu duro`j igfem ?aa, selot`yo dgros ho` dodu. Aodo hore etu foafu yo`j tepes odo` agapu`yoe pkrse duiet fgsor, sgme`jjo dgduoto` roto-roto`yo te`jje, sgho`jdoò poho foafu tgfoi fgriodu sgfoied`yo (Akresck, ?555). f. Foafu fojeo` iuor Fojeo` eè tgrigtod hefowom duiet otou heo`toro duiet iuor ho` fojeo` tg`jom. Xgfoi fojeo` eè duro`j igfem ?aa, selot`yo dgros ho` dodu. c. Fojeo` tg`jom Fojeo` tg`jom tgrigtod hefowom iuor otou o`toro fojeo` iuor ho` fojeo` hoioa, hesgfut nujo hoje`j foafu. Xgfoi`yo duro`j igfem 6/3 hore tgfoi foafu, sgrot`yo pohot ho` giostes. W`tud fojeo` tg`jom yo`j poie`j fowom selot sgrot`yo ojod dosor h. Fojeo` hoioa Fojeo` hoioa ohoiom fojeo` yo`j poie`j fowom hore tgfoi foafu, sgre`j hesgfut puio mote foafu. Selot sgrot`yo dodu ho` auhom potom.

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Joafor :.6. :.6. Rktk`jo` Foafu

:.6.6. Fojeo` foto`j foafu

Sgpgrte moi`yo tgfu, foafu agapu`yoe ruos ho` fudu. Roho ruos-ruos eè puio tuafum odor-odor sgme`jjo poho foafu heau`jde`do` u`tud agapgrfo`yod toòao` hore pktk`jo`pktk`jo` sgteop ruos`yo, hesoape`j tuòs-tuòs reapo`j`yo.

Foto`j foafu tgrhere otos huo fojeo` yoetu> o. @kheo (ruos/fudu foafu) @kheo ohoiom fojeo` tgrigaom tgrmohop joyo tored sgnonor suafu suafu foto`j hore foafu, dorgò poho `kheo sgfojoe` sgrot foafu fgrfgikd. Sgrot yo`j fgrfgikd eè sgfojeo` agùnu suafu foto`j, sgho`j sgfojeo` ioe` ag`noumek suafu foto`j , sgme`jjo poho `kheo orom joyo tehod ioje sgnonor sgauo sgrot (Akresck). Sgcoro uau` `kheo agapu`yoe doposetos agaedui fomo` yo`j tehod glgdtel foed hore sgje dgduoto` otoupu` hglkraose. Agsdepu` hgaedeo` oho`yo `kheo poho foto`j foafu ag`cgjom oho`yo tgdud ikcoi yo`j so`jot pg`te`j hoioa pgro`co`jo` foafu sgfojoe gigag` tgdo` (dkika) f. E`tgr`kheo (o`tor ruos) E`tgr`kheo ohoiom hogrom o`tor `kheo, sgauo sgi yo`j tgrhopot poho e`tgr `kheo ag`jorom poho suafu odseoi, sgho`j poho `kheo ag`jorom poho suafu tro`svgrsoi. Hoioa e`tg`kheo e `tg`kheo tehod oho gigag`-gigag` roheoi, Xeop-teop ngès foafu agapu`yoe norod e`tgr`kheo yo`j fgrfgho-fgho. Fojeo` e`tgr`kheo ohoiom fojeo` yo`j poie`j duot hore foafu, sgme`jjo agapu`yoe doposetos agaedui fomo`

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Dureduiua 62?2

yo`j glgdtel. E`tgr`kheo so`jot fgrpg`jorum poho pgro`co`jo` foafu sgfojoe gigag` tored (foikd). :.3. Ngès-Ngès Foafu

Xoòao` foafu he E`hk`gseo agrupodo` toòao` foafu seapkheoi, hg`jo` foto`jfoto`j yo`j cg`hgru`j ag`juapui hehoioa ruapu` dorgò pgrcofo`jo` rmezka`yo he hoioa toòm (Se`husuwor`k, ?5<3). Foto`j foafu yo`j igfem tuo fgroho he tg`jom ruapu`, sgme`jjo duro`j ag`ju`tu`jdo` hoioa prksgs pg`gfo`jo``yo. He E`hk`gseo tgrhopot igfem hore ?3 spgsegs foafu yo`j feoso hejuòdo` aosyorodot u`tud strudtur fo`juò`, sgpgrte yo`j tgrco`tua poho Xofgi :.?. Xofgi :.?. Ngès :.?. Ngès Foafu he E`hk`gseo @oao Eiaeom @oao Ikdoi Foafuso Spe`kso Fiugagoò Foafu hure, foafu jgse`j, foafu jrg`j, mour cucud, pre`j jrg`j Foafuso Foafks Crucg Foafu hure, pre`j kre Owe dresed, foafu ceò, pre`j jg`hoè, Foafuso Auitepigx Vogusgcm pre`j cg`hoè, foafu pojor Foafuso \uijores Scmroh Foafu tutui, nono`j johe`j, owe dk`g`j Owe fgtu`j, foafu pgtu`j, hgie`j Hg`hrkcoioaus Ospgr (Scmuit, L) Fiocd gx pgte`j, nono`j fgtu`j, pre`j pgtu`j Mgy`g O`hk`j jkafk`j, owe jkafk`j,owe Jejo`tkcmiko \grteceiietg (Zeiio) Au`rk mehgu`j, foafu metoa, pre`j wuiu`j, pgrg`j skrot Jejo`tkcmiko @ejrkceieoto (Fugs) Durz Foafu ig`jdo toie, owe tgio, foafu ig`jdo Owe toie, foafu toie, hgie`j opus, pre`j Jejo`tkcmiko Opus toie, pre`j opus Jejo`tkcmiko Mossdorieò (durz) Focd gx Owe ig`jdo toie, owe tgio Mgy`g Rre`j u`cgu, foafu ceò Rmyiikstocmumys Ourgo Scmezkstosmyua Fiuage @ggs Owe fuòr, owe toaeyo`j, pre`j wuium, fuium suapeto` Scmezkstosmyua ^kiie`jgre (Stguh) Durz Foafu pgrie`j, owe codgutrgoud Owe fuiu Scmezkstocmy Fro`cmycioheua Durz Suafgr> Sekpk`jck Auò`hor ?5=:

Hore dgtejo fgios ngès foafu, tgrsgfut yo`j auhom hetgaue ho` opiedose`yo he E`hk`gseo sgfojoe fomo` dk`strudse poie`j fo`yod ohoiom> o. Jejo`tkcmiko Opus (Foafu opus, foafu toie) Agùrut Akresck ?555, foafu opus hopot tuafum he hotoro` rg`hom aoupu` pgjuù`jo`, hg`jo` te`jje foto`j = – ?3 a, norod ruos 87 – <7 ca, heoagtgr heoagtgr 7 – = ca ho` tgfoi 3 – ?7 aa. Zorò duiet foto`j foafu opus menou tuo soapoe metoa. Ngès foafu eè

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duot, ieot , iurus sgme`jjo foed u`tud fomo` fo`juò`. Hesoape`j etu sgrot`yo yo`j po`no`j ho` duot odo` ag`jmoseido` o`yoao` yo`j stofei. Agùrut Suitmkè (?5==), dorgò pomet foafu opus poie`j tomo` tgrmohop sgro`jjo sgdoiepu` tehod hewgtdo`. f. Hg`hrkcoioaus Ospgr (Foafu (Foafu pgtu`j) Foafu eè agapu`yoe heoagtgr rgiotevg fgsor feio hefo`he`jdo` foafu ngès ioe`. Feio hefo`he`jdo` hg`jo` heoagtgr`yo , aodo ruos foafu pgtu`j igfem pg`hgd yoetu o`toro 82 – <2 ca, hg`jo` heoagtgr ag`copoe 62 ca, tgfoi ?2 -?7 aa, ho` po`no`j foto`j ?2 – 62

a. Dorgò etu foafu pgtu`j feoso hepodoe sgfojoe gigag` tgdo` (dkika) dorgò dgaoapuo` agòmo` tgdud te`jje. c. Foafuso Spe`kso Fiugagoò (Foafu kre) Selot foafu kre moaper soao hg`jo` foafu pgtu`j, yoetu duot, dgros ho` fgrheoagtgr fgsor, hg`jo` norod ruos pg`hgd-pg`hgd. Fojeo` iuor foafu kre igfem moius ho` iece` feio hefo`he`j foafu ioe``yo (Lrecd, 6228). Hore mosei pg`gieteo` agapgriemotodo` foafu kre agapu`yoe duot tored yo`j tgrte`jje. h. Jejo`tkcmiko \grteceiietg (Foafu wuiu`j/metoa) Foafu wuiu`j agapu`yoe ruapu` yo`j tehod ropot, hg`jo` worò duiet foto`j metoa, menou dgmetoao`, ho` u`ju tuo, fgrjores duè`j auho, po`no`j ruos 82 – 72 ca, heoagtgr < – = ca (Akresck, ?555). Dorgò selot`yo yo`j tehod ieot (jgtos), foafu wuiu`j fo`yod

hepodoe sgfojoe fomo` dgroneò`. :.8. Selot Hosor Foafu

Rg`jgtomuo` tg`to`j selot hosor aotgreoi agrupodo` e`lkraose pg`te`j juò agafgre pgtu`nud tg`to`j coro pg`jgrnoo` aoupu` selot foro`j yo`j hemoseido`. Mosei pg`juneo` selot leses ho` agdoès foafu tgiom hefgredo` kigm Je`kjo (?5::) hoioa torol pg`homuiuo`. Rg`juneo` heiodudo` poho foafu opus ( Jejo`tkcmiko opus Durz.) ho` foafu metoa (Jejo`tkcmiko èjrkceiioto Durz.) :.8.?. Oòtkae

Strudtur oòtkae foafu fgrdoeto` grot hg`jo` selot-selot lesed ho` agdoèd`yo. Agùrut Iegssg (?5=2), foafu agaeiede cece-cere pgrtuafumo` preagr yo`j so`jot cgpot to`po heedute pgrtuafumo` sgdu`hgr, foto`j`yo fgruos-ruos, sgauo sgi yo`j tgrhopot poho e`tgr `kheo ag`jorom poho suafu odseoi, sgho`j poho `kheo ag`jorom poho suafu tro`svgrsoi. Foto`j foafu tgrhere otos sgdetor 72% porg`dea, 82% sgrot ho` ?2% sgi pg`jmufu`j (pgafuium ho` segvg tufgs) Hro`slegih ho` Zehnono (?557). Rorg`dea ho` sgi pg`jmufu`j igfem fo`yod

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hetgaudo` poho fojeo` hoioa hore foto`j, sgho`jdo` sgrot igfem fo`yod hetgaudo` poho fojeo` iuor. Sgho`jdo` susuò` sgrot poho ruos pg`jmufu`j o`tor fudu agaeiede dgcg`hgru`jo` fgrtoafom fgsor hore fowom dg otos sgag`toro porg`dea`yo fgrduro`j. Sgrot sgrot foafu agrupodo` u`sur-u`sur pg`yusu` nore`jo` sdigrg`dea. Sgrot fgrlu`jse sgfojoe lodtkr dgduoto` foafu. Sgrot agrupodo` sgi yo`j fgrhe`he`j tgfoi, fgrfg`tud agao`no`j ho` fojeo` unu`j`yo agru`ce`j. Ro`no`j sgrot sgaode` fgrtoafom hore he`he`j hoioa dg he`he`j iuor. :.8.6. Rgrufomo` Heag`se Foafu

Rgrufomo` heag`se foafu tehod soao hore dgtejo orom strudtur roheoi, to`jg`seoi ho` ik`jetuheòi, sgme`jjo foafu fgrselot oèsktrkpes. Dghuo ngès pgrufomo` heag`se agapu`yoe orte yo`j soao pg`te`j, tgtope fgrhosordo` pg`joioao` prodtes yo`j igfem i gfem sgre`j ag`jjuòdo` foafu hoioa dgohoo` fosom, aodo pg`jgruto` foafu ag`nohe pgrmoteo` yo`j igfem fgsor hefo`he`j pg`jgafo`jo``yo. O`jdo pg`jgruto` tktoi u`tud foafu `kraoi fgrdesor o`toro 8,7% soapoe ?8% hoioa orom roheoi, 6,?% soapoe =,7% hoioa orom to`jg`seoi ho` 2,?% soapoe 2,6% hoioa orom ik`jetuheòi (Rrowerkmotaknk, ?5==). :.7. Selot Lesedo ho` Agdoèdo

Agùrut Moyjrgg` ho` Fowygr (?5=2), selot lesedo ho` agdoèdo doyu hepg`jorume kigm tejo moi yoetu > o. \kiuag rk`jjo f. Strudtur sgi c. Dohor oer Iegssg ag`yotodo` fomwo sgcoro oòtkae ho` deaeowe foafu ho` doyu moaper soao, kigm dorgò etu lodtkr-lodtkr dohor oer ho` fgrot ngès yo`j so`jot fgrpg`jorum poho doyu nujo fgrpg`jorum poho selot-selot foafu sgpgrte yo`j tgrco`tua poho Xofgi Xofgi :.6. :. 6. ho` Xofgi :.3. Xofgi :.6. Selot :.6. Selot leses ho` agdoès foafu metoa ho` foafu opus @k. Selot ?. Dgtgjumo` ig`tur stotec o. Xgjo`jo` poho fotos prkpkrse (dj/ca6) f. Xgjo`jo` poho fotos potom (dj/ca6) c. Akhuius giostesetos (dj/ca6) h. Wsomo poho fotos prkpkrse (dj/hca3) g. Wsomo poho fotos potom (dj/ha3) 6. Dgtgjumo` tgdo` sgnonor sgrot (tgjo`jo` aoxeaua, dj/ca6) 3. Dgtgjumo` jgsgr (dj/ca6)

Foafu metoa 88: <<3 55222 ?,6 3,< 8=5
Foafu opus 36: 78< ?2?222 2,= 3,3 728 35,7

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8. 7. <.


Dgtgjumo` tored tgjod iurus sgrot (dj/ca6) Dgtgjumo` fgiom (dj/ca6) Fgrot Ngès o. DO poho soot pg`juneo` f. DO dgre`j toùr

:.

Dgtgjumo` pudui o. Roho fojeo` hoioa (dj/ha3) f. Orom to`jg`seoi (dj/ha3) c. Roho fojeo` iuor (dj/ha3)

Dureduiua 62?2

6=,: 8?,8

6=,3 7=,6

2,=3 DO > 6=% 2,<7 DO > ?:%

2,<5 DO > ?5,??% 2,7= DO > ?<,86%

36,73 3?,:< ?:,63

87,? 3?,5 3?,7 Suafgr > Je`kjo (?5::)

Xofgi :. 3. @eioe 3. @eioe selot leses ho` agdoès foafu @k. ?. 6. 3. 8.

Selot leses ho` agdoès Dgtgjumo` ig`tur aodseaua Akhuius giostesetos Dgtgjumo` tgdo` sgnonor sgrot Fgrot ngès

Foafu otgr dj/ca6 733,27 =5?76,7 7=8,3? 2,:?

Foafu pgtu`j Foafu o`hk`j dj/ca6 dj/ca6 386,8: ?6=,3? 73?:3,2 63::7,2 8?<,7: 653,67 2,<= 2,77 Suafgr > Mohnef ho` Doròsuherhno (?5=<)

:.7.?. Selot Agdoèdo

Selot agdoèd ohoiom selot yo`j fgrmufu`jo` hg`jo` dgduoto` fomo` ho` agrupodo` uduro` dgaoapuo` suotu fomo` u`tud agòmo` joyo iuor yo`j fgdgrno poho`yo. Selot agdoèdo foafu hedgtomue hore fgrfojoe pg`gieteo` yo`j fgrtunuo` u`tud agao`lootdo` foafu sgcoro aodseaoi sgfojoe strudtur ho` fomo` fo`juò`. Soiom sotu pg`gieteo` tg`to`j foafu heiodudo` kigm Akresck, pg`gieteo` eè hehkrk`j kigm dg`yotoo` fomwo duot tored foafu so`jot te`jje, sgho`j hoioa prodtgd dgduoto` eè fgiua heao`lootdo` dorgò fgiua oho`yo agtkho pg`yoafu`jo` foafu yo`j hopot ag`jmoseido` soafu`jo` hg`jo` dgduoto` yo`j agaohoe. Selot agdoèd foafu hepg`jorume kigm> o. Ngès spgsegs f. Waur soot hetgfo`j c. Do`hu`jo` oer h. Rksese foto`j (po`jdoi, tg`jom, unu`j) g. Rksese `kheo ho` e`tgr`kheo. Selot-selot agdoèd horepoho foafu yo`j agiepute tgjo`jo` tored, tgdo`, ig`tur ho` akhuius giostesetos sgpgrte sgpgrte yo`j tgrhopot poho poho Xofgi 6.8. ho` Xofgi :.7. fgredut eè>

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Xofgi :. 8. Duot fotos ho` tgjo`jo` ene` foafu Aocoa tgjo`jo` Duot fotos (dj/ca¶) Xgjo`jo` Ene` (dj/ca¶) Xored 5=?-3562 658,6 Ig`tur <=<-6582 5=,2: Xgdo` 687-5=? :=,87 G Xored 5=2:2-658622 ?5<,? x ?2³ Suafgr>Xuior ho` Sutehno`, ?5 Sekpk`jck ho` Auò`horr,?5=:

Xofgi :.8. ho` Xofgi :.7. agrgdkag`hosedo` tgjo`jo` ene` yo`j hopot hepodoe u`tud fgrfojoe aocoa foafu. Xg`tu`yo tgjo`jo` ene` yo`j hergdkag`hosedo` eè cg`hgru`j poho sestga yo`j oao` u`tud pgaodoeo` fgrfojoe aocoa foafu. Hg`jo` hgaedeo` o`jdo-o`jdo tgrsgfut nedo hepodoe sgfojoe hosor hoioa pgro`co`jo`, tg`tu`yo odo` ag`jmoseido` strudtur yo`j oao` (Akresck, ?555) ?. Duot Xored ho` Xgdo` Foafu Foafu agapu`yoe duot tored ho` duot tgdo` yo`j foed. Duot tored yo`j soao tgrhopot he sgpo`no`j foto`j, sgho`jdo` duot tgdo``yo sgaode` agè`jdot sgsuoe hg`jo` uaur foafu tgrsgfut. Xgrhopot pgrfghoo` hoioia ag`g`tudo` pg`juneo` selot foafu yo`j sgsuoe, heaoò sgtehod`yo foafu heune poho uaur tejo tomu`, ho` pg`juneo` heiodudo` poho pktk`jo` foafu poho ruos`yo ho` poho `kheoi`yo. Fgfgropo pg`gieteo` pg`juneo` fgiua ag`jjuòdo` poroagtgr eè, sgme`jjo mosei pg`juneo` yo`j heiodudo` tehod hopot heao`lootdo`. Foafu so`jot igaom poho orom roheoi, sgme`jjo pgafgfoò` tgjod iurus otos suafu foto`j sghopot au`jde` heme`hordo` otou hetgapotdo` poho ruos foto`j. Akresck (?55<), ag`johodo` pg`juneo` dgduoto` fgraocoa-aocoa foafu sgpgrte yo`j oho poho tofgi fgredut eè, heaoò tgriemot fomwo dgduoto` foafu hg`jo` `kheo igfem rg`hom horepoho foafu to`po `kheo sgpgrte yo`j tgrco`tua poho Xofgi :.<.

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Xofgi :.<. Duot :.<. Duot tored roto-roto foafu dgre`j kvg` Ngès foafu Kre Rgtu`j Mtoa Igje Xutui Joiom Xoie

Xo`po @kheo (dj/ca¶)

Hg`jo` @kheo (dj/ca¶)

6.5?2 ?.522 ?.<<2 6.==2 6.?<2 6.732 ?.7?7

?.6=2 ?.?<2 ?.8:2 ?.6<2 :82 ?.682 776 Suafgr>Akresck,?555

Rg`juneo` selot agdoèd yo`j hetunudo` u`tud agafghodo` dgduoto` tored sgnonor suafu foto`j heiodudo` poho foafu to`po aoupu` hg`jo` fudu agù`nuddo` fomwo foafu to`po fudu igfem duot horepoho foafu hg`jo` fudu. Moi eè hesgfodo` dorgò poho fudu oho sgfojeo` sgrot foafu yo`j fgrfgikd, ho` sgfojeo` ioje tgtop iurus. Dorgò etu fudu foafu ohoiom fojeo` tgrigaom tgrmohop joyo tored sgnonor suafu foto`j. Hg`jo` hgaedeo` pgro`co`jo` strudtur foafu sgfojoe foto`j tored morus hehosordo` poho fojeo` fudu. Sgioe` etu dgduoto` poho foafu nujo hepg`jorume kigm pksese`yo, fojeo` tgrduot hore foafu ohoiom duiet. Dgduoto` duiet eè so`jot noum igfem te`jje horepoho dgduoto` foafu fojeo` hoioa. Sgho`jdo` duot tgdo` foafu foafu sgaode` agè`jdot sgsuoe hg`jo` uaur foafu tgrsgfut. Xofgi :. :. Duot tored ho` duot tgdo` roto-roto foafu poho fgrfojoe pksese Ngès foafu Fojeo` Duot tored Duot tgdo` (dj/ca¶) (dj/ca¶) Rgtu`j Ro`jdoi 6.6:= 6.:<5 Xg`jom ?.::2 8.2=5 Wnu`j 6.2=2 7.8:5 Xutui Ro`jdoi 6.358 7.3?5 Xg`jom 6.5?: 7.86= Wnu`j 8.8== 8.<35 Joiom Ro`jdoi ?.562 3.6<< Xg`jom 3.372 3.556 Wnu`j 6.368 8.28= Xoie Ro`jdoi ?.886 6.?7= Xg`jom ?.3<= 6.==2 Wnu`j ?.:37 3.378 Hg`hg`j Ro`jdoi 6.6?8 8.<8? Xg`jom 6.7?3 3.<25 Wnu`j 3.8?? 3.63= Suafgr>Akresck,?555

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6. Akhuius Giostesetos Foafu Ohopu` mosei pg`gieteo` yo`j tgiom heiodudo` kigm Xuior ho` Suteno` (?5
tgiom

ag`nowof aosoiom eè yoetu hg`jo` agafuot soafu`jo` foafu sgfojoe fomo` dkapkset. :.7.6. Selot Lesedo Foafu

?. Fgrot Ngès Fgrot ngès foafu ohoiom pgrfo`he`jo` fgrot foafu tgrmohop fgrot suotu vkiuag oer yo`j soao hg`jo` vkiuag foafu tgrsgfut. Fgrot ngès ho` dgropoto` foafu ag`g`tudo` selot lesedo ho` agdoèdo`yo. Moi eè hesgfofdo` èioe fgrot ngès ho` dgropoto` foafu hetg`tudo` kigm fo`yod`yo zot doyu. Agùrut Iegsg (?5=2) fgrot ngès foafu fgrdesor o`toro 2,7 – 2,5 jr/ca³. Foafu agapu`yoe pgrfo`he`jo` dgduoto` ho` fgrot yo`j so`jot te`jje sgme`jjo gleseg` ho` glgdtel u`tud hejuòdo` sgfojoe fo`juò`. 6. Do`hu`jo` oer Foafu sgpgrte moi`yo doyu agrupodo` zot mejrksdkpes orte`yo agapu`yoe oleètos tgrmohop oer, foed hoioa fg`tud uop otou coero`. Do`hu`jo` oer poho foafu odo` fgrpg`jorum poho dgduoto` foafu. Agùrut No`ssg` (?55=) dgduoto` suotu fomo` agùru` hg`jo` òed`yo dohor oer poho fomo` tgrsgfut. Rg`ygropo` ho` pg`jgiuoro` oer yo`j fgruio`j-uio`j feoso`yo heedute hg`jo` rgtod ho` pgcom poho foafu. W`tud ag`jotose dgohoo` tgrsgfut aodo fgfgropo coro yo`j pgriu hepgrmotedo` heo`toro`yo ohoiom ag`yeapo` foafu poho ruo`j yo`j tehod igafof, io`toe dgre`j ho` serduiose uhoro io`cor. Akresck ho` Xreweyk`k (6222) agiodudo` pg`gieteo` dohor oer sgrto fgrot ngès foafu pgtu`j. Rg`juduro` dohor oer heiodudo` sgmores sgtgiom pg`gfo`jo`. Mosei pg`gieteo``yo tgrco`tua poho Xofgi :.=. fgredut>

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Xg`jom

Wnu`j


Dureduiua 62?2

Xofgi :.=. Dohor :.=. Dohor Oer ho` Fgrot Ngès Foafu Rgtu`j Rgt u`j @kakr Foafu fosom Foafu Dgre`j Whoro Dohor Oer % Fgrot Ngès Dohor Oer % Fgrot Ngès ? 3=, Akresck ho` Xreweyk`k (6222)

3. Dgafo`j susut Dgafo`j susut foafu pgriu hepgrmotedo` ojor strudtur fo`juò` foafu tehod ag`joioae pgrufomo` fg`tud ho` pgùruò` duoietos odefot oho`yo pg`yusuto`. Oho`yo pgrufomo` fg`tud eè tg`tu`yo odo` ag`juro`je èioe lu`jse hore sgfuom strudtur fo`juò`, aesoi`yo pg`yusuto` poho pe`tu ho` ng`hgio sgme`jjo tehod feso hefudo, rgtod`yo doco, hii.

:.<. Selot Deaeo

Rg`gieteo` selot deaeo foafu tgiom heiodudo` kigm Jusaoeieò ho` Suaohewo`jso (?5==) agiepute pg`gtopo` dohor sgiuikso, iejè`, pg`tkso`, ofu, seiedo, sgrto dgioruto` hoioa oer he`je`, oer poòs ho` oidkmki fg`zg`. Mosei pg`juneo` agù`nuddo` fomwo dohor sgiuikso fgrdesor o`toro 86,8% - 73,<%, dohor iejè` foafu fgrdesor o`toro ?5,=% - 6<,<%, sgho`jdo` dohor pg`tkso` ?,68% - 3,::%, dohor ofu ?,68% - 3,::%, dohor seiedo 2,?2% - ?,:=%, dohor gdtrodtel (dgioruto` hoioa oer he`je`) 8,7% - 5,5%, dohor gdstrodtel (dgioruto` hoioa oer poòs) 7,3% - ??,=%, dohor gdstrodtel (dgioruto` hoioa oidkmki fg`zg`g) 2,5% - <,5%. :.:. Stofeiesose Zorò

Wsomo pgè`jdoto` duoietos foafu sgfojoe fomo` dgroneò` o`yoao` ohoiom hg`jo` agè`jdotdo` dgcgromo` worò foafu agioiue pgautemo`. Foafu toie (Jejo`tkcmiko opus) yo`j agapu`yoe sgrot yo`j uigt ho` ruos yo`j po`no`j ho` sgre`j hejuòdo` sgfojoe fomo` o`yoao`, tgiom hepeiem kigm ûi`giy ho` Homieo` (?555) sgfojoe fomo` pg`gieteo` pgautemo` foafu. Sgfojoe fomo` pgautem hejuòdo` ioruto` mehrkjg` pgrkdseho (M6K6) ho` hejuòdo` fomo` foafu yo`j fgrfgho uaur`yo, poho ruos yo`j tgrpesom. W`tud ag`jgtomue

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Dureduiua 62?2

dgau`jdeò` pgrufomo` dgduoto``yo heiodudo` une dgtgjumo` tored ho` mosei`yo sgpgrte yo`j tgrco`tua poho Xofgi :.5.

o`tkcmiko o opus opus) yo`j tgiom heputemdo` Hoto hgronot putem ho` dgtgjumo` tored foafu toie ( J e jo`tkcmik Hgronot putem (%) Dgtgjumo` tored (dj/ca6) Waur ho` fojeo` foafu Heputemdo` Xod heputemdo` Heputemdo` Xod heputemdo` < fuio` - unu`j <:,65 83,78 52,=: ?26 - tg`jom <=,86 88,:? 5=,33 ?33 - po`jdoi <2,7? 35,86 ?<8 68= ? tomu` - unu`j <6,58 3=,:: ?<2,6: ?56 - tg`jom 7<,<< 3<,=< ?=<,82 635 - po`jdoi <6,<5 3:,3< ?:=,73 6?2 Suafgr > ûi`giy ho` Homieo` (?555) Xofgi :. 5.

Sgioe` pg`cgromo` worò foafu, poho fgfgropo tunuo` prkhudse doho`j hetgaudo` dge`jeò` u`tud agòapeido` foafu hoioa worò duiet oioae`yo. Moi eè hesgfofdo` dorgò dgcg`hgru`jo` duiet foafu u`tud fgrufom worò ag`nohe duè`j sgtgiom agioiue prksgs pg`jgre`jo` oioae. Rg`jowgto` ag`jgòe worò menou duiet foafu tgiom heiodsoòdo` poho foafu o`hk`j ( Jejo`tkcmiko vgrteceiioto Au`rk.) kigm Foriy ho` Esao`tk (?55=). Mosei hore pg`gieteo` eè ohoiom duiet foafu cg`hgru`j u`tud tgtop fgrworò menou sgsuoe hg`jo` worò oioae`yo. Rg`jowgto` worò menou duiet foafu o`hk`j hg`jo` ag`jjuòdo` coapuro` ioruto` tgruse ho` èdgi suilot hg`jo` pg`jgre`jo` sgioao ?8 - 6= more. :.=. Rg`jowgto` Foafu

Soiom sotu dg`hoio pgaodoe` foafu u`tud strudtur fo`juò` ohoiom te`jdot dgowgto` foafu yo`j rg`hom sgme`jjo aoso ioyo` fo`juò` pu` ag`nohe igfem pg`hgd hefo`he`j aotgreoi ioe` sgpgrte doyu, fgtk`, fono, hii. Agùrut Iegsg (?5=2), foafu to`po pg`jowgto` mo`yo hopot tomo` sotu soapoe tejo tomu` nedo io`jsu`j fgrmufu`jo` hg`jo` toòm ho` tehod tgrie`hu`j tgrmohop cuoco. Foafu yo`j tgrie`hu`j tgrmohop cuoco hopot tomo` gapot soapoe tunum tomu`. Xgtope u`tud ie`jdu`jo` yo`j ehgoi, sgfojoe ro`jdo, foafu hopot tomo` sgpuium soapoe ?7 tomu`. Ohopu` upoyo yo`j feso heiodudo` u`tud agapgrpo`no`j aoso ioyo` foafu u`tud fo`juò` ohoiom hg`jo` fgrfojoe aocoa coro.

:<

LA ?-:.?.2-?-8? gh.O rgv.6

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Dureduiua 62?2

:.=.?. Rgrg`coòo`/hgsoe` strudtur yo`j tgpot

Rgrg`coòo` yo`j heaodsuh ohoiom pg`joturo` igtod, pksese hore strudtur foafþ etu sg`here, yo`j e`te`yo ojor foafu tehod fgrmufu`jo` io`jsu`j hg`jo` cuoco iuor ho` toòm, yoetu hg`jo`> o. Agafuot strudtur foafu tehod fgrmufu`jo` io`jsu`j hg`jo` toòm, ojor tehod tgrpg`jorum dgigafofo` dgigafofo` (ruaom po`jju`j, po`jju`j, agafu`jdus foafu hg`jo` hg`jo` fgtk`) f. Agie`hu`je strudtur foafu hore pg`jorum io`jsu`j cuoco, aesoi`yo hg`jo`> agafuot treteso` igfor, agaodoe pgùtup otop yo`j ropot oer, hii c. Ag`jotur pksese foto`j foafu, foafu yo`j hesusu` sgcoro vgrtecoi tgr`yoto igfem owgt hefo`he`j susuò` foafu mkrezk`toi, dorgò poho susuò` vgrtecoi oer igfem auhom/cgpot ag`joier :.=.6. Rg`jowgto`

Agùrut Iegsg (?5=2), foafu to`po pg`jowgto` mo`yo hopot tomo` sotu soapoe-tejo tomu` nedo io`jsu`j fgrmufu`jo` hg`jo` toòm ho` tehod tgrie`hu`j tgrmohop cuoco. Foafu yo`j tgrie`hu`j tgrmohop cuoco hopot tomo` gapot soapoe tunum tomu`. Xgtope u`tud ie`jdu`jo` yo`j ehgoi, sgfojoe ro`jdo, foafu hopot tomo` sgpuium soapoe ?7 tomu`. Rg`jowgto` foafu sgfoed`yo heiodudo` sgsgjgro au`jde`, ojor zot pg`jowgt hopot cgpot agrgsop hoioa foto`j foafu. o. Xrohesekòi

?. Rgrg`hoao` Rgrg`hoao` foafu he hoioa oer ag`joier, tgrjgò`j, otou iuapur sgioao duru` wodtu 3-?6 fuio`. Suitmkè (?5==) ag`ngiosdo` fomwo pgrg`hoao` foafu he hoioa oer (Joafor :.3.) odo` ag`jodefotdo` prksgs fekikjes yo`j r`g`jodefotdo` tgrnohe`yo lgrag`tose poho pote yo`j tgrdo`hu`j he hoioa foafu, sgme`jjo mosei lgrag`tose eè hopot iorut he hoioa oer. Hg`jo` hgaedeo` pgrg`hoao` foafu he hoioa oer hopot agùru`do` dohor pote foafu, sgme`jjo foafu tehod hesgro`j duafo`j fufud

::

LA ?-:.?.2-?-8? gh.O rgv.6

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Dureduiua 62?2

.

Joafor :.3. :.3. Rg`jowgto` hg`jo` hg`jo` pgrg`hoao` Dgtgro`jo` Joafor > o. Zohom yo`j heese foto`j foafu f. Fotu u`tud ag`nojo dgstofeio` c. Rgraudoo` ioruto` pg`jowgt h. Fotu sgfojoe pgafgrot g. Riosted sgfojoe pgùtup l. Fotu sgfojoe pgafgrot piosted

6. Rg`josopo` Rg`josopo` foafu (Joafor :.8.) fgrtunuo` u`tud pg`jgre`jo`, pgie`hu`j tgrmohop sgro`jo` noaur, fufud, ho` agauhomdo` pg`jgrnoo` sgio`nut`yo.

Joafor :.8. :.8. Rg`josopo` foafu

3. Rg`g`tuo` aoso tgfo`j yoetu poho soot ausea dgaorou, heaoò foafu agapu`yoe dohor pote rg`hom. 8. Rgiofuro` hg`jo` dopur, u`tud ag`cgjom oer ho` igafof aosud dg hoioa foto`j foafu. f. Akhgr`

?.

Rg`jowgto` Fkucmgreg Agrupodo` pg`jowgto` hg`jo` coro pg`joiero` (Joafor :.7.). Foafu yo`j foru hepktk`j aosem ig`jdop hg`jo` duiet, to`jdoe, sgrto hou` hesoafu`j hg`jo` sgio`j yo`j hemufu`jdo` poho poho wohom/hrua fgse yo`j hehoioa`yo hehoioa`yo fgrese ioruto` pg`jowgt pg`jowgt sgpgrte> CCO (Ckppgr Cmrkag Orsgèc), Fkreh Oceh ho` Fkrod. :=

LA ?-:.?.2-?-8? gh.O rgv.6

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Dureduiua 62?2

Ojor ioruto` pg`jowgt ag`joier, aodo hrua sgfoed`yo heigtoddo` ?2 a hore toòm. Ioruto` pg`jowgt odo` ag`joier hoioa foto`j foafu agioiue pgafuium oiero` sop (oer foafu). Rg`juopo` do`hu`jo` oer agigwote hou`-hou` odo` ag`jodefotdo` coero` pg`jowgt tgrsgrop òed soapoe dg unu`j. Seso fomo` pg`jowgt yo`j yo`j ag`joier dgiuor poho unu`j hopot hejuòdo` dgafoie. Coro pg`jowgto` eè tehod auhom pgiodsoòo``yo ho` dgfgrmosei`yo suiet u`tud hedk`trki.

Joafor :.7. Agtkhg :.7. Agtkhg Rg`jowgto` Akresck – Fkucmgrre Dgtgro`jo` joafor > o. Hrua ioruto` pg`jowgt f. Repo tomo` tgdoò` c. Dotup h. Repo fono g. @ksgi hg`jo` dgiga l. Rgòapu`j tgtgso`

6.

Rg`jowgto` Fkucmgreg- Akresck Roho tomu` ?55: Akresck tgiom agiodudo` pg`gieteo` u`tud agakheledose pg`jowgto` Fkucmgreg, hg`jo` coro ag`jjo`tedo` pkapo iestred hg`jo` tofu`j fgrtgdoò` yo`j hopot hepkapo sgcoro aoùoi sgpgrte poho Joafor :.<. fgredut. Sestga pg`jowgto` sgpgrte eè heèioe so`jot glgdtel hoioa hoioa ag`cgjom sgro`jo` sgro`jjo sgro`jjo poho foafu, dorgò dorgò zot pg`jowgt igfem agrgsop dg hoioa duiet ho` hoje`j foafu odefot oho`yo tgdoò` yo`j so`jot te`jje.

:5

LA ?-:.?.2-?-8? gh.O rgv.6

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Dureduiua 62?2

Joafor :.<. Rg`jowgto` :.<. Rg`jowgto` foafu Akresck

Agùrut Akresck (?555), sestga pg`jowgto` eè tgrhere otos fgfgropo fojeo` utoao, yoetu> tofu`j uhoro fgrtgdoò` te`jje, ao`kagtgr, pepo pg`yoiur tgdoò` uhoro, tofu`j coero` pg`jowgt, pepo pg`yoiur coero` pg`jowgt, `ksgi ho` pepo dorgt sgpgrte tgriemot poho joafor hefowom. Sgauo soafu`jo` yo`j hefuot morus heig`jdope hg`jo` sgoi sgcudup`yo ojor tehod fkckr (Joafor :.:.)

Joafor :.:. Hgtoei :.:. Hgtoei mufu`jo` `ksgi foafu

Rre`sep dgrno oiot eè ohoiom sgfojoe fgredut (Akresck, ?55:)> o. Ioruto` pg`jowgt pg`jowgt (fkrods) he hoioa hoioa tofu`j hehkrk`j hg`jo` uhoro fgrtgdoò` fgrtgdoò` 6-7 dj/ca¶ aosud dg hoioa foto`j foafu igwot po`jdoi, ag`hgsod jgtom foafu dgiuor agioiue unu`j foafu ioe`, agafowo sgfojeo` jiudkso yo`j tgrhopot hoioa foafu. f. Ioruto` pg`jowgt pg`jowgt yo`j aosud odo` odo` agrocuè seso jiudkso yo`j tgrte`jjoi tgrte`jjoi he hoioa foafu, sgme`jjo feio oho sgro`jjo yo`j aosud odo` tgrocuè. Rgiodsoòo` pg`jowgto` tgrhere otos tejo tomop, yoetu pgrseopo`, pgaosudo` fomo` pg`jowgt yo`j fgrsoaoo` hg`jo` pg`hkrk`jo` dgiuor sop foafu, ho` pg`jgre`jo`. Sgtgiom ioruto` pg`jowgt heaosuddo` dg hoioa foafu, aodo odo` tgrnohe heluse ioruto` pg`jowgt hehoioa foto`j foafu. Sgio`nut`yo rgsehu ioruto` pg`jowgt odo` dgiuor igwot unu`j foafu, ho` hetoapu`j hoioa jgios tro`sporo`. Sgtgiom sop foafu mofes, ioruto` pg`jowgt odo` auioe ag`gtgs heto`hoe hg`jo` au`cui`yo worò agrom. Rrksgs

=2

LA ?-:.?.2-?-8? gh.O rgv.6

FOMO@ ONOV R@D

Dureduiua 62?2


pgaosudo` ioruto` pg`jowgto` hemg`tedo` opofeio dk`sg`trose ioruto` yo`j hetoapu`j hoioa jgios soao hg`jo` dk`sg`trose ioruto` pg`jowgt. 3.

Fomo` pg`jowgt deaeo Agùrut Akresck (6227), pg`jowgt yo`j hejuòdo` ohoiom zot yo`j roaom ie`jdu`jo`, sgme`jjo tehod agafomoyodo` dgsgmoto` aoùseo ho` tehod agèafuido` pg`cgaoro` ie`jdu`jo`. Fomo` pg`jowgt yo`j tgiom heeze`do` kigm Dkaese Rgsteseho Hgportgag` Rgrtoèo` u`tud heghordo` he E`hk`gseo ohoiom sgfojoeaoò yo`j tgrco`tua poho Xofgi :.?2. fgredut> Xofgi :.?2. Fomo` Rg`jowgt yo`j hopot hejuòdo` @k ?

6

3

8

7

<

:

@oao fomo` pg`jowgt, fomo` odtel ho` dohor`yo CCF? Xgafojo suilot Doieua hedrkaot Osoa fkrot CCF6 Xgafojo suilot Doieua hedrkaot Osoa fkrot CCF3 Xgafojo suilot @otreua hedrkaot Osoa fkrot CCF8 Xgafojo suilot @otreua hedrkaot Osoa fkrot CCL Xgafojoseieliukreho Oakèua hedrkaot Cgifkr <3 RO Osoa fkrot @otreua tgtrofkòt Eaproiet?< SR Osoa fkrot Fkrods Rkiefkr Hgdo`ki

Dohor % 33,22 3:,22 67,22 38,22 3=,22 67,22 6=,<2 83,52 6:,72 36,82 3<,22 6?,<2 3<,:2 <3,:2 68,52 3=,3< 37,76 37,76 6=,82 2,<8

Fg`tud lkrauiose Fufud ?22 % Fomo` odtel Joroa

Krjoèsag sosoro` Noaur, fufud ho` royop

Coro pgaodoeo` Vg`hoao` he`je` ho` vodua tgdo`

Rosto 5: % Fomo` odtel Joroa

Noaur, fufud ho` royop

Vg`hoao` he`je` ho` vodua tgdo`

Fufud ?22 % Fomo` odtel Joroa



Rosto 52 % Fomo` odtel Joroa



Fufud ?22 % Fomo` odtel Joroa Rosto <3 % Fomo` odtel Joroa Fufud ?22 % Fomo` odtel Joroa


Vg`hoao` he`je` ho` vodua tgdo` Vg`hoao` he`je` ho` vodua tgdo` Vg`hoao` he`je` ho` vodua tgdo`

Fufud doyu dgre`j Noaur feru ho` fufud dgre`j

Suafgr > Akresck (6227)

:.5. Rg`jgre`jo`

Rrksgs pg`jgre`jo` foafu hefutumdo` juò ag`nojo stofeiesose heag`se foafu, pgrfoedo` worò pgraudoo`, nujo u`tud pgie`hu`j tgrmohop sgro`jo` noaur, fufud fosom ho` agauhomdo` hoioa pg`jgrnoo` igfem io`nut. Dgduoto` foafu nujo odo` fgrtoafom hg`jo` fgrtoafom dgre`j`yo foafu. Rg`jgre`jo` foafu morus heiodsoòdo` sgcoro mote-mote, dorgò opofeio heiodsoòdo` tgrioiu cgpot (sumu te`jje hg`jo` dgigafofo` rg`hom) otou sumu ho` =?

LA ?-:.?.2-?-8? gh.O rgv.6

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Dureduiua 62?2

dgigafofo` yo`j tgrioiu fgrliudtuose odo` ag`jodefotdo` foafu ag`nohe pgcom, duiet ag`jgiupos, ho` dgrusodo` ioe``yo. Sgfoied`yo feio dk`hese pg`jgre`jo` yo`j tgrioiu ioafot odo` ag`ygfofdo` foafu ag`nohe ioao ag`jgre`j, fuiudo` ho` worò`yo tehod cgrom otou ag`nohe jgiop. Rg`jgre`jo` foafu hopot heiodudo` sgcoro oioae (oer hrye`j), pg`josopo`, pg`jgre`jo` hg`jo` g`grje tgòjo suryo (skior ckiigctkr hrye`j) otou dkafeòse hg`jo` g`grje tu`jdu, ho` pg`jgre`jo` hoioa hopur pg`jgre`j. Rg`gieteo` ag`jgòe agtkhg pg`jgre`jo` foafu tgiom heiodudo` kigm Fosre (?55:). Fosre ag`je`lkraosedo` fomwo hg`jo` sestga pg`josopo` ho` g`grje tgòjo suryo sgfoed`yo heiodudo` sgtgiom dohor oer foafu he fowom 72% ojor duoietos foafu tgtop tgrnojo. Foafu yo`j aosem so`jot fosom sgtgiom hepktk`j sgsuoe uduro` yo`j odo` hepgrjuòdo`, hefgrsemdo` ho` hetuapud fgrhere hg`jo` pksese soie`j ag`yeio`j otou hetuapud sgcoro mkresk`toi sgioao duro`j igfem sotu ae`jju.

Skoi Iotemo` > ?. Sgfutdo` pgrfghoo` o`toro foafkk yo`j tuafum hg`jo` dorodtgrested seapkheoi ho` ak`kpkheoi ! 6. Ngiosdo` dgigfemo` ho` dgigaomo` foafkk sgfojoe fomo` fo`juò` 3. Sgfutdo` ngès – ngès foafkk yo`j hopot hejuòdo` sgfojoe fomo` fo`juò` 8. Opo yo`j heaodsuh hg`jo` foafkk ioaeòse 7. Ag`jopo sgfgiua hekiom foafkk morus agigwote prksgs pg`jowgto` <. Ngiosdo` prksgs pg`jowgto` foafkk agtkhg akresck-fkucmgrre

HOLXOV RWSXODO Akresck, 622<, Aotgre Duieom Foafu, AXFF-WJA, Nuruso` Xgdèd Sepei & Strudtur, WJA, Nkjnodorto.

=6

LA ?-:.?.2-?-8? gh.O rgv.6

FOMO@ ONOV R@D


Dureduiua 62?2

FOF = DOUW Xunuo` E`strudsekòi Dmusus > Sgtgiom ag`jedute duieom eè, aomoseswo odo` hopot ag`jgòi ngès – ngès doyu, selot – selot tgdès doyu, prksgs pg`jkiomo` doyu sgfgiua ag`nohe fomo` dk`strudse, soapoe hg`jo` ag`jgòi fgrfojoe ngès opiedose doyu sgfojoe fomo` dk`strudse. Joaforo` uaua aotgre > Doyu agrupodo` fomo` fo`juò` yo`j agapu`yoe selot – selot spgseled ho` tehod feso heteru kigm fomo` fo`juò` ioe` fuoto` aoùseo. Aesoi`yo doyu agapu`yoe selot giostes, uigt, tomo` tgrmohop pgafgfoò` tgjod iurus hg`jo` sgrot yo`j sgnonor. Selot – selot tgrsgfut tehod heaeiede kigm fomo` fo`juò` ioe` sgpgrte fono, fgtk` otoupu` fomo` fo`juò` ioe` yo`j hefuot aoùseo. Kigm sgfof etu pg`jjuòo` doyu so`jotiom iuos, aesoi`yo pg`cei soapoe hg`jo` dk`strudse ngafoto`. Vgigvo`se Aoto Duieom > Roho fof eè aomoseswo hemoropdo` ag`jgòi ngès – ngès doyu sgrto selot – selot tgdès yo`j heaeiede`yo. Hosor – hosor pg`jgtomuo` tgrsgfut agrupodo` prosyorot yo`j morus heduosoe kigm aomoseswo ojor hopot agiodudo` pgaeiemo` aotgreoi doyu hoioa opiedose pgro`co`jo` strudtur. Dgtedo pg`jgtomuo` eè hetgropdo` he iopo`jo` aodo aomoseswo odo` agaeiede dkapgtg`se hoioa agrg`coòdo` suotu strudtur hg`jo` ag`jjuòdo` fomo` – fomo` doyu sgdoiejus hopot agiodudo` pg`jowoso` tgdès tgrmohop pgiodsoòo` dk`strudse doyu. =.?. R G @ H O M W I W O @

Doyu soapoe sgdoro`j aosem fo`yod hepgriudo` kro`j. Hore sgje ao`loot foje dgmehupo` aoùseo , doyu heèioe agapu`yoe selot – selot utoao yo`j ag`ygfofdo` doyu sgioiu hepgriudo` aoùseo. Sgaode` fgrdgafo`j`yo pgafo`juò` sgcoro gdkikjes aodo odo` au`cui suotu pgafomoruo` hefeho`j pgro`co`jo` heaoò aoùseo ag`nohe pusot`yo. Doyu agrupodo` suafgr dgdoyoo` oioa yo`j tehod odo` mofes – mofes`yo, nedo hedgikio hg`jo` foed. Doyu agrupodo` fomo` ag`tom yo`j auhom heprksgs u`tud henohedo` foro`j ioe`. Hg`jo` dgaonuo` tgd`kikje doyu sgfojoe fomo` ag`tom auhom heprksgs ag`nohe foro`j – foro`j sgpgrte dgrtos, tgdstei otoupu` henohedo` pioywkkh sgfojoe fomo` fo`juò`. Doyu agrupodo` fomo` fo`juò` yo`j agapu`yoe selot – selot spgseled ho` tehod feso heteru kigm fomo` fo`juò` ioe` fuoto` aoùseo. Aesoi`yo doyu agapu`yoe selot giostes, uigt, tomo` tgrmohop pgafgfoò` tgjod iurus hg`jo` sgrot yo`j sgnonor. Selot – selot tgrsgfut tehod heaeiede kigm fomo` fo`juò` ioe` sgpgrte fono, fgtk` otoupu` fomo` fo`juò` ioe` yo`j hefuot aoùseo.

=3

LA ?-:.?.2-?-8? gh.O rgv.6

FOMO@ ONOV R@D


Dureduiua 62?2

Fgfgropo ck`tkm pktk`jo` pgraudoo` doyu

=.6. SELOX HO@ DGDWOXO@ DOUW =.6.? Doyu ho` Fomo` Rgrdoyuo`

Doyu soapoe soot eè aosem fo`yod hecore ho` hefutumdo` kro`j hg`jo` tunuo` pg`jjuòo` tgrtg`tu. Xgrdoho`j sgfojoe foro`j tgrtg`tu doyu tehod hopot hejo`tedo` hg`jo` fomo` ioe` dorgò selot dmos`yo Hore sgje ao`loot`yo u`tud dgmehupo` aoùseo, doyu heèioe agapu`yoe selot – selot utoao yoetu selot – selot yo`j ag`ygfofdo` doyu sgioiu tgtop hefutumdo` aoùseo. =.6.6 Rg`jgòio` Selot – Selot Selot Doyu

Doyu agrupodo` mosei muto` yo`j auhom heprksgs u`tud henohedo` foro`j sgsuoe hg`jo` dgaonuo` tgd`kikje. Rgaeiemo` ho` pg`jjuòo` doyu u`tud suotu tunuo` pgaodoeo` agagriudo` pg`jgtomuo` tg`to`j selot – selot doyu. Selot – selot eè so`jot pg`te`j hoioa e`hustre pg`jkiomo` doyu, sgfof hore pg`jgtomuo` selot tgrsgfut tehod sono hopot hepeiem ngès doyu yo`j tgpot sgrto aocoa pg`jjuòo``yo, tgtope hopot hepeiem dgau`jdeò` pg`jjo`teo` hg`jo` ngès doyu ioe` opofeio ngès yo`j fgrso`jduto` suiet hepgrkigm. Doyu fgrosoi hore fgrfojoe ngès pkmk` yo`j agapu`yoe selot yo`j fgrfgho – fgho. Fomdo` hoioa sotu pkmk`pu` doyu hopot agapu`yoe selot yo`j fgrfgho nujo. Hore selot doyu yo`j fgrfgho – fgho sotu hg`jo` ioe``yo, oho fgfgropo selot yo`j uaua yo`j tgrhopot poho sgauo ngès doyu > ?. Xgrsusu` hore sgi – sgi yo`j tgrhere hore fgraocoa – aocoa tepg ho` susuò` he`he`j sgi`yo tgrhere hore sg`yowo deaeo fgrupo sgiuikso ho` mgae sgiuikso (dorfkòt) sgrto iejè` (`k` dorfkòt). 6. Sgauo doyu fgrselot oèsktrkped, yoetu agapgriemotdo` selot – selot yo`j fgrioeò` nedo heune hore tejo orom (ik`jetuheòi, roheoi ho` to`jg`seoi). 3. Agrupodo` fomo` yo`j fgrselot mejrksdkped, yoetu hopot ag`ygrop otou agigposdo` dohor oer (dgigafofo`) odefot hore pgrufomo` dgigafofo` ho` sumu uhoro hesgdetor`yo.

=8

LA ?-:.?.2-?-8? gh.O rgv.6

FOMO@ ONOV R@D


Dureduiua 62?2

8. Hopot hesgro`j kigm moao ho` pg`yodet ho` hopot tgrfodor tgrutoao hoioa dgohoo` dgre`j. =.6.3 Syorot Xgdès Fomo` Doyu

Rg`jjuòo` doyu u`tud suotu tunuo` pgagdoeo` tgrtg`tu tgrjo`tu`j hore selot – selot doyu yo`j fgrso`jduto` ho` pgrsyoroto` tgdès yo`j hepgriudo`. Ngès – ngès doyu yo`j agapu`yoe pgrsyoroto` u`tud tunuo` pgaodoeo` tgrtg`tu sgpgrte > ?. W`tud fo`juò` (dk`strudse). Syorot tgdès`yo ohoiom duot, dgros, uduro` uduro` fgsor ho` agapu`yoe dgowgto` oioa yo`j te`jje. 6. W`tud vg`ggr (veèr) feoso. Syorot tgdès`yo ohoiom doyu fuiot fgrheoagtgr fgsor, fuiot, fgfos cocot ho` fgrot`yo sgho`j. 3. W`tud vg`ggr agwom. Syorot tgdès`yo ohoiom sgioe` syorot hore vg`ggr feoso doyu tgrsgfut morus òapod hgdkrotel`yo. 8. W`tud dgpgriuo` agufgigr . Syorot tgdès`yo ohoiom fgrot sgho`j, heag`se tgtop, hgdkrotel, auhom hoioa pg`jgrnoo`. 7. Sgfojoe fomo` io`toe (pordet). Syorot tgdès`yo ohoiom dgros, hoyo ofrose te`jje, tomo` tgrmohop osoa, duot ho` auhom hedgrnodo`. <. Sgfojoe fo`toio` dgrgto ope . Syorot tgdès`yo ohoiom duot, dgros, dodu ho` owgt. :. W`tud pgroioto` kiom rojo. Syorot tgdès`yo ohoiom duot, tehod auhom potom, re`jo`, tgdstur moius, sgrot moius, sgrot iurus ho` po`no`j, dodu ho` cudup owgt. =. W`tud dgpgriuo` oiot – oiot aused . Syorot tgdès`yo ohoiom tgdstur moius, fgrsgrot iurus, tehod auhom fgiom ho` hoyo rgskò`se foed. 5. Sgfojoe foro`j dgroneò`. Syorot tgdès`yo ohoiom sgrot iurus, dgros, tgdstur moius, ieot, tehod auhom potom ho` fgrworò jgiop. ?2. W`tud fomo` akuihe`j. Syorot tgdès`yo ohoiom re`jo`, sgrot iurus, tgdstur moius, auhom hoioa pg`jgrnoo`, worò tgro`j, to`po cocot ho` hgdkrotel. =.6.8 Rgaodoeo` Rgaodoeo` Sgfojoe Fomo` Fo`juò`

Doyu u`tud fo`juò` hefoje hoioa 3 (tejo) jkik`jo` pgaodoeo` yoetu > ?. Doyu fo`juò` structuroi yoetu doyu fo`juò` yo`j hejuòdo` hoioa structuroi fo`juò` ho` pg`jjuòo``yo agagriudo` fgrmetu`jo` fgfo`, 6. Doyu fo`juò` `k` – structuroi yoetu doyu fo`juò` yo`j hejuòdo` hoioa fojeo` fo`juò`, yo`j pg`jjuòo``yo tehod agagriudo` pgrmetu`jo` fgfo`.

=7

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FOMO@ ONOV R@D

Dureduiua 62?2


3. Doyu fo`juò` u`tud dgpgriuo` ioe` yoetu doyu fo`juò` yo`j tehod tgraosud dioseledose futer ? ho` futer 6 he otos, tgtope hopot hepgrjuòdo` sgfojoe fomo` fo`juò` fo`juò` pg`kik`j otoupu` fo`juò` sgag`toro. =.6.7 Dgduoto` Doyu

Rg`jgikapkdo` dgduoto` doyu fgrhosordo` dgduoto` sgcoro oioae doyu yo`j agapu`yoe dgduoto` yo`j fgrfgho agùrut ngès doyu, fgrhosordo` tgjo`jo` ig`tur autiod, dgduoto` doyu hefoje ag`nohe 7 dgios yoetu >

Dgios Duot E EE EEE E\ \

Fgrot Ngès Dgre`j Whoro 2.5 2.5 – 2.< 2.< – 2.8 2.8 – 2.3 2.3

Dgduoto` Ig`tur Autiod (dj/ca6) ??22 ??22 – :67 :67 – 722 722 – 372 372

Dgduoto` Xgdo` Autiod (dj/ca6) <72 <72 – 867 867 – 322 322 – 6?7 6?7

=.3. FOMO@ FO@JW@O@ HOVE DOUW

Doyu aosem ag`nohe preaohkò u`tud agafo`ju` ruaom. Aotgreoi eè fgjetu odrof hg`jo` fuhoyo agafo`ju` ruaom he E`hk`gseo. Sgiurum fojeo` ruaom poho uaua`yo hefo`ju` ag`jjuòdo` doyu. Auioe hore duho – duho, otop, dusg`, pe`tu, ng`hgio, lurèturg, he`he`j aoupu` io`toe. Doyu yo`j hejuò`do` sgfojoe fomo` dk`strudse morus agagùme syorot tgdès sgpgrte he otos. Rg`jjuòo` ioe``yo doyu sgfojoe fomo` fo`juò` sgpgrte poho tofgi he fowom eè >

Doyu aosel

\eèr

?. doyu iopes aosel 6. foikd popo` fgriopes aongaud hg`jo` pgrgdot fgrfg`tud  otou E

?. trepigds 6. auitepigds

Rortedgi, sgrot dosor ?. popo` portedgi (cmepfkorh, portecig fkorh) 6. popo` sgrot doyu – sgag` (wkkh wkki cgag`t fkorh)

Sgrfud, sgrot moius ?. popo` sgrot doyu (skltfkorh, morhfkorh, agheua hg`sety lefrgfkorh) 6. popo` sgrfud doyu roje SIR (iejmt storcm fku`h wkkh fkorh)

Doyu dkapkset ?. popo` fikd (fikcdfkorh) 6. popo` ioae` (ioae`fkorh)

=<

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FOMO@ ONOV R@D


Dureduiua 62?2

=.3.? Doyu Iopes (trepigds ho` auitepigds) Doyu iopes ohoiom popo` otou po`gi fuoto` yo`j tgrhere hore fgfgropo susuò` iopeso` veèr

yo`j agapu`yoe orom sgrot soie`j fgrseio`jo` tgjod iurus hg`jo` heedot kigm pgrgdot tgrtg`tu, sgrto nuaiom iopeso` yo`j jo`nei. ohoiom igaforo` doyu tepes yo`j hepgrkigm hg`jo` coro ag`jupos otou ag`jeres hore doyu \eèr ohoiom jgik`hk`j (foikd) hore ngès tgrtg`tu. Doyu yo`j feoso hefuot u`tud veèr hore ngès doyu iuòd, re`jo`, dgios duot ho` dgios owgt`yo sgdetor EE – E\ ho` nedo hedupos tehod auhom pgcom otou rgtod. Ck`tkm`yo sgpgrte > -

Ojotmes (Hoaor)

-

Doapgr (Hrykfoio`kps spp)

-

Dgrue`j (Heptgrkcorpus spp)

-

Ao`jer (Co`kpmyiua)

-

Agro`te (Smkrgo spp)

-

Agrowo` (Mkpgo spp) Sgfojoe fomo` pgrgdot doyu iopes yo`j tomo` tgrmohop dgigafofo` uhoro (ngès EE)

hejuòdo` pgrgdot ngès dmusus yo`j tgrfuot hore iga R\O. Rgrgdot u`tud doyu yo`j tomo` oer ho` cuoco (ngès E) tgrfuot hore lg`ki – lkraoihgmeh (tgtope lkraoihgmeh hopot fgrpg`jorum tgrmohop dgsgmoto` aoùseo).

=:

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FOMO@ ONOV R@D


Dureduiua 62?2

Rg`jjuòo` Doyu Iopes

Doyu iopes fgrupo trepigds otoupu` auitepigds hopot hejuòdo` u`tud > ?. fo`juò`, sgpgrte fgdeste`j, hou` pe`tu, he`he`j pg`ygdot, io`jet – io`jet, iopeso` hosor io`toe pordet. 6. pgrofkt ruaom to`jjo, sgpgrte igaore, tgapot tehur, agno ho` durse.

Wduro` (po`no`j x igfor) doyu iopes ohoiom > (5?.7 x 6?3.7) ca ho` (?66 x 688) ca ==

LA ?-:.?.2-?-8? gh.O rgv.6

FOMO@ ONOV R@D


Dureduiua 62?2

Wduro` tgfoi doyu iopes ohoiom > Xgfoi doyu iopes 8 ho` < aa ?6 ho` ?7 aa ?= ho` 67 aa

Nuaiom iopes 3 7 :

=.3.6 Ropo` Fikd (fikcdfkorh) ho` Ropo` Ioae` (ioae`fkorh)

Sgioe` sgfojoe doyu iopes, oho nujo prkhudse popo` fikd otou popo` ioaeòse, yoetu doyu iopes hg`jo` e`te doyu iopes yo`j tgrhere hore doyu jgrjoneo` (fikcdfkorh) otou veèr tgfoi yo`j fgrhere tgjod iurus hg`jo` iopeso` veèr audo ho` fgiodo`j sgfojoe fgredut >

=5

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FOMO@ ONOV R@D


Dureduiua 62?2

=.3.3 Ropo` Rortedgi (cmepfkorh, portecig fkorh)

Ropo` portedgi hefuot hore totoi doyu yo`j dosor ho` hecoapur hg`jo` pgrgdot dgauheo` heprgs ag`nohe popo`. Dgu`tu`jo` hore popo` portedgi tgrigtod poho uduro` pg`yusuto` yo`j ojod dgcei poho po`no`j – igfor`yo, woioupu` poho tgfoi`yo so`jot pgdo tgrmohop dgigafofo`. Ropo` portedgi feoso`yo hejuòdo` u`tud pgdgrnoo` agufgi yo`j ojod aurom, sgho`jdo` popo` portedgi yo`j tomo` oer (hg`jo` sgag` sgfojoe pgrgdot hejuòdo` sgfojoe pgiot he`he`j pgaesom ruo`j otoupu` pgiot io`toe hosor poho jghu`j fgrte`jdot).

=.3.8 Ropo` Sgrot Doyu (skltfkorh, morhfkorh, agheua hg`sety lefrgfkorh)

Ropo` sgrot doyu yo`j iuòd ho`d gros tgrhere hore doyu yo`j heuroe ag`nohe fufur doyu. Dorgò doyu tgrhere hore sgiuikso ho` iejè`, aodo prksgs pgafuoto` popo` heiodudo` hg`jo` sumu yo`j cudup te`jje sgme`jjo iejè` odo` fgrlu`jse sgfojoe pgrgdot sgrot doyu sgcoro oioaeom. Sgme`jjo popo` sgrot doyu agrupodo` fomo` yo`j oioaeom ho` tehod ag`jjo`ju dgsgmoto` aoùseo. Rg`jjuòo``yo tgrfotos poho fojeo` hoioa ruaom. Roho popo` sgrot doyu AHL (agheua hg`sety lefrgfkorh) hefuot hg`jo` coro yo`j fgrfgho hore skltfkorh otoupu` morhfkorh. morhfkorh. Fufur doyu eè hedgre`jdo` tgrigfem homuiu sgfgiua hecoapur hg`jo` pgrgdot ho` dgauheo` hedgapo ag`nohe popo`. Sgme`jjo popo` sgrot doyu AHL ojod aerep hg`jo` popo` portedgi. Dgu`tu`jo``yo igfem auhom hedgrnodo` hore sgauo orom popo`. Dgrujeo``yo ag`jo`hu`j lg`ki – lkraoihgmeh yo`j hopot agapg`joruje dgsgmoto` aoùseo.

52

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Dureduiua 62?2

=.3.7 Ropo` Sgrfud Doyu – Voje Voje SIR (iejmt storcm – fku`h fku`h wkkh fkorh)

Rg`gauo` popo` sgrfud doyu roje – SIR eè so`jot ag`ju`tu`jdo` aoùseo dorgò tehod ag`jo`hu`j fomo` pgrgdot yo`j ag`cgaore ie`jdu`jo`. Rgafuoto` popo` eè aerep hg`jo` pgafuoto` tgapg otou rkte. Sgrfud doyu yo`j moius hecoapur hg`jo` roje ho` oer sgme`jjo ag`jgafo`j. Dgauheo` ohkò` tgrsgfut hedgre`jdo` hoioa kvg`. Ropo` eè hopot hejgrjone, hefkr, hedgtoa otou heiga sgpgrte moi`yo poho doyu/popo`, tgtope noum igfem re`jo` dorgò fgrot vkiuag`yo o`toro 672 – 322 dj/ca3. Ngès popo` eè poho pgaodoeo``yo sgsuoe u`tud he`he`j portese he hoioa jghu`j otou u`tud pgrofkt ruaom to`jjo. =.3.< Ropo` Sgrot Doyu Sgag` – ’Uuag`‑ – ’Uuag`‑ (wkkh wkki cgag`t fkorh)

Ropo` sgrot doyu sgag` hefuot hore sgrot – sgrot doyu peiemo` yo`j heowgtdo` hg`jo` ag`jjuòdo` sgag` Rkrtio`h sgfojoe pgrgdot heedot ag`nohe popo` sgrot doyu – sgag` yo`j tomo` tgrmohop ope, oer, noaur ho` royop. Hopot agò`jjuio`je fese`j ho` poòs, sgrto hopot heiopese hg`jo` pigstgro` feoso.

Hg`jo` selot – selot lesed yo`j so`jot ag`ju`tu`jdo` (re`jo`, duot, tomo` tgrmohop ope, oer noaur ho` royop sgrto aoapu agò`jjuio`je fese`j ho` poòs) popo` sgrot doyu – sgag` ckckd hejuòdo` sgfojoe > o. Iopes he`he`j iuor poho dk`strudse doyu otoupu` fono yo`j tomo` ope, oer ho` royop. f. He`he`j pgaesom ruo`j yo`j ojod tepes yo`j aoapu agò`jjuio`je fese`j. c. Io`jet – io`jet yo`j hopot agò`jjuio`je fese`j ho` poòs. h. Fgdeste`j u`tud pgiot io`toe ho` fojeo` fowom`yo hopot hejuòdo` io`jsu`j sgfojoe io`jet – io`jet yo`j tomo` tgrmohop ope ho` hopot agò`jjuio`je fese`j. Dgtomoò` tgrmohop ope hoioa dgohoo` tgrfodor roto – roto 8 agèt pgr ?2 aa tgfoi popo` sgrot doyu – sgag`.

5?

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FOMO@ ONOV R@D

Dureduiua 62?2


=.8. DGJW@OO@ FGFGVORO NG@ES DOUW =.8.? Rg`jgrteo`

Rg`jowgto` doyu ohoiom u`tud hoyo tomo` doyu tgrmohop sgro`jo` moao yoetu sgro`jjo ho` noaur. Dgduoto` doyu ohoiom hoyo tomo` doyu tgrmohop dgduoto` agdoès hore iuor, o`toro ioe` > hoyo hudu`j, joyo tored, hoyo tomo`. Dgios owgt ohoiom te`jdot dgduoto` oioae suotu ngès doyu tgrmohop sgro`jo` moao yo`j he`yotodo` hoioa dgios duot E, EE, EEE. EEE . Aode` fgsor o`jdo dgios`yo aode` rg`hom dgowgto``yo. Dgios duot ohoiom te`jdot dgtomoò` oioae suotu ngès doyu tgrdohop dgduoto` agdoès (fgfo`) yo`j he`yotodo` hoioa dgios duot E, EE, EEE, E\, ho` \. Aode` fgsor o`jdo dgios`yo aode` rg`hom dgduoto``yo.

=.8.6 Dgjuòo`

Aodsuh`yo pgao`loot doyu sgfojoe fomo` fo`juò` otoupu` ioe``yo auioe hore doyu fuiot (ikj/jgik`hk`jo`) otoupu` doyu yo`j suhom hekiom e`hustre sgcoro agdoès sgfojoe fomo` fo`juò`, sgpgrte akuihe`j otoupu` piywkkh. Rg`jjuòo` doyu tgrsgfut ohoiom u`tud > ?. fo`juò` (ro`jdo fo`juò`, otop) 6. doyu iopes 3. agufgigr 8. io`toe (ngafoto`, ruaom) 7. popo` he`he`j <. fo`toio` :. dusg` (pe`tu, ng`hgio) =. fomo` pgafu`jdus 5. oiot kiom rojo ho` aused ?2. teo`j iestred ho` tgigpk`

??. pgrdopoio` ?6. sgè dgroneò` to`jo` (udero`,potu`j) ?3. veèr agwom ?8. dkrgd ope ?7. puip ?<. oiot joafor ?:. fomo` pg`sei ?=. fomo` fodgr (oro`j) ?5. kfot – kfoto` 62. akuihe`j

Selot ho` dgjuòo` fgfgropo ngès doyu sgpgrte poho tofgi he fowom eè >

@k

Ngès Doyu

? 6 3 8 7 < : =

Ojotmes Fodou Fg`jderoe Fghoru Fgio`jero` Fg`to`jkr Cgaoro Cg`hoò

FN roto roto 2.82 2.58 2.5? 2.=8 2.=< 2.:= 2.=8

Dgios Owgt

Dgios Duot

Dgjuòo`

E\ EEE E, EE, EEE E E, EE, EEE EEE EE, EEE EE

EEE E,EE E, EE E E, EE EE, EEE E, EE E, EE

?,6,3,:,=,5,?8,?7,?: ?,?7 ?,6,3,8,<,?? ?,3,<,5,??,?6 ?,3,8,<,:,?? ?,6,3,8,7,< ?,8,7,<,?2,??,?= ?6,?5

56

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FOMO@ ONOV R@D

5 ?2 ?? ?6 ?3 ?8 ?7 ?< ?: ?= ?5 6? 66 63 68


Hureo` Ngiutu`j Dgapos Dgrue`j Dgtopo`j Aomkè Agro`te Agrom Agro`te Rutem Ruòd Rutot Voae` Seapur Su`jdoe Xgrg`to`j Wie`/fgieo`/doyu fgse

2.<8 2.82 2.57 2.:5 2.<8 2.77 2.78 2.:8 2.<3 2.<3 2.82 ?.8?

E\, \ \ EEE, E\ EEE EEE, E\ EEE EEE, E\ EEE, E\ EEE, E\ EE, EEE E\ EEE, E\ EEE E\ E

EE, EEE EEE, \ E, EE E, EE EE, EEE EE, EEE EE, E\ EE, E\ EE E, EE EE, EEE E, EEE EE, EEE EEE, E\ E

Dureduiua 62?2

?,6,= 6,=,?6,?<,?:,?= ?,6,8,< ?,6,8,7,<,?? ?,6,3,8,7,<,:,=,??,?8,62 ?,6,3,8,7,:,??,?6 ?,6,3,8,7,=,?7 ?,6,3,8,7,=,?7 ?,6,3,8,7,:,??,62 ?,3,8,7,<,:,??,?= ?,6,3,8,7,:,62 ?,6,3,8,7,??,?= ?,6,3,8,7,?6,?3 6,=,?8,?7 ?,3,8,7,?3

=.8.3 Ag`jotose Doyu Agauoe ho` Ag`yusut

Doyu auhom agauoe ho` ag`yusut nedo tgrdgò cuoco (muno` ho` poòs). Rgauoeo` ho` pg`yusuto` hopot heme`hore sgaodseeaoi au`jde` hg`jo` coro pg`jgre`jo` doyu yo`j foed. Oho`yo uduro` sto`hor do`hu`jo` oer hoioa doyu yo`j morus hepgùme ojor auoe – susut yo`j tgrnohe aosem hopot hetgreao. Sto`hor yo`j uaua hejuòdo` ohoiom ?6% do`hu`jo` oer hoioa doyu dgre`j. Nedo suhom tgrnohe pgauoeo`, pgriu heseosote hg`jo` hesgrut/hedgtoa otou hetoafoi hg`jo` wkkh leiigr (hgapui). Mo`yo nedo tgrnohe pg`yusuto` yo`j fgsor, fgiua oho coro ioe` sgioe` ag`jjo`te doyu tgrsgfut.

53

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Dureduiua 62?2

Fgfgropo ck`tkm pgaodoeo` doyu mosei kiomo` e`hustre doyu yo`j suhom hesgsuoedo` hg`jo` dgpgriuo` pgaodoeo`.

58

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Dureduiua 62?2

pg`jjuòo` doyu poho fojeo` fojeo` hoioa ruaom

57

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Dureduiua 62?2

pg`jjuòo` doyu mosei e`hustre e`hustre u`tud pgrjkio

pg`jjuòo` doyu mosei kiomo` kiomo` e`hustre

5<

LA ?-:.?.2-?-8? gh.O rgv.6

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Dureduiua 62?2

hejuòdo` sgfojoe tk`j oer

Skoi Iotemo` >

?.

Sgfutdo` ngès – ngès doyu yo`j hejuòdo` sgfojoe fomo` dk`strudse

6.

Ngiosdo` dgigfemo` ho` dgduro`jo` doyu sgfojoe fomo` dk`strudse

3.

Opo yo`j heaodsuh hg`jo` pgòapo`j roheoi ho` to`jg`seoi doyu

8.

Ag`jopo doyu dgios sotu tehod foed hejuòdo` sgfojoe fomo` dusg` ho` hou` pe`tu-ng`hgio pe`tu- ng`hgio

7.

Opo yo`j heaodsuh hg`jo` doyu iopes ; Ngiosdo` ngès – ngès opiedose`yo

HOLXOV RWSXODO

O`kèa, Agtkhg, Spgseledose ho` Xoto Coro, Fojeo` > ?3, Doyu, Fomo` Ioe`, Ioe` – Ioe` Ghese Rgrtoao, Foho` Rg`gieteo` ho` Rg`jgafo`jo`, Hgportgag` Rgaudeao` ho` Rrosoroò Zeioyom, Hgsgafgr 6226. Lrecd M, Dkgsaortohe Cm, Eiau Dk`strudse Doyu, Rg`grfet Doèseus Ukjyodorto, ?555 O`kèa, Ehgo, Aonoiom Ehg Vuaom Deto, Age 622< O`kèa, Aonoiom Rgrjkio. 622< E`tgr`gt, He`he`j Doyu, 622< E`tgr`gt, Outroieo` Zkkh Structurg

5:

Bahan Ajar Mata Kuliah Bahan Bangunan Politeknik Negeri Kupang.docx

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